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Chamomile tea for relief of primary dysmenorrhea
Abstract
Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common disorder occurs in 60-93% of women in menstrual age. It is characterized by pain in the lower abdomen region which may radiate to thighs, despite no dysfunction in the genital system. The onset is in early stages of menstruation that may last by 2 to 3 days. Tranquilizers, herbal drugs and massaging are being applied as treatmentmodalities. Chamomile tea may alleviate the pain, but scientific studies have yet to be conducted. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of applying chamomile tea on dysmenorrhea. Methods: 80 students of Toyserkan Azad University in western Iran were enrolled in such semi-experimental study. They were randomly divided into two equal groups of study and control. Participants in the study group were asked to drink two cups of Chamomile tea a day, 1 week prior to menstruation and first five days of their menstruation cycle for a 3 month period. Data were gathered by four separate questionnaires (McGill Pain Questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scales for Anxiety, Perceived Stress Scale and The Psycho physiologic Life Adaptation Scale). They were applied before the commencement of intervention, on 1 st month and 3 rd month, respectively. Data analysis was carried out using Wilcoxon and Chi-square tests. Results: After 1 month of usingChamomile tea, study group had a statistically significant difference in experiencing menstrual pain, distress and anxiety compared to those of control one.There were statistically significant difference between two groups in summation of means of four questionnaires, on 1 st and 3 rd months of usingChamomile tea (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study finds chamomile tea an effective therapy in relieving the pain originated from primary dysmenorrhea and its consequent psycho-social problems.
... The inclusion process of this systematic review is presented in Figure 1. Table 1 shows the extract of the included studies [18,20,22,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. This systematic review is based on 10 clinical trials. ...
... The first randomized clinical trial regarding this subject took place in the United States [18], and four subsequent studies in the U.S. examined the long-term effectiveness of chamomile use or its efficacy in diagnosed subjects [20,[44][45][46]. One study was conducted in Indonesia [47], and four were performed in Iran [22,[48][49][50]. The studies spanned from 2009 to 2022. ...
... Overall, these trials included 844 subjects which ranged from 18 to 179 participants in different studies. Seven of these studies were carried out on both genders [18,20,22,[44][45][46][47], and three focused on female participants [48][49][50]. ...
Anxiety disorder is a prevalent psychiatric issue that affects 4.05% of the global population. As complementary and alternative medicine gains popularity, many individuals with anxiety symptoms seek herbal remedies. This systematic review aims to explore the sedative efficacy of chamomile as an herbal medicine for anxiety treatment. Our search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases until August 2023. Among 389 papers found, after removing duplicates and irrelevant papers, 10 clinical trials investigating the effect of oral consumption of chamomile on anxiety were included. Two researchers independently completed all steps, including the screening process and data extraction. Out of the 10 articles selected, 9 studies have concluded that chamomile is effective in reducing anxiety. Even though, the exact mechanism of chamomile's anxiolytic action is not well understood, evidence suggests that its active compounds, including apigenin, may modulate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis by affecting neurotransmitter pathways. This systematic review showed that chamomile potentially has an anxiolytic effect. In addition, due to the side effects of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders, the use of chamomile seems to be effective and less dangerous.
... The use of chamomile reduces abdominal and pelvic pain, fatigue, lethargy and depression during menstrual cycles (24). The ethanolic extract from the owers of this plant has anti-in ammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-anxiety and sedative effects (25). Although US Food and Drug Administration states that chamomile has no side effects on pregnancy, lactation or on children, researchers have recommended further studies on the side effects and bene ts of complementary medicine (26)(27). ...
... Other studies have reported the reduced amount bleeding of chamomile same to other drugs such as mefenamic acid, ginger and fennel, and the decrease of bleeding between chamomile and the drugs mentioned did not differ signi cantly (43,25); however, no information is available on its mechanism of action (44). ...
... The results of the present study using chamomile as a sachet before the onset of menstruation (Due to chamomile is more effective on relieving dysmenorrhea if it is used before pain begins) (25) are consistent with other studies with capsule, drop, tea, and different amounts of chamomile (25,48,22). In a study to compare the effects of chamomile extract and mefenamic acid on PMS, Shari reported complications of chamomile increasing bleeding, that may be due to the type and concentration of active ingredients in chamomile in different places of cultivation and different seasons of the year and needs more study. ...
Background
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common pelvic pains in women, impairing their quality of life.This study investigated the effects of chamomile sachet and mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea, associated symptoms and bleeding.
Methods
In this randomized clinical trial, 200 female students with primary dysmenorrhea from Arak universities were randomly assigned to two groups. The group (A) received mefenamic acid (250 mg) and group (B) received chamomile (5000 mg) plus one teaspoonful of honey )as a flavoring( for two days before up to the first three days of menstruation, three times a day in two consecutive cycles. Pain severity, associated symptoms and bleeding were assessed using visual analog scale, Andersch-Milsom Verbal Scale and Higham chart, respectively. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests by SPSS 21.
Results
Severe pain during two months after intervention was in 6 (6.3%) of group (B) and 6 (6.3%) in group (A) (p = 0.351, p = 0.332). Mean severity of associated symptoms two months after the treatment was( 4.93 ± 3.54) in group (B) and (5.62 ± 3.54 ) in group (A), indicating further reduction in group (B) but not significant (p = 0.278). Mean of bleeding was (88.71 ± 66.4 vs. 70.54 ± 53. 34) in group (B) and (A) respectively, in two months later. therefore decrease in the two groups but was not significant between groups(p = 0.567).
Conclusions
It seems chamomile sachet can reduce the severity of pain and bleeding similar to mefenamic acid and even further mitigate the symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea.
Trial registration
This study was performed with the proposal approval code of 2611, ethics code of (ARAKMU.REC.1395.164) at Arak University of medical sciences and code of IRCT 2016100825031N5 on 2016.11.08.
... 17,18 Jenabi ve Ebrahimzadeh'in yaptığı bir metaanaliz çalışmasında, sigara ile dismenore arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. 19 Qin ve ark.nın yürüttüğü araştırma sonuçlarında ise sigara içen kadınların, içmeyen kadınlara göre 1,45 kat gibi yüksek bir oranla daha fazla dismenore sorunu yaşadıkları tespit edilmiştir. 20 Speroff ve Fritz, kadınlarda sigara kullanımı ile alınan nikotinin vazokonstriksiyon ile hipoksiye neden olduğunu, bunun sonucunda miyometrial kasılmaların arttığı ve endometriyal kan akımının azalması ile dismenore geliştiğini öngörmektedir. ...
... 33 Kontrol ve müdahale grubu oluşturularak bitki çaylarının ve şifalı bitkilerin dismenore üzerine etkinliğinin incelendiği bir çalışmada, bazı tür bitkilerin antispazmolitik özelliğinin olması ayrıca mefenamik asit içermesinin, prostaglandin salınımı üzerine etkisi ile dismenorenin azaltılmasında ve semptomlarının iyileştirilmesinde etkili olabileceği saptanmıştır. 19 Bu çalışma sonuçlarından farklı olarak dismenore sorunu ile baş etmede, bireylerin bitki çayı kullanmasının ağrı üzerine olumlu bir etkisinin olmadığı ortaya çıkarılan araştırmada mevcuttur. 34 Katılımcılarımızda da olduğu gibi bitki çayları ve şifalı bitkilerin dismenore tedavisinde, farmakolojik yöntemlere ek olarak kullanıldığı görülse de ağrı üzerine etkinliğinin bireyden bireye farklılık gösterdiği düşünülmektedir. ...
... The need to reduce the use of analgesics and believe that CAT is effective in relieving menstrual pain are independently associated with the current use of CATs. Jenabi (2013) [8] conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of ginger in providing relief to patients of primary dysmenorrhea among 70 female students of the university in Azad University, Toyserkan. The clinical trial was conducted from July 10 to September 5, 2010. ...
... Finally, chamomile is one of the most used plants to treat menstrual cramps, and its effectiveness on dysmenorrhea pain has been explored (54). A clinical study found that after one month of consuming chamomile tea, the study group had a significant decrease in menstrual pain, anxiety, and distress compared to the control group. ...
Dysmenorrhea is the combination of cramps and pain associated with the menstrual period, and the symptoms affect at least 30% of women worldwide. Tolerance to symptoms depends on each person's pain threshold; however, dysmenorrhea seriously affects daily activities and chronically reduces the quality of life. Some dysmenorrhea cases even require hospitalization due to unbearable symptoms of severe pain. Dysmenorrhea is an underestimated affectation and remains even in different first-world countries as a taboo subject, promoted by the establishment of an apparent policy of gender equality. A person with primary or secondary dysmenorrhea requires medical assistance in choosing the best treatment and an integral approach. This review intends to demonstrate the impact of dysmenorrhea on quality of life. We describe the pathophysiology of this disorder from a molecular point of view and perform a comprehensive compilation and analysis of the most critical findings in the therapeutic management of dysmenorrhea. Likewise, we propose an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of dysmenorrhea at the cellular level in a concise way and the botanical, pharmacological, and medical applications for its management. Since dysmenorrhea symptoms can vary between individuals, medical treatment cannot be generalized and depends on each patient. Therefore, we hypothesized that a suitable strategy could result from the combination of pharmacological therapy aided by a non-pharmacological approach.
... In a consistent study by Jenabi et al., (2010) examining the effect of chamomile tea in relief of primary dysmenorrhea. Intervention group had less pain [12]. In this study, one used chamomile tea instead of chamomile ointment and the menstrual pain is examined. ...
... The full text of the remaining 9 studies were reviewed and 2 studies were excluded due to obtaining score 3 in the Jadad Scale. 30,31 Finally, 7 clinical Two out of 7 studies examined the effect of Chamomile on pain in primary dysmenorrhea, 2 were conducted on the effect of Chamomile on menstrual bleeding volume, and three studies examined the effect of Chamomileon pain and menstrual bleeding in primary dysmenorrhea. A summary of the studies reviewed is shown in Table 1. ...
Background:
Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by pain during menstruation without any pelvic pathology. It is a common problem among females in their reproductive age which is caused by increased production of prostaglandin in the endometrium as one of leading causes. Chamomile extract ceases the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The aim of this study was to systematically review the clinical trials to determine the effect of Chamomile on pain and menstural bleeding in primary dysmenorrhea.
Methods:
Search process to find relevant articles was conducted on electronic Iranian (MagIran, SID) and international databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane library, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCO), using English keywords and Persian equivalents such a "Dysmenorrhea", "Pain", "Menstrual bleeding" and "Chamomil" without a time limit until March 2020. Irrelevant, duplicate, descriptive, or qualitative studies were excluded. To evaluate the quality of articles, we used the Cochran's Risk of Bias tool.
Results:
Among124 articles found in the initial search, finally 7 clinical trials (with a sample size of 1033) were systematically examined. Two out of 7 studies examined the effect of Chamomile on the pain of primary dysmenorrhea, 2 studies on the effect of Chamomile on menstrual bleeding volume, and 3 on the effect of Chamomileon pain and menstural bleeding in primary dysmenorrhea.
Conclusion:
Based on results of the most reviewed studies, Chamomile can be considered as an effective treatment for primary dysmenorrhea and reducing menstrual bleeding.
... The result of the study revealed that chamomile tea is efficient for the primary dysmenorrhea and relief pain [33]. In another study the chamomile effect on dysmenorrhea were explored. ...
... Studies on the effects of chamomile, ginger, and honey on dysmenorrhea have been carried out separately [15,21,28], but no study was done on the simultaneous administration of these three cases and their possible synergism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect During the study, 23 patients were excluded because of not completing the questionnaire, marrying, unwillingness to continue, and discontinuing medication. ...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of combined chamomile-ginger on pain of primary dysmenorrhea and its related symptoms.
Methods: study is a randomized controlled clinical trial on 400 female students of Arak University. After obtaining informed consent, samples were randomly divided into four groups of 100: ginger with honey, chamomile with honey, ginger and chamomile with honey, and finally mefenamic acid. The drugs were taken two consecutive cycles, three times daily from 2 days before menstruation to the first 3 days. Pain intensity, associated symptoms, and bleeding were measured in the first three days of each cycle (one month before the intervention and two months after the intervention). After data collection, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V. 19 with Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, Fisher, Friedman, ANOVA tests with repeated measures at the significant level of 0.05.
Results: In all four groups, pain severity, the number of painful days, low back pain, analgesic consumption, total symptom score, and bleeding loss were significantly decreased (P=0.001). However, there was no significant difference between groups, excluding total symptom score and bleeding loss. Ginger-chamomile combination was better than other interventions in decreasing total symptom score (P=0.02). Mefenamic acid also had a better effect on reducing bleeding loss than other interventions (P=0.008).
Conclusion: The results showed that the ginger-chamomile combination acts the same as mefenamic acid in pain control, but it is better in reducing the associated symptom score than mefenamic acid.
... Showed that drinking chamomile tea is effective in relieving menstrual pain due to primary dysmenorrhea. 26 In the research of Alamolhoda in the evaluation of Aloe Vera gel effect on the curing of nipple sore, observed significant decrease in the ache score of Aloe Vera gel applied group, Aloe Vera contains components such as Flavonoids, and vitamins A and C, Considering the presence of the equal materials in chamomile and Aloe Vera, it can be said that the same process exists in chamomile with mentioned plant for decreasing of ache. 27 In a clinical trial conducted on children with atypical dermatitis in order to compare the cream containing chamomile and hydrocortisone 0.05%, chamomile recovery was found to be due to hydrocortisone. ...
... meta-analysis of three studies(Jenabi & Ebrahimzadeh, 2010;Lopez Jornet & Aznar-Cayuela, 2016;Zick et al., 2011) with the fixed effect model (I 2 = 0%, p = 0.59), using anxiety questionnaires, HADS, and PRIME-MD showed no significant effect of chamomile on state anxi-ety reduction after 4 weeks (SMD = −0.15, 95% CI [−0.46; 0.16], P = 0.3398; Figure 3A in the supporting information). ...
This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to study the efficacy and safety of chamomile for the treatment of state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorders (GADs), sleep quality, and insomnia in human. Eleven databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Central, and Scopus were searched to retrieve relevant randomized control trials (RCTs), and 12 RCTs were included. Random effect meta‐analysis was performed by meta package of R statistical software version 3.4.3 and RevMan version 5.3. Our meta‐analysis of three RCTs did not show any difference in case of anxiety (standardized mean difference = −0.15, 95% CI [−0.46, 0.16], P = 0.4214). Moreover, there is only one RCT that evaluated the effect of chamomile on insomnia and it found no significant change in insomnia severity index (P > 0.05). By using HAM‐A scale, there was a significant improvement in GAD after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (mean difference = −1.43, 95% CI [−2.47, −0.39], P = 0.007), (MD = −1.79, 95% CI [−3.14, −0.43], P = 0.0097), respectively. Noteworthy, our meta‐analysis showed a significant improvement in sleep quality after chamomile administration (standardized mean difference = −0.73, 95% CI [−1.23, −0.23], P < 0.005). Mild adverse events were only reported by three RCTs. Chamomile appears to be efficacious and safe for sleep quality and GAD. Little evidence is there to show its effect on anxiety and insomnia. Larger RCTs are needed to ascertain these findings.
... Effects have been reported on the treatment of migraines and muscle soreness (Abdollahi Arjenki, 2016). Yazdani et al. (2004), Jenabi & Ebrahimzadeh (2010), and Modarres et al. (2011) looked into the therapeutic effects of chamomile and characterized it as a possible treatment for dysmenorrhea. ...
Objectives
Primary dysmenorrhea is a painful uterine contraction caused by endometrial laceration. Drug therapies and complementary medicine have been used to treat dysmenorrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate and offer an updated perspective on the treatments for dysmenorrhea.
Methods
The present study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The required information was collected based on searches for the following keywords: treatment, primary dysmenorrhea, medicinal plants, chemical drugs, and herbs. Searches were performed on databases Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Iran medex, and SID by March 2018 to find literature in the English and Persian languages on this subject without a time limit.
Results
This review included 17 papers, 10 of which on complementary medicine, three on drug therapies, and four on acupuncture and acupressure. The largest and smallest samples had 303 and 24 patients, respectively. Length of treatment ranged from one to six months and the measures most commonly used in the studies were the visual analogue scale and clinical efficacy. Reported complications included gastrointestinal events, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and liver and kidney disorders.
Conclusion
Medicinal plants, drugs, and acupressure seem to suppress pain by reducing the level of prostaglandins, mediating nitric oxide, increasing beta-endorphin levels, blocking the calcium channel, and enhancing circulatory flow through the uterine pathway. Further trials are required to confirm the benefits of the procedures described and ensure the absence of complications.
... In recent years, researchers have considered the use of medicinal herbs as the substitute of chemical drugs. There are a lot of studies about herbal medicines used for reducing pain in primary dysmenorrhea such as cumin [12], fennel [13][14][15], thymus vulgaris [16], echinophora-platyloba [14,17], ginger [18,19], chamomile [20][21][22]. ...
... Consequently, they increasingly appeal to other treatments such as herbal medicine. The suppressive effects of some herbal drugs such as Dang-Qui-Shao-Yao-san, chamomile tea, Feonicurum vulgare, etc. on uterine contractions and their pain–relief effects on dysmenorrhea have been reported in some studies.[13141516] ...
Background:
Dysmenorrhea has negative effects on women's life. Due to side-effects of chemical drugs, there is growing trend toward herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Dill compared to mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea.
Materials and Methods:
This double-blind, randomized, clinical trial study was conducted on 75 single female students between 18 and 28 years old educating in Nursing and Midwifery School and Paramedical Faculty of Qom University of Medical Sciences of Iran in 2011. They were allocated randomly into one of the three groups: In Dill group, they took 1000 mg of Dill powder q12h for 5 days from 2 days before the beginning of menstruation for two cycles. Other groups received 250 mg mefenamic acid or 500 mg starch capsule as placebo, respectively. Dysmenorrhea severity was determined by a verbal multidimensional scoring system and a visual analog scale (VAS). Students with mild dysmenorrhea were excluded. Data were analyzed by SPSS using the descriptive statistic, paired-samples t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results:
There were no significant differences between three groups for demographic or descriptive variables. Comprising the VAS showed that the participants of Dill and mefenamic acid groups had lower significant pain in the 1st and the 2nd months after treatment, whereas in the placebo group this was only significant in the 2nd month (P < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Dill was as effective as mefenamic acid in reducing the pain severity in primary dysmenorrhea. Further studies regarding side-effects of Dill and its interactivity are recommended.
Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a common, painful, and debilitating problem of personal activity with psychological symptoms of anxiety and distress. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of Mandela therapy on anxiety, pain intensity, and distress in primary dysmenorrhea.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 on 80 university students in Arak city who had a pain intensity score of 4 to 8. People were placed in the intervention and control groups. The intervention group painted the mandala for five days in two menstrual cycles. The questionnaires of Spielberger's anxiety, Moos menstrual distress, and numerical pain measure were completed by two groups before and after two intervention periods. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 28) and Fisher's exact, independent t and paired t, and Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Although the mean score of dysmenorrhea distress after the intervention had a significant decrease in the intervention group (35.76±8.18) compared to the control group (40±7.93) (d=0.645, p=0.01), but the reduction in mean pain intensity in the intervention group (5.82±2.08) was not significantly different compared to the control group (6.45±1.96) (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the mean of trait and state anxiety in the two groups after the intervention (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Mandala therapy can be effective in reducing the distress caused by primary dysmenorrhea.
The effect of mandala therapy on anxiety, pain severity and distress of primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized clinical trial
Mahsa Hosseini 1 Zahra Borzabadi Farahani 2 Azam Moslemi 3 Fatemeh Bodaghi 1 Fereshteh Farzan Azar 4
1 B.Sc. of Nursing, Student Research Committee Center, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
2 Instructor, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a common, painful, and debilitating problem of personal activity with psychological symptoms of anxiety and distress. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Mandela therapy on anxiety, pain intensity, and distress in primary dysmenorrhea.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 on 80 university students in Arak City who had a pain intensity score of 4 to 8. People were placed in the intervention and control groups. The intervention group painted the mandala for five days in two menstrual cycles. The questionnaires of Spielberger's anxiety, Moos menstrual distress, and numerical pain measure were completed by two groups before and after two intervention periods. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 28) and Fisher's exact, independent t and paired t, and Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Although the mean score of dysmenorrhea distress after the intervention had a significant decrease in the intervention group (35.76±8.18) compared to the control group (40±7.93) (d=0.645, p=0.01), the reduction in mean pain intensity in the intervention group (5.82±2.08) was not significantly different compared to the control group (6.45±1.96) (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the mean of trait and state anxiety in the two groups after the intervention (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Mandala therapy can be effective in reducing the distress caused by primary dysmenorrhea.
keyword
Art therapy Clinical trial Dysmenorrhea Mandala coloring Primary dysmenorrhea
Amaç: Bu araştırma menstrüel sağlık sorunları yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp (GETAT) yöntemlerini kullanma durumlarının ve kullanılan geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı-kesitsel olan araştırma 1 Ocak - 30 Haziran 2020 tarihlerinde bir üniversite öğrencileri ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini 436 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde, yüzde ve ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların %65.4’ü menstrüel sağlık sorunları için geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemlerine başvurmaktadır. Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemlerinden aktivite/egzersiz alanında katılımcıların %70.4’ü abdomene sıcak uygulama yapmakta; kültürel/dini uygulamalar alanında katılımcıların %41.3’ü menstrüel sağlık sorunlarıyla baş etmek için dua etmekte; bitkisel tedavi alanında katılımcıların %38.1’i papatya çayı içmektedir. Katılımcıların %49.3’ü kullanmakta olduğu geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemini ailesinden öğrenmiştir. En sık başvurulan geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yönteminin abdomene sıcak su uygulama olduğu görülmüştür. Katılımcıların çoğunluğu geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemlerini fayda gördükten sonra bırakmıştır. Sonuç: Araştırmada katılımcıların menstrüel sağlık sorunları yaşadığı ve bu sorunlara yönelik geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemlerine başvurabildikleri saptanmıştır.
Background
Dysmenorrhea in young women reduces their quality of life.
Objectives
This research reviewed the impact of chamomile sachet and mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea, its relevant symptoms as well as bleeding.
Methods
Two hundred female students afflicted with primary dysmenorrhea from Arak universities were randomly assigned to two groups and participated in this randomized clinical trial. The first group (A) received mefenamic acid (250 mg) and the second group (B) received chamomile (5000 mg) three times a day in two consecutive cycles from two days before up to the first three days after menstruation. Intensity of pain, related symptoms and bleeding were evaluated by visual analog scale, Andersch-Milsom Verbal Scale and Higham chart, respectively. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 21.
Results
Severe pain lasting two months after intervention was observed in 6 subjects (6.3%) of group (B) as well as 6 participants (6.3%) in group (A) (p=0.351, p=0.332). Two months after treatment, mean severity of related symptoms was 4.93±3.54 in group (B) and 5.62±3.54 in group (A), which shows further reduction of pain in group (B) that was not significant (p=0.278). Two months later, mean of bleeding was 88.71±66.4 and 70.54 ±53. 34 in group (B) and (A), respectively. Thus, the decrease of pain in the two groups was not significant (p=0.567).
Conclusion
It appears that chamomile sachet can decrease the severity of pain and bleeding, which is similar to the effect of mefenamic acid and even further alleviates the symptoms of dysmenorrhea.
(IRCT code no. 20161008250B1N5).
Background
Dysmenorrhea is one of the most frequent pelvic pains among young women impairing their quality of life.
Objective
This research aims to investigate the effect of ginger-chamomile herbs plus honey in reducing dysmenorrhea pain, associated symptoms, and the extent of bleeding.
Methods
In this randomized clinical trial (IRCT No.: 2016100825031N5), 200 female students with primary dysmenorrhea from Arak universities were randomly divided into two groups. All the students were evaluated for one cycle without intervention, then group (A) received mefenamic acid (250 mg) and group (B) received ginger (1000 mg), chamomile (5000 mg) plus one teaspoonful of honey for two days before up to the first three days of menstruation, three times a day in two consecutive cycles. Pain severity, associated symptoms of dysmenorrhea and bleeding were respectively assessed using visual analogue scale, Andersch-Milsom Verbal Scale and Higham chart. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests through SPSS21.
Results
The pain intensity in group B diminished significantly after the intervention in comparison to group A (p <0.05). The mean severity of dysmenorrhea accompanying symptoms decreased significantly in group B compared to group A (P=0.009). However, mean quantity of bleeding significantly decreased in group A (P = 0.004), with no increase in the extent of bleeding in group B.
Conclusion
The present study indicated that the combination of ginger-chamomile sachet with honey has the same effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain mitigation also associated symptoms reduced better than mefenamic acid.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses a vast array of physical and psychological symptoms. Of the herbal supplements mentioned for remedy PMS symptoms, chamomile used as an effective herbal medicine. The overall purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of chamomile on the treatment PMS. An extensive research review using Web of Science, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register database, PubMed, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Psych INFO, Social Science Research Network, SID, Google Scholar, Iran Doc, Magiran and Iran Medex. Eligible studies were identified from English and Persian databases, published between 1990 and 2019. Studies were screened independently by two researchers who performed the data extraction. Of Twenty-seven studies identified, Eight RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Chamomile has been used to treat PMS relief because of therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory effects (Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol); anti-spasmodic effects (Apigenin, Quercetin, and Luteolin, Metoxicomarin, Matrisin, and Phytoestrogens); anti-anxiety effects (Glycine, Flavonoid). The results of this review show that Chamomile is effective for the treatment of PMS. Based on these results, we believe that Chamomile can be used as good herbal medicine to treat in women with PMS.
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is defined as painful menstrual in the absence of any pelvic pathology.
Nowadays, the first line treatment is the use of NSAIDs that unfortunately has contraindication and
side effects. Persian Medicine has noted menstrual pain with the defined treatments by use of herbs and
herbal formulations. The aim of this study is to introduce the medicinal plants used to treat menstrual
and uterine pains (M & UP) in Persian Medicine for evaluating in field of PD. For this purpose, first
the medicinal plants used to treat M & UP were listed using prominent Persian Medicine references.
In the next step, data were collected in relation to treat PD by searching in ‘Google Scholar’, ‘Scopus’,
‘PubMed’ and ‘SID’ databases between 2000 and 2016. Finally, the plants from identified Persian Medicine
list, whose effect on PD have been revealed in modern literatures were introduced. According to
this review, more than 100 medicinal plants were recommended for the treatment of M & UP in Persian
Medicine. They belong to 60 plant families, the most frequent of which are Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae,
Rosaceae and Lamiaceae, respectively. Also, only about 13% of the aforementioned medicinal
plants have been evaluated for the treatment of PD. It seems that many plants have been introduced
in Persian Medicine for the treatment of menstrual pain, which have not yet been evaluated for their
therapeutic effects and precise mechanisms of action. Thus, the introduced plants could be suitable
candidates for future investigations.
Hydrosol soft drinks in Persian nutrition culture are produced as side products of the essential oil industry to be used as safe remedies for treatment of some ailments. This study investigated hydrosols for women's hormonal health conditions. Detailed information was gathered by questionnaires. Chemical constituents of these mono- or poly-herbal hydrosols were identified after liquid/liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hierarchical cluster and K-means analysis (SPSS software) were used to find their relevance. A literature survey was also performed. In most cases, thymol, carvacrol, and carvone were the major constituents except for dill, white horehound, willow, Moderr, and yarrow hydrosols, whose their major components were dill ether, menthol, phenethyl alcohol, linalool, or camphor. Based on clustering methods, some similarities could be found in their constituents with some exceptions. None of them have been studied scientifically before. These investigations may lead to the development of some functional drinks or even new lead components.
Background:
Dysmenorrhoea refers to painful menstrual cramps and is a common gynaecological complaint. Conventional treatments include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), which both reduce myometrial activity (contractions of the uterus). A suggested alternative approach is dietary supplements. We used the term 'dietary supplement' to include herbs or other botanical, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and amino acids. We excluded traditional Chinese medicines.
Objectives:
To determine the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements for treating dysmenorrhoea.
Search methods:
We searched sources including the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, PsycINFO (all from inception to 23 March 2015), trial registries, and the reference lists of relevant articles.
Selection criteria:
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of dietary supplements for moderate or severe primary or secondary dysmenorrhoea. We excluded studies of women with an intrauterine device. Eligible comparators were other dietary supplements, placebo, no treatment, or conventional analgesia.
Data collection and analysis:
Two review authors independently performed study selection, performed data extraction and assessed the risk of bias in the included trials. The primary outcomes were pain intensity and adverse effects. We used a fixed-effect model to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous data, and mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs) for continuous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We presented data that were unsuitable for analysis either descriptively or in additional tables. We assessed the quality of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methods.
Main results:
We included 27 RCTs (3101 women). Most included studies were conducted amongst cohorts of students with primary dysmenorrhoea in their late teens or early twenties. Twenty-two studies were conducted in Iran and the rest were performed in other middle-income countries. Only one study addressed secondary dysmenorrhoea. Interventions included 12 different herbal medicines (German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, M recutita, Chamomilla recutita), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, C. verum), Damask rose (Rosa damascena), dill (Anethum graveolens), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), guava (Psidium guajava), rhubarb (Rheum emodi), uzara (Xysmalobium undulatum), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and zataria (Zataria multiflora)) and five non-herbal supplements (fish oil, melatonin, vitamins B1 and E, and zinc sulphate) in a variety of formulations and doses. Comparators included other supplements, placebo, no treatment, and NSAIDs.We judged all the evidence to be of low or very low quality. The main limitations were imprecision due to very small sample sizes, failure to report study methods, and inconsistency. For most comparisons there was only one included study, and very few studies reported adverse effects. Effectiveness of supplements for primary dysmenorrhoea We have presented pain scores (all on a visual analogue scale (VAS) 0 to 10 point scale) or rates of pain relief, or both, at the first post-treatment follow-up. Supplements versus placebo or no treatmentThere was no evidence of effectiveness for vitamin E (MD 0.00 points, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.34; two RCTs, 135 women).There was no consistent evidence of effectiveness for dill (MD -1.15 points, 95% CI -2.22 to -0.08, one RCT, 46 women), guava (MD 0.59, 95% CI -0.13 to 1.31; one RCT, 151 women); one RCT, 73 women), or fennel (MD -0.34 points, 95% CI -0.74 to 0.06; one RCT, 43 women).There was very limited evidence of effectiveness for fenugreek (MD -1.71 points, 95% CI -2.35 to -1.07; one RCT, 101 women), fish oil (MD 1.11 points, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.77; one RCT, 120 women), fish oil plus vitamin B1 (MD -1.21 points, 95% CI -1.79 to -0.63; one RCT, 120 women), ginger (MD -1.55 points, 95% CI -2.43 to -0.68; three RCTs, 266 women; OR 5.44, 95% CI 1.80 to 16.46; one RCT, 69 women), valerian (MD -0.76 points, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.08; one RCT, 100 women), vitamin B1 alone (MD -2.70 points, 95% CI -3.32 to -2.08; one RCT, 120 women), zataria (OR 6.66, 95% CI 2.66 to 16.72; one RCT, 99 women), and zinc sulphate (MD -0.95 points, 95% CI -1.54 to -0.36; one RCT, 99 women).Data on chamomile and cinnamon versus placebo were unsuitable for analysis. Supplements versus NSAIDSThere was no evidence of any difference between NSAIDs and dill (MD 0.13 points, 95% CI -1.01 to 1.27; one RCT, 47 women), fennel (MD -0.70 points, 95% CI -1.81 to 0.41; one RCT, 59 women), guava (MD 1.19, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.96; one RCT, 155 women), rhubarb (MD -0.20 points, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.04; one RCT, 45 women), or valerian (MD points 0.62 , 95% CI 0.03 to 1.21; one RCT, 99 women),There was no consistent evidence of a difference between Damask rose and NSAIDs (MD -0.15 points, 95% CI -0.55 to 0.25; one RCT, 92 women).There was very limited evidence that chamomile was more effective than NSAIDs (MD -1.42 points, 95% CI -1.69 to -1.15; one RCT, 160 women). Supplements versus other supplementsThere was no evidence of a difference in effectiveness between ginger and zinc sulphate (MD 0.02 points, 95% CI -0.58 to 0.62; one RCT, 101 women). Vitamin B1 may be more effective than fish oil (MD -1.59 points, 95% CI -2.25 to -0.93; one RCT, 120 women). Effectiveness of supplements for secondary dysmenorrhoea There was no strong evidence of benefit for melatonin compared to placebo for dysmenorrhoea secondary to endometriosis (data were unsuitable for analysis). Safety of supplements Only four of the 27 included studies reported adverse effects in both treatment groups. There was no evidence of a difference between the groups but data were too scanty to reach any conclusions about safety.
Authors' conclusions:
There is no high quality evidence to support the effectiveness of any dietary supplement for dysmenorrhoea, and evidence of safety is lacking. However for several supplements there was some low quality evidence of effectiveness and more research is justified.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The most common pelvic cyclic pain and the most common complaint of gynecologic patients is dysmenorrhea that causes many personal and social problems. Mefenamic acid with a lot of side effects and matricaria camomilla are useful for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of mefenamic acid and matricaria camomilla capsules on primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: This cross over, triple-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 80 students with primary dysmenorrhea, staying in Tehran University dormitory. They were randomly allocated to mefenamic acid and matricaria camomilla groups. Research took place in three stages. In the first stage, all students for two consecutive cycles in regard to suffering from second or third degree dysmenorrhea were examined. In the second stage, mefenamic acid or matricaria camomilla capsules with check list for the amount of bleeding and VAS scale were randomly given to each of the research units. In the third stage, each research unit received the same treatment of the opposite group with the same characteristics (crossover treatment) and for another two consecutive cycles this same method with replacing the medicine was repeated again. Each person was studied for 6 cycles. The patient marked the intensity of their pain on the visual analogue scale an hour before taking the first dose of the medicine and also 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 48 hours after taking the first dose. FINDINGS: The mean age in both groups was 24.72±2.55 years. The mean of pain severity before treatment was 4.65±0.47 and after treatment was 2.80±1.04 and 1.12±0.43 in the mefenamic acid and matricaria camomilla groups, respectively that in comparison to the sign of pain it was revealed that the severity of pain decreased after two treatment cycles in the two groups receiving mefenamic acid and matricaria camomilla capsules. But this decrease in the matricaria camomilla group was considerable (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that taking matricaria camomilla capsule can decrease the severity of dysmenorrhea, so it is recommended to use it in the treatment of this common gynecologic disorder in women.
The effects of sintering temperature on the surface roughness of gypsum bonded investments were investigated to find the appropriate sintering temperature applied for micro-investment casting. The surface roughness tests were carried out at sintering temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1,000 *C for investment compounds mixed from calcium sulphate cr-hemihydrate and quartz powder (wt.%, 6:4; 5:5, 4:6, 3:7). In this experiment, each investment compound was prepared by pouring the investment materials into a plastic bottle with the good surface roughness (Ra -0.2 μm). DTA-TG curves were measured using a thermal analyzer to investigate the difference of surface roughness at different temperatures. The results show that the surface roughness of gypsum bonded investment is temperature sensitive. The preheating temperature of the mold should be up to 600 C, but not over 700 °C, and the investment compound with 60% plaster and 40% quartz powder is applicable for preparing the micro-structures. The micro-structures with 100 urn diameter were produced in the present studies. The results show that the surface roughness of the casting is only Ra ~0.51 μm, slightly rougher than that of the investment mold.
The study aimed to compare the effects of Chamomile Extract and Mefenamic acid (MA) on the intensity of Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. This study was a clinical randomized double blind trial, carried out with 90 students living in the dorms of Iran. The participants filled the daily forms about the intensity of PMS for two consecutive months. Once the definitive diagnosis of PMS was made, the participants were divided into two groups, each receiving either Chamomile capsule 100 mg or MA 250 mg three times a day. Intensity reduction of emotional symptoms was significantly higher among Chamomile Extract-users (30.1 ± 26.6 and 33.4 ± 25.3 percent) than that among MA-users (11.6 ± 25.7 and 10.7 ± 26.8 percent) after two cycles intervention (p < 0.001). Intensity reduction of physical symptoms was not significantly different (p > 0.05) among groups. Consumption of Chamomile seems to be more effective than MA in relieving the intensity of PMS associated symptomatic psychological pains.
The German chamomile is an old herbal medicine, which is widely used in medical practice. The water and ethanol extracts of matricaria flowers are mainly used for their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and spasmolytic properties. It is possible to prepare tea of pulverized matricaria flowers with 0.2 mm sized particles packed in tea bags. The investigation of anatomical diagnostical identification, qualitative and quantitative indices showed that matricaria top got after gathering flowers can be recommend as a herb for medical use. The thin-layer chromatographic research showed that matricaria top contains 9 flavonoids (2 more than flowers) and it's essential oil--10 components (one more than flowers). The technological study of practical use of matricaria top approved the possibility to prepare the fluid extract of matricaria top for external use. The results of investigations showed the possibility of complex use of Matricaria recutita cultivated in Latvia.
Eighty-eight female high school adolescents in two separate physical education classes were surveyed for the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms. Each group answered a questionnaire requesting age; presence, severity, and nature of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms; and course of treatment. Questions were also asked to determine the perceived impact of these symptoms on academic performance, ability to concentrate, study, or take tests, and classes missed. The results showed that the majority of the female adolescents identified dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms as problems that significantly affected their academic performance and were responsible for school absenteeism. Contradictory to common belief, premenstrual symptoms in these adolescents (76 of 88, 86%) were found to be as prevalent as symptoms of dysmenorrhea (80 of 88, 91%), and most of the girls were unaware of the causes and treatments of these symptoms. Subsequently, we designed a model for use by health professionals to educate girls in self-help methods and to screen for and detect these problems.
Are adolescent women aware of the relatively specific pharmacologic intervention now available for dysmenorrhea? A multiple-choice questionnaire was administered to 182 adolescent women, ages 14-18 years, to assess the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, the morbidity associated with dysmenorrhea, and the level of knowledge regarding available treatment. Of the study group, 72.7% reported "pain or discomfort" during their period, 58.9% reported decreased activity, and 45.6% reported school or work absenteeism. Of the dysmenorrheic sample, only 15.5% had used a prescription medication and only 14.7% could name any nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, except aspirin, as potentially effective in relieving dysmenorrhea. These data suggest that there is substantial ignorance or misinformation among adolescent females regarding effective treatment for dysmenorrhea. The prevalence of school and work absenteeism provides evidence for the continuing importance of dysmenorrhea as a public health problem of this age group. Discussion of effective therapeutic options for dysmenorrhea should be part of routine health care visits for adolescent women.
Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in as many as 50% of female adolescents and is associated with significant decreases in academic performance, sports participation, and socialization with peers. Complementary and alternative medicine treatment options are of interest to patients and health care providers. The use of rose tea to alleviate menstrual pain has long been a part of folk knowledge around the world but has not been studied scientifically. To determine the effectiveness of drinking rose tea as an intervention for reducing pain and psychophysiologic distress in adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea, 130 female adolescents were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 70) and a control (n = 60) group. Preintervention and postintervention data at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months were gathered on the biopsychosocial outcomes of dysmenorrhea. The results showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group perceived less menstrual pain, distress, and anxiety and showed greater psychophysiologic well-being through time, at 1, 3, and 6 months after the interventions. Findings suggest that drinking rose tea is a safe, readily available, and simple treatment for dysmenorrhea, which female adolescents may take to suit their individual needs.