Article

Salmonella serotypes isolated from minced meat beef, mutton and pork in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

November 2004
Revue Méd Vét 155(11):547-551

Authors:

Arbaminch University

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in minced meat beef, mutton and pork from retail supermarkets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 300 samples (160 minced beef, 85 mutton and 55 pork) were collected from November 2002 to April 2003. Out of the total 300 meat samples examined, 44 (14.7%) were Salmonella positive. Salmonella was detected in 14.4% (23/160) minced beef, 14.1% (12/85) mutton and 16.4% (9/55) pork samples analysed. Of the total 24 supermarkets included in the present study, Salmonella was isolated in samples taken from 16 (66.7%) supermarkets. Of the total 44 Salmonella positive samples, nine different serotypes were identified. The dominant serotype identified was 5. Infantis (36.4%) followed by S. Braenderup (29.5%), S. Anatum (9.1%) and S. Bovismorbificans (9.1%). Other Salmonella serotypes isolated include S. Vejle, S. Dublin, S. Saintpaul, Salmonella I: 8:20:- and Salmonella I: 47:z4:z23. Salmonella Infantis and S. Braenderup were isolated from minced beef, mutton and pork samples whereas S. Dublin and S. Saintpaul were isolated only from minced beef samples. Results of the present study indicated that Salmonella is widespread in minced beef, mutton and pork samples obtained from retail supermarkets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Proper cooking of meat before consumption and improving personal and meat hygiene in the line of meat production from farm to fork should be adopted to ensure the safety of meat and meat products for human consumption.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Species Isolated from Chicken Eggs by Standard Bacteriological Method

Article

Jan 2017

Major Cause of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Apparently Healthy Small Ruminant Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia

Article

Jan 2017

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of animal Salmonellosis in Ethiopia

Preprint

Full-text available

Mar 2020

Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay

Background Salmonellosis remained the global public health problems of animals and humans. Consumption of animal food from infected animals or from the contamination of carcasses such as cattle, swine, and sheep and poultry are the main sources of non-Typhoidal Salmonella and the leading cause of zoonotic foodborne diseases. The eligibility criteria of this study has included publication in English, cross-sectional study, samples of food animal origin, antimicrobial sensitivity test methods. Google Scholar and PubMed have used to search the prevalence, incidence, distribution, antimicrobial resistance, animals and humans. Author, study area, study period, sample sources, number of animals, number of samples, positive isolates were used as search strategy. Results A total of 8.4% (564/6721) animal salmonellosis were identified from 11 studies in Ethiopia. The source of samples were pigs, cattle, poultry, and eggs. Five studies were selected for the analysis of prevalence and drug resistance of animal salmonellosis whereas six were found eligible for analysis of animal salmonellosis in serotype level and twenty nine serotypes were extracted having 354 isolates. Of the total 147(6.1%) isolates in five studies, ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline were resistant to 89 (60.5%), 70 (47.6%) and 64(43.5%) respectively. The resistant profile for ceftriaxone, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were 20 (13.6%), 21 (12.9%) and 10 (6.8%), respectively. Twelve serotypes having 204 isolates have showed antimicrobial resistance. Six serotypes had multidrug resistance comprising 120 isolates. The predominant serotype that showed MDR (to three antibiotics) was S. Hadar 81 (67.5%) followed by S. Kentucky 22(18.3%). Conclusion The overall prevalence of animal salmonellosis in Ethiopia was 8.4% (564/6721).The source of samples for the assessment of the prevalence of animal salmonellosis in Ethiopia were pigs, cattle, poultry, and eggs. Of the total 147(6.1%) isolates in five studies, ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline were resistant to 89 (60.5%), 70 (47.6%) and 64(43.5%), respectively. A total of 29 serotypes comprising 354 isolates were revealed from six studies. Twelve serotypes having 204 isolates were showed antimicrobial resistance. Six serotypes showed multidrug resistance and the predominant serotype that showed MDR was S. Hadar 81 (67.5%) followed by S. Kentucky 22(18.3%)

Occurrence, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Isolates Obtained From Dairy Farms in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2025
BMRI

Background: Salmonellosis is a foodborne diarrheal disease with significant public health and economic implications for humans and animals. Nevertheless, its epidemiological effects and multidrug resistance remain poorly studied in the study area. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2022 to determine the occurrence, risk factors, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates in the study dairy farms. A total of 232 samples (200 study animals and 32 bulk tank milk) were collected from purposively selected dairy farms in the study area. Again, fecal and bulk tank milk samples were collected, pre-enriched, and cultured to examine the presence of Salmonella following standard techniques. The pure 30 isolates were also subjected to a Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test on Muller–Hinton agar to assess their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Binary logistic regression analysis in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 was used to determine the strength of the risk factors associated with the occurrence of this disease. Findings: The overall prevalence of Salmonella isolates was 12.9% (30/232) across all samples. Among these, 11.5% (23/200) of the fecal samples from the study animals and 21.9% (7/32) of the bulk tank milk samples tested positive for this disease. A statistically significant association was observed between the presence of the Salmonella isolates and the age of the study animals, farm size, bedding, and udder washing practices. The isolates also showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (96.7%). Conversely, the isolates were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%) and kanamycin (90%). Conclusions: Generally, the high presence of Salmonella isolates and its resistance to drugs pose significant economic and public health challenges. Thus, it is crucial to implement improved management practices and appropriate antibiotic therapies in the study dairy farms.

Microbiological Quality of Meat and Swabs from Contact Surface in Butcher Shops in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021
J FOOD QUALITY

Food-borne pathogens are the primary source of infection in developing countries. The widespread practice of raw beef consumption was a potential cause of food-borne diseases in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was initiated to assess the microbiological quality of fresh meat samples from butcher shops in Debre Berhan. Fresh meat samples and swab samples from contact surfaces were collected from butcher shops for microbial analysis, following standard methods. The study revealed that the mean microbial counts of morning samples for total aerobic mesophilic, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliform, fecal coliform, aerobic spore formers, and yeasts and molds of the butcher shops were 5.31, 4.24, 4.47, 4.79, 4.74, 3.77, and 5.0 log cfu/g, respectively. The mean microbial counts from the afternoon sample for total aerobic mesophilic, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliform, fecal coliform, aerobic spore formers, and yeasts and molds of the butcher shops were 5.47, 4.78, 4.84, 4.88, 4.94, 5.15, and 5.07 log cfu/g, respectively. A higher microbial load was found from the meat sample collected in the afternoon. The mean microbial counts of total aerobic mesophilic, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliform, fecal coliform, aerobic spore formers, and yeasts and molds from swabs of the contact surface were 4.17, 3.98, 4.08, 3.96, 3.86, 3.80, and 3.92 log cfu/cm2, respectively. Further characterization of the aerobic mesophilic flora indicated a dominance by Enterobacteriaceae (36%) followed by Staphylococci spp. (24%) and Bacillus spp. (19%). The prevalence of S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella in meat and swab samples was 37.5%, 32.5%, and 7.5%, respectively. In this study, it was observed that all samples collected from butcher shops detected a significant count of spoilage microbes. Hence, adequate sanitary measures should be taken from production to consumption stages.

Research Article Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Animal Origin Food Items in Selected Areas of Arsi Zone

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021

The status of Salmonella and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in animal origin food items from different catering establishments in Ethiopia is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates from animal origin food items in the selected areas of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food samples were collected and processed for Salmonella isolation. Isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay. An overall prevalence of 9.4% (18/192) Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from animal origin food samples collected from different catering establishments. Seven (21.9%) of “Dulet,” 4 (12.5%) of “Kitfo,” 3 (9.4%) of “Kurt,” 2 (6.3%) of raw milk, 1 (3.1%) of egg sandwich and 1 (3.1%) of cream cake samples were positive for Salmonella. Catering establishments, protective clothing, source of contamination, manner of hand washing, and money handling were among the putative risk factors that were significantly associated () with Salmonella spp. occurrence. Ampicillin, nitrofurans, and sulphonamide resistance were significantly associated () with Salmonella spp. occurrence in the selected food items. Three (16.7%), 5 (27.8%), 5 (27.8%), and 4 (22.2%) of the isolates were resistant to 3, 4, 5, and 6 antibiotics, respectively, whereas only a sole isolate was resistant to two antibiotics (viz. ampicillin and kanamycin). In conclusion, the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices were not to the recommended standards in the current study. Besides, detection of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella in animal origin food items from different catering establishments suggests the need for detailed epidemiological and molecular characterization of the pathogen so as to establish the sources of acquisition of resistant Salmonella strains. Hence, implementation of Salmonella prevention and control strategies from farm production to consumption of animal origin food items are crucial. 1. Introduction Food-borne diseases occur as a result of consumption of contaminated food stuffs especially from animal products and are a major public health problem globally [1, 2]. With constant changes in the global food trade dynamics, food consumption behaviors, food production environment and processes, and emergence and re-emergence of food-borne pathogens and chemical contaminants entering the food chain, food-borne diseases continue to be a growing problem. An estimated 600 million people, almost 1 in 10 people in the world, fall ill annually for consuming contaminated food and two million deaths are reported each year [3–5]. In developed countries, an estimated one-third of the population is affected by food-borne diseases each year [6]. However, the severity is higher among developing countries including Ethiopia due to poor food handling and sanitation practices, inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources, and awareness about proper food handling which creates a conducive environment for the spread of food-borne and food poisoning etiologic agents [7, 8]. Biological contaminants, largely bacteria, constitute the major cause of food-borne diseases [9, 10]. Among the bacteria, Salmonella spp. are considered the most prevalent food-borne pathogen that has gained increased attention worldwide in recent years [11] and has long been recognized as an important food-borne disease of economic significance in animals and humans [12], in both developing and developed countries, although incidence rates vary according to the country [13]. Salmonella is among common food-borne pathogens predominantly found in beef, poultry meat, pork, eggs, and raw dairy products, acquired directly or indirectly from human or animal excreta [8, 14, 15]. In many countries, high incidence of salmonellosis in man appears to be caused by infection derived from contaminated animal products mentioned above. The contaminated products cause disease as a result of inadequate cooking or cross-contamination of working surfaces in kitchen environment [16, 17]. In Ethiopia, a country in a developing sub-region that experiences the second highest food-borne disease burden in the world [18], the incidence of food-borne Salmonella infections has increased dramatically during the past few years. This might be due to unhygienic slaughter practices in the abattoirs, and widespread consumption of raw meat (Kitfo, Kurt, and Dulet) and traditional practices are potential factors contributing to the risk of exposure of the Ethiopian community to food-borne pathogens [1]. Studies conducted in different parts of the country have demonstrated the presence of Salmonella in different food animals and food products [13, 14, 18–21]. Despite these attempts to report the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella spp. in some animal origin food items, humans, and food animals in Ethiopia, the problem of this pathogen in foods of animal origin is still not well known. However, studies made elsewhere indicated that foods of animal origin are important sources of Salmonella, particularly among those raw food consumers. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) in Salmonella is linked with horizontal gene transfer and these genes are found on mobile genetic elements. The expansions of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars are efficient in worldwide dissemination [22, 23]. In recent years, AR Salmonella has become very common in clinical isolates of animal origin food items [8, 11, 19, 24]. An increase in the resistance of Salmonella to commonly used antimicrobials has also been noted in both public health and veterinary sectors in Ethiopia [11, 13, 14, 19–21, 24, 25]. Salmonella strains resistant to various antimicrobial agents, particularly resistant to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins, are considered as an emerging problem worldwide [26], resulting in higher morbidity and mortality rates and higher overall treatment costs. This may represent a public health risk by transfer of resistant Salmonella strains to humans through the consumption of contaminated food and food products. Ease of access to and high frequency of antibiotic use, use of antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels, over-prescription at health facilities, close contact between animals, high antibiotic use in animals in small production systems, and contamination during handling animal products were among the several factors contributing to high antibiotic resistance in Ethiopia [27]. A recent study revealed very high multidrug resistance to more than two antimicrobial agents in isolates of Salmonella from food animals and in contact humans in Ethiopia and elsewhere including resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins [28–30]. Therefore, the absence of recent study on the isolation, identification, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella from food of animal origin purchased from different catering establishment in Arsi zone multifaceted with increased consumption of raw/minced meat (locally known as “Kitfo,” “Dulet,” and “Kurt”), raw milk, egg sandwich and cream cake by the community at large entails isolation, identification, and antimicrobial profile characterization of Salmonella food-borne infections that could complement the paucity of information in the selected study setting. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Areas The study was conducted in Dera, Iteya, Asella, Bekoji, and Gobessa towns in different catering establishments from October 2018 to May 2019 in Arsi Zone of Oromia regional state, southeastern Ethiopia (Figure 1). Dera is the administrative center of Dodota district and has a latitude and longitude of 08°20′N 39°19′E. The altitude of this town ranges from 1400 to 2500 meters above sea level [31], whereas Iteya, the administrative center of Hetossa district, is a town which is located east of Lake Zway with a latitude and longitude of 08°08′N 39°14′ and an elevation of 2215 masl [32]. Asella is located at a distance of 175 km southeast of Addis Ababa at 7°57′N and 39°7′E with an altitude of 1650 to 4130 masl. The annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 200 to 400 mm with mean annual temperature of 22.5°C. The town is with about 367,269 human population inhabitants [33].

Comparative Assessment of Microbiological Quality and Safety of Raw Mutton Meat Sold in Different Retail Shops of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2025

This study investigates the microbiological quality and safety of raw mutton meat sold in various retail shops in Multan, Pakistan. Meat, a critical protein source, is highly susceptible to microbial contamination, leading to spoilage and foodborne illnesses. A total of 270 samples, comprising 108 meat samples (breast and shank) and 162 environmental swabs from butcher equipment, were collected from 18 retail outlets. The microbial load, expressed in log 10 CFU/g ± standard deviation, revealed significant contamination in both meat and equipment. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Brucella, and Listeria species were identified, with E. coli being the most prevalent. The highest bacterial count was observed in mutton shank (3.59 ± 0.23 log CFU/g). The study highlights the substantial risk of meat spoilage and consumer health threats posed by microbial contamination. These findings underscore the need for stringent hygiene practices in meat handling and equipment sanitation to ensure food safety. Similar contamination trends have been noted in other developing countries, emphasizing the global relevance of this issue.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonellae isolated from eggs of local chicken in selected towns of Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

Background Salmonellosis is one of the most common food‐borne diseases in industrialised and developing countries. In recent year, an increase in antimicrobial resistance among different Salmonella serotypes has been observed. Objective A cross‐sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from local chicken eggs in four selected towns in Ethiopia. Methods A total of 115 eggs were examined to detect Salmonella by using standard microbiological methods. The susceptibilities of the isolates to nine antimicrobials were tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Result The study revealed that of the 115 eggs examined, 22 (19.1%) were positive for Salmonella of which 14 (12.2%) and 8 (7%) of the isolates were from shells and contents, respectively. The occurrence of Salmonella in egg shells and content and between different altitudes did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Most isolates were resistant to more than three antimicrobials with a high resistance to kanamycin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. Conclusion The results indicate the potential importance of local chicken eggs as source of multiple antimicrobial‐resistant salmonellae and the need for proper cooking before consumption. Further studies are required to describe the epidemiology of Salmonella in various agroclimatic zones of Ethiopia.

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococcus species from cattle meat slaughtered at Dukem Abattoir enterprise, East Shewa, Ethiopia

Preprint

Full-text available

Feb 2024

A cross- sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018 at Dukem abattoir enterprise in order to isolate, identify Staphylococci species and determine its susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents. A total of 193 samples;110 meat swabs, 30 butcher hand swabs, 23 slaughter line swabs and 30 knives swab were collected and cultured on sheep blood agar. Presumptive staphylococci colonies were sub-cultured and primary and secondary biochemical tests were used to isolate and identify the staphylococcus species. The prevalence of staphylococcal species was 35.8% (69 out of 193 samples). Of 69 (35.8%) positive isolates, 62% were coagulase negative staphylococcus where as 37.7% coagulase positive staphylococcus. From 37.7% coagulase positive staphylococcus, S.hyicus accounted for 16% followed by S. aureus 13%, S. intermedius 9%. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using 13 antimicrobials. Penicillin G, Spectiomycin, Ceftriaxone, Nalidxic acid and Ceftazidime were drugs to which S. aureus, S. intermedius and S.hyicus isolates were 100% resistant. All S. intermedius was resistant to tetracycline. S aureus isolates were also to large proportion were resistant to Oxytetracycline 88.9%, Tetracycline 77.8% and PolymyxcinB 55.6%. On the contrary, all tested staphylococcus species isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. All S. aureus were 100% susceptible to vancomycin and doxycycline. All S.hyicus were susceptible to doxycycline. The current study revealed that the prevalence of staphylococcus species in abattoir was high and isolates of staphylococcus species were resistant to a number of drugs. Therefore, the abattoir should practice proper sanitation to avoid meat contamination, and material should be kept hygienically. In addition, further research should be done on the factor favor multidrug resistant staphylococcus species.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Species from Foods of Bovine Origin in Dessie and Kombolcha Towns, Ethiopia

Preprint

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonellae in Frozen Meat and Some Meat Products

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

A total of one hundred and twenty random samples of luncheon, fresh raw sausage, frozen packed minced meat and frozen meat (30 samples of each) were collected from different supermarkets at Kalyobia Governorate. The collected samples were transferred directly to the laboratory in an ice box under complete aseptic conditions. The samples were immediately examined bacteriologically for the detection of Salmonellae. The Salmonellae isolates were confirmed by PCR. Salmonellae failed to be detected in luncheon beef samples but the percentage of Salmonellae in fresh sausage was 10% and the isolated serovars were S. typhi (3.3%), S. typhimurium (3.3%) and S. enteritidis (3.3%). In frozen packed minced meat, the percentage of Salmonellae was 6.7% and the isolated serovars were S. typhi (3.3%) and S. typhimurium (3.3%) and in frozen meat, the percentage of Salmonellae was 13.3% and the isolated serovars were S. papuana (6.7%), S. paratyphi A (3.3%) and S. vircho (3.3%). The virulence of the isolated strains was confirmed through molecular technique by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the isolated Salmonellae strains for detection of the virulence factor (invA gene

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Boloso Bombe Wereda, Southern Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Enkeshe Loha

Across-sectional study on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted to determine the prevalence, to identify species of trypanosomes involved and to assess associated risk factors in BolosoBombe district, Wolaita zone, south Ethiopia. In the current study,overall prevalence of 5.4% bovine trypanosomiasis was recorded. Prevalence of 3.6% and 6.9% were recorded in cattle of one to three and greater than three years age of cattle. Prevalence of 2.8% and 6.25% was recorded in altitude of Midland (Herrje, 1575 mater) and lowland (Bedaye and Ajora, 1206 mater) respectively. Trypanosomes were not detected in cattle less than one year of age. Two species of trypanosomes; Trypanosome congolense, and Trypanosome vivax were detected with a prevalence of 3.7% and 1.7% respectively. Based on coat color, the finding of 6.3%, 5%,and 2.9% were recorded in red, black and mixed color respectively. On the basis of hematological finding, for PCV < 24 and PCV >24 were 6.3% and 3.6% respectively. In conclusion, the study indicated that trypanosomiasis was the major constraint of livestock production in the study area; therefore concerned bodies should strengthen and continue their effort against this vector-borne parasitic disease.

A Review on: Salmonellosis and its Economic and Public Health Significance

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella organism, which is a gram negative, flagellated, facultative anaerobic, rod shaped, flagellated bacterium belongs to family of Enterobacteriaceae. Salmonella is one of the major and important foodborne pathogens of humans and animals causing salmonellosis, which have great medical and economical cost. Salmonella has significant public health implications causing food borne and zoonotic diseases in humans. Foodborne salmonellosis often follows consumption of contaminated animal products, which usually results from infected animals used in food production or from contamination of the carcasses or edible organs. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems and type 3 secretion systems. Studies indicated the widespread occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, the habit of raw meat consumption and the presence of Salmonella in minced beef indicate, in addition to the poor hygienic standards in food handling in the country, the presence of great public health hazards of Salmonella.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. from Mutton Meat in Khartoum State, Sudan.

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Background: Salmonellosis is a significant food-borne zoonosis and public health issue worldwide. Retail meat is considered as one of the major sources of Salmonella. However, data about the prevalence of Salmonella from mutton meat in Sudan are insufficient. Methods: This cross sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. from mutton meat carcasses at butcher shops in Khartoum State, Sudan between February-December 2021. Results: Overall, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 6 samples out of 500 (1.2%). All recovered isolates were sensitive to amikacin, cefotaxime and co-trimoxazole (100%), and 4 (66.6%) were resistant to ampicillin, 1 (16.6%) to cefuroxime and 1 (16.6%) to tetracycline. None of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance (MDR).Conclusions: Our findings showed low prevalence of Salmonella in mutton meat in Khartoum State, and exhibited resistance to some antimicrobial agents. However, control measures should not be neglected to avoid contamination with food-borne pathogens.

Evaluation of bacteriological profile of meat contact surfaces, handling practices of raw meat and its associated factors in butcher shops of Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia-A facility based cross sectional study

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023
Food saf. and Risk

Background Meat is subjected to contamination from a range of sources throughout animal slaughter and its sale. The demand for meat products in Ethiopia has been increased dramatically; especially the consumption of fresh chilled meat becomes a status of symbol. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the bacteriological profile of meat contact surfaces, raw meat handling practices, and its associated factors in butcher shops located in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. Methods and Materials A facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out among meat handlers in butcher shops in Arba Minch town from November to December 2020. A pre-tested and semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data on workers meat handling practices and the sterile swab was used to collect samples from selected meat contact surfaces for bacteriological analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for data analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was utilized to assess the presence and degree of association between raw meat handling practice and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval at P -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result and Conclusion This study revealed the knowledge and handling practice gap among meat handlers of butcher shops. Knowledge of food handling hygiene has shown significant association with handling practice [AOR = 4.5 (1.182,17.202)]. The median total viable count of bacterial loads from the swab samples of butchers’ hands, knives, and the tables was 5.60 ± 0.80, 5.60 ± 1.00, 5.70 ± 1.00 log10 Colony-forming unit (CFU)/cm ² , respectively. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate 34(68%) followed by Staphylococcus species 28(56%) and Salmonella species 19(38%). The median total bacterial load obtained from the samples exceeds the acceptable value of less than 5.0 log10 CFU/cm ² on fresh meat. This indicates the need for improvement in the meat handling and processing chain to safeguard the public health against the risks of foodborne bacterial infections.

Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonellae in Frozen Meat and Some Meat Products

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Safety and quality perspective of street vended foods in developing countries

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Apr 2022
FOOD CONTROL

Street vended food businesses play economic and social roles in developing countries through provision of employment, availability of food at affordable prices, and accessibility of wide range of food choices that suits different social communities and classes. Mobile, semi-mobile or fixed carts are used by street food vendors comprising of men and women of all age groups. However, due to the informal nature of street food vending business, it is often neglected by regulatory authorities, resulting in unwholesome practices. Poor infrastructure, lack of sanitation, and improper personal hygiene are associated with microbial hazards, environmental pollution, and chemical contamination, all which contribute to a high risk of foodborne diseases and health hazards. In order to prevent street foods contamination, vendors require hygiene training and access to approved and audited facilities that may ensure food safety. Government should take effective steps through legislation and conduct food safety training programs. Active collaboration between regulatory bodies and NGOs is crucial to support street vendors with proper enforcement of public health policies. Safe food handling practices can improve the food safety and quality as well as improve the health of both food vendors and consumers in developing countries.

Staphylococcus Aureus Health Risk from Ready-To-Eat Raw Beef Meat and Associated Risk Factors in North West Ethiopia

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Aug 2020

Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Species Isolated from Retail Beef in Selected KwaZulu-Natal Municipality Areas, South Afr

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Mar 2022

Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Species Isolated from Retail Beef in Selected KwaZulu-Natal Municipality Areas, South Africa

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Mar 2022

Abstract: Salmonellosis and antimicrobial resistance caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella are public health concerns. This study aimed at determining prevalence, serovars, virulence factors and antimi�crobial resistance of Salmonella from beef products. Four-hundred beef samples from 25 retail outlets in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were analyzed for Salmonella using standard methods, confirmation with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight and serotyping according to the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme. The Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial resistance against Cefotaxime, Kanamycin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Trimethoprim Sul�famethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin Cefoxitin and Tetracycline. A polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect invA, agfA, lpfA, hilA, sivH, sefA, sopE, and spvC virulence genes. Salmonella was observed in 1.25% (5/400) of the samples. Four serovars (Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, Stanley) were identified. Almost all Salmonella were susceptible to all antimicrobials except S. Enteritidis isolate that was resistant to Tetracycline, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. All Salmonella isolates carried at least two virulence factors. The findings indicate low Salmonella prevalence in meat from selected KZN retail beef; however, routine surveillance to monitor risk associated with virulence factors is required to mitigate potential outbreaks. The resistant S. Enteritidis highlights a need to routinely monitor antimicrobial resistance in order to enhance human health. Keywords: Salmonella enterica serovars; virulence factors; antimicrobial resistance; beef and beef products; prevalence; food safety

Isolation, Identification, and Susceptibility Profile of E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus in Dairy Farm and Their Public Health Implication in Central Ethiopia

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Full-text available

Feb 2022

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019 in Bishoftu and Dukem in central part of Ethiopia. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and identify S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella from dairy cattle, personnel, and equipment at farms. In addition to this, antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined. A total of 607 samples consisting of fresh cow milk (125), fecal sample (211), nasal swab (211), pooled milkers’ hand swabs (20), pooled floor swabs (20), and tank milk (20) samples were collected from 20 dairy farms, which included 211 animals. Structured questionnaire was designed and administered to dairy farm owners and dairy food consumers to assess their consumption behavior and antibiotics usage. The samples were examined for the presence of S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella following standard techniques and procedures outlined by the International Organization for Standardization. Subsequently, 62 (15.7%) of S. aureus were isolated from 396 of the totals analyzed samples for S. aureus. Out of the 62 isolated S. aureus, 35/211(16.7%), 19/125(15.2%), 6/20(30%), 2/20(10%), and 0/20(0%) were from nasal swabs, udder milk, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. On the other hand, 30 (7.6%) of E. coli were isolated from 396 of the totals analyzed samples for E. coli. Out of the 30 isolated E. coli, 17/211(8.1%), 12/125(9.6%), 0/20(0%), 0/20(0%), and 1/20(5%) were from faeces, udder milk, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. In line with this, 13 (4.8%) of Salmonella were isolated from 271 of the totals analyzed samples for Salmonella. Out of the 13 isolated Salmonella, 10/211(4.7%), 2/20(10%), 0/20(0%), and 1/20(5%) were from faeces, bulk milk, pooled hand swab, and floor swabs, respectively. Subsequently, 62 of S. aureus, 30 of E. coli, and 13 of Salmonella isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and all isolates were resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials tested. Penicillin, methicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are drugs to which a large proportion of isolated S. aureus were highly resistant, which range from 90% to 100%. From 30 tested E. coli, they showed (83%) resistance to Tetracycline and 80% to Vancomycin. The resistance level of 13 isolated Salmonella was 69% to Nalidixic acid and 54% to Vancomycin. Multiple drug resistance was detected in high (98.4%) for S. aureus, (56.7%) for E. coli, and (53.9%) for Salmonella. High proportion of multiple drug resistant in the dairy farm alerts concern for animal and public health as these drugs are used widely for treatment and prophylaxis in animals and humans.

Bacterial Load Assessment of some Food Items Sold in Street in Woldia Town, North-East Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2020

Kindu Alem

Citation: Alem K. Abstract Infectious diseases due to contaminated street vended food items has happened to an essential concern and public health issue in low socioeconomic status individuals. The goal of this study was to evaluate bacterial quality and safety of some food items sold in street based on aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Woldia town. Cross-sectional study was performed on some selected street vended foods from March 2019 to May 2019 in Woldia town. A total of 36 ready-to-eat food samples such as 'Sambussa', 'Bonbolino' and 'Ambasha' were collected for microbial analysis. Finding of the study indicates that 32(88.9 %) of the vendors were females, 28(77.7%) handled food with bare hands, 28(77.7%) vendors were washing their hands after toilet. The mean total count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 4.5x102±5.2x10 1 CFUg-1 , 1.5x102±4.5x10 1 CFUg-1 , 1.1x102±1.4x10 1 CFUg-1 and 2x102±3.4x10 1 CFUg-1 , respectively. The dominant bacterial isolate from the street vended foods was Escherichia coli (53.5%), followed by Salmonella (24.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (22.4%). The result of this study demonstrates the non hygienic practices of the vendors in street vended foods showed high bacterial load. Therefore, the street vended foods were contaminated with food borne pathogenic bacteria that can create a potential risk to public health in the study area. In general, the bacterial quality of the food quality sold in street in Woldia town was very poor and needs especial attention to avoid bacterial contamination.

Assessment of beef carcass contamination with Salmonella and E. coli O 157 in slaughterhouses in Bishoftu, Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Background Salmonella and E. coli O157 are common causes of foodborne diseases. Evisceration and de-hiding steps can lead to carcass contamination during slaughter operation. In Ethiopia, information on the association between the presence of these pathogens in the rectal content and/or on the hide of cattle and their presence on the carcass is lacking. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the sources of beef carcass contamination with Salmonella and E. coli O157 during slaughter. Rectal contents and hide- and carcass-swabs (from three sites: foreleg, brisket and hind leg) were collected from 70 beef cattle at two small scale slaughterhouses. Isolates were genotyped by the Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis method and tested for resistance against 14 microbial drugs. Results Salmonella was detected at equal proportions (7.1%) in rectal content samples and hide swabs. E. coli O157 was detected in 8.6% of the rectal contents and 4.3% of the hide swabs. The proportion of contaminated carcasses was 8.6% for Salmonella and 7.1% for E. coli O157. Genetic linkage between the Salmonella and E. coli O157 isolates from the rectal contents and/or hides and carcasses were observed only in a few cases (2 and 1 carcasses, respectively) indicating the limited direct transfer of the pathogens from the feces and/or hide to the carcass during slaughter. Most carcasses became positive by cross contamination. All the S. Typhimurium isolates ( n = 8) were multidrug resistant being resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. The two S. Dublin isolates were resistant to colistin. All E. coli O157 isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested. Conclusion The results indicated that cross contamination may be an important source for carcass contamination.

Assessment of Beef Meat Handling, Physicochemical and Bacteriological Properties of Selected Butcheries in Hawassa City, Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Meat is the flesh of an animal that is considered edible, especially that of a mammal or bird and is nutritionally rich in protein and allied nutrients. The carcass of an animal’s pass through several channels before being consumed, even the handling of the meat by the consumers determines its nutrient availability. Fresh meats are easily contaminated during slaughtering and thereafter the processing. If not properly handled, processed and preserved, the meat is a good medium to support growth and proliferation of microorganisms. The problem of beef handling and hygiene in butchers’ enterprise are focusing in slaughter slabs, beef transportation and butcheries especially in some small butchers. Over the past two decades, consumers have been exposed to a series of food safety frights including major outbreaks of food borne diseases, food security issues, and contaminated food supplies. The aim of the study is to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the beef in outlets, which includes water loss, water activity, cooking loss/ water holding capacity, pH, shear force, moisture content and ash, and the bacteriological quality of the beef meat viz. aerobic plate count, coliform count, fecal coliform, E. coli 0157:H7 type I, S. aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella spp. The fresh beef meat samples were collected from Hawassa city randomly selected agricultural meat distributors. The laboratory analyses were done according to standard methods for the examination of foods. The results of this study revealed that the change in physicochemical properties, specifically the amount of water content decrease not only affected meat color and quality but also made meat dry and tough. However, the entire beef samples were at the food grade level. Bacteriologically meat samples were at good quality status compared to the standard set for fresh foods such as raw meat. Moreover, Salmonella and Shigella spp. in every 25 gm sample of raw beef were not detected. Environment, equipment and personnel sanitary hygiene during butchering beef meat helps to keep beef meat bacteriologically safe and quality.

Carriage, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Isolates from Raw Beef in Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Purpose Consumption of raw beef infected with multidrug-resistant Salmonella is pertinent to the world public health risk of antimicrobial resistance. Henceforth, this study aimed to investigate the carriage, antimicrobial resistance (AR) patterns, and the revealing risk factors of Salmonella-contaminating beef in abattoirs and butcher shops in Jimma town. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the carriage and AR patterns and to reveal the risk factors of beef contaminated by Salmonella spp. Three hundred and forty-eight swab samples were collected from abattoirs (n=210) and butcher shops (n=138) and the conventional cultural methods were employed for identification of Salmonella. Isolates were subjected to 12 antimicrobials using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method for AR patterns. Results The occurrence of Salmonella isolates from the abattoir samples was 11.4%, whereas about 6.52% of isolates were recovered from butcher shops. Educational status (abattoir: odds ratio (OR)=8.40, confidence interval (CI)=1.186–59.493; butcher shops: OR=9.17, CI=1.15–73.239), job related training (abattoir: OR=5.50, CI=1.065–28.416), contamination risk perception (abattoir: OR=5.31, CI=1.256–22.489), neatness of knives (abattoir: OR=7.6, CI=0.892–65.376), source of contamination (abattoir: OR=8.44, CI=1.682–42.39), wearing of protective cloth (butcher shops: OR=8.44, CI=1.682–42.39), manner of hand washing (butcher shops: OR=7.25, CI=1.210–43.442), and money handling (butcher shops: OR= 9.69, CI=1.578–59.474) were among the potential risk factors significantly associated with Salmonella carcass contamination in the abattoir and butcher shops. Of the 33 Salmonella isolates, 14 (58.3%) and six (66.7%) of the abattoir and butcher shops isolates, correspondingly, were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Conclusion The finding of this investigation exhibited extensive multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the study setting. Hence, establishing standard meat safety requirements and provision of training for meat handlers and prudent use of antimicrobials are recommended.

The microbiological quality of minced pork treated with garlic in combination with vacuum packaging

Article

Full-text available

May 2021

The present study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality of minced pork treated with fresh garlic, dried garlic, and garlic oil in combination with vacuum packing. The growth of Total Viable Counts (TVC), Coliform Bacteria (CB), and Pseudomonas spp. were evaluated. The microbiological analyses were performed by the plate dilution method. The average value of TVC was 8.45 log CFU.g-1 in aerobically packed samples, 5.59 log CFU.g-1 in samples treated with garlic oil, 5.36 log CFU.g-1 in vacuum packed samples, and samples treated with dried garlic, and 4.98 log CFU.g-1 in samples treated with fresh garlic on 8th day of storage. The number of TVC was significantly lower in samples treated with fresh garlic compared to samples treated with dried garlic and garlic oil on the 8th day of storage (p <0.05). The average value of CB was 4.13 log CFU.g-1 in aerobically packed samples, 1.82 log CFU.g-1 in samples treated with garlic oil, the value of CB in vacuum packed samples, in samples treated with fresh garlic and also with dried garlic was lower than 1.00 log CFU.g-1 on 8th day of storage. The number of CB was significantly higher in aerobically packed samples and samples treated with garlic oil compared to vacuum-packed samples, samples treated with fresh garlic and dried garlic on the 8th day of storage (p <0.05). The average number of Pseudomonas spp. was 2.45 in aerobically packed samples, count of Pseudomonas spp. was lower than 1.00 log CFU.g-1 in vacuum packed samples and in the sample with garlic on the 8th day of storage. The number of Pseudomonas spp. was significantly higher in aerobically packed samples in comparison with vacuum-packed samples, samples with fresh garlic, dried garlic, and garlic oil (p <0.05).

Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Ready-to-Eat Raw Beef in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of food-borne intoxication and the most frequent antibiotic-resistant pathogen in the world. Regular evaluation of the current safety status of food is a proactive measure to minimize the possible danger of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus from ready-to-eat raw beef in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Methodology. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 by collecting a total of 101 raw beef samples from butcher shops using a simple random sampling method. Isolation and microbial load determination of S. aureus use were performed by conventional culture method and an antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on the Mueller-Hinton agar. The data were analyzed by using STATA software version 12.0. Result: Out of 101 raw beef samples, 55 (54.45%) were positive for S. aureus with a mean bacterial count of 3.40 ± 0.63 (log10 cfu/g). About 13% of butcher shops had unacceptable and potentially dangerous (above 104 cfu/g) bacterial load. High S. aureus drug resistance was observed on penicillin (92.73%) followed by cefoxitin (74.5%), tetracycline (63.63%), and clindamycin (50.9%). On the other hand, there was the highest susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (90.91%) and erythromycin (87.27%). Multidrug resistance was also found in 54 (98%) of the isolates. Conclusion: In this study highly drug-resistant S. aureus was incriminated as the main meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent S. aureus intoxications in foods.

Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Beef Carcass Samples from Eswatini

Article

Jan 2021

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated in beef carcasses slaughtered in Eswatini from 2017 to 2020. Methods: Data analysed was officially recorded microbiological data from 2017 to 2020. Sterile broth moistened swabs were used aseptically to obtain carcass swab samples by using the non-destructive carcass sampling method. The method required that bacteriological sampling of carcasses be undertaken in the slaughterhouse without obtaining pieces of tissue samples from the sampling sites. Results: A total of 1095 swab samples were analysed for Salmonella spp. A total of 25 Salmonella serovar isolates were identified during the study period. The predominant serovar was Salmonella Shwarzengrund (N=14; 56%). The second most frequently detected serovar was Salmonella Heidelberg (N=5; 20%). In addition, six other serovars were isolated and identified on carcasses. Each with a mean frequency of occurrence on the carcasses of N=1(4%). Conclusion: This preliminary study has shown that various Salmonella serovars are present on beef carcasses slaughtered in Eswatini. About 25 Salmonella serovars were detected during the study period with the most prevalent being S. shwarzengrund and S. heidelberg. It is recommended that further studies should be carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains on beef carcasses in Eswatini.

Staphylococcus Aureus Health Risk from Ready-To-Eat Raw Beef Meat and Associated Risk Factors in North West Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020

Birhan Agmas Mitiku

Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Ready-to-Eat Raw Beef in Bahir Dar City

Preprint

Full-text available

Aug 2019

Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of foodborne intoxication and most frequent antibiotic resistant pathogen in the world. Regular evaluation of the current safety status of food is a pro-active measure to minimize the possible danger of foodborne pathogens. Therefore, this study was conducted on to assess the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus from ready-to-eat raw beef in Bahir Dar city. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 by collecting a total 101 raw beef samples from butcher shops using simple random sampling method. Isolation and microbial load determination of S. aureus using was performed conventional culture method as well as antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. The data were analyzed by using STATA software version 12.0. Result Out of 101 raw beef samples, 55 (54.45%) were positive for S. aureus with mean bacterial count of 3.40±0.63(log10cfu/g). About 13% of butcher shops had unacceptable and potentially dangerous (above 104cfu/g) bacterial load. High S. aureus drug resistance were observed on penicillin (92.73%) followed by cefoxitin (74.5%), tetracycline (63.63%), clindamycin (50.9%). On the other hand there were highest susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (90.91%) and erythromycin (87.27%). Multi-drug resistance was also found in 54 (98%) of the isolates. Conclusion In this study highly drug resistant S. aureus was a major meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent S. aureus intoxications in foods.

Major Parasitic Causes of Organs Condemnation and Direct Economic Loss Attributed to the Condemned Organs in Sheep and Goats brought from Somali, Afar and Borena Areas and Slaughtered at ELFORA Export Abattoir

Article

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Dec 2019

Debela Abdeta Efa

Serotypes and Multiresistant Salmonella sp. from Chicken Eggs and Laying Hens in Burkina Faso

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

Raw feeding in dogs and cats

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

Mark Craig

This article reviews the reasons for feeding domestic dogs and cats a diet based on raw meaty bones. Dogs, though able and willing to eat a wide variety of foods, exhibit numerous carnivorous traits, and are classified as carnivores. Dogs have been shown to prefer foods with nutrient profiles much closer to those of a wild wolf diet than those of kibbled diets, raising the possibility that dogs fed modern commercial diets, low in protein, and high in carbohydrate and additives, might face physiological and metabolic challenges. Cats are strict, obligate carnivores with characteristic dentition and a short digestive tract. A well-constructed raw food diet is high in protein, nutrient-rich, satiating, extremely palatable, and high in prebiotic ‘animal fibre’. Early domestic dogs were not ‘fed’ but allowed to forage for themselves like their wild ancestors. Today, most of our pets are fed on highly processed, dried diets, known commonly as ‘biscuit’ or ‘kibble’, barely recognisable from canine and feline ancestral diets. The intestinal microbiota has been found to vary significantly between raw-fed and non-raw-fed dogs. A species-appropriate, nutrient-rich diet, most closely resembling canine and feline ancestral diets, would seem a sensible option if our pets are to achieve optimal health. Feeding real, whole food consisting mainly of good quality raw meat on the bone, skin, offal, eggs and fish, is perhaps as close as we can come, in modern, Western society, to achieve this.

Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonellae in Frozen Meat and Some Meat Products

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019
INT J FOOD MICROBIOL

Background: Campylobacter and Salmonella, particularly non-typhoidal Salmonella, are important bacterial enteric pathogens of humans which are often carried asymptomatically in animal reservoirs. Bacterial foodborne infections, including those derived from meat, are associated with illness and death globally but the burden is disproportionately high in Africa. Commercial meat production is increasing and intensifying in many African countries, creating opportunities and threats for food safety. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched six databases for English language studies published through June 2016, that reported Campylobacter or Salmonella carriage or infection prevalence in food animals and contamination prevalence in food animal products from African countries. A random effects meta-analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the species-specific prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter and assess relationships between sample type and region and the detection or isolation of either pathogen. Results: Seventy-three studies reporting Campylobacter and 187 studies reporting Salmonella across 27 African countries were represented. Adjusted prevalence calculations estimate Campylobacter detection in 37.7% (95% CI 31.6-44.3) of 11,828 poultry samples; 24.6% (95% CI 18.0-32.7) of 1975 pig samples; 17.8% (95% CI 12.6-24.5) of 2907 goat samples; 12.6% (95% CI 8.4-18.5) of 2382 sheep samples; and 12.3% (95% CI 9.5-15.8) of 6545 cattle samples. Salmonella were detected in 13.9% (95% CI 11.7-16.4) of 25,430 poultry samples; 13.1% (95% CI 9.3-18.3) of 5467 pig samples; 9.3% (95% CI 7.2-12.1) of 2988 camel samples; 5.3% (95% CI 4.0-6.8) of 72,292 cattle samples; 4.8% (95% CI 3.6-6.3) of 11,335 sheep samples; and 3.4% (95% CI 2.2-5.2) of 4904 goat samples. 'External' samples (e.g. hide, feathers) were significantly more likely to be contaminated by both pathogens than 'gut' (e.g. faeces, cloaca) while meat and organs were significantly less likely to be contaminated than gut samples. Conclusions: This study demonstrated widespread prevalence of Campylobacter species and Salmonella serovars in African food animals and meat, particularly in samples of poultry and pig origin. Source attribution studies could help ascertain which food animals are contributing to human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis and direct potential food safety interventions.

PFGE XbaI® Indistinguishable properties of Salmonella Kastrup and Salmonella Larochelle isolates at beef processing and distribution continuum

Article

Oct 2019

article1421854341 Abayneh et al (3)

Article

Oct 2019
AFR J MICROBIOL RES

About common foodborne pathogens in Ethiopia.

High rates of Salmonella contamination in raw kibbe from commercial establishments: predominance of Salmonella Give

Article

Oct 2019

Salmonella is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis worldwide in both humans and animals and one of the main agents involved in foodborne disease outbreaks. In this study, 70 raw kibbe samples from different commercial establishments were analyzed for Salmonella spp. The isolates were seroyped and tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis was carried out following the standard protocol of the PulseNet network. Fifteen (21.4%) samples were contaminated with Salmonella and S. Give was the prevalent serotype (46.7%). Similarity of 96.3% was observed among the S. Give isolates (n = 7), which indicates the possible spread of the same clone in the analyzed commercial establishments. S. Rissen and S. Typhimurium showed antimicrobial resistance. The detection of a significant percentage of contamination in raw kibbe and of the resistant strains indicates the risk that the consumption of this dish may represent.

Bacteriological profile, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates among street vended foods and hygienic practice of vendors in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019
BMC MICROBIOL

Background: There are numerous advantages offered by street vended foods, but evidence exists that foods exposed for sale on the road side may be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms. However, information on the bacteriological profile, bacterial load and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from street food in Gondar town are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess bacterial profile, bacterial load, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates among street vended foods and also the hygienic practice of vendors in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Socio-demographic characteristics and the hygienic practices of 24 vendors were collected using structured questionnaire. A total of 72 food samples from four different food items were analyzed and counted by standard aerobic plate count method. Ten grams of each food sample was transferred in to 90 ml of buffered peptone water and homogenized. The homogenates were serially dilute and a volume of 0.1 ml dilution was spread on solid media and incubated at 35-37 °C for 24 h. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done for isolated species using Muller Hinton agar and data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Seventy two food samples of street vended food were analysed for bacterial pathogens. 44/72 tested positive, a total of 63 isolates were identified as 19 samples contained two pathogens. The total mean aerobic bacterial count was 6.64 × 104 CFU/g which is varied from 1 × 104-1.86 × 105 CFU/g. S. aureus is the most frequent isolate 34 (53.96%) followed by E.coli 15(23.8%), Enterobacter species 10(15.87%) and Citrobacter species 4(6.3%). Gentamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were found to be the most effective antimicrobials against all isolates but the enterobactereaceae were resistant to ampicillin and Ceftaziidime and S.aureus were resistant to penicillin. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, the majority of street-vended food items in Gondar were contaminated with one or more different pathogenic bacteria. The presence of these bacteria in foods could lead to potential health problems for consumers. Therefore, health education as well as training in food safety and hygienic handling is required for food handlers to minimize contamination and the likelihood of people falling ill.

Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonellae in Frozen Meat and Some Meat Products

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella in Apparently Healthy Cattle: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Published Studies, 2000–2017

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

Salmonellosis is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses in humans with cattle being one of the reservoirs for Salmonella. We estimated a pooled prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy cattle and examined serotype diversity through systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2000 and 2017. Peer reviewed publications reporting the prevalence of Salmonella in cattle were searched through five electronic databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Agricola, Scopus, CAB direct) and through manual search. We obtained 71 publications with 75 datasets consisting a total of 52,766 animals examined and 5,010 Salmonella positive cattle from 29 countries in six continents (except from Antarctica). Pooled prevalence of Salmonella in cattle was 9% (95% confidence interval: 7–11%). Significantly high heterogeneity (I² = 98.7%, P < 0.01) was observed among all studies as well as within continents. Prevalence varied from 2% (Europe) to 16% (North America). Overall, 143 different serotypes were reported with the most diverse serotypes being reported from Africa (76 different serotypes) followed by North America (49 serotypes). The 10 most frequently reported serotypes (Montevideo, Typhimurium, Kentucky, Meleagridis, Anatum, Cerro, Mbandaka, Muenster, Newport, and Senftenberg) accounted for 65% of the isolates for which specific serotype information was reported. Salmonella Montevideo and S. Dublin are the most frequently reported serotypes in North America and Europe, respectively, while S. Typhimurium was the most frequent in Africa, Asia and Australasia. Our results indicated variability both in the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella in cattle across continents. Although all Salmonella serotypes are potentially pathogenic to humans, five (Montevideo, Typhimurium, Anatum, Mbandaka, and Newport) of the top 10 serotypes identified in this study are among the serotypes most commonly associated with clinical illnesses in humans.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Species Isolated from Slaughtered Cattle Carcass and Slaughter House Environment in Dessie Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019

Food animals harbor a wide range of Salmonella and so act as sources of contamination. Salmonellosis is more aggravated by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance species in food animals. This study was aimed at investigating antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella species from slaughtered cattle carcass and slaughter house environment in Dessie municipality abattoir from December 2014 to August 2015. A total of 384 samples were collected, from 128 slaughtered cattle carcass (128 samples) and 256 environmental samples (128 from eviscerating knives and 128 from eviscerating hand) and examined for the presence of Salmonella. Out of 384 samples collected, 19 (4.95%) showed positive results for Salmonella species. From these, 8 (42.11%) of the isolates were Salmonella group-A, 7 (36.84%) Salmonella arizanae and the remaining 4 (21.05%) Salmonella isolates were Salmonella Typhi. All Salmonella isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 9 selected antimicrobial agents by the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. Salmonella isolates in this study were highly resistant to cefoxitin 13 (68.4%) followed by ampicillin 12 (63.2%). About 94.7% of the isolated Salmonella species were resistant to one or more antibiotic agents. However, all isolates (100%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin. Consumer aware on proper cooking of meat and meat products before consumption, and restricting, discriminate and appropriate use of antibiotics in the food animal industry were solutions to reduce the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance Salmonella in slaughtered cattle carcass and slaughter house environment.

Effects of training on butcheries meat sanitation practices in Eastern Ethiopia: Food safety indicator cases of S. aureus

Article

Feb 2025

Study on Salmonella Isolates from Fresh Milk of Dairy Cows in Selected Districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Salmonella infections are most commonly found in animal-derived foods. From December 2021 to May 2022, the researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of Salmonella isolated from raw milk collected in and around Areka town, Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 151 direct udder milk samples were collected at random and examined using bacteriological methods. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 9.3% (14/151). Breed, age, body condition, lactation stage, and parity were statistically significant risk factors ( p < 0.05 ). Salmonellosis was more common and statistically significant in dairy cows with poor body condition and late lactation stage, as well as the Holstein Friesian crossbreed, accounting for 17.6%, 19.1%, and 17.3%, respectively. The farm’s husbandry hygiene and management system, on the other hand, had no significant association with salmonellosis ( p > 0.05 ). Salmonellosis was generally considered to be moderately prevalent and was one of the diseases of dairy cows in the study area that could have an impact on dairy production and have serious health and financial repercussions. As a result, improvements in milk quality maintenance and assurance are encouraged, and the need for additional research in the study area was suggested along with other ideas.

Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica Serotypes Associated with Meat and Meat Products in African Countries: A Review

Chapter

Sep 2021

Non-typhoid Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes are causative agents of foodborne infections in developed and developing countries. The incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis is reported to be highest in African countries. Non-typhoid Salmonella infections in humans are mainly reported in children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals, as they can cause more serious infections in those groups. Virulence factors present in the serotypes are vital in the pathogenesis of each serotype in their ability of causing salmonellosis. The predominant origin of non-typhoid Salmonella infection is animal-derived foods such as undercooked meat, eggs and raw milk. Antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella is of global concern. The epidemiology of Salmonella antimicrobial resistance is complicated, serotype dependent and is yet to be entirely understood. This review discussed the prevalence and traits of non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes from meat and related meat products in African countries compared to the situation in the other continents, and evaluated the extent of resistance against antimicrobials by non-typhoid Salmonella recovered from humans in African countries in comparison to the rest of the world. We also highlighted gaps in theoretical and practical knowledge of Salmonella enterica and proposed possible future research areas.

Studying Salmonella and E. coli O157 along beef supply chain in Bishoftu, Ethiopia : linkage with diarrheal illness in people?

Thesis

Jan 2021

Fanta Desisa

QALADZE BÖLGESİNDE TÜKETİLEN BAZI ÜRÜNLERDE SALMONELLA VE SHİGELLA TÜRLERİNİN VARLIĞI

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021

Bülent hallaç

Bu araştırmada; 2016 yılında Qaladze bölgesinde (Irak) tüketilen 10’ar adet fabrika ve köy üretimi çiğ tavuk eti, tavuk ve kırmızı et döner, çiğ ve pişirilmiş köy yumurtası, ev ayranı ve yoğurdu, içme suyu ve yıkamada kullanılan su olmak üzere toplam 100 adet örnek Salmonella spp ve Shigella spp.. yönünden üç farklı besiyerinde incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla ISO 6579:2002 ve EN-ISO 21567 metodu kullanılmıştır. İncelenen örneklerin 45’i Salmonella spp. yönünden pozitif olarak belirlenmiş ve bunların 17 (% 37.74)’si S. enteritidis, 11 (% 24.42)’i S. bongori, 8 (% 17.76)’i S. typhimurium, 8 (% 17.76)’i S. paratyhpyi ve 1 (% 2.22)’i de S. typhi olarak identifiye edilmiştir. İncelenen örneklerin 32’si Shigella spp. yönünden pozitif bulunmuş, ve bunların 16 (% 50.00)’sı S. dysenteriae, 6 (% 18.75)’sı S. sonnei, 6 (% 18.75)’sı S. flexneri ve 4 (% 12.50)’ü de S. boydii olarak tanımlanmıştır.. İncelenen Salmonella spp.’ye çoğunlukla çiğ tavuk etleri ile çiğ köy yumurtalarında, Shigella spp. ye ise yıkamada kullanılan sularda rastlanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA), Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLDA) ve Hektoen Enteric Agar (HEA) arasında Salmonella türlerinin belirlenmesinde en etkili olan besiyerinin XLDA (p <0.01), Shigella türlerinin belirlenmesinde de HEA (p<0.05), ayrıca bakteri sayısının tespit edilebilirliğinde ise de besiyerleri arasında anlamlı bir fark (p<0.001) belirlenmiştir. Analiz edilen örnek grupları arasında pH, aw, SSA ve XLDA yönüyle p <0.01 düzeyinde, O/R potansiyeli ve HEA yönüyle p <0.05 seviyesinde anlamlı bir farkın olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçta incelenen örneklerin çoğunda Salmonella ve Shigella türlerine rastlanmış ve bu ürünlerin tüketiminin halk sağlığı açısından potansiyel bir risk oluşturabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Review on Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020

Food-borne microorganisms are major pathogens affecting food safety and cause human illness worldwide as a result of consumption of foodstuff, mainly animal products contaminated with vegetative pathogens or their toxins. Most of these microbes have zoonotic importance resulting in significant impact on both public health and economic sectors. Bacteria are the causative agents of two-thirds of human food-borne diseases worldwide with high burden in developing countries. Hence, the objectives of this review paper are to highlight the background of food-borne bacterial pathogens and to review common major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens. Food animals are the major reservoirs of many food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens, and food products of animal origin are the main vehicles of transmission. Meat, dairy products, and eggs are the main ways by which people are exposed to zoonotic bacteria. S. aureus, Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli are the major zoonotic bacterial pathogens which are the causative agents of food-borne illness and death in the world associated with consumption of contaminated animal products. Production of toxins and structural virulent factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of these bacteria. These major zoonotic bacteria cause human infections which are characterized mainly by gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other agent-specific symptoms. Some bacteria may cause severe complications. Conventional (culturing), serological, and molecular techniques are important for detection of these common zoonotic bacteria and their toxins in food. Good hygiene, GMP, sanitation in operating procedures, and implementation of standardized HACCP and pasteurization procedures are effective methods for the control and prevention. Currently, the emergence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria associated with consumption of contaminated animal products is a great concern for the public health, and there should be coordinated surveillance and monitoring system for food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia. 1. Introduction Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa, with an estimated population of 60,392,019 cattle, 31,302,257 sheep, 32,738,385 goats, 2,007,829 horses, 461,665 mules, 8,845,589 donkeys, 1,418,457 camels, 56,056,778 poultry, and 6,523,969 beehives [1]. The livestock sector contributes about 45% to the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP), 18.7% to the national GDP, and 16–19% to the total foreign exchange earnings of the country. It is the source of industrial raw materials (milk, meat, and hides and skin) and high-value protein to potential consumers in Ethiopia [2]. The consumption of animal products like meat, milk, and egg is increased due to rapid human population growth, urbanization, per capita income raise, globalization, and the changes on consumer habits (preference of high-protein diet). This situation results in a high demand of food of animal origin and leads to intensive animal production and processing of products, especially mass production and movement of products globally. During this time, there may be defective processing practices at any point of the farm to fork chain which increase the chances of contamination and spread of food-borne pathogens [3, 4]. Food products may become contaminated at different stages along the food chain [5], could be during production, processing, distribution, preparation, and/or final consumption. The risk of food getting contaminated depends largely on the health status of the food handlers, their personal hygiene, knowledge, and practice of food hygiene [6]. According to World Health Organization (WHO), food-borne diseases are defined as diseases of infectious or toxic nature which are caused by the consumption of food or water [7]. Intoxication (toxin produced by the pathogens causes food poisoning), infection (ingestion of food containing pathogens), and toxicoinfections (producing toxins while growing in the human intestines) are the three types of food-borne diseases [3, 8]. Diseases of animal origin can be transmitted between humans and animals through direct contact, indirect environmental contact, and/or through food consumption [9]. Around 60% of human diseases are originated from animals, and approximately 75% of new emerging human infectious diseases are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans [10]. Food-borne pathogens are microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, and fungi) as well as a number of parasites [11], and they are the primary cause of food spoilage and food-borne diseases [5]. Food-borne microbes are major problems affecting food safety and cause human infections after consumption of the animal products contaminated with microorganisms or their toxins [4]. Most of the pathogens have a zoonotic origin, and food products of animal origin are considered as major vehicles of food-borne infections [12]. Food-producing animals (cattle, chickens, pigs, turkeys, etc.) are the major reservoirs for many food-borne pathogens [4]. Animal products (meat, milk, egg, fish, etc.) and their products have high risk due to pathogen contents, natural toxins, adulterants, and other possible contaminants [13], and the risk of food-borne diseases in humans is increasing when consumption of food of animal origin is increased [14]. In recent years, food-borne pathogens become an important public health problem worldwide, and their impact on health (significant morbidity and mortality rate) and economy is increasingly recognized [5, 11, 15–17]. According to different reports, a huge number of people suffer from food-borne diseases each year worldwide [12], and around 600 million (10 people in the world) become ill due to the consumption of contaminated food [18]. Due to unrecognized or unreported outbreaks, statistical data of food-borne diseases are increased [5]. Food-borne diseases are major health problems both in developed and developing countries [19], but developing countries tend to suffer from the largest share of the burden of food-borne diseases [16]. According to the WHO, 30% of the population suffer from food-borne diseases each year in developed countries, and up to 2 million deaths are estimated per year in developing countries [19]. Nowadays, the awareness has been growing on the public health impact of zoonotic food-borne pathogens transmitted from animal-originated food [20]. There is emergence of new pathogens, and the way of transmission of known food-borne pathogens is changing or is now associated with new food vehicles [15]. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) food-borne pathogens is increased after consumption of contaminated food due to the use of drugs for human therapy and animal farming which are responsible for more serious disease than susceptible bacteria [5, 21]. Drug resistance among the pathogens in common and food-borne pathogens in particular is an emerging problem [15, 22]. Prevailing poor food handling and sanitation practices, inadequate food safety laws, weak regulatory systems, lack of financial resources to invest in safer equipment, and lack of education for food handlers are the reasons for common occurrence of food-borne diseases in developing countries including Ethiopia [13, 16, 23, 24]. The habit of raw beef consumption [25], overcrowding, poverty, inadequate sanitary conditions, and poor general hygiene are also the factors of food-borne diseases in Ethiopia [26]. The public health importance of several bacterial pathogens associated with food of animal origin has been shown by studies conducted in different parts of the country [13]. However, there is a lack of reliable statistics on food-borne diseases as well as well-organized and documented information on the occurrence of such diseases due to poor or nonexistent reporting systems in Ethiopia as well as in most developing countries. Therefore, the objectives of this review paper are as follows: To highlight about the background information of food-borne bacterial pathogens To review common major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens 2. Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens 2.1. General Background Food-borne diseases occur as a result of consumption of contaminated food stuffs especially from animal products [26–29]. Food poisoning syndrome results from ingestion of a wide variety of food contaminated with pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi) and their toxin and chemicals. Bacteria (66%), chemicals (26%), virus (4%), and parasites (4%) are the main causes of food-borne diseases [8]. Currently, food-borne disease caused by bacterial contamination is one of the biggest issues affecting human health and food safety [30]. Bacteria are the causative agent of two-thirds of food-borne disease outbreaks though there have been around 250 different food-borne diseases [31]. From the biological hazards, bacterial pathogens are the most serious concern regarding the issues of meat safety to consumers [32]. Bacterial food-borne illnesses are among the most widely spread global public health problems in recent times [8]. Vertebrate animal species are natural reservoirs for many pathogens that cause human infections after transmitted through food [33]. Food of animal origin particularly meat (beef, mutton, and pork), dairy products (milk, cheese, yoghurt, and ice cream), and eggs are the three ways by which people are exposed to pathogenic bacteria [19]. Due to their nutritional value, mainly high protein and lipid content, dairy products are a suitable growth environment for a range of microorganisms [34]. Contaminated raw meat is one of the main sources of food-borne disease [26]. Food of animal origin (milk, meat, and their products) can become contaminated with bacteria during food processing or slaughtering [35]. These pathogens come into contact with food during harvest or slaughtering, processing, storage, and packaging. Environmental challenges have caused food-borne bacterial pathogens to evolve and the susceptibility of the human population to infections [5]. The battle against bacterial food-borne diseases is facing new challenges due to rapidly changing patterns of human consumption, the globalization of the food market, and climate change [31]. Food-borne bacterial diseases caused by bacteria are most commonly prevented and controlled by proper cooking and preparing of food as well as storing. The control method or measures also include education of those who prepare the food at home and other food handlers, prohibiting individuals with abscess or other skin lesions from handling food, and placing of food in a cold place at 4°C or lower temperature which prevent bacterial multiplication and toxin formation. Food must be kept at room temperature for as little time as possible [8]. 2.2. Common Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens Among the bacteria that cause food-borne poisoning, some are particularly important in terms of frequency and/or of seriousness of the disease. Miscellaneous bacteria (including Gram positive and Gram negative) produce toxins that cause food-borne poisoning, resulting symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to paralysis and death [36]. It has been reported that Gram-negative bacteria account for approximately 69% of the cases of bacterial food-borne disease [24]. Although there are 31 pathogens that have been identified as causing food-borne diseases [11], bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the common causes of food-borne diseases and death in the world [5, 11, 20, 27, 37]. 2.2.1. Staphylococcus aureus The name Staphylococcus (staphyle = bunch of grapes in Greece) was introduced in 1883 by Ogston [31]. S. aureus is one of the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide [21, 38] with high occurrence second to salmonellosis [39]. It is a microorganism that is present as a commensal on the skin, nose, and mucous membranes of healthy humans and animals [39, 40]. However, it is a well-known opportunistic food-borne pathogen [41, 42] that can cause multiple infectious diseases of diverse severity [40]. It causes wide spectrum of diseases in both humans and animals [43]. The presence of S. aureus in products for human consumption is important to the food industry, as some strains are the cause of food-borne intoxication [21]. They are responsible for food spoilage, reduction of food safety, and shelf life and cause food-borne poisoning [44]. S. aureus is a leading cause of food poisoning resulting from the consumption of contaminated food with staphylococcal enterotoxins [45]. It earns public attention due to increasing mortality associated with multidrug resistance [21]. The widespread use of antibiotics and ability of the bacteria to rapidly develop and acquire antimicrobial resistance have facilitated the emergence of resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [41, 42, 46]. The emergence of MRSA in livestock and the possibility of human cross-contamination have caused a serious concern [38]. MRSA were first reported in the early 1960s and are now regarded as a major hospital-acquired pathogen worldwide [47]. MRSA is a well-known pathogen occurring both in human and veterinary medicine [21, 48]. (1) Etiology. The genus Staphylococcus comprises several species and subspecies [44]. S. aureus is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, usually oxidase-negative, and facultative anaerobic coccus, which belongs to the family of Micrococcaceae [43, 49]. It is a nonmotile bacterium. Cells are spherical single and often form grape-like clusters [31]. Gold colony pigmentation, production of coagulase, fermentation of mannitol and trehalose, and production of heat stable thermonuclease distinguish S. aureus from other staphylococcal species [49]. The organisms are able to grow in a wide range of temperatures (7°C to 48°C with an optimum of 30°C to 37°C), pH (4.2 to 9.3, with an optimum of 7.0 to 7.5), and sodium chloride concentrations (up to 15% NaCl). These characteristics enable the bacteria to survive in a wide variety of food, especially those that require manipulation during processing, including fermented food products like cheese [31]. (2) Epidemiology. The epidemiology of this microorganism in animals has gained interest because of its importance in veterinary medicine, the increment of infectious processes caused by this pathogen (especially MRSA strains), and the emergence of some clonal lineages associated with animals, and zoonotic potential evidence is increased in the last years [40]. S. aureus is among the leading causes of food-borne bacterial intoxications worldwide [50]. It is one of the most common causes of reported food-borne diseases in the United States [7]. Around 50% of healthy individuals harbor the bacteria in their nasal passage, throat, and skin, whereas the mastitic cow is a common source of S. aureus in raw milk [51]. It is widely present in a broad host range, including human beings and food-producing animals, such as pigs, cows, goats, chickens, and ducks [42]. Food contamination with S. aureus may occur directly from infected food-producing animals or may result from poor hygiene during production processes or the retail and storage of food [52]. A multifactorial range of independent risk factors for MRSA has been reported in the literature, and factors include immunosuppression hemodialysis, peripheral malperfusion, advanced age, extended in hospital stays, residency in long-term care facilities, inadequacy of antimicrobial therapy, indwelling devices, insulin-requiring diabetes, and decubitus ulcers, among others [53]. Studies that have been conducted in different regions of Ethiopia indicated the occurrence of S. aureus in food of animal origin as few of them are given in Table 1. Sample type No. of examined No. of positive (prevalence) Source Raw bulk milk 168 79 (47) Enquebaher et al.[51]; Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia Naturally soured/fermented raw milk 51 13 (25.4) Butter milk 44 14 (31.8) Butter 32 8 (25) Ethiopian cottage cheese 7 2 (28.6) Cheese 4 2 (50) Cakes made from milk 4 2 (50) Total 310 120 (38.7) Abattoir 384 36 (9.4) Adugna et al. [54]; Addis Ababa city Butcher 384 76 (19.8) Cutting table 40 6 (15) Hook 40 6 (15) Knife 40 9 (22.5) Total 888 133 (15) Raw cow milk 170 48 (28.2) Tessema and Tsegaye [39]; Alage Atvet College Dairy Farm, Ethiopia Raw cow milk 140 45 (32.14) Tessema [55]; Wolayta Sodo Milk shop 86 20 (23.26) Abraha et al. [43]; Mekelle town Dairy milk 86 23 (26.74) Total 172 43 (25) Milk and milk products 291 68 (23.4) Ayele et al. [56]; Sebeta Milk 183 28 (15.3) Regasa et al. [57]; Mukaturi and Sululta town, Oromia Region Milk 160 78 (48.75) Daka et al. [58]; Hawassa area Beef carcass swab 400 137 (34.3) Hassan et al. [59]; Asella Raw camel milk 384 44 (11.45) Serda et al. [60]; Jigjiga district

Review of the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in milk and dairy products in Ethiopia

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020
INT DAIRY J

Food safety is a significant barrier to social and economic development throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. Here, we reviewed the prevalence of major bacterial foodborne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter spp.) in the rapidly growing Ethiopian dairy supply-chain. We identified 15, 9, 5 and 0 studies that had reported the prevalence of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. in dairy foods, respectively. The studies reviewed reported a median prevalence of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 of 6, 9 and 10%, respectively, in raw cow milk in Ethiopia, indicating a concerning occurrence of bacterial foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Implementation of good hygiene and production practices and assessment of interventions targeting the reduction of contamination in the dairy supply chain is needed to inform coordinated efforts focused on improvement of dairy food safety in Ethiopia.

Bacteriologicalquality of frozenminced meat in MenofiaGovernorate

Article

Jun 2019

Incidence of Salmonellae in Lymph Nodes, Spleens and Feces of Sheep and Goats Slaughtered in the Riyadh Public Abattoir

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1982

During the period July, 1980 to June, 1981, 618 samples consisting of mesenteric lymph nodes, spleens and feces, collected from 307 sheep and goats slaughtered in the Riyadh Public Abattoir, were examined for salmonellae. Salmonellae were recovered from 14.7% of 307 lymph nodes, 4.7% of 192 feces and from 0.8% of 119 spleens. Among the 23 serotypes recovered, the most common was Salmonella typhimurium followed by S. newport, S. havana, S. bovis-morbificans, S. reading, S. braenderup, S. eastbourne, and S. poona. Other less common serotypes were also encountered. Lymph nodes and feces from slaughtered animals may be a source for contamination of the red meat and other edible parts of the carcass with salmonellae. Consumption of contaminated meat or meat products either raw or undercooked may cause Salmonella food poisoning in man.

Microflora of Edible Offal with Particular Reference to Salmonella

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1984

Feeding of raw offal has been suspected to be a major source of Salmonella infections among pets, particularly among dogs, in the city of Berlin (West). The present study revealed that 231 (56.6%) of 408 samples of edible offal (liver, lungs, heart, bovine rumen, porcine esophagus) contained 24 types of Salmonella. Salmonella typhimurium prevailed (145 samples = 62.8% of the positive samples = 35.5% of the total), including 8 strains of S. typhimurium var. copenhagen. Three types had an incomplete seroformula. The investigation covered a period of 26 months. The percentage of positive findings did not significantly differ during various seasons. Positive findings were most frequent with porcine esophagus (40/49) and least frequent with imported swine liver (17/58) and bovine rumen (13/45). Presence of salmonellae was not correlated with other microbiological criteria, in particular aerobic plate count and number of Enterobacteriaceae. All samples were sold at West-Berlin's central wholesale meat market and originated from slaughter animals judged as “fit for consumption”, which means that they were also intended for human consumption and not only as animal feed. Repeated isolation of the same Salmonella type from different samples taken on the same day indicated rapid spreading during transport and storage. This contamination did not persist for a longer period but was replaced by other strains which subsequently appeared. Since raw offal for retail sale represents a considerable health hazard, it is recommended that this material should not be offered for retail sale unless in hermetically sealed packages. Packages should have labels with directions for proper handling of the contents in the home. Warning should also be given that viscera should neither be eaten raw nor fed to pets unless the material is adequately heated.

Sources and distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food animals, slaughterhouse personnel and retail meat products in Ethiopia: 1997-2002

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2002

Background: Foods of animal origin are considered to be the major sources of foodborne salmonellosis. A periodic surveillance of the sources, distribution and prevalent Salmonella serotypes in slaughtered food animals, retail meat products and environment is necessary to control the spread of the pathogen and infection of man through contaminated animal products. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the sources and distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and camels, retail meat products (minced beef and chicken) and slaughterhouse personnel over a 5-year period (1997-2002). Methods: Three thousand eight hundred ninety-eight samples from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and camels, slaughterhouse personnel, minced beef and chicken meat and giblets were examined for the presence of Salmonella. Salmonellae were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO 6579, 1998). Results: A total of 412 Salmonella isolates consisting of 25 different serotypes were identified from slaughtered cattle (4.2%), camels (16.2%), slaughterhouse personnel (6.0%), minced beef (12.1%), chicken meat and giblets (23.6%). The predominant serovars were S. braenderup, S. dublin and S. saintpaul followed by S. typhimurium (including var. Copenhagen) and S. anatum Salmonella enteritidis was detected from chicken, cattle and camel meat. Salmonella typhimurium, S. anatum and S. dublin were isolated in man as well as in food animals and meat products. Conclusion: Isolation of Salmonella from a wide range of sources suggests that Salmonella is widespread in food animals and meat products and underlines the necessity for a joint and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs for salmonellosis and other major food borne zoonotic diseases in Ethiopia. (Ethip.J.Health Dev. 2003;17(1):63-70)

Prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Cold-Growing Escherichia coli on Freshly Dressed Lamb Carcasses

Article

Full-text available

Nov 1995

Thirty lamb carcasses were analyzed for selected bacteria just after slaughter. The frequency of isolation was Salmonella (10%), motile aeromonads (33%), Yersinia enterocolitica (20%) and cold tolerant Escherichia coli (56.6%). Campylobacter was not detected. Seven isolates of Salmonella (identified as S. typhimurium) grew at 7°C. The 16 isolates of motile aeromonads were identified as A. hydrophila (8 strains), A. caviae (7 strains), and unidentified (1 strain). The percentage of carcasses carrying presumptively virulent aeromonads was 13.3%. None of the 21 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were found to be presumptively virulent. Among them, 3 belonged to biovar 1 and 4 to biovar 3, 3 lacked one property of biovar 3, and 11 had properties of both biovars. Of the 85 cold-growing strains of E. coli, 31 were sorbitol negative. The O157 antigen was not detected among these isolates. The structure of abattoirs and slaughtering practices influenced the contamination of carcasses with certain organisms (i.e., salmonellae and E. coli).

Salmonella serogroup and their antibiotic resistance patterns isolated from diarrhoeal stools of pediatric out patients in Jimma Hospital and Jimma Health Center, South West Ethiopia

Article

Jan 2002

A. Mache

A survey of Salmonella contamination in chicken carcass and giblets in Central Ethiopia

Article

Apr 2003
REV MED VET-TOULOUSE

A study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in raw chicken meat and giblets (liver, gizzard and heart) from poultry processing plants and retail markets at Debre Zeit and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 378 samples were collected from two processing plants and retail markets from November 2001 to April 2002. Of the total 378 samples examined, Salmonella was detected in 80 (21.1%) of the samples analysed. Among the chicken samples examined high proportion of chicken meat (15.4%), liver (34.5%), gizzard (41.1%), heart (23.7%) and skin (7.7%) were contaminated with Salmonella. Out of the total 80 Salmonella isolates, 8 different serotypes were identified of which S. Braenderup (53.7%) was the most frequent followed by S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (30.0%), S. Anatum (10.0%), S. Kottbus (6.2%) and S. Typhimurium (3.7%). Other serovars isolated include S. Bovismorbificans, S. Hadar and S. Infantis. Results of the present study indicated that there was a high level of Salmonella contamination of chicken meat and giblets in processing plants and retail markets, which could be considered as one of the major potential source of human salmonellosis in Ethiopia.

Detection of Salmonella serotypes in edible organ meats from markets in Madrid, Spain

Article

Feb 1995

The presence of serotypes of Salmonella in 264 edible lamb and chicken organ meats from markets in the northwestern section of Madrid, Spain was investigated from 1989 to 1991. The organ meats were offered for sale to consumers either packaged in refrigerated display cases in supermarkets or unpackaged at ambient temperature in small establishments. Viable aerobic mesophile counts and total Enterobacteriaceae counts showed high levels of contamination. A total of 83 (31·43%) of the samples analysed proved positive for Salmonella. In all, 240 strains classified in 12 different serotypes, one with an incomplete seroformula, plus three autoagglutinable Salmonella strains and 20 unidentifiable strains were detected. Different serotypes coexisted in the samples, and a certain relationship with the animal species and the site of purchase appeared to exist, as did a relationship with display temperature at the market. The highest numbers of Salmonellae were recorded in lamb's liver sold at ambient temperature and chicken liver from refrigerated display cases. The large proportion of positive Salmonella-containing samples in foodstuffs purchased by large numbers of consumers represents a public health hazard. Certain of the serotypes found are among the most common agents responsible for outbreaks of food poisoning reported in health and medical bulletins issued in different countries.

Incidence and level of Salmonella serovars in raw pork obtained from Mexican butcher shops

Article

Feb 1995

The Salmonella most probable number (MPN g−1), the serovars present and the aerobic plate counts (APC) were determined for 61 raw pork samples collected from 56 butcher shops in Guadalajara, Mexico. At sampling time, sample temperature ranged from 12–16°C. The Salmonella counts in 50 g samples ranged from 0·03 MPN g−1 while 28, 54 and 74% were <0·9, 9 and 23 MPN g−1, respectively. The 10 most commonly isolated serovars were S. agona, S. derby, S. anatum, S. meleagridis, S. enteridis, S. worthington, S. give, S. manhattan, S. typhimurium and S. brandenburg. Thirty percent of the samples contained five to as many as 10 different serovars. The correlation between Salmonella counts and APC was not significant (<0·01) and the median APC count was 6·1 log10 cfu g−1. These results suggest that raw pork was exposed to multiple contamination sources during slaughter and fabrication, and storage at unsafe temperatures.

Foodborne salmonellosis

Article

Dec 1990

A.C. Baird-Parker

Incidence of Salmonellosis in Patients with AIDS

Article

Jan 1988

A mechanised microtechnique for Salmonella serotyping

Article

Jul 1980

Salmonella and the nternational food trade

Article

Jan 1995
INT J FOOD MICROBIOL

Juliana D'Aoust

Non-typhoid Salmonella spp. continue to figure prominently in many national epidemiological registries as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne disease. Although Salmonella enterocolitis is generally a self-limiting illness that may require fluid and electrolyte replacement, the disease can spread systematically and degenerate into a chronic condition such as reactive arthritis, osteomyelitis, cardiac inflammation or neural disorders. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have provided the mainstay of therapy for the clinical management of bacteremic salmonellosis. However, the increasing occurence of strains that are resistant to one or more of these traditional antibacterial drugs has resulted in the wider use of quinolones for the treatment of Salmonella septicaemia. Successful clinical results with these newer drugs are already being overshadowed by the emergence of salmonellae that are resistant to these therapeutic agents.

Shigella serogroups identified from adult diarrhoeal out-patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile analysis

Article

Apr 1997
East Afr Med J

Forty five Salmonella strains were isolated from 700 diarrhoeal samples collected from adult diarrhoeal out-patients in Addis Ababa. Among the isolates, serogroup C comprised 31.1%, B 24.4%, S.typhi 15.6%, D 13.3%, A 8.9% and E 6.7%. Among the isolates, 71.1% were resistant to tetracycline, 68.9% to ampicillin, 66.7% to cephalothin, 57.8% to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 53.9% to kanamycin, 46.7% to chloramphenicol and less than 31.8% of the isolates were resistant to other drugs. Among S.typhi isolates, 28.6% were resistant to chloramphenicol and this shows the emergence of chloramphenicol resistant S.typhi strains in Ethiopia. Gentamicin and polymyxin B were found to be the drugs of choice for cases of salmonellosis including S.typhi. All drug resistant isolates analysed for plasmids contained multiple plasmids ranging in sizes from 1.8 to greater than 21 Kilobases.

Meat inspection: An overview of present practices and future trends

Article

Oct 1997
VET J

This is a review of meat inspection literature, its history, current concerns and needs for the future. The value and limitations of meat inspection are discussed, along with the possible modifications or changes that are being developed to modernize an increasingly outdated method of safeguarding public health. The potential of on-farm risk assessment of slaughter animals and the practical considerations that need to be overcome are outlined. The needs of the consumer and subsequent challenges to the meat and farming industry are proposed as the driving force behind the changes occurring in veterinary public health. The current risk to consumers, from such microbial pathogens as Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter infection, are highlighted.

Effect of transportation and feed withdrawal on shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium among experimentally infected pigs

Article

Oct 1999

To determine whether stress associated with transportation or feed withdrawal increased fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium among pigs experimentally infected with the organism. 86 healthy pigs. Pigs were challenge exposed with Salmonella Typhimurium at 4 weeks old and reared conventionally. When pigs reached market weight, they were assigned to groups and subjected to various combinations of transportation and feed withdrawal. Ileocecal contents were collected after slaughter and tested for Salmonella Typhimurium. Salmonella Typhimurium was not detected in feces collected from pigs just prior to slaughter. When feed was withheld for 24 hours prior to slaughter, the proportion of transported pigs with Salmonella Typhimurium in ileocecal contents at the time of slaughter was not significantly different from the proportion of nontransported pigs. However, when feed was not withheld prior to slaughter, the proportion of transported pigs with Salmonella Typhimurium in ileocecal contents at the time of slaughter was significantly higher than the proportion of nontransported pigs. When carrier pigs remained on feed, transportation stress increased the proportion positive for Salmonella sp. On the basis of results reported here, it is suggested that producers withhold feed from pigs for 24 hours prior to transportation to a slaughter plant.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle in Ethiopia

Article

Sep 2003

The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella isolates was determined from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle at Debre Zeit (Ethiopia). A total of 323 cattle were examined for the presence of Salmonella in faeces, mesenteric lymph nodes, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles. Salmonellae were cultured from 23 (7.1%) of the animals. Salmonellae were isolated from 2 (3.1%) and 3 (4.5%) of 65 pooled faecal and mesenteric lymph node samples, respectively. Nine (2.8%) abdominal muscle and 10 (3.1%) diaphragmatic muscle samples (n = 323 of each) were contaminated by Salmonella. About 60% of the serovars identified in the abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles were also detected from faeces and mesenteric lymph node samples. The five different serovars isolated were Salmonella mishmarhaemek (48%) S. typhimurium (20%). S. enteritidis (12%), S. guildford (12%) and S. dublin (48%). The antimicrobial resistance profiles of 25 of the Salmonella isolates with 17 antimicrobials showed that 52%, (13/25) of them were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Both strains of Salmonella (S. mishmarhaemek and S. typhimurium) showed multiple resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and ticarcillin.

Salmonella Prevalence and Distribution of Serotypes in Apparently Healthy Slaughtered Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Eastern Ethiopia

Article

Aug 2004

The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella from apparently healthy slaughtered camels in Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 714 samples (faeces, mesenteric, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles) from 119 slaughtered camels were analysed. Salmonellae were detected from 116 (16.2%) of the 714 samples examined. Eighteen (15.1%) faeces, 19 (15.9%) mesenteric lymph nodes, 14 (11.8%) livers and 17 (14.3%) spleen samples (n = 119 for each) were positive for Salmonella. Salmonellae were found in 20.1% of the abdominal and diaphragmatic muscles. A total of sixteen different serotypes were identified of which Salmonella saintpaul (38.8%) and S. braenderup (22.4%) were the most prevalent followed by S. muenchen (8.6%), S. kottbus (6.0%) and S. havana (5.2%). Other serotypes, including S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg and S. enteritidis were also detected from Ethiopian camels.

Microbial flora and incidence of some foodborne pathogens on fresh raw beef from butcher's shops in Awassa

Jan 1994
273-277

-ASHENAFI M. : Microbial flora and incidence of some foodborne pathogens on fresh raw beef from butcher's shops in Awassa, Ethiopia. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 1994, 42, 273-277.

Serologic identification of Salmonella

Jan 1986

H Ewing W

EWING W.H. : Serologic identification of Salmonella. In: EWING W.H. (ed.): Edwards and Ewing's Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 4 th ed., Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, 1986.

Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars, 7 th ed. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella

Jan 1997

L E Minor
L Y Popoff M

LE MINOR L. and POPOFF M.Y. : Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars, 7 th ed. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella. Paris, 1997.

Occurrence, distribution and level of Salmonella in selected food items in Addis Ababa

Jan 1999
37-39

Molla B Kleer
J Sinell H-J

-MOLLA B., KLEER J. and SINELL H-J. : Occurrence, distribution and level of Salmonella in selected food items in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Fleischwirt. Int., 1999, 4, 37-39.

Microbial load and incidence of Salmonella species in 'kitfo', traditional Ethiopian spiced, minced meat dish

Jan 1998
135-140

-TEGEGNE M. and ASHENAFI M. : Microbial load and incidence of Salmonella species in 'kitfo', traditional Ethiopian spiced, minced meat dish. Ethiop. J. Hlth. Dev., 1998, 12, 135-140.

Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars, 7 th ed. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella

Jan 1997

Le Minor L Y Popoff M

-LE MINOR L. and POPOFF M.Y. : Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars, 7 th ed. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella. Paris, 1997.

Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff-horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella ISO

Jan 1998

International Organisation For Standardisation

-INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION 6579 : Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff-horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella ISO, Geneva, 1998.

The prevalence and distribution of salmonellae in slaughter cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and minced beef in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)

Jan 2000
19-24

Nyeleti C Molla
B Hildebrandt

-NYELETI C., MOLLA B., HILDEBRANDT G. and KLEER J. : The prevalence and distribution of salmonellae in slaughter cattle, slaughterhouse personnel and minced beef in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 2000, 48, 19-24.

Salmonella serotypes isolated from minced meat beef, mutton and pork in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

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