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Gravettian and Epigravettian hunters in the Berici Hills (Vicenza): two case of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) exploitation. Cacciatori gravettiani ed epigravettiani nei Colli Berici (Vicenza): due casi di sfruttamento dell’orso delle caverne (Ursus spelaeus).
Abstract
Cacciatori gravettiani ed epigravettiani nei Colli Berici (Vicenza): due casi di sfruttamento dell'orso delle caverne (Ursus spelaeus) Gravettian and Epigravettian hunters in the Berici Hills (Vicenza): two case of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) exploitation Riassunto-La revisione tassonomica e tafonomica dei resti faunistici provenienti dalla nicchia terminale del Covolo Fortificato di Trene ha arricchito le conoscenze sulle modalità di sussistenza di gruppi di cacciatori dell'Epigravettiano antico presenti sui Colli Berici (Vicenza) nella grande Pianura Padana circa 20.000 14 C anni BP. Durante la frequentazione il sito era immerso in un ambiente prevalentemente forestale a clima temperato freddo con presenza di zone umide nella piana sottostante come testimoniano alce, cervo, cinghiale e vertebre di pesce. L'analisi ha rilevato la presenza di tracce antropiche su resti di alce e orso speleo, il quale utilizzava la grotta come tana durante lo svernamento. Lo studio si è concentrato sui resti dell'urside, interessato da tracce di macellazione, rivolte all'acquisizione di pellicce. Un confronto con altri siti coevi e poco distanti, Grotta di Paina e Grotta del Buso Doppio del Broion, associa la presenza di orso delle caverne sia alle punte a cran che alle gravette. Questo potrebbe rivelare indirettamente una probabile continuità nelle strategie di caccia e sussistenza tra i gruppi di cacciatori raccoglitori in un ampio lasso di tempo ed un attardamento nei Colli Berici di Ursus spelaeus durante l'ultimo massimo glaciale (LGM), quando questa specie sembra fosse già estinta in buona parte d'Europa.
Summary-The taxonomic and taphonomic revision of faunal remains from the terminal niche at Covolo Fortificato di Trene has enriched our knowledge on the subsistence modality of Epigravettian hunters fron Berici hills (Vicenza, Italy) in the great Po plain around 20.000 14 C yr BP. During human occupation, the site was in a predominantly forest environment under cold-temperate climate conditions with wetland areas on the underlying plain, as shown by the presence of elk, red deer, wild boar and fish vertebrae. Analyses revealed anthropic traces on the remains of elk and cave-bear, who used the cave as their den for hibernation. The study focused on Ursidae remains, affected by butchering marks due to fur extraction. Moreover, a space-limited comparison with contemporary sites like Grotta di Paina and Grotta del Buso Doppio del Broion associate the presence of cave bear with cran and gravette points. This could possibly reveal a continuity in the hunting and subsistence strategies between hunter-gatherers group durin a wide span of time. These data may also show a possible survival of Ursus spelaeus duringLGM, while it seems to have been extinct in large parts of Europe.
The genus Castor first appeared in the Palaearctic region during the Late Miocene, while the current species, Castor fiber, is widely accepted to have emerged in the Early Pleistocene. In the Last Glacial Maximum (Late Pleistocene), the beaver disappeared from most of the Western Palaearctic, only surviving in a few relic areas including the south-eastern Alpine Chain as shown by new data. After the subsequent extended repopulation in the warmer phases of the Lateglacial and in the early Holocene, the species once again disappeared locally from several countries, including Italy, between the 17th and the 20th centuries. Direct or indirect persecution by humans seems to be the main cause of beaver extinction in Europe. In Low Medieval Italy, it is more likely that the disappearance of the beaver between the 16th and 17th centuries was due to habitat alteration and human population pressure. Numerous reclamations have been carried out since the late Middle Ages, mostly in the easternmost area of the Po Valley, the last beaver refuge in Italy. Eurasian beaver was common in the northern and widespread in the central part of Italy, but always absent in southern Italy, probably due to unfavourable hydrological conditions of watercourses in the latter.
The taxonomic and taphonomic analysis of the bird fossil remains from Buso Doppio del Broion Cave (Vicenza), located in the Berici Hills in NorthEastern Italy, are presented herein. The investigated deposits are referred to the end of MIS 3 and the boundary with MIS 2, in a phase of climate harshening. At least 44 species have been identified in the study, which indicate the presence of a wide variety of environments in the surroundings of the cave, such as conifer or mixed forests, open areas with rocky cliffs or crags, grasslands, steppes and slow flowing water bodies. Of particular interest are two Boreal taxa, Bubo scandiacus and Surnia ulula, which are considered markers of a colder climate than the present one. The S. ulula specimen represents the second Pleistocene fossil record of this species in Italy, attesting the presence of this taxon across the MIS 3/MIS 2 boundary, at least in the southern fringes of the Alps. Furthermore, the deposit provided the first Italian Pleistocene fossil remains of Troglodytes troglodytes and Phoenicurus ochruros. This contribution provides noteworthy new data about the southward range shift of Boreal bird species during the cold phases of the Pleistocene and gives new insights into the palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate of NorthEastern Italy at the end of MIS 3 and the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum.
Evidence of hunting and exploitation of cave bears (Ursus spelaeus, sensu lato) are recently documented
in western and eastern sites of its former European distribution in Middle and Upper Palaeolithic contexts.
Human hunting and exploitation has always been accepted for brown bears (Ursus arctos) but not
for cave bears. Recently in Hohle Fels (Swabian Jura), a vertebrae was found with an embedded flint
projectile. Furthermore, cut and impact marks document processing of this game. Alongside cave bear,
small numbers of coeval brown bears are always present in caves. In open-air sites, both bear species are
recorded in low but equal numbers. The question why U. arctos survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
still remains open. In this respect, the Gravettian is the crucial period for these questions, as the latest
dates for cave bears fall into this time span.
The question of whether hunting by Neanderthals or Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH) had an
impact on the demise and final extinction of cave bears is discussed, considering ecological and
behavioural parameters. In this context, Hohle Fels Cave from the Swabian Jura (Germany), and Deszczowa
Cave in the Krakowsko-Częstochowska Upland (Poland), as well as five open air sites in the Czech
Republic and one from Poland are discussed.
The excavations campaigns carried out in 2006-08 at Grotta di Fumane enabled the extensive exploration of the final Mousterian layers and, at the same time, to start the first large-scale research of the valuable archaeological record preserved at the cave entrance. The present work provides a preliminary assessment of the results from several anthropogenic signatures recovered from the complex of units A5-A6. Marked differences between A5-A5+A6 and A6 are shown in the density and number of certain signatures, as a consequence of changes in settlement dynamics. Combustion structures are numerous in A6, a layer which yielded thousands of artefacts and ecofacts. Conversely, anthropogenic signatures in A5 are scarce. Red deer, ungulate and some carnivore bones are exclusively of cultural origin.
The skeleton of a young prime adult cave bear, Ursus spelaeus, was found in Chiostraccio Cave (Siena, Tuscany, central Italy), only slightly buried under rock falls. The specimen was dated yielding a conventional age of 24,030 ± 100 14C yr BP (29,200–28,550 cal yr BP), which makes it the latest known representative of the species in Italy. The skeleton was accompanied by the remains of wolf (Canis lupus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), aurochs (Bos primigenius), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), bat (Vespertinus murinus), and crow (Corvus monedula). The site seems confirming that the latest Italian U. spelaeus populations shared the risk of intrusion. The association of the cave bear with other animals suggests that the assemblage is an attritional palimpsest of remains of different species not originally associated in life. Cave bears were probably more vegetarian than brown bears and possibly became extinct when plant productivity dropped at the onset of MIS 2. Central and southern Italy may have offered isolated and sheltered refugia for cave bears.
This paper examines several fossil bear bones from Upper Paleolithic deposits recovered from Belgian caves. The bones exhibit traces of ochre. The paper examines the archaeological and archaeozoological data in detail, comparing the finds with other sites containing fossil bear remains and identifying patterns suggesting purposeful staining of bear bones. These patterns are compared with ethnographic examples of bear ceremonialism. On the basis of similarities found in these analyses, the authors argue that a proto bear-ceremonialism existed during the Upper Paleolithic.
The Upper Pleistocene cave deposits of the Hohle Fels revealed several well preserved traces of human modifications on cave bear bones, such as cut and blow marks. Beside these traces of man/bear interaction, a bear vertebra with an embedded flint projectile was found recently. These finds stem from the Gravettian layers. The injury documents the hunting of cave bear and the cut and impact marks provide evidence of all steps of the butchering process known from other game species. Thick layers of burned bone dating to the Gravettian contain bones identified as cave bear. Thus at Hohle Fels, cave bears were used for both nourishment and fuel.
This article addresses the taphonomic issues surrounding artifact-bear associations in Yarimburgaz Cave, northwestern Turkey. Our purpose is to evaluate the circumstances of bone assemblage formation in the Middle Pleistocene deposits of the cave, identifying the agencies responsible for the accumulations and the causes of bone damage before and following deposition. Pleistocene species representation, bone damage, body part representation, and mortality data indicate that cave bear remains in Yarimburgaz are unrelated to hominid use of the same site. None of the observations on the cave bear remains contradicts the expectations developed from modern wildlife accounts of modern bear behavior; these accumulations resulted from mortality normally associated with hibernation over many generations of den use. Nonursid carnivores also played roles in bone collection and/or modification. We conclude that at least three distinct biological processes contributed to the formation of the Middle Pleistocene faunas: hibernating bears, bone-collecting carnivores such as wolves, and hominids in descending order of importance. The Yarimburgaz faunas represent palimpsests or overlays of many short-term depositional events, the close spatial associations of which are explained by slow or uneven sedimentation rates inside the cave. Although occupations by hominids appear to have been ephemeral in nature, hominids ultimately discarded nearly 1700 stone artifacts in Yarimburgaz Cave. The hominids did not discard many ungulate bones in the same circumstances. These observations suggest that hominid foraging efforts focused on resources other than large game while at the cave. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Palaeogenetic investigations in three geographically close caves (Hohle Fels, Geißenklösterle, and Sirgenstein) in the Ach Valley near Blaubeuren (Swabian Jura) document the sudden replacement of Ursus spelaeus by Ursus ingressus around 28,000 14C BP. New radiocarbon dates suggest an earlier immigration of Ursus ingressus and at least a partial coexistence with Ursus spelaeus some 4500 years before the ultimate replacement. These two genetic types of cave bears used the same caves for hibernation and had the same herbivorous diet, as shown by the stable isotope results. In contrast, sympatric brown bears (Ursus arctos) exhibited a clearly different ecology, as shown by the carnivorous pattern of their isotopic signatures, and probably did not use the caves as dens before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).Once established, the younger cave bear (Ursus ingressus) remained the only cave bear for only another circa 2000 years after the last appearance of the classical cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) in the Ach Valley and elsewhere. The final appearance of cave bear (sensu lato) is now dated to 25,560 ± 130 BP, disproving a refuge area of this species in the Swabian Jura. After the extinction of cave bears (sensu lato), brown bears took over their cave dens and their nutritional niche as they shift to a diet dominated by plant food.
Six Middle Palaeolithic sites (Lazaret, Madonna dell'Arma, Caverna delle Fate, Arma delle Manie, Santa Lucia Superiore and San Francesco), dated from Oxygen Isotopic Stages 6 to 3 (OIS 6 to 3), have been studied from a zooarchaeological and palaeoecological point of view. The sites have yielded faunal assemblages rich in cervids, generally dominated by Cervus elaphus. The frequency of other ungulate taxa is inextricably linked to the topography of each site, as well as to climatic and environmental conditions. Taphonomic analysis indicates that humans were the main agents of accumulation of the large mammal remains. Mortality and seasonality data show various patterns of age distribution of the ungulate species, and suggest that there is no relation between the occupation season of these sites and the hunting of a particular species. The dominance of red deer can be explained by their natural abundance and by their high rendering in terms of hunting transport, meat quantity, and other useful materials like skins, tendons, and soon. Neanderthal subsistence strategies do not show any evolution in the studied area during the period of Oxygen Isotopic Stages 6 to 3. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bear bones and Paleolithic stone artefacts often co-occur in Pleistocene cave deposits of Eurasia, raising the question of how these associations come about and the need for effective methods with which to obtain a clear answer. Building upon knowledge of modern bears, I present a method for testing two competing hypotheses about the causes of bear mortality in hibernation contexts. The first hypothesis proposes that age-dependent deaths resulted from non-violent causes (principally starvation), implying that bears' presence in a cave was not linked in time to human activities there. The second hypothesis proposes that random bear deaths in caves resulted from hunting by humans or other large predators, implying a temporal link between them; the expectation of a nonselective age pattern in this circumstance arises from the fact that the individual characters of hibernating bears are hidden from predators. Three elements of the method and its development are presented: (1) a brief review of the biological bases of hibernation-related mortality in modern Ursus, its paleontological consequences, and test expectations drawn therefrom; (2) a detailed, illustrated technique for age-scoring isolated bear cheek teeth based on tooth eruption-wear sequences, developed primarily for cave and brown bears; and, (3) a simple, accurate way to evaluate real cases in terms of contrasting mortality models. The final step is demonstrated by application to a Middle Pleistocene cave bear assemblage (Ursus deningeri) from Yarimburgaz Cave in Turkey, a large collection found in general stratigraphic association with Paleolithic artefacts. The advantages of the method include its ability to (a) handle small samples, (b) use isolated tooth specimens, and (c) evaluate cases simultaneously in terms of idealized age structure models and the variation that normally is associated with each under natural conditions. While the more obvious benefit of bear mortality analysis may be to research on ancient bear demography, the principles and procedures offered here are equally pertinent to archaeological studies of carnivore-mediated formation processes in cave sites. As is generally true in taphonomic research, however, bear mortality patterns are most effective when used in combination with independent lines of evidence to address questions about assemblage formation.
We report here a new discovery of a cave bear left metatarsal 3 from Rochedane, an archaeological site
near Montbeliard (French Jura) that yielded only Lateglacial and Holocene material, with no evidence of
pre-LGM deposits, a context that made this bone a possible candidate for being a post-LGM cave bear in
western Europe. To test this hypothesis, this bone was analyzed for mitochondrial DNA, which
confirmed its attribution to cave bear of the Ursus spelaeus lineage, and a direct radiocarbon AMS dating
on well preserved collagen (%C, %N and C/N well in the range of fresh collagen) yielded an age of
23,900 þ110 �100 BP (28,730e28,500 cal BP, one sigma range). Its carbon and nitrogen isotopic values
were similar to those of slightly older cave bears from the Swabian Jura, around 300 km to the East,
suggesting that the ecological preferences of cave bears remained unchanged until the extirpation of
this species in western Europe. Interestingly, the genetic type U. spelaeus was replaced by Ursus
ingressus around 28,000 14C BP in the Swabian Jura. In contrast, the older type U. spelaeus apparently
persisted in France ca. 3000 years longer. Traces left on the cave bear metapodium have been left by
human activity on this bone, as it was the case for older cave bear bones from the Swabian Jura. This
case study shows that cave bear remains found in post-LGM sites or layers may be candidates to be late
survivors of this extinct species, but without direct radiocarbon AMS dated on well-preserved collagen
(demonstrated by actual chemical composition results) and ancient DNA confirmation of the species
attribution, such evidence can only be considered dubious.
The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) was one of several spectacular megafaunal species that became extinct in northern Eurasia during the late Quaternary. Vast numbers of their remains have been recovered from many cave sites, almost certainly representing animals that died during winter hibernation. On the evidence of skull anatomy and low δ15N values of bone collagen, cave bears appear to have been predominantly vegetarian. The diet probably included substantial high quality herbaceous vegetation. In order to address the reasons for the extinction of the cave bear, we have constructed a chronology using only radiocarbon dates produced directly on cave bear material. The date list is largely drawn from the literature, and as far as possible the dates have been audited (screened) for reliability. We also present new dates from our own research, including results from the Urals. U. spelaeus probably disappeared from the Alps and adjacent areas – currently the only region for which there is fairly good evidence –c. 24 000 radiocarbon years BP (c. 27 800 cal. yr BP), approximately coincident with the start of Greenland Stadial 3 (c. 27 500 cal. yr BP). Climatic cooling and inferred decreased vegetational productivity were probably responsible for its disappearance from this region. We are investigating the possibility that cave bear survived significantly later elsewhere, for example in southern or eastern Europe.
Cave bears (Ursus deningeri and U. spelaeus) and hominids (Homo heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens) were potential competitors for environmental resources (subterranean and open air). Here, we examined the age at death of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth) specimens from Amutxate cave in order to shed light on the effect of resource sharing between cave bears and hominids. After studying dental wear of the deciduous and permanent dentitions, the ontogenetic development of mandibles, and incremental layers of cement (annuli), we defined five age groups differentiated by marked development and size gaps. Our findings indicate that after hibernating, bears abandoned the den, thereby leaving the subterranean environment (caves) free for temporary hominid occupation-this would explain the subtle traces of hominid presence in many dens. However, a simple calculation based on age at death of subadult and adult cave bear specimens in Amutxate cave, extrapolated to the whole cave area, showed that the area surrounding this cave hosted bears for at least 9,000 years. This length of habitation, quite similar to the time-span derived from amino acid racemization and electron spin resonance, indicates that bear populations in the Amutxate cave constituted a serious constraint for hominid exploitation of the environment.
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Broglio e il Dott. M. Peresani per la disponibilità e i loro suggerimenti e le amministrazioni comunali di Nanto e Longare
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Gli autori desiderano ringraziare il Prof. A. Broglio e il
Dott. M. Peresani per la disponibilità e i loro
suggerimenti e le amministrazioni comunali di Nanto e
Longare. Si ringraziano inoltre il Dott. M. De Stefani, il
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