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Antibacterial activity of leaves of BAMBOO
Abstract
The Leaf of bamboo, belonging to family Gramine is used as anthhelmintic. Tabashir (bamboo manna) is stimulant, astringent, febrifuge, tonic, cooling, antispasmodic, and aphrodisiac. Antimicrobial activity of the successive extract of the fresh leaves of bamboo was evaluated against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. The results revealed that all extracts showed effective inhibitory action against S. aureas. The aqueous and ethnolic extracts showed very effective as compared to standard penicillin.
... Owolabi and Lajide (2015) used chloroform, hexane, and ethyl acetate to extract bioactive compounds from Bambusa vulgaris leaves and reported minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range 1.25-5 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli (Owolabi and Lajide 2015). Singh et al. (2010) revealed that both ethanol and water extracts of Bambusa arundinacea inhibit gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the ethanol extract showing a better bacteriostatic effect than the water extract on the test strains (Singh et al. 2010). The MIC of the cytoplasmic extracts of Sasa veitchii leaves against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and enterococci ranged from 640 to 2520 µg/mL. ...
... Owolabi and Lajide (2015) used chloroform, hexane, and ethyl acetate to extract bioactive compounds from Bambusa vulgaris leaves and reported minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range 1.25-5 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli (Owolabi and Lajide 2015). Singh et al. (2010) revealed that both ethanol and water extracts of Bambusa arundinacea inhibit gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with the ethanol extract showing a better bacteriostatic effect than the water extract on the test strains (Singh et al. 2010). The MIC of the cytoplasmic extracts of Sasa veitchii leaves against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and enterococci ranged from 640 to 2520 µg/mL. ...
... In contrast, ethanol extracts yield hydrophobic flavonoids, such as quercetin and cinnamic acid derivatives, which destabilize bacterial membranes and inhibit growth. These differences between hydrophilic compounds in water extracts and hydrophobic compounds in ethanol extracts highlight their complementary roles in antibacterial activity (Singh et al. 2010). The P. makinoi extract exhibited antibacterial activity, and the ethanol extract showed a marginally larger inhibition diameter than the water extract. ...
Phyllostachys makinoi, an endemic bamboo species in Taiwan, is underutilized, despite its rich forest resources. Known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, this study explores the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities of P. makinoi extracts. The antibacterial potential of P. makinoi extracts was first evaluated using the agar diffusion method, along with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Subsequently, electron microscopy and a conductivity meter were employed to assess whether P. makinoi extracts exert antibacterial effects by disrupting bacterial cell structures. Finally, the anti-inflammatory and cell proliferation-promoting effects of P. makinoi extracts were assessed in RAW264.7 and CCD-1112Sk cell models. The MIC and MBC of the P. makinoi water extracts against two multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were 4 and 16–32 mg/mL, respectively, while those for ethanol extracts were 2 and 32 mg/mL, respectively. In the time-kill assay, both strains were killed after treatment with extracts for 12 and 18 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacterial cells treated with the extracts appeared rough, ruptured, and shriveled. The extracts disrupted the cell membranes, causing electrolyte, protein, and nucleic acid leakage, leading to cell death. Additionally, P. makinoi extracts reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels in RAW264.7 cells, and promoted wound healing by enhancing CCD-1112Sk cell proliferation. In conclusion, P. makinoi water and ethanol extracts demonstrated antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, showing potential for treating wound infections and accelerating healing, making them promising candidates for wound-healing therapies.
... Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) belongs to this plant group and is a fast-growing natural resource, cheaply available and climate-friendly (Habibi, 2019). The bamboo leaves have been reported to possess active phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and polyphenols capable of inhibiting bacterial proliferation (Hu et al., 2000;Singh et al., 2010). ...
... It has also been reported to exhibit antioxidant properties thereby reducing the risk of disease infection and resulting in improved growth (Ni et al., 2013). Previous studies have also revealed that BLE has antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties due to the functional activities of flavonoids and phenolic acids (Guo et al., 2008;Singh et al., 2010;Kimura et al., 2022). Based on these properties, we hypothesised that administering BLE obtained through an economical and simple extraction process may positively influence broiler chickens' performance, haematological and blood oxidative status. ...
The growing concerns over antibiotic resistance and the need for safer alternatives in broiler production make exploring natural additives like plant extracts imperative to enhance broiler health and performance. This study evaluated the effect of aqueous bamboo leaf extract (BLE) in drinking water on broiler chickens’ performance, haematological indices, and blood oxidative status. Ninety-six Ross 308 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments: T1 (Control, ordinary water), T2 (antibiotics (Tetranor 5% at 5 g per litre of water)), T3 (50 ml BLE per litre of water) and T4 (100 ml BLE per litre of water), each with four replicates of six birds. Performance data were recorded weekly over 8 weeks, and blood samples were collected on day 56 for haematological and oxidative status analysis. Data were analysed using SAS (2000) with means separation via Tukey’s test. Results showed that broilers that consumed water containing 100ml/L BLE had the highest ( p < 0.05) live weight (LW) of 1078.20 g and weight gain (WG) of 1029.19 g at the starter phase. At the finisher phase, broilers in the 100ml BLE group had the highest ( p < 0.05) LW (2695.42 g) and zero mortality, whereas the control group recorded the lowest LW (1672.95 g). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved ( p < 0.05) in broilers that had access to water containing 100 ml/L BLE at both phases. Haematological analysis revealed increased ( p < 0.05) packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentrations in the 100 ml/L BLE group. Oxidative stress markers showed lower ( p < 0.05) malondialdehyde levels for broilers in the 100 ml/L BLE group than those in the control group. Superoxide dismutase was reduced ( p < 0.05) for broilers given ordinary water and those given antibiotics but increased for broilers with 100 ml/L BLE. In conclusion, including BLE at 100 ml/L in drinking water enhanced weight gain, FCR, and survival rate while reducing oxidative stress, indicating a promising natural alternative for improving broiler health and performance.
... Since most of the existing natural and synthetic fibers do not have antibacterial activity, but rather some promote bacteria growth (Budama et al., 2013;Comlekcioglu et al., 2017;Gupta & Bhaumik, 2007;Ibrahim et al., 2011;Morais et al., 2016;Shalini & Anitha, 2016), extraction of NBFs with such activity is of great interest. Studies have concluded that extracts from bamboo leaves have shown antibacterial activity against some bacteria (Singh et al., 2019). Tanaka et al. (2011) investigated the inhibition of extract from Moso bamboo shoot skins against Staphylococcus aureus and reported that it exhibited antibacterial activity. ...
... Many studies have also reported that bamboo and its extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Singh et al., 2019;Tanaka et al., 2011). However, S. aureus bacterial reduction percentages by raw bamboo specimens and NBFs were lower. ...
This study was conducted with 12 commercial bamboo viscose, conventional rayon, cotton fibers, 4 bamboo species and 12 natural bamboo fiber (NBF) samples to test antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The accuracy and efficacy of test methods were investigated and modified for antibacterial assessment. While the spectrophotometric method was found to be less effective due to low bacterial reduction, the revised viable plate counting technique was consistent and effective for samples in fabric, fiber or powder form. Results revealed that only one viscose product showed antibacterial activity but the majority of the specimens from bamboo plant species and NBFs showed a quantifiable percentage reduction of bacteria against K. pneumoniae (8–95%) but had more modest results against S. aureus (3–50%). As the quantity of bacteria promoting compounds is lower than bacteria-killing compounds due to processing; NBFs showed higher reductions of bacteria than raw bamboo specimens.
... Abubakar also showed that ethanolic extract was more effective for all organisms as compared to methanolic and aqueous extract of mango bark 28 . The results revealed that all extracts of B. arundinacea showed effective inhibitory action against and these results were in concordance with earlier study by Singh et al 29 Mangifera indica stem bark were found to be similar with results of previous It was earlier noticed that ferric reducing antioxidant power was comparatively higher for methanolic Results of phytochemical similar with results of earlier studies 25,26 . Total phenolic concentration of aqueous extract was 128.6mg/ml that resembles to the results of previous study where e antibacterial activity was determined by measuring zone of inhibition (ZOI). ...
... The zone of inhibitions for tested bacteria showed that bacteria were more susceptible to ethanolic and methanolic extracts but Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, showed maximum inhibition zones with ethanolic 5). Abubakar also showed that ethanolic extract was more effective for all organisms as showed effective inhibitory action against S. 29 . Results of antibacterial stem bark were found to be similar with results of previous ...
... These supplements have demonstrated positive impacts on growth rates and feed efficiency in various animal models, including chickens and pigs (S. H. Kim et al. 2011;Singh et al. 2010). Overall, bamboo leaves and their derivatives present promising alternatives to AGPs, offering multiple health benefits and improved production metrics in livestock and poultry. ...
This paper reviews the diverse applications of the bamboo plant in
livestock and poultry production, with a focus on its potential as
feed and fodder. Specifically, the review highlights the benefits of
bamboo leaves and extracts in improving body weight, feed effi
ciency, and overall performance in broiler chickens. Additionally,
the medicinal properties of bamboo, such as its immunomodula
tory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and growth-promoting effects, are
discussed. The presence of bioactive molecules, particularly flavo
noids, in bamboo leaves also contributes to extending the shelf-life of broiler meat by reducing lipid oxidation. This review aims to
provide a foundation for further research into the utilisation of
bamboo in animal production.
... Within the research, carried out in 2014 by Wasnik and Tumane, The ethanolic and methanolic groups were discovered. An extract of B. bambose L. leaves revealed outstanding blocking efficacy against every test Ten germs resistant to numerous drugs, and they each one was a clinical isolation from a wound infection (33). Similar to earlier research, the ethanol solvent in this instance also produced better outcomes overall. ...
Being a multipurpose plant, bamboo offers several advantages to all the organisms that make up the ecosystem. It aids the environment by storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turning it into plant fibre. It is also utilised in home tasks for support and construction. It also gives animals’ food and edible shoots for humans. Additionally, specific plant parts, such the stem and leaves, have therapeutic qualities that have been examined and assessed by a number of investigations into their phytochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The demand for this plant's production is growing daily because so many people profit monetarily from selling it. Hence, micropropagation is regarded as essential as it guarantees production all year round, regardless of the season or obstruction brought on by this plant's blossoming. There are numerous species of this plant belonging to the genus Bambusa, which is regarded as one of the more significant ones. Thus, this review is an attempt to examine studies carried out by numerous academics and researchers in this domain with the goal of shedding light on some of the outstanding work completed that ultimately benefits humanity.
... Thus, in addition to its primary use for composting, the bamboo shoot skin can be more widely and effectively utilized. Moreover, other parts of the bamboo plant, such as leaves, also exhibit some antibacterial activity against some bacteria [46]. ...
Bamboo plants belong to the grasses family (Poaceae) and are one of the most important and valuable forest resources. This multipurpose plant contains a variety of different species. All different plant parts, such as roots, rhizomes, shoots, stems, leaves, and seeds, exhibit their own unique properties that can be used in biomedical applications. Bamboo plants have an important place in traditional Asian medicine, particularly in China and Japan. Since the 1960s, biomedical research on the toxicity and health benefits of various bamboo species and parts has been conducted worldwide. These studies have shown that bamboo has many health benefits and has been linked with the prevention of many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, heart disease, and certain types of cancer. Besides that, bamboo also has antioxidant activity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, etc. Bamboos are known to have a diversity of constituents such as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, and coumarins, as determinant compounds for their bioactivity. These biodegradable materials could substitute several typical, non-biodegradable materials with comparable characteristics and performance as biomaterials. Since bamboo plant constituents are part of the physiological function of living flora, they are more compatible with the human body. This chapter reviews the potential usage of bamboo plants in medical-related fields.KeywordsDiabetes mellitusCholesterolHypertension and cardiovascular disease antioxidantsAnti-cancerPharmaceutical purposesPharmaceutical purposesAntibacterial properties
... Plants are rich sources of various phytochemicals which possess different medicinal properties against different microbes and bamboo is no exception. In 2010, the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Bamboosa arundinaceae was studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aurenginosa and Bacillus sp [17]. The ethanolic extract was found to be more effective in inhibiting the microbes compared to aqueous extract against the standard penicillin. ...
Bamboo is a perennial plant found all over the world except alkaline soils, desert, and marsh.
... synthetic fibers do not have antibacterial activity, but rather some promote bacteria growth, extraction of NBFs with such activity is of great interest. Studies have concluded that extracts from bamboo leaves have shown antibacterial activity against some bacteria [30]. The inhibition of extract from Moso bamboo shoot skins against Staphylococcus aureus has been studied and reported that it exhibited antibacterial activity [15]. ...
... Bamboo leaves contain large quantities of active ingredients such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides (Hu et al., 2000). Bamboo leaf extract (BLE) is capable of inhibiting bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) proliferation (Singh et al., 2010) and can be used as a food additive to combat food spoilage pathogens (Zhang et al., 2010). Bamboo leaf extract also has antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties (Guo et al., 2008;Ni et al., 2013), which have been shown to prevent low-density lipoprotein peroxidation induced by copper ions (Hu et al., 2000). ...
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bamboo leaf extract (BLE) on growth performance, meat quality, oxidative stability, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) related gene expression of breast meat in broilers. A total of 576 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were divided into 6 groups. The control group (CTR) was fed basal diet, while BLE1, BLE2, BLE3, BLE4, and BLE5 were fed basal diet supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g BLE per kg feed, respectively. Compared with the CTR group, BLE2 and BLE5 increased average daily feed intake from 1 to 21 D and 22 to 42 D (P < 0.05), BLE1 and BLE2 improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio from 22 to 42 D (P < 0.05). Throughout the trial period, the highest body weight and favorable ADG and feed to gain ratio were observed in the BLE2 group. The drip loss at 24 h and pH at 45 min postmortem of breast meat were linearly improved by BLE supplementation (P < 0.05). Shear force was significantly lower in BLE2 and BLE3 than that in CTR group. Increasing supplementation of BLE linearly improved free radical scavenging capacity and decreased malondialdehyde content of breast meat during 12 D of storage (P < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity were linearly increased by BLE supplementation (P < 0.05). Compared with the CTR group, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and glutathione peroxidase in BLE3, BLE4, and BLE5 groups was significantly promoted, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression was increased in BLE2, BLE4, and BLE5 (P < 0.05). The highest (P < 0.05) heme oxygennase-1 gene expression was observed in BLE5. In conclusion, broiler supplemented with BLE improved growth performance and meat quality, BLE supplementation might activate Nrf2 pathway to alleviate lipid oxidation and increase antioxidant capacity of breast meat. The dosage of 2.0 to 3.0 g/kg BLE in broiler diet was recommanded.
... Also, antidiarrheal agent could be extracted from D. asper leaves extract. In similar experiment, antibacterial In the study, conducted by Wasnik and Tumane, 2014, they found that the ethanolic and methanolic leaves extract of B. bambose L. showed excellent inhibitory action against all tested ten multiple drug resistant bacteria and they all were clinical isolates from wound infection [47]. Here also ethanol solvent comparatively showed better results like previous studies. ...
... Bamboo is endowed with several health beneficial properties due to which its application in the pharmaceutical industry is gaining much importance. Singh et al. (2010) studied the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Bambusa arundinaceae against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aurenginosa and Bacillus sp. The ethanolic extract was found to be more effective in inhibiting the microbes compared to aqueous extract against the standard penicillin. ...
Background: Bamboo is a multipurpose plant known mostly for its industrial uses but is now being recognized as a potential source of bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants. All the parts of the bamboo plant such as rhizome, culm shaving, leaves, roots, shoots and seeds have clinical applications. Studies have revealed that bamboo is a rich source of antioxidants and regular consumption of bamboo-based products may reduce the risk of age-related chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer and diabetes. Scope and approach: This review article reports a comprehensive insight concerning antioxidants and antioxidant properties of bamboo shoots and leaves and their prospects for utilization in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Antioxidants are vital constituents in the food and pharmaceutical industry as they scavenge free radicals that cause deterioration of products during processing and storage. They also promote human health by neutralizing cell damage caused by free radicals. Key findings and conclusion: Antioxidants are known to confer health benefits such as prevention of cancer and degenerative diseases, slowing down the aging process and promotion of cardiovascular health. The main antioxidants in bamboo leaves and shoots are phenols, vitamin C & E and mineral elements such as selenium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese. At present, natural antioxidants are in great demand as synthetic antioxidants being used in food and pharmaceuticals may be deleterious to health. Hence, bamboo a fast growing plant with huge biomass can serve as an alternative for the production of natural antioxidants.
... It is more evident that bamboo has natural antibacterial properties (Afrin et al., 2012;Lu, Wu, Tie, Zhang, & Zhang, 2005;Quitain, Katoh, & Moriyoshi, 2004;Singh et al., 2010;Tanaka & Shimizu, 2013;Xi et al., 2013) than it does not (Xi et al., 2013). However, this study revealed that raw bamboo has lower antimicrobial activity than some of the extracted fiber specimens produced here. ...
... Till now very few works have been conducted to utilize the potential of bamboo in fish. Bamboo plants and its parts have number of health benefits like antioxidant [11][12][13][14], antiinflammatory [11], anticancer and antimuta genic [13,[15][16][17][18], antihelmintic [18,19], prebiotic [20], immunostimulant [21], antihypertensive [22], antiviral [18], antifungal [18,23], antibacterial [18,24,25], antiallergic [25] etc. Keeping all this backdrop information in the mind the present study was envisaged to evaluate the effect of bamboo leaf (Muli-Melocanna baccifera) extract on the haemato-immuno-biochemical responses in rohu. M. baccifera was selected for the present study as the species is the most abundantly (80%) found bamboo species in the North-eastern part of India [26]. ...
Bamboo (Melocanna baccifera) plant plays a significant role in traditional Asian medicine and it can be used as an alternative to various chemo-therapeutics or prophylactic agents used in aquaculture. In the present study, the first experiment was done for the preparation of extracts from bamboo leaves by using 90% alcohol as a solvent. In the 2nd experiment, toxicity study was carried on Labeo rohita fingerlings (average length of 10.3 ± 1.5 cm and weight 18.5 ± 1.5 g) using BLAL (Bamboo Leaf Alcoholic) extract and it did not show any mortalities in fish even at the dose of 20 g kg-1 body weight, which can be regarded as virtually non-toxic with minimal effect. The 3rd experiment was conducted to find out the effect of BLAL extract based isocaloric and isonitrogenous feed (doses: control- 0.0%, diet T1-0.01%, diet T2-0.1%, diet T3-1% of kg-1 feed) on the haemato-immuno-biochemical parameters of L. rohita fingerlings (average length 15.7 ± 1.5 cm and weight 20.2 ± 1.5 g). Regular sampling was done at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of feeding. Different haematological, immunological and biochemical parameters were studied. The study revealed that the best response occurred within 7 days of feeding with BLAL and long-term feeding have shown immunosuppressive condition in the fish. In the 4th experiment, fish were exposed to multiple stressors like low pH stress, and S. parastica infection after feeding with BLAL extract (0.1%) based feed for 7 days. The study showed that the BLAL extract can make fish resistant to single stress however, not able to reduce the fish mortality under multiple stresses (S. parastica infection under low pH). Thus, it can be concluded that the BLAL has the potentiality to be used as a non-toxic phyto-prophylactic which can induce non-specific immune response, reduces the low pH stress and increases the resistance against saprolegniasis under neutral pH condition in rohu fingerlings.
... Active cultures for experiments were prepared by transferring a loopful of microorganism from the stock cultures to test tubes of Mullar Hinton broth and SDA, and incubated for 24 hrs at 37°C. The cultures were diluted with fresh Mullar Hinton broth 6 . ...
... The fruits of Phyllanthus acidus, Punica granatum, Citrus aurantifolia and C. aurantium had inhibitory effect against E. coli. The leaf of Tamarindus indica and Bamboosa arundinaceae had inhibitory effect against E. coli (Melendez and Capriles, 2006;Singh et al., 2010). Elavazhagan and Arunachalam (2010) reported that chloroform extract of Memecylon edule seed was effective to inhibit B. subtilis. ...
Most of every part of bamboo plants had economical value. The wood is used as building and furniture, the shoot is processed as health foods and medicines, t he root and culms are used as traditional medicine. The leaf has been believed that it could heal diarrhea in pi glets, rabbit, poultry and calves. This research wa s designed to investigate the inhibition activity of apus bamboo leaf extracts against four strains pathogen ic Escherichia coli . The leaf of apus bamboo ( G. apus ) was extracted in methanol, ethanol and methanol-e thanol (1:1), subsequently dried and assayed for their antibacter ial activity using diffusion and dilution. Among th ree solvents used in this study, ethanol was the best w ith a yield of 18.74% and its effectivity was about 0.44% compared to tetracycline. The bioactive compounds in the extract were fatty acids, esters and alcohols .
... Researches on bamboo extractives have mostly focused on shoots, roots, and leaves for the bioactive components with antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity [33][34][35][36]. Antimicrobial activity of the extract of the fresh leaves of bamboo, evaluated against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, revealed effective inhibitory action against S. aureus [37]. The ethanolic extract of Petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) leaves was the most polyphenolic antioxidant, showed in vitro activity against 7 bacterial species, Bacillus pumilus, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. citreus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella agona and Klebsiella pneumoniae [39]. ...
... Among all strains, E. coli O157:H7 from well water seemed the most sensitive to the extract. [17] IJPBA, July -Aug, 2012, Vol. 3, Issue, 4 also reported that ethanol was the best solvent to extract bamboo leaves to obtain antibacterial agent, including against E. coli, compared to several tested solvents, i.e. petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. We hypotesized that fatty acids in ethanolic and methanol-ethanolic extracts play an important role in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. ...
Petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) is one of the abundant bamboos in Indonesia. Its shoot is nutritious and its wood is used for housing. Meanwhile, the leaves have been used as traditional medicine for remedy diarrhea in animals. Therefore, this research was conducted to compare the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. The extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and the mixture thereof at the ratio 1:1, followed by solvent evaporation, to obtain methanolic, ethanolic, and methanol-ethanolic extracts, respectively. The antibacterial activity of all extracts was assayed by well, disc diffusions and micro-dilution and their effect were compared to tetracycline as positive control. The well and disc diffusion results were not obvious, but micro-dilution assay showed that ethanolic extract of D. asper leaves with yield of 28.47±3.76% (w/w) was the most effective to inhibit all tested E. coli strains. The chemical identification using pyrolisis-GC/MS showed that fatty acids, together with esters, long chain alcohols, and aldehydes were the major compounds in ethanolic extract of D. asper leaves. Further research to improve the effectivity of ethanolic extract as antidiarrheal agent is necessary. Application of the semi pure extract to animal models is also important.-GC/MS, fatty acids. INTRODUCTION Bamboo, a group of large woody grasses belonging to the family Poaceae and subfamily Bambusoideae, is one of forest plants which has been used extensively, especially its shoot and wood. The shoot can be processed into various health foods and medicines [1,2] , while the wood contributes mainly to housing and furniture [3] . Using the wood in a big amount yields leaves in a big amount too. Utilization of bamboo leaves was reported by some previous research. The ash of bamboo leaves is potential for stabilizing lateritic soils in highway construction [4] Bioactive compounds are normally accumulated in all parts of plants, but their concentration varies according to the part of plants. The bark and leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) and the leaves of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) possessed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli .
... Among all strains, E. coli O157:H7 from well water seemed the most sensitive to the extract. [17] IJPBA, July -Aug, 2012, Vol. 3, Issue, 4 also reported that ethanol was the best solvent to extract bamboo leaves to obtain antibacterial agent, including against E. coli, compared to several tested solvents, i.e. petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. We hypotesized that fatty acids in ethanolic and methanol-ethanolic extracts play an important role in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. ...
Bamboo has been an integral part of the traditional medicinal system worldwide. Traditionally, almost every part of bamboo has been used for medicinal purposes to treat skin infections, joint pains, bleeding gums, injuries, fever, and many more. Pastes of tender bamboo shoots are applied to injuries and skin infections. Bamboo is used in Ayurveda for paralytic complaints, inflammatory disorders, and external skin disorders. Several bioactive compounds like phenols, phytosterols, and flavonoids are present in young bamboo shoots and leaves which have putative health benefits and show antioxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. Several drugs derived from plants are described in Ayurveda as possessing wound-healing properties. B. vulgaris is used for skin problems in Trinidad and Tobago. The tribes of Raisen, Madhya Pradesh use leaves and stems of bamboo to treat skin injuries topically. Several bamboo extracts of leaves and shoots show potential anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. Antioxidants have been reported to play a substantial role in improving the wound-healing process and protecting tissues against oxidative damage. Flavonoids are known to promote the wound-healing process due to their antimicrobial properties, which appear to be responsible for wound contraction and increased rate of epithelialisation. P. edulis leaf extract has shown a potential role in preventing inflammation in persistent inflammatory conditions. Ethanolic extract of D. asper leaves has shown antimicrobial and anti-diarrhoeagenic properties, which is an important clinical aspect in wound-healing. Diabetes mellitus-associated impaired wound-healing severely affects patients’ life quality, leading to prolonged hospitalisation and lower limb amputations. Herbal medicines and plant extracts are used by about 80% population around the world for primary health care as they show efficacy, safety, cultural acceptability, and lesser side effects. Natural accelerators of cutaneous tissue repair with simultaneous anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities are of great interest for various dermatological disorders, and bamboo is one of the potential plants.KeywordsBambooPhytochemicalsWound-healingTraditional medicineHerbalAntioxidantAnti-inflammatoryAntimicrobial
Bamboo is one of the most sustainable materials in nature due to its fast growth, rapid regeneration, outstanding mechanical properties, and applications in numerous industries. Latest technological advances have been allowing the plant to be studied and applied to exciting new projects. Being bamboo an icon of sustainable development, this book approaches the latest developments in the study of the plant, either as a natural resource or as a source of inspiration for more efficient designs. With the global urging demand for more sustainable practices, innovations in bamboo science and technology are key to the development of environmentally sound solutions.
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts of different parts of medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extract studies have antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadirachta indica, Dendrocnide sinuata, Acacia nilotica, Capsicum chinense, Bambusa vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, Staphaylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadirachta indica and Acacia nilotica showed significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana.
Bambusa nutans subsp. cupulata, a perennial tall grass bamboo has high potential value for economic and social aspects. Due to unpredictable flowering and seeds, it is obligated to propagate vegetative ways but it is inefficient and costly as well as the destruction of the huge stock of bamboo plants. The alternative method, micropropagation enhances a large-scale production of it. For this, the nodal segment was inoculated in MS solid and liquid media with a supplement of different concentrations of growth hormones. This article is reported the optimized in vitro propagation protocol to regenerate the large scale of the plants. The maximum bud sprout was observed in liquid (100%) with 2.5±0.19 cm length of shoots and solid (98.67%) with 3±0.19 cm length of shoots in MS media supplemented with of BAP (1mg/L) and KN (0.5 mg/L) in combined. The multiplication of shoots rapidly occurred on the liquid media fortified with BAP (1mg/L) and KN (0.5 mg/L). In vitro rooting was well achieved (84.67%) in the MS liquid media than solid media with fortified combined auxins 3 mg/L NAA and 3 mg/L IBA. We obtained 92.80% in primary (15 days) and secondary (3 months) hardening which yields a 100% survival rate in field transfer. We optimized the simple protocol for in vitro propagation of B. nutans subsp. cupulata. An efficient, but simple protocol, which can be applied for mass multiplication of B. nutans subsp. cupulta plant through nodal segment using the in vitro propagation technique.
The present book entitled “Current Research and Innovations in Life Sciences” gathers the recent and latest trends in innovative research achieved. The book is the most wide-ranging and convincing account available to analyze the multidisciplinary and multifaceted nature of innovations in the field of advances in Life Sciences. Each and every chapters contains comprehensive explanation on the projected topics with well explained appropriate tables and photo plates. This book composing of 13 highly selective chapters from 24 authors will present their many facets innovations in the context of historic, nature, development, managements and conservations in biology. The breadth of this work will allow the readers to gain the complete and panoramic view and can be used as reference source for various topics in biology.
Bamboo is a multi-utility plant being used as a building material, for industrial purposes, as a food source and a versatile raw material for various products. In recent times, it is gaining importance for its health benefits and is emerging as a potential ingredient for modern functional foods and nutraceuticals. The leaves possess antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic compounds and have been used for enhancing immunity, preventing degenerative diseases and also in the food industry. The young shoots in addition to being used as a vegetable in the conventional form in various cuisines are now being used as an ingredient in functional foods. The shoots have anti-hypertensive, anti-tumour and anti-oxidant properties and have also been proven to possess cholesterol-lowering activity. Bamboo salt is used as a medicinal food in many Asian countries and provides a wide range of health benefits and has attracted many pharmaceutical scientists worldwide. Thus, bamboo is an ideal plant and has great promise for the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmoceutical and the food industry.
Background
Bamboo species belonging to Poaceae family Poaceae has overall about 1,500 species, and 87 genera worldwide, randomly distributed between humid tropical, sub-tropical and mild-moderate regions across the globe. The plant has superior value in traditional indigenous systems of China, Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, for its enormous medicinal and nutritional purposes since 2500 years. It was the apparent beginning of bamboo used as a medication, which was trailed by series of modern research and consequently formed a core scientific ingredient in a research laboratory.
Objective
The current review is a critical study for the evaluation of state-of-the-art concerning to phytochemistry, pharmacology and traditional uses of bamboo species of different genera, which put forward systemic research stratagems and to streamline the therapeutic exploration for the management of human ailments.
Materials and Method
The present review documents systemic overview of the scientific reports relating to the different bamboo species from older text, ancient literature available in the last five to six decades, e-books and from various online databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, Francis &Taylor, SciFinder, etc.). Additional information was acquired from conference proceedings, botanical books and dissertations for this work.
Results
Bamboo species belonging to six different genera were explored for its medicinal and ethnomedicinal uses for treatment of inflammatory disorders, ulcers, diabetes, solid tumour, blood purifier, menstrual disorders, and infertility to name a few. The therapeutic potentials, along with their mechanism of action, is concisely deliberated and recapitulated in this review. Bamboo is rich in its nutritive value and has been explored as food and fodder. Studies relating to the biological activity of bamboo species revealed that they possess twenty-one promising activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and antibacterial. Eighty-two phytochemical studies have been summarized in this review which is majorly due to presence of secondary active metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroid glycosides and coumarins along with minor constituents like polysaccharides, ketones, tannins, lignans, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and essential oils. A critical assessment of the compiled scientific literature indicates serious efforts for systemic evaluation of the traditional claims and to identify, isolate and evaluate the phytoconstituents for nutritional and therapeutic potentials. Although the plant has the immense potential in the health care system, still there is abundant need and avenues for commercialisation and awareness to society for the use of new health care products of bamboo.
Conclusion
The present review affirms that bamboo owing to its rich phytochemical spectrum is the epitome plant with a vast potential for the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and food industry.
Bamboo is a multi-utility plant being used as a building material, for industrial purposes, as a food source and a versatile raw material for various products. In recent times, it is gaining importance for its health benefits and is emerging as a potential ingredient for modern functional foods and nutraceuticals. The
leaves possess antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic compounds and have been used for enhancing immunity, preventing degenerative diseases and also in the food industry. The young shoots in addition to being used as a vegetable in the conventional form in various cuisines are now being used as
an ingredient in functional foods. The shoots have anti-hypertensive, anti-tumour and anti-oxidant properties and have also been proven to possess cholesterol-lowering activity. Bamboo salt is used as a medicinal food in many Asian countries and provides a wide range of health benefits and has attracted
many pharmaceutical scientists worldwide. Thus, bamboo is an ideal plant and has great promise for the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmoceutical and the food industry.
Bamboo is a plant that grows in clump scattering in the tropical, subtropical and temperate region. Bamboo can grow in dry to wet tropical climate, fertile soil conditions or less fertile, and from the 0 m to 4000 m above sea level, and from flat to mountain slopes or cliffs of the river. Bamboo is widely available around Pandeglang regency, Banten. The aims of this study to understand the interaction and utilization of bamboo by communities around the District Sobang with the ethnobotanical approach. Ethnobotany deepens the relationship between human culture and nature around it. This research focuses on the perceptions and concepts of cultural groups in society, including the knowledge system of its members to face their life scope. This study used a survey method, direct exploration and interviews on community Sobang District of Pandeglang Banten by age group using a questionnaire to determine the level of public knowledge about the utilization of Gigantochloa robusta Kurz.Based on this research that has been done that the District Public Sobang have relationships and interactions of the Gigantochloa robusta Kurz. The Community uses it as material traditional technology, craft/commercial, heavy construction, foods, customs, light construction, traditional medicine and other benefits. Utilization of traditional technology is the most widely utilized.Bambu merupakan tanaman berumpun. Tanaman ini tumbuh tersebar di daerah tropis, sub tropis dan daerah beriklim sedang. Bambu dapat tumbuh pada iklim kering sampai tropika basah, pada kondisi tanah subur atau kurang subur dari dataran 0m sampai 4000 m diatas permukaan laut. Mulai dari tempat datar sampai lereng-lereng gunung atau tebing-tebing sungai. Bambu banyak terdapat di sekitar Kecamatan Sobang. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan bambu oleh masyarakat di sekitar Kecamatan Sobang yang dikaji secara etnobotani. Penelitian ini lebih mengutamakan pada persepsi dan konsepsi budaya kelompok masyarakat, yang dipelajari adalah sistem pengetahuan anggotanya dalam menghadapi lingkup hidupnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei, eksplorasi langsung dan wawancara pada masyarakat Kecamatan Sobang Kabupaten Pandeglang Banten. Berdasarkan kelompok umur menggunakan kuesioner untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pemanfaatan Gigantochloa robusta Kurz. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan bahwa Masyarakat Kecamatan Sobang memiliki hubungan dan interaksi terhadap Bambu Mayan. Masyarakat memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan teknologi tradisional, kerajinan/komersil, konstruksi berat, makanan, adat-istiadat, konstruksi ringan, obat tradisional dan manfaat lainnya. Pemanfaatan sebagai teknologi tradisional paling banyak di manfaatkan.
Pan consists of leaf of Piper betle Linn. (Family; Piperaceae); a dioecious, perennial creeper, climbing by many short adventitious rootlets, widely cultivated in hotter and damper parts of the country. The plant is prescribed in the ancient Ayurvedic literature as a general tonic and voice, laxative, appetizer, besides this they pacify vata and aggravate pitta. In addition to these, the aphrodisiac effect of betel chewing has been indicated in ancient texts. The scrutiny of present overview revealed pharmacological, phytochemical and some notable pharmacological activities of the plant.
Keyword: Creeper, laxative, appetizer and aphrodisiac.
Derivatives of Indole-type compounds constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development in order to discover an effective compound against multi-drug-resistant microbial infections. Experimental studies have shown the antimicrobial analysis of oxindole derivative compounds with clinical bacterial pathogens of humans like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi 'A', Shigella sonnei and Vibrio cholera. The current study investigates the MICs of six Oxindole derivatives namely 3-hydroxy-3-naphthyl-oxindole, 1-N-allyl-3,3-P-dimethoxy- diphenyl-oxindole, 1-N-allyl-3,3- diphenyl-oxindole, 1-N-allyl-3,3-P-dimethyl diphenyl-oxindole, 1-N-benzyl-3,3-dinaphthyl- oxindole and 1-N-allyl-3,3-dinaphthyl- oxindole compounds with the eleven bacterial pathogens. The MIC's of six different oxindole compounds are compared with standard antibiotic like Ampicillin dissolved in various concentrations of 100, 150 & 200 μg/ml in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The Oxindole derivative compounds are found to show potent activity against most of the pathogens tested. Most of the derivatives were especially effective against P.aeruginosa, S.typhimurium, E.feacalis and Klebsiella pneumonia. Hence, further research on indole compounds and their derivatives could be studied out for better understanding of their antimicrobial activity using laboratory and computational tools.
The main objective of this study is antibacterial activity of Bambusa bambose L. leaves extract against clinical isolates from wound infection. As microorganism are becoming resistant to present day antibiotics, our study focuses on antibacterial activity and future prophylactic potential of leaves of Bambusa bambose L. The antibacterial activity of leaves extract of Bambusa bambose L was evaluated on bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp. Citrobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp. Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp. and Proteus mirabilis. All bacteria were isolated from clinical samples are multiple drug resistant to many antibiotics. Antibacterial activity of five different solvent extracts (Methanol, acetone, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-Hexane) were prepared by using Soxhlet extractor. In-vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic and methanolic extract of Bambusa bambose L. leaves showed excellent antibacterial activity against all tested multiple drug resistant bacteria. In the present investigation ethanol was the best solvent for the extraction of active component of plants. Bambusa bambose L can be considered to be as equally potent as the antibiotics used now-a-days.
The mention of the traditional use of bamboo in Asian medicine dates back to the 6th century. Today people are switching over the use of herbal medicine instead of the synthetic drugs and bamboo, the ‘Green gold’ has voluminous nutraceutical properties and thus forms a core ingredient for research in many laboratory. Scientists from round the globe are exploring bamboo for establishing its pharmacological mechanism and also record the individual constituents responsible for it. This review summarizes published information on the historical uses, nutritional composition of various parts together with the antioxidative potential and the possible role and mechanism of action of these phytochemical components with regards to the antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-fatigue, anti-lipidemic effect along with effects on the cardiovascular diseases of this ‘Green gold’.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of solvent extracts viz. methanol and ethyl acetate of fermented Bambusa balcooa shoots were carried out. Study reveals the presence of tannins, steroids, phenols, glycosides, flavanoids, carbohydrates and proteins. FT-IR spectrum in the mid infrared region (4000-400cm-1) shows the presence of N-H, C=O, C-H, C=C and C-O, C-C, C-O bonds responsible for alkyl groups, methyl groups, alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, carboxylic acid, anhydrides and deoxyribose confirming the qualitative results. Further, the therapeutic potential was confirmed by the antimicrobial property of the methanolic extracts against 4 bacterial strains viz.,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and 3 fungal strains viz., Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum. Maximum activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus (18mm), Bacillus subtilis (15mm) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13mm) and Escherichia coli (11mm). While no activity was observed against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, significant activity was seen against Fusarium oxysporum (9mm).
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