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Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of endophytic fungi isolated from Lobelia nicotianifolia
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to isolate endophytic fungi from the medicinal plant, Lobelia nicotianifolia (Lobeliaceae) and to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of the fungi. Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor species were isolated from L nicotianifolia and subjected to antioxidant activity by DPPH method, total antioxidant potential by phosphomolybic acid method and total phenolic contents by Folin's Ciocaltue method. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant potential and the antioxidant nature of the extracts were dependent on the concentration. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of various secondary metabolites including flavonoids. There was a positive correlation between the phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity of the endophyte extracts. These studies confirm the medicinal values of the endophytic fungi.
... It is known that microscopic fungi are able to synthesize a wide range of phenolic compounds, which play an important role in the formation of the cell wall, as well as perform signaling and protective functions [3][4][5][6][7]. In recent years, the ability of endophytes to synthesize new, previously unknown compounds of a phenolic nature, the functions of that remain unexplored, has been demonstrated [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. On the other hand, it is interesting to compare the synthesis of phenolic compounds by fungi occupying different ecological niches. ...
... One of the important functions of phenolic compounds, primarily polyphenols, is antioxidant activity. The most active polyphenols are flavonoids, which are actively synthesized by all plants, but the presence of their synthesis, with rare exceptions, has not been studied in microscopic fungi [7,14,15]. ...
... It is known that free radicals are formed in plant cells as a result of different stress factors [14][15][16]. It has been shown that endophytic P. funiculosum UCM F-16795 strain contributed to soybean overcoming abiotic salt stress and biomass accumulation of plants on the model system "plantendophytic fungus" [17]. ...
Microscopic fungi synthesize a wide range of phenolic compounds that play an important role in cell wall formation, as well as perform signaling and protective functions. One of the important functions of phenolic compounds, primarily polyphenols, is antioxidant activity. The most active polyphenols are flavonoids, their synthesis in microscopic fungi has not been studied enough. The aim of the study was to determine the total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of Talaromyces funiculosus strains isolated from different econiches. Methods. 20 strains of the microscopic fungus T. funiculosus – 10 endophytes and 10 saprotrophs were used in the experiments. Cultivation of filamentous fungi was performed under submerged conditions with shaking at 210–230 rpm in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 ml of Czapek liquid medium at a temperature 26±2°C for 6 days. The biomass of the strains was filtered, dried at 70°C and extracted with 95% methanol (1:50 w/v). The total phenols content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent by the method of Arora, Chandra (2010) with some modifications and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dry weight mycelium. Flavonoids in each extract were determined spectrophotometrically with AlCl3 and expressed as mg of quercetin equivalents (QE) per g of dry weight mycelium. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts was measured as radical scavenging activity by the percentage inhibition of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Results. The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts of T. funiculosus strains ranged from 0.12±0.007 to 1.97±0.150 mg GAE/g. The highest level of phenolic compounds was found for saprotroph UCM F-16790 (1.97±0.150) and endophyte UCM F-16795 (1.71±0.137 mg GAE/g). The flavonoid content in methanolic extracts of the studied strains varied in the range of 0.02±0.001–0.39±0.041 mg QE/g. All studied strains of T. funiculosus showed antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, which was 12.19±2.34–60.37±7.24% inhibition. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the total phenols and flavonoids content (Pearson’s correlation coefficient r=0.92); between antioxidant activity, phenols (r=0.82) and flavonoids (r=0.81) content in methanol extracts of T. funiculosus strains. The total content of phenols and flavonoids and antioxidant activity did not depend on the trophic group of the studied strains. The moderate correlation between flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of endophytic T. funiculosus strains (r=0.46) may be related to their ability to synthesize a wider range of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Conclusions. The studied T. funiculosus strains have the ability to synthesize phenolic compounds and flavonoids in different concentrations. Correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. The reason for phenomenon of moderate correlation (r=0.46) between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in endophytic strains may be the synthesis of other compounds by individual strains. The determination of individual components synthesized by the most active strains is of scientific interest for further study. T. funiculosus UСM F-16795 and UСM F-16790 strains had a quite high level of phenols and flavonoids. Obtained data may be promising for the search for phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties to increase plant resistance to negative impacts of environmental stress factors.
... The radical scavenging capacity of the tested plant extracts was evaluated using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) method as previously described by Murthy et al. [50] with minor modifications. Briefly, 0.5 mL of the plant extracts at various concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 μg/mL in methanol) or the standard (ascorbic acid) solution was added to 2.5 mL of a 0.1 mM methanolic solution of DPPH (Sigma-Aldrich). ...
... The H 2 O 2 solution (40 mM) was prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Each plant extract (2 mL) at four concentrations (50,100,200, 400, and 500 μg/mL in distilled water) was combined with 2 mL of 40 mM H 2 O 2 solution. The reaction mixture was incubated for 10 min, and the absorbance at 230 nm was then measured using phosphate buffer as the blank. ...
... A lower value of IC 50 or EC 50 indicates higher antioxidant activity. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the IC 50 and EC 50 values were observed among the tested plant extracts. Higher antioxidant capacities were recorded with the A. obesum extracts compared with the A. seyal extracts. ...
Acacia seyal and Adenium obesum are used in traditional medicines by indigenous communities of the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. The present study aimed to acquire the phytochemical profiles, quantify the trace element contents and the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the two species. Phytochemical screening was conducted to detect the presence of the phytochemical constituents. Bark samples were digested with a microwave, and ICP-MS was used for the elemental analysis. The antioxidant capacities in DPPH, H2O2, and FRAP assays and the TPC and TFC were determined by spectrophotometry, and their correlation with the IC50 of the DPPH and H2O2 and the EC50 of the FRAP capacities were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation. Both plant extracts contain a variety of phytochemicals. A. obesum had the highest concentrations of all 11 elements measured. In both plants, manganese was found at the highest concentration, and cadmium exhibited the lowest concentration. The aqueous-methanolic extract of A. seyal showed the highest TPC (309.32 ± 2.15 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), whereas the aqueous-methanolic extract of A. obesum exhibited the highest TFC (32.16 ± 3.16 mg quercetin equivalent/g). Significant differences in the IC50 and EC50 values were observed among the tested plant extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was found in aqueous-methanolic extract of A. obesum. Correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the DPPH and FRAP activities and the TFC. The present findings highlight that these plants are good sources of phenolic compounds and essential elements and support their therapeutic use as antioxidant drugs.
... DPPH is a stable and nitrogencentred free radical which produces violet colour in ethanol solution [5] with a chemical compound of C18 H12 N5 O6. According to Huang et al. [4], by being a stable free radical, the DPPH assay is used to evaluate the ability of antioxidant to scavenge free radicals. ...
... It is supported by Yamagushi et al. [6] when DPPH free radicals become paired with hydrogen from a free radical scavenging antioxidant, its purple color fades rapidly to yellow to form reduced DPPH-H. Hence, it was reduced to a yellow coloured produced with the addition of the fractions in a concentration [5]. ...
... The mechanisms of phenolic compounds for antioxidant activities are neutralizing lipid free radicals and preventing decompositions of hydro peroxides into free radicals due to the presence of hydroxyl groups [5]. Thus, this study was about determination of antioxidant properties of endophytic fungi from C. roseus plant and phytochemical analysis of these endophytic fungi. ...
Four endophytic fungi have been tested for antioxidant properties using different assays; DPPH radicalscavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ferrous ion chelating activity (FCA). The test of
polyphenolic content also has been done for both total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC).
There was no result on the half maximal concentration (IC50) for both DPPH and FCA assays for all fungi. However,
through FRAP assays the results were ranged from 0.336±0.01 to 0.477±0.11 mmol Fe2+/g extract where N.
sphaerica had the highest result. This fungus also showed the highest results on TPC and TFC, which were
0.030±0.000 (mg GAE/g) and 0.038±0.001 (mg QE/g) respectively
... Endophytic fungi are excellent source of bioactive compounds that have been reported for their therapeutic properties like antimicrobial (Kim et al., 2004;Damjan et al., 2007;Gouda et al., 2016;Rani et al., 2017), anti-cancer (Arivudainambi et al., 2014), anti-diabetic (Kaur et al., 2020), anti-cholinergic (Cruz-Miranda et al., 2020 and as antioxidant (Srinivasan et al., 2010;Filipa et al., 2011;Murthy et al., 2011;Prasad et al., 2015;Kaur et al., 2020). Koch postulates (Agrios, 1997) applied and comprehensive investigation was followed to overrule the pathogenicity of fungus and establish the endophytic association with host plant P. kurroa. ...
... Ravindran and Naveenan (2011) reported EC 50 values from ethyl acetate extract of mycelia of Chaetomium globosum (403.9 ± 4.24 μg ml-1). Murthy et al. (2011) reported similar value of EC 50 of methanolic extract of Penicillium sp. (320 ± 3.72 μg/mL) but lower from extracts of Aspergillus sp. ...
Picrorhiza kurroa (Kutki) is a medicinal plant of Himalayan region which was exploited for its fungal endophytic association. Endophytic fungi isolated from plants have plant growth promoting attributes and biocontrol activity. We have isolated endophytic fungi to investigate the bioactive compounds which was used for the biocontrol of bacteria of clinical importance. The morphological analysis as well as the molecular characterisation using 18s rRNA and phylogenetic analysis, identified the fungus as Alternaria alternata. Investigation using GC-MS of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of fungal biomass, led to identification of many bioactive compounds. These chemicals have various medicinal purposes such as antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential. Our results suggest that these compounds may have clinical importance. The extract from A. alternata was capable of inhibiting B. subtilis and S. aureus. This is the first study conducted about role of secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata isolated from the Picrorhiza kurroa, possessing antibacterial properties and the bioactive compounds may have potential medicinal relevance.
... Wavelength 517 nm using Spectrum lab 752s UV Vis spectrophotometer; Concentration: 1000 nm.In the previous study, it has been reported byYadav et al. (2014), that Aspergillus niger strain showed the highest antioxidant activity ranging from 50% to 80%. In addition, findings ofHameed et al. (2017), showed that Mucor strains proved to be rich sources of antioxidants and secondary metabolites, which could be used in the development of nutraceutical and natural antioxidants.Also, from the study ofNitya et al. (2011), the antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Lobelia nicotianifolia. Meanwhile, from the study ofYen and Lee (1996), reported that Aspergillus sp.possessed a high antioxidant up to 78% just like Penicillium. ...
This study aimed to determine the mycochemical constituents and biological activities of fungi associated with vermicast namely: Aspergillus niger, Rhizomucor pusillus. Mycochemical screening of A. niger and R. pusillus ethanolic extract and fungal spent revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenoids. Other bioactive compounds like tannins and alkaloids were only detected in A. niger and R. pusillus ethanolic extracts, respectively. For the antibacterial activity as protectant, at 12 hours and 24 hours of incubation, the least zone of colonization of Staphylococcys aureus and Escherichia coli were recorded in plates treated with A. niger ethanolic extract and R. pusillus ethanolic extracts. Whereas, zone of inhibition at 12 and 24 hours of incubation against the bacterial pathogens were recorded in ethanolic extract of A. niger and R. pusillus. For the DPPH radical scavenging activity, among the four extracts, A. niger ethanolic extract recorded the highest ability to scavenge free radicals. Thus, the aforementioned fungal organisms possess antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties which can be attributed to their mycochemical components.
... The SCOs extracted from A. heteromorphus showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with the highest 54.45% inhibitory effect at a concentration of 200 μg/ml, followed by A. fumigatus and A. niger. Another study reported the IC 50 value of 220 μg/ml in the methanolic extract of Aspergillus sp., isolated from the medicinal plant Lobelia Nicotianifolia (Murthy et al. 2011). Methanolic extract of A. flavus screened from the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica showed 80% DPPH radical scavenging activity (Preethi et al. 2015). ...
The increased demands for natural bioactive compounds have induced the search for unusual sources. Microorganisms, especially fungi are a potent source of secondary metabolites, which could act mainly as antioxidant compounds to prevent oxidative stress. In the present study three soil-isolated fungi Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus heteromorphus and Aspergillus fumigatus, were screened for their oleaginous property as well as their potential for the production of bioactive compounds. Fungal biomasses were freeze dried and extracted with methanol using a cold percolation process for the production of intracellular metabolites and the fungal culture media after fermentation were examined for extracellular metabolites. Intracellular and extracellular extracts of the isolated fungi along with the single-cell oils extracted from those fungi were screened for phytochemicals, which showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, glycosides, phenols, saponins and terpenoids. All strains showed potent antioxidant activity, determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity. Extracellular extract and single-cell oil of A. heteromorphus showed the highest antioxidant activity with maximum ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing potential. Highest content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds within the isolated fungi was found to be 37.58 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 62.07 mg catechine equivalent (CE)/g, respectively. Chromatographic analysis of the intracellular and extracellular extracts of the fungi showed the presence of gallic acid, di-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, epigerin, kampferol, trans cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin, which made them biologically important and beneficial for human health.
... Fungal endophytes can live in plant tissues without producing any apparent symptoms or obvious harm effects to their hosts [3]. They have been existing in all plant species studied [4], colonizing the area underneath the epidermal tissue, absorbing their food from the plants, and improving plant growth of host and protecting it from pathogens by inhibiting the growth of plant pathogen and inducing the systematic resistance of plant as defense mechanisms [5]. Fungal endophytes are considered one of important reservoirs of bioactive compounds which have different biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and antimalarial activities [3,6,7]. ...
Fungal endophytes are considered one of the most important reservoirs of bioactive compounds which defeat resistant microbes. In our study, endophytic Alternaria alternata was isolated from Ziziphus spina-christi and identified morphologically and genetically with accession number OM 331,682. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate (EA) crude extract of A. alternata revealed that this extract contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, and terpenoids. Moreover, the extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) which verified the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. Antimicrobial results illustrated that EA crude extract exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Proteus vulgaris RCMB 004, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Klebsiella pneumonia RCMB 003), Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis RCMB 015, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990), and unicellular fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 90028). Ultrastructure study of treated K. pneumonia showed remarkably elucidated destruction of the cell wall and cell membrane and leakage of cytoplasmic materials. Furthermore, the extract has potential antioxidant activity where IC50 was 409 µg/mL. Moreover, this extract did not show any toxicity on Vero normal cell line. These findings confirmed that the endophytic A. alternata from Z. spina-christi is a promising source of bioactive compounds which can be used in different biological applications.
... The TPC of CPLE was calculated and expressed as Gallic acid equivalent in GAE mg/g. 12,14 The total phenol content (TPC) can be calculated using eqn.-1: ...
Cucurbita pepo has been known to be used as a folk medicine for treating many disorders such as ulcers, intestinal parasites, urinary tract disorders, and as an anti-diabetic agent in the gulf region. Quantitative analyses of ethyl acetate solvent of C. pepo leaves were performed, and the total phenol and flavonoid contents were quantified as 32.6 ± 0.17 mg GAE/g and 80.5 ± 0.02 mg RUE/g, respectively. The results of antioxidant studies by DPPH method had shown that CPLE has an IC50: 49.31 ± 0.21 μg/mL and in ABTS assay CPLE showed an IC50: 48.67 ± 0.27 μg/mL. In antidiabetic analysis studies using α-amylase enzyme inhibitory assay, it was found that CPLE exhibited an IC50: 24.99 ± 0.07 μg/mL contrasted to Acarbose (standard drug) with an IC50: 19.45 ± 0.19 µg/mL. Also, in α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay, CPLE exhibited IC50: 22.29 ± 0.27 μg/mL, whereas acarbose exhibited IC50: 16.70 ± 0.99 μg/mL. CPLE can be used and suggested as a remedy for radical scavenging and diabetes therapy after further clinical investigations. © 2021, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, c/o Dr. Pratima Sharma. All rights reserved.
... It is a common plant of Indo-Malayan region and the ethnobotanical studies revealed that it is used in the treatment of numerous diseases and disorders. [19] With the help of this ethnobotanical data researchers have documented analgesic, [20] antimicrobial, [21] antioxidants, [22] and antiepileptic [23] activities. Considering the antioxidant and anticancer potential of other over-exploited Lobelia species there is scope to have similar bioactivities in L. nicotianifolia which can be used as a substitute. ...
Background: Though the Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth. is ethnobotanically important plant of India and Sri Lanka its phytoconstituents, antioxidant, and anticancer potential was not yet reported. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the phytoconstituents of plant parts of L. nicotianifolia and to determine its antioxidant and cytotoxic potential.
Materials and Methods: The plant parts of L. nicotianifolia were extracted with different solvents and qualitative analysis revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were recorded in all plant parts. The extracts were subjected to the antioxidant assays and the potent methanolic extracts were used for cytotoxicity study and further characterized by Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography with a high resolution mass spectrometer (LC–HRMS). Results: The qualitative analysis showed the presence of a wide array of phytoconstituents in L.
nicotianifolia plant parts. A significantly higher TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities were seen in methanolic stem extract. Stem extract showed maximum cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF–7) and human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell lines whereas, root extract had higher cytotoxicity against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT–15) cells. The results of cell viability indicated that the methanolic extracts of L. nicotianifolia plant parts exhibited a range of cytotoxic activity in a concentration and time dependent manner against selected cancer cell lines. The LC–HRMS showed the presence of cytotoxic compounds comparatively higher in stem. Conclusion: The study confirms the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of L. nicotianifolia. To understand the detailed mechanism of cytotoxicity of L. nicotianifolia, it is necessary to study the molecular mechanism involved in this study.
... Total Antioxidant Activity. e total antioxidant activity of the extract was calculated by the method of Murthy et al. [25]. Ammonium molybdate reagent solution was prepared in 0.6 M of H 2 SO 4 (1 mL). ...
... Total Antioxidant Activity. e total antioxidant activity of the extract was calculated by the method of Murthy et al. [25]. Ammonium molybdate reagent solution was prepared in 0.6 M of H 2 SO 4 (1 mL). ...
Magnetic field biostimulation plays a significant role in enhancing the germination of seeds and increasing the metabolic rate. The low magnetic field effect for long exposure time and its effect on antioxidant profiling have not been studied. Therefore, in the recent findings, the static magnetic field’s impact on sunflower seeds subjected to the magnetic field at varying intensity (millitesla) for different exposure times was examined. The effectiveness of magnetic biostimulation on presown sunflower seeds, growth parameters of seedlings (biomass, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of roots, shoots, leaf, and height of plants), and antioxidant activities were also studied. It has been revealed that magnetic treatment at 50 mT/45 min greatly influenced the growth parameters, including mean germination growth (100 ± 0.02) and final emergence rate. Concerning the antioxidant parameters, seed variety FH620 at 500 µg/µL concentration showed significant results compared to other varieties. FTIR was employed to determine the conformational changes and functional groups of organic compounds from sunflower seedlings. Tocopherol analysis by HPLC showed that magnetic treatment at 50 mT/45 min had a higher concentration of vitamin E compared to the control group. These modifications indicated that magnetic field induction enhanced seeds’ inner energy that led to seedlings’ growth and development enhancement. Besides, magnetic field pretreatment has been shown to have a beneficial influence on sunflower seeds and their bioactive compounds. Future studies should be focused on growth characteristics at the field level and yield attributes.
... The concentration of phenolics in fungal extracts was determined using spectrophotometric methods [18]. A methanolic solution of the extract (mg/ml) was used for the analysis. ...
The present study aimed to isolate, characterize and assess the total phenol, flavonoid content along with the antioxidant activity of fungal endophytes isolated from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. from different parts of Burdwan town in Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India. Isolation of fungal endophytes was carried out following the standard protocol using potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Identification, determination of colonization frequency of the fungal endophytes, fermentation and extraction was done as stated in the standard protocol. Qualitative assay of the bioactive compound has been investigated following the standard procedures. Quantitative estimation of total phenol and flavonoid content was performed following the standard spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activity of the cell-free extract was determined by phosphomolybdenum assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. IC 50 values of the fungal endophytes were determined from DPPH free radical scavenging. Four dominant endophytic fungi from Ziziphus jujuba with maximum colonization frequency in ZSS2 (Cladosporium sp. 1) and ZSS4 (Aspergillus sp. 1) have been isolated and identified. Qualitative detection of secondary metabolites revealed that ZSS1 (Curvularia sp. 1) and ZSS4 (Aspergillus sp. 1) were found to be positive for the synthesis of various functional metabolites tested in this study. The quantitative study suggests that the production of the highest amount of phenol and flavonoid was observed in ZSS1 followed by ZSS4. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by ZSS1 in both total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by phosphomolybdenum assay and free radical scavenging activity (inhibition%). A significant positive correlation was found between the total phenol and flavonoid content and corresponding antioxidant activity of the fungal extract. The Sarkar et al. 79 present investigation thus gives an insight that the secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungi isolated from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. would be a potential source of novel natural antioxidant compounds.
... The total phenolic content (TPC) in MCE was measured using the modified spectrophotometric method (Murthy et al., 2016;Chigurupati et al., 2019). Different concentration (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 µg mL -1 ) of MCE dissolved in methanol was used in the analysis. ...
... Alcoholic extract of Malbranchea cinnamomea showed higher phenolic and flavonoid content. It was found that total phenolic content of Penicillium granulatum was 7.01mg GAE/g, while in endophytic Penicillium sp was only 1mg GAE/g [16,17]. ...
... Later, the rats were sacrificed and their pancreas, liver and kidney were excised and kept in 10% formalin for histopathology studies. [23][24][25][26]. ...
Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) is a perennial herb and this plant is reported to have anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiasthmatic and wound healing activities. Diabetes dyslipidemic effect of Mimosa pudica is not clear. Hence the study is planned to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica (MEMP) on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in Sprague-Dawley rats. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of a MEMP was studied at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (BW). The antidiabetic potential of MEMP was compared with glibenclamide 20 mg/kg BW. The body weight of rats and blood glucose levels were monitored at regular intervals during the experiment. At the end of the study, the blood sample was collected from the rats for biochemical analysis and they were sacrificed and their organs were used for histopathological analysis. Throughout the study, the diabetic controls rats showed a significant increase in glucose level, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) when compared with that of control, whereas the animals treated with glibenclamide and MEMP showed a significant reduction in the levels of glucose, TG, LDL, and VLDL when compared with that of diabetic control. In conclusion, MEMP showed a significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
... Absorbance was taken at 665 nm against blank (contained reagent mixture only). Percentage of total antioxidant assay was calculated by formula given below (Murthy et al., 2011). ...
Pathogenic agents cause an increased risk of various fatal diseases and there is a need to reduce this risk using medicinal plants and their seeds. The present research work was designed to study the efficacy of different sunflower seed hybrid varieties (i.e. FH622, FH620, FH615, FH613 and FH545) chemically primed with potassium nitrate as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH test, reducing power, TPC and TFC. Antibacterial activity was determined against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species. After one week, the germination data including mean germination and percentage of final emergence was calculated. It was found that seed varieties FH620 and FH615 have higher values of mean germination as compared to FH545 while FH615 has higher percentage of final emergence as compared to FH620 and FH545. High phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in FH620 and FH615 as compared to FH545 variety. It was also observed that seed variety FH615 when treated with KNO 3 solution had significantly high germination as well as antioxidant parameters and antibacterial activity as compared to other varieties. Similarly FH615 showed high antibacterial activities against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. This study showed that all selected sunflower hybrids have good antioxidant and antibacterial potentials that would further be used for different trials to cure different pathogen related diseases, and these are natural sources of antioxidants for commercial and therapeutic applications.
... 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was evaluated by colorimetric procedure [33]. In brief, 100 μl of the 70% EtOH extract and individual compounds at five concentrations (62.5; 125; 250; 500; 1000 μg/ml) were added to 2 ml of 100 μM DPPH ethanol solution. ...
Propolis produced by the stingless bee Lisotrigona cacciae was studied for the first time. Using different chromatographic procedures, a total of eighteen constituents (phenols and triterpenes) were isolated, among which flavane 1, homoisoflavanes 2–4, and xanthones 5 and 6 were new for propolis. Propolis extract was also characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and other fifteen constituents were identified. The xanthone α-mangostin (8) demonstrated significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC and MBC 0.31 μg/ml, followed by 7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methylflavane (1) with MIC 78 μg/ml and MBC 156 μg/ml. 10,11- Dihydroxydracaenone C (4), a component bearing ortho-hydroxyl groups, was the only compound displaying radical scavenging ability. Triple botanical origin of the sample was defined, consisting of Dracaena cochinchinensis, Cratoxylum cochinchinense and Mangifera indica. D. cochinchinensis is a new resin source of propolis.
... The reduction in the number of DPPH molecules can be correlated with the number of available hydroxyl groups. The significant DPPH scavenging potential of endophytic fungal extracts may be due to hydroxyl groups present in the extracts [33,34]. ...
Aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium chrysogenum var. chrysogenum (hPc.var.c) on the Caco-2 cells. hPc.var.c isolated from Lake Tuz in Turkey. Ethyl acetate extract was prepared from isolate of hPc.var.c culture medium. The free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content were evaluated via DPPH and Folin Ciocalteu assays. Then cytotoxicity and cell proliferations were investigated with WST-1 method and real-time cell analysis system (RTCA-DP) on colorectal carcinoma (Caco-2) cells, respectively. Apoptosis/necrosis ratio was evaluated by using Annexin V-PI staining technique by the help of flow cytometry. In this study, free radical scavenging effect and total phenolic contend of hPc.var.c extract was found 73±0.34 % and 53±0.1 mg/GAE, respectively. All of the extract concentrations were demonstrated important cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on colon adenocarcinoma cells according to concentration in a time dependent manner. IC50 concentration was determined 102 μg/mL at the end of 72h by RTCA-DP system. The 25 μg/mL concentration of the extract exhibited the highest apoptosis rate (47.2 %). In conclusion, it was observed that ethyl acetate extract of hPc.var.c had significantly anticancerogenic effects on Caco-2 cells. The hPc.var.c extract including secondary metabolites may have potential preventive and therapeutic effects against colon adenocarcinoma cells.
... The concentration of phenolics in fungal extracts was determined using spectrophotometric methods [13]. A methanolic solution of the extract (1 mg/ml) was used for the analysis. ...
Objective: The detection of fungal endophytes and assessment of their antioxidant activity isolated from two medicinally important plants, Calotropis procera (L.) R. Br. and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. from parts of Burdwan district of West Bengal, India.Methods: Isolation of fungal endophytes was carried out following the standard methods in potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Identification, determination of colonization frequency, fermentation and extraction was done as stated in the standard protocol. Qualitative assay of the bioactive compound has investigated by standard protocol specifically for them. Quantitative estimation of total phenol was done by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid as standard. The antioxidant activity of the cell-free extract was determined by phosphomolybdenum assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method.Results: Three dominant endophytic fungi each from C. procera and C. roseus with high colonization frequency in Penicillium singorense 25% and Alternaria alternata 21.87 % respectively has isolated and identified. Qualitative detection of secondary metabolites revealed that Penicillium singorense isolated from both plants and Aspergillus neoflaviceps (from C. procera) were found to be able to produce all the functional metabolites so far tested. It is evident that highest phenol 27.65±1.2 mg/g and flavonoid 2.06±0.1 mg/g content was shown by Curvularia geniculata. Highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by C. geniculata in both phosphomolybdenum assay i.e., total antioxidant capacity 2.46±0.11 and % inhibition of DPPH radical 94.55±0.015%.Conclusion: Present study, therefore highlights the growing concept that the bioactive compounds produced by the endophytes not only established host endophyte relationship but also have an immense chance of an application in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry.
... Each extract and fraction was evaluated for the radical scavenging ability for using of the bleaching level of purple colored solution of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•)-stable radical used as a reagent, according to the method of Murthy et al. [23] with small modifications. Various concentrations of the plant extracts and fractions were added to 1 ml of DPPH• (100 µM) solution in ethanol. ...
Many Geum species are known to be rich in biologically active compounds and therefore could be a source of new natural products with pharmacological potential. The medicinal plant Geum urbanum L. is widespread in Bulgaria and has been used in folk medicine. In the present study, the methanol extracts of the roots and aerial parts of G. urbanum and their fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) were investigated for antibacterial and radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions inhibited the growth of Gram-positive pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus (MIC EtOAc: 0.078 mg/ml aerial and 0.156 mg/ml roots; MIC n-BuOH: 0.156 mg/ml aerial and 1.25 mg/ml roots) and the species Bacillus cereus stronger than the other extracts and fractions tested (MIC EtOAc: 0.078 mg/ml aerial and 0.156 mg/ml roots; MIC n-BuOH: 0.156 mg/ml aerial and 0.078 mg/ml roots), and showed corresponding radical scavenging activity (EtOAc: EC50 1.5 µg/ml aerial, 0.8 µg/ml roots; n-BuOH: 4.5 µg/ml aerial; 3.7 µg/ml roots). Additionally, their total phenolic content was quantified (% of dry EtOAc fractions of roots 61%, of arial parts 32%; of dry n-BuOH fractions of roots 16%, of arial parts 13%). Seven compounds were isolated and identified spectroscopically from the ethyl acetate extract. Two acetylated ellagic acid rhamnosides were found for the first time in the genus Geum and three others, tormentic acid, niga-ichigoside F1, and 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, were newly detected for the species G. urbanum. Our results reveal that G. urbanum L. is a perspective medicinal plant and deserves further, more detailed studies.
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... Endophytic fungi like Mortierella hyaline and Penicillium sp isolated from medicinal plants Osbeckia stellata and Schima khasiana respectively ( Bhagobaty and Joshi, 2012) showed high antioxidant activity with FRAP and DPPH assay. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Mucor isolated from Lobelia nicotianifolia have also been found show high antioxidant activity in a concentration dependant manner ( Murthy et al., 2011). Antioxidants are able to protect the body from cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, inflammations, aging etc. ...
Medicinal plants are recently being recognized as resources of endophytes with interesting bioactive compounds. In the present study, pharmacological properties of the endophytic fungus Penicillium pimiteouiense SGS isolated from the medicinal plant Simarouba glauca DC were evaluated. Endophytes were isolated using surface sterilization procedure. The crude extract of cultured fungus was prepared in ethyl acetate and was evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti hyperglycaemic activities. Phytochemical composition of the crude extract was also studied by standard qualitative assays. The extract of P. pimiteouiense SGS was found to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Anti hyper glycaemic activity was also revealed by its inhibitory activities on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes. Qualitative phyto chemical analysis of the crude extract showed presence of flavanoids, triterpenes, alkaloids and carbohydrates. The medicinal plant S. glauca needs to be explored further as a resource of rare endophytes with bio active compounds.
... Extract phenolic content was identified by modified spectrophotometric method [11]. The sample was prepared in various concentrations ranging from 0.005 mg/ml to 0.02 mg/ml. ...
Objectives: Current research is aimed to investigate the natural antimicrobial potential of Durio zibethinus murr. ethanol leaves extract (DZL).Methods: DZL was subjected to the preliminary phytochemical screening along with quantitative analysis of phenols and flavonoids. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were recorded. The agar well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The microorganisms used for the study were the ATCC strains of Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.Results: DZL exhibited the highest MIC of 0.1mg/mL and MBC of 0.25 mg/mL against gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. At MIC of 0.1mg/mL, DZL displayed significant zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli compared to gentamycin.Conclusion: This research has shown that DZL has natural antibacterial properties against gram negative human pathogens.
... The significant DPPH scavenging potential of the endophytic fungal extracts may be due to hydroxyl groups present in their extracts. In the study of Pushpalatha [32] crude culture extracts of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor isolated from L. nicotianifolia had antioxidant activity. Several study showed fungal endophyte from medicinal plants to have high values of natural antioxidants, e.g. the fungal endophytes Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata from Tabebuia argentea [33], and Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum from Crotalaria pallida [34]. ...
... After 15 days, the crude fermentated broth was filtered and fungal metabolites were extracted by solvent extraction method. Equal volume of methanol and filtrate was taken in the separating funnel and shaken vigorously for 10 min [30]. The separated fungal mycelia were thoroughly homogenized with methanol and were maintained for 48 hours in methanol. ...
Endophytic fungi isolated from Rauvolfia serpentina, a well known Indian medicinal plant, is used in Ayurveda for treatment of many diseases. Isolated endophytes were screened for their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Twenty fungal isolates were recovered from different parts of the host plant and they were characterized for their morphological features through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and on the basis of observations they were grouped in eight genus as Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Xylaria sp., Alterneria sp. and Gleomastix sp. The secret of the fungal endophytes of this medicinal plant was revealed by the evaluation of the extract against the target bacteria. The extracts of four fungal isolates Colletotrichum sp. (Rs-R5), Fusarium sp.(Rs-R1), (Rs-R7) and Cladosporium sp.(Rs-S4) among twenty isolates were found effective against human pathogenic bacterial strains E. coli (ATCC 25922), Gram negative bacteria and S. aureus (ATCC 25323), Gram positive bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract of active fungal isolate (Colletotrichum sp; Rs-R 5) was most effective than other extract, with maximum inhibition zone 16 mm and 14 mm and minimum MIC 25µg/ml and 36.5µg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus respectively.
Endophytic fungi isolated from Rauvolfia serpentina, a well known Indian medicinal plant, is used in Ayurveda for treatment of many diseases. Isolated endophytes were screened for their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Twenty fungal isolates were recovered from different parts of the host plant and they were characterized for their morphological features through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and on the basis of observations they were grouped in eight genus as Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Xylaria sp., Alterneria sp. and Gleomastix sp. The secret of the fungal endophytes of this medicinal plant was revealed by the evaluation of the extract against the target bacteria. The extracts of four fungal isolates Colletotrichum sp. (Rs-R5), Fusarium sp.(Rs-R1), (Rs-R7) and Cladosporium sp.(Rs-S4) among twenty isolates were found effective against human pathogenic bacterial strains E. coli (ATCC 25922), Gram negative bacteria and S. aureus (ATCC 25323), Gram positive bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract of active fungal isolate (Colletotrichum sp; Rs-R 5) was most effective than other extract, with maximum inhibition zone 16 mm and 14 mm and minimum MIC 25µg/ml and 36.5µg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus respectively.
... Antioxidant potential has been reported previously with organic extracts of other fungal endophytes such as Phomopsis, Xylaria and Colletotrichum (Joseph & Priya 2011;Tianpanich et al. 2011;Ravindran et al. 2012;Wu et al. 2013). In addition, Nitya et al. (2011) reported DPPH scavenging activities with methanolic extracts of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor, with IC 50 values ranging between 200 and 325 lg/mL. ...
Context: Endophytic fungi, being a prolific source of bioactive secondary metabolites, are of great interest for natural product discovery.
Objective: Isolation and partial characterization of endophytic fungi inhabiting the leaves and woody parts of Taxus fuana Nan Li & R.R. Mill. (Taxaceae) and evaluation of biological activity.
Materials and methods: Endophytic fungal isolates were identified by molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 18S rDNA. Extracts of the endophytic fungi cultured on potato dextrose agar and modified medium were evaluated using cancer chemoprevention bioassays [inhibition of TNF-α-induced NFκB, aromatase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); induction of quinone reductase 1 (QR1)] and growth inhibition with MCF-7 cells.
Results: Nine of 15 fungal isolates were identified as belonging to Epicoccum, Mucor, Penicillium, Chaetomium, Paraconiothriym, Plectania or Trichoderma. Five of the 15 extracts inhibited NFκB activity (IC50 values ranging between 0.18 and 17 μg/mL) and five inhibited iNOS (IC50 values ranging between 0.32 and 12.9 μg/mL). In the aromatase assay, only two isolates mediated inhibition (IC50 values 12.2 and 10.5 μg/mL). With QR1 induction, three extracts exhibited significant activity (concentrations to double activity values ranging between 0.20 and 5.5 μg/mL), and five extracts inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells (IC50 values ranging from 0.56 to 17.5 μg/mL). Six active cultures were derived from woody parts of the plant material.
Conclusion: The endophytic fungi studied are capable of producing pharmacologically active natural compounds. In particular, isolates derived from the wood of Taxus fuana should be prioritized for the isolation and characterization of bioactive constituents.
... Ting et al. (2010) isolated nine fungal endophytes from the stem tissues of Musa species and observed growth inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum by eight fungal endophytes. Murthy et al. (2011) isolated endophytic species of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor from Lobelia nicotianifolia and evaluated them for different phytochemicals and antioxidant potential in methanolic extracts. They recorded positive correlation between the phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity by the extract of associated endophyte. ...
The heartwood of Santalum album constitutes the central part of the tree is valued for its fragrance. The wood and oil are utilized in medicine. Sandalwood oil is extensively used in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and pharmaceutical industry. The endophytic microorganisms inhabiting the plant tissues are expected to mimic some of the metabolites of its host. This study was aimed to isolate and screen the fungal endophytes inhabiting the Santalum album for antimicrobial activity and for the presence of important phytochemicals. Five fungal endophytes isolated from different parts of S. album have exhibited antimicrobial potential against Fusarium oxysporum in the range of 5.0-40.4%. The isolated endophytic fungi also indicated the presence of alkaloids, phenolics and tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides, terpenoids, amino acids and proteins.
... Our study also investigates the secondary metabolites (saponins, carbohydrates, phenolics, glycosides, flavornoids) isolated from fungal endophytes to understand their ecology and to determine their potential against therapeutic targets. Nitya et al. (2011) nicotianifolia were evaluated for the first time and the study showed positive correlation between the phenol content of the extracts with their antioxidant activity. The presence of different phytochemicals viz. ...
This study investigates the endophytic fungal diversity of three endemic plants of Tirumala hills also their capabilities for the production of hydrolysing enzymes and secondary metabolites. Our study provides the first evidence on the diversity, enzyme and metabolite charecterisation of fungal endophytes from the untapped endemic plants of Tirumala Hills of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Easternghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 13 endophytic fungi isolates were obtained and grouped into seven genera based on the morphological traits, indicating endophytic fungi in Shorea thumbuggaia, Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Pterocarpus santalinus were diverse and abundant. Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Colletotrichum were the dominant genera, whereas the remaining genera were less frequent. The 13 representative species of the distinct genera were capable of producing hydrolysing enzymes. Phytochemical analysis showed the production of various secondary metabolites that included saponins, carbohydrates, phenolics, glycosides and flavonoids. This investigation also reveals that the metabolites produced by a variety of endophytic fungi can be a potential source of novel natural therapeutic agents.
... Several other fungal representatives have been tested for antioxidant activity [13][14][15][16]. This activity is postulated to be the effect of the presence of several secondary metabolites including phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids and phenolic terpenoids [16]. ...
Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry) fruit is one of the most common products of Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines. In this study, strawberry fruits were sampled for its fungal endophytes. These organisms live within the living tissues of plants without causing any immediate and apparent negative effects. The antioxidant activities of fungal endophytes isolated and identified from strawberry fruits were evaluated. Fungal isolates were identified using ITSrDNA. Seven species of endophytes were successfully identified. These species were Sporidiobolus sp., Rhodotorula sp., Pilidium concavum, Corynespora cassiicola, Neodeightonia subglobosa, Aspergillus awamori, and Aspergillus sp. Antioxidant activities of these microorganisms were evaluated using ABTS decolorization assay and DPPH radical scavenging assay. Results showed that two species had antioxidant activities comparable to ascorbic acid. These isolates were Aspergillus awamori DT11 and Corynespora cassiicola DT13. Possibly, these fungal endophytes contribute to the total antioxidant system of the plant. Also, these fungal endophytes may also be contributors to the nutritive value of the strawberry fruits.
... Recently they have received considerable attention after they were found to protect their host against insect, pests, pathogens and even domestic herbivores (Shiomi et al., 2006). Endophytes have been found in all plant families and it is approximated to be around one million or more species of endophytic fungi in nature (Nitya et al., 2011). Endophytic fungi generally live peacefully with their host, while under different conditions they may act as facultative pathogens (Tan and Zou., 2001). ...
The present investigation was designed to study the endophytic fungi of the climber Epipremnum aureum and its host tree Annona squamosa (custered apple) were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar and Water agar media. The pure cultures were maintained on PDA media. The colony and mycelial characteristics of endophytic fungi were studied in terms of the radial growth rate, biomass and asexual reproductive structures. The colony interaction between the two endophytic fungi in co-culture plate assays was analyzed. The radial growth rate of the endophytic fungus isolated from the aerial root was found to be 1.2 cm of per day, the biomass was found to be 2.1g/50 ml nutrient broth and asexual reproductive structures of the fungus was found to be globular conidial heads with conidiospores inside. The radial growth rate of the endophytic fungus isolated from the bark was found to be 1 cm of per day, the biomass was found to be 1.8 g/50 ml nutrient broth and asexual reproductive structures of the fungus was found to be no spore formation. The colony interaction between the two endophytic fungi in co-culture plate assays was observed as a barrage formation at the junction between the margins of two colonies. This revealed the compatible, mutualistic interaction between the two endophytic fungal isolates. Mutualistic interactions between the endophytes are viewed as a ubiquitous cooperation conferring benefits to the partners.
... High phenolic and flavonoid content found in the ethanol extracts of Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. imply the contribution of these compounds to antioxidant activities, which was consistent with early study Murthy et al. 2011;Sadananda et al. 2011). These findings indicate that endophytic fungi from S. miltiorrhiza Bge.f.alba may be effective as a promising potential for the development of novel antioxidant drugs. ...
Background:
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba is a traditional Chinese herbal drug with special pharmacological effect on thromboangiitis obliterans. However, the nature source of S.miltiorrhiza Bge.f.alba is now in short supply because of the over-collection of the wild plant. To better utilize this resource, the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from S. miltiorrhiza Bge. f. alba were investigated.
Results:
A total of 14 endophytic fungi were isolated from different parts of S. miltiorrhiza Bge.f.alba. Based on morphological and molecular identification, the endophytic fungi isolated were classified into four genera (Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Schizophyllum sp. and Trametes sp.). These fungal extracts were prepared using ethanol and evaluated for their phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. Alternaria alternata SaF-2 and Fusarium proliferatum SaR-2 are of particular interest because they yielded all of nine phytochemicals including saponins, phenol, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, anthroquinone and terpenoids. F. proliferatum SaR-2 and A. alternata SaF-2 also exhibited stronger antioxidant activities by FRAP and DPPH method, having the higher levels of phenol and flavonoid than those of plant root. The total amount of phenol and flavonoid quantified were of 21.75, 20.53 gallic acid equivalent per gram and 8.27 and 7.36 μg/mg of quercetin equivalent respectively. These two endophytic fungi (SaR-2 and SaF-2) were found to have comparable scavenging abilities on both FRAP (1682.21 and 1659.05 μmol/mg, respectively) and DPPH-free radicals (90.14% and 83.25%, respectively, at 0.1 mg/mL). This is the first report about isolation of endophytic fungi from S. miltiorrhiza Bge.f.alba and their antioxidant activities.
Conclusions:
These results indicate that the endophytic fungi associated with S. miltiorrhiza Bge.f. alba can be a potential source of novel natural antioxidants.
... Various fungal endophytes and mushrooms have been reported to produce antioxidant activity (Song and Yen, 2002). Murthy et al. (2011) reported that Fusarium sp. from Lobelia nicotianifolia produced phenolic compounds. Similarly, the ethanol extract of Phyllostica sp. ...
Four endophytic fungi identified from the leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) were studied for their antioxidant potential. Biochemical constituents of endophytic fungal extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by reducing power assay and nitric oxide radical inhibition by GriessIllosvoy reaction.The ascorbic acid content in Chaetomium sp., Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Trichoderma sp. were 2.38, 1.21, 1.11, and 0.83 mg of quercetin equivalents/g respectively. The content of phenolic compounds followed the same pattern with values 28.5, 10.63, 9.82 and 7.51 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g, forChaetomium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp. and Trichoderma sp. respectively. Apart from these, β-Carotene, tannin and total flavonoid content were also studied quantitatively. The antioxidant activities of fungal extracts increase with increasing amount of extracts (0.2-1 mg/mL). The variation in the content of phenolic components and ascorbic acid levels reflected the antioxidant activity of the organisms studied.The antioxidant activity of the extract of Chaetomium sp. is the highest followed by Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Trichoderma sp. The methanolic extracts of these endophytic fungi showed promising antioxidant potential for bioprospecting.
... The substances produced by endophytic fungi, which originate from different biosynthetic pathways, belong to various structural groups, such as terpenoids, steroids, xanthones , quinones, phenols, isocoumarins, benzopyranones, tetralones, cytochalasins and enniatins [112, 113]. In fact, endophytic fungi represent a reservoir for discovering new compounds, such as antibiotics, antioxidants, immunomodulators , and anticancer and antiparasitic compounds, for use in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries [12, 85, 88, 105]. Currently, the main focus in endophytic fungi research is associated with the ability of these microorganisms to produce and accumulate secondary metabolites. ...
Endophytic fungi, mostly belonging to the Ascomycota, are found in the intercellular spaces of the aerial plant parts, particularly in leaf sheaths, sometimes even within the bark and root system without inducing any visual symptoms of their presence. These fungi appear to have a capacity to produce a wide range of enzymes and secondary metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities. However, they have been only barely exploited as sources of enzymes of industrial interest. This review emphasizes the suitability and possible advantages of including the endophytic fungi in the screening of new enzyme producing organisms as well as in studies aiming to optimize the production of enzymes through well-known culture processes. Apparently endophytic fungi possess the two types of extracellular enzymatic systems necessary to degrade the vegetal biomass: (1) the hydrolytic system responsible for polysaccharide degradation consisting mainly in xylanases and cellulases; and (2) the unique oxidative ligninolytic system, which degrades lignin and opens phenyl rings, comprises mainly laccases, ligninases and peroxidases. The obvious ability of endophytic fungi to degrade the complex structure of lignocellulose makes them useful in the exploration of the lignocellulosic biomass for the production of fuel ethanol and other value-added commodity chemicals. In addition to this, endophytic fungi may become new sources of industrially useful enzymes such as lipases, amylases and proteases.
... However, total phenol content found in some fungi of genus Penicillium was much higher than in these two species. It was found that total phenolic content of P. granulatum was 7.01 mg GAE/g [23], while in endophytic Penicillium species was only 1 mg GAE /g [24]. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the biological and chemical activity of the two fungi species, genus Penicillium, isolated from wastewater. For the selected species of fungi, different antioxidant activity assays were used: DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, Fe2+-chelating ability and Fe3+-reducing power. Total phenolic content was also determined for ethanolic extract of mycelia. Penicillium chrysogenum ethanolic extract contained higher total phenolic content and better total antioxidant capacity as well as ferrous ion chelating ability. Penicillium fumiculosum ethanolic extract showed higher DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, as well as reducing power. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that two types of fungi are potential new sources of natural antioxidants.
... Endophytes have mutualistic relations to their hosts, often protecting plants against herbivores, insect attack or tissue invading pathogens [4] . Endophytes have been found in every plant species studied, and it is approximated to be around a million or more endophytic fungi in nature [5] . Hence the present study deals with the phytochemical analysis, enzyme analysis and HPTLC analysis of the fungi isolated from Centella asiatica medicinal plant. ...
Objective
To evaluate the phytochemical properties, enzyme properties of an endophytic fungi from Centella asiatica plant.Methods
Endophyte was isolated by using potato dextrose agar medium from Centella asiatica plant. The qualitative chemicals screening were performed for the ethyl acetate extracts of fungi. Then the phytochemicals like phenols and flavonoids were quantitatively estimated. Then the ability of the fungal culture to produce different enzymes was analysed. Finally, High performance thin layer Chromatography was performed for alkaloid and flavonoid profiles of fungal extract.ResultsA Penicillium sp. was isolated from Centella asiatica plant and the fungus was identified by 18S rRNA analysis. The sequence of the fungus was submitted in NCBI with accession number (HM068965) and name Penicillium sp.nirjan22. The qualitative chemicals analysis of the fungus showed positive results for alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannin and glycosides. It was found that the fungal crude extract contained 2.76g of phenol and 0.275 g of flavonoid. The Penicillium sp.nirjan22 produced cellulase enzyme. The HPTLC analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of fungi inferred that it contain both alkaloid and flavonoid.Conclusions
The present study inferred that Penicillium sp. nirjan22 contain many bioactive compounds which can further isolate and check in vitro and in vivo models against different human ailments.
Fungal endophytes are living asymptomatically inside the tissue of higher plants are of rising interest as they are the promising resource of bioactive agents. The current study shows that mycelia sterilia isolated from Boerhaavia diffusa would be a potent phytochemical and antioxidant source. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different secondary metabolites and all the fungal extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. There was a positive association between the amount of phenol content and the antioxidant content of the fungal extracts. Further research needs to be done on isolating the active compound accountable for this free radical scavenging activity and biophysical evaluation will be carried out in the future.
Endophytic fungi are broadly dispersed residing inside plant tissues and have been demonstrated as a treasure for bioactive natural products. Unexplored harsh and heavy metal contaminant habitat of Avicennia marina may have diverse and potential fungal association. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate the culturable fungal endophytes associated with leaves of A. marina and to evaluate their medical potentialities. Seventeen isolates of endophyte fungi were isolated from healthy leaves and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Results showed that isolates had activity against microorganisms in addition to their antioxidant activity, produced a variety of phenolic compounds, besides exhibited a lowest cytotoxicity against ATCC‐CCL‐81cell line. Consequently, selected endophytic fungal isolates were identified genetically as Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium. madrasense, Chaetomium. sp, Chaetomium. globosum, Aspergillus hiratsukae, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria tenuissima and Curvularia lunata with gene bank accession numbers MT089951, MT089952, MT089953, MT089954, MT089955, MT089956, MT089957 and MT089958 respectively. The most potent fungus extract was analyzed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) which verified the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. These findings confirmed that new endophytic fungal strains derived from A. marina thrive in harsh ecosystem produce bioactive metabolites which can be recommended as a novel source for drug discovery.
in the present work in all five medicinal plants likeOcimum basilicum (L.) Aloe vera (L.) Momordica charantia (L.) Momordica charantia (L.) Camellia sinensis (L.) having antioxidant properties were selected for presence of mycoendophytes which may be having a role in production of antioxidants inside the cells of plants. It was found that total 24 endophytic fungi were inhabitansof these plants. Specifically from 5 mycoendophytes were isolated from Ocimum basilicum (L.), 4 from Aloe vera (L.), 5 is from Momordica charantia (L.), 6 from Centella asiatica (L.), and 4 from Camellia sinensis (L.) were found.The Frequency of mycoendophytes from root of Ocimum basilicumos (L) of Alternaria alternata was found to be more and Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus terrus found to be less. Similarly, Frequency from stem of Ocimum basilicum (L) was more of Alternaria alternata and less of Aspergillus terrus .when leaves of Ocimum basilicumos (L) were accessed for incidience of mycoendophytes it was found that Penicillium notatum was found to be more and, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus fumigatus found to be less.The Frequency from root of Aloe vera (L) of Fusarium Was found to be more and Aspergillus terrus found to be less. Frequency from stem of Aloe vera (L) of Aspergillus fumigatus was found to be more and Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp. found to be less. Frequency from leaves of Aloe vera (L) of Trichoderma viridae was found to be more and Aspergillus fumigatus found to be less. Frequency from root of Momordica charantia (L) of Fusarium oxysporium was found to be more and Phoma sp., Fusarium verticilliodes found to be less. Frequency from stem of Momordica charantia (L) of Aspergillus terrus, chaetomium sp., Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium verticilliodes was found to be equal. Frequency from leaves of Momordica charantia(L) of Aspergillus terrus, chaetomium sp., Phoma sp. was found to be equal. Colonization Frequency from root of Centella asiatica (L) of Curvularia lunata was found to be more and Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. found to be less. Frequency from stem of Centella asiatica (L) of Rhizoctonia was found to be more and Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., found to be less. % Colonization Frequency from leaves of Centella asiatica (L) of Rhizoctonia sp, Nigrospora sp., Phytophthora sp.,was found to be equal. Frequency from leaves of Camellia sinensis (L) of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium sp.was found to be equal. This study of incidience of mycoendophytes in antioxidants plants can be further explored for accessing and upgrading the knowledge of antioxidants production further.
The study included isolate and diagnose fungus Fusarium solani of the local soil and purified and development in the PDB medium and the filtrate extracted using a solvent (Ethyl acetate) to obtain the fungal secondary metabolites extract. This extract has shown bioactivity against both reference isolates (E.coli (ATCC25922) and S.aureus(NCTC6571)) and pathogenic isolates S.pyogenes, K. pneumonia and S.typhimurium using agar disk diffusion technique , The diameters of the inhibition zones of fungal secondary metabolites24.0 mm against E.coli and 31.5 mm against S.aureus,and 34.0 mm against K.pneumoniae and 18.0 mm against S.pyogenes and 33.5mm against S.typhimurium. The test revealed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungal extract less inhibitor concentration towards our isolation S.aureus was 6.25 µg/ ml also less deadly concentration (MBC).Also against isolate S.aureus was 12.5µg/ ml. also fungal extract showed no toxicity toward human red blood cells. Tested the antioxidant of the fungal extract by measuring its ability to be reduced iron duo ions (Fe ?) have shown high rates of inhibition. The metabolic product of soil fungi can be an alternative source of commercial anti-bacterial.
The study included isolate and diagnose fungus Fusarium solani of the local soil and purified and development in the PDB medium and the filtrate extracted using a solvent (Ethyl acetate) to obtain the fungal secondary metabolites extract. This extract has shown bioactivity against both reference isolates (E.coli (ATCC25922) and S.aureus(NCTC6571)) and pathogenic isolates S.pyogenes, K. pneumonia and S.typhimurium using agar disk diffusion technique , The diameters of the inhibition zones of fungal secondary metabolites24.0 mm against E.coli and 31.5 mm against S.aureus,and 34.0 mm against K.pneumoniae and 18.0 mm against S.pyogenes and 33.5mm against S.typhimurium. The test revealed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungal extract less inhibitor concentration towards our isolation S.aureus was 6.25 μg/ ml also less deadly concentration (MBC).Also against isolate S.aureus was 12.5μg/ ml. also fungal extract showed no toxicity toward human red blood cells. Tested the antioxidant of the fungal extract by measuring its ability to be reduced iron duo ions (Fe ?) have shown high rates of inhibition. The metabolic product of soil fungi can be an alternative source of commercial anti-bacterial.
An endophytic fungus TP-1 was isolated by using potato dextrose agar medium from ethanobotanical medicinal plant Tridax procumbens. The isolated endophytic fungi TP-1 was identified as Altenaria sp. based on morphological, microscopic and reproductive characters. The crude solvent extract of TP-1 showed broad antibacterial activity and showed the presence of most of phytochemical compounds. Further, the endophyte shows the presence of enzyme protease, naringinase, cellulose and chitosanase. The present study will be useful for both industrial and pharmaceutical applications. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
The present investigation was designed to study the endophytic fungi of the climber Epipremnum aureum and its host tree Annona squamosa (custered apple) were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar and Water agar media. The pure cultures were maintained on PDA media. The colony and mycelial characteristics of endophytic fungi were studied in terms of the radial growth rate, biomass and asexual reproductive structures. The colony interaction between the two endophytic fungi in co-culture plate assays was analyzed. The radial growth rate of the endophytic fungus isolated from the aerial root was found to be 1.2 cm of per day, the biomass was found to be 2.1g/50 ml nutrient broth and asexual reproductive structures of the fungus was found to be globular conidial heads with conidiospores inside. The radial growth rate of the endophytic fungus isolated from the bark was found to be 1 cm of per day, the biomass was found to be 1.8 g/50 ml nutrient broth and asexual reproductive structures of the fungus was found to be no spore formation. The colony interaction between the two endophytic fungi in co-culture plate assays was observed as a barrage formation at the junction between the margins of two colonies. This revealed the compatible, mutualistic interaction between the two endophytic fungal isolates. Mutualistic interactions between the endophytes are viewed as a ubiquitous cooperation conferring benefits to the partners.
The present study deals with phytochemical analysis, enzyme properties and antibacterial activity analysis of endophytic fungi Botrytis sp isolated from aerial root of Ficus benghalensis. An endophytic fungus was isolated by using PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemical was performed following generally accepted laboratory techniques; so also the different enzymes produced from the fungus were analyzed. The antibacterial activity of isolated endophytic fungi was tested against one gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and two gram negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp adopting well diffusion method. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the endophytic fungi showed positive results for alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and saponins. (Except phenols, cardiac glycosides). The fungal culture has the ability to produce amylase and laccase enzymes. (Except cellulase, lipase and protease). The crude fungal extract showed inhibition only of Escherichia coli (13mm) and Klebsiella sp (15 mm). Streptomycin used as a control showed inhibition zone range of 25 to 30 mm. The present study recorded that endophytic fungi Botrytis sp produce bioactive compounds. Further studies on characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies, would reveal the antibacterial activity can be performed to see the activity of this endophytic funggus in clinical trials against different human ailments.
Colletotrichum sp. was isolated as an endophyte of herbaceous plant Polygala elongata collected from Western Ghats, India. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant property of ethyl acetate extract of this fungus was done using ABTS and DPPH radicals. The ethyl acetate extract of Colletotrichum species showed potent antioxidant activity against both ABTS and DPPH radicals with the IC50 value of 9.312μg/ml and 21.22μg/ml, respectively. Total amount of phenol and flavonoid quantified were of 1614mg/g gallic acid equivalents and 160mg/g of quercetin equivalent, respectively. In addition, total antioxidant capacity of the crude extract was evaluated by the phosphomolybdenum method and quantified as 23.695mg/g of Gallic acid equivalent. This study suggests that, the crude extract of Colletotrichum sp. may have potential source of natural antioxidant.
An endophytic fungus was isolated from rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. (Z.z) an important medicinal plant of North-East India. Colonial morphological trait, microscopic observation and molecular sequence analysis of ITS region of isolated fungus insinuated 99% similarity with Fusarium oxysporum. The isolated and identified fungus was then cultivated in Potato Dextrose Broth for 25 days at 25±1 0 C. Broth and mycelia were separated, fungal broth was extracted with different solvent system; methanol (Zfe 1), n-butanol (Zfe 2), hexane (Zfe 3), and mycelia was extracted with ethyl acetate (Zfe 4). The extracts (Zfe 1, Zfe 2, Zfe 3, Zfe 4) were subjected to screening and estimation of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolics content, total flavonoid content, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition assay. Among the tested extract, Zfe 3 shows highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and COX II inhibition with IC 50 value of 41.68 µg and 14.27 µg/100 mg respectively. However, phenolic and flavonoid content is highest in Zfe 4 with concentration of 260 µg/100 mg and 29 µg/ 100 µg. Thus, fungal endophytes inhibit free radicals and Cyclo-oxygenase activity, and could be an alternative natural products of therapeutical importance.
In the present work, we carried out a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study, using 15 phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. For each compound, two electronic properties, BDE-OH (OH bond homolytic dissociation enthalpy) and IP (ionization potential), and two lipophylic parameters, LogP (lipophilicity) and LogD (relative lipophilicity), were estimated. The best QSAR model obtained by multiple regression analysis, using the systematic approach for variable selection, corresponds to the equation: pIC 50 = 6.68 – 0.023(BDE-OH) – 0.0036(IP), which showed a high statistical significance (N = 15, R = 0.941, R 2 = 0.885, Q 2 = 0.807, s = 0.057, F = 46.09, p = 0.05).
Endophytes are microorganisms that live inside the host plant tissues which have novel metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities against different diseases. In fact, a significant number of interesting natural bioactive compounds have been reported in the last years. The microbial biotransformation process is a novel alternative method to obtain bioactive compounds. In this review, some aspects in the phytochemistry of endophytes producing Phytochemicals and its pharmaceutical effects are discussed.
Polyalthia longifolia has been used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of fever, skin diseases, diabetes, hypertension, helminthiasis etc.Now a days; there is growing interest in exploring new sources of potent natural antioxidants for the food industry. In the present study antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaves and seeds of P. longifolia along with total phenol and flavonoid content has been evaluated spectrophotometrically.The total phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent while total flavonoid content was evaluated with aluminium chloride under basic conditions. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of the seeds and leaves was determined by measuring the radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-Diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH).The highest radical scavenging effect was observed in leaves with IC50 = 0.5824mg/ml than in seeds with IC50 = 1.4677 mg/ml. Phenolic compounds and flavonoid contribute to this activity. The results suggest that P. longifolia is a good source of antioxidant and can be used against various free radical related disorders.