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Production of ancho chili graft on criollo de morelos 334 for the control of Phytophthora capsici

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Abstract

Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete that causes losses in the production of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) worldwide. There are currently no varieties of chilies resistant to this pathogen and the chemical products used for its control promotes the development of resistent strains and environmental damages. Therefore, strategies like grafting are used, which stands out for its harmlessness to the environment and its efficiency for controlling soil pathogens. The in vitro resistance of P. capsici from four commercial chili stocks and from the serrano type Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334), was evaluated in this study. The 334 was chosen due to its low sympton incidence (1 %). In green house the resistance of ungrafted and grafted P. capsici chili pepper plants on CM334 was evaluated, and some morphological variables were measured, as well as the production of commercial fruits in the presence and absence of the pathogen. In regard to the effect of the pathogen on the grafted plants, the interaction with P. capsici did not affect the weight of commercial fruits (FC), although it did significantly reduce the foliar area (AF) and diameter. In the absence of the pathogen, ungrafted plants were significantly taller, they had greater dry weights of the leaves, AF, FC weight, and a lower harvest index. However, all the ungrafted Rebelde plants inoculated with P. capsici died. The yield of commercial fruits of Rebelde in the absence of P. capsici was 14 t ha-1, whereas that for Rebelde grafted on CM334 was 11.4 t ha-1 (p≤0.01). This evidence shows that the use of CM334 as a patrón has a potential for the production of chili peppers in areas with high incidence of P. capsici.
701
PRODUCCIÓN DE CHILE ANCHO INJERTADO SOBRE CRIOLLO DE
MORELOS 334 PARA EL CONTROL DE Phytophthora capsici
PRODUCTION OF ANCHO CHILI GRAFT ON CRIOLLO DE MORELOS 334 FOR THE
CONTROL OF Phytophthora capsici
Ma. Rocío García-Rodríguez1, Elizabeth Chiquito-Almanza1, P. Damián Loeza-Lara2, Heriberto Godoy-Hernández3, Emiliano
Villordo Pineda3, J. Luis Pons-Hernández3, M. Martín González-Chavira3, J. Luis Anaya-López3*
1Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya. Celaya, Guanajuato, México. 2Universidad de La Ciénega
del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo. Sahuayo, Michoacán, México. 3Campo Experimental
Bajío. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias. (jose.luis.al@
hotmail.com).
Resumen
Phytophthora capsici es un oomiceto que ocasiona pérdi-
das en la producción de chile (Capsicum annuum L.) en el
mundo. Actualmente no hay variedades comerciales de chile
resistentes a este patógeno y los productos químicos usados
para su control promueven el desarrollo de cepas resistentes
y daños al ambiente. Por tanto, se usan estrategias como el
injerto, que destaca por su inocuidad al ambiente y ecacia
para controlar patógenos del suelo. En este estudio se evaluó
in vitro la resistencia a P. capsici de cuatro patrones comer-
ciales de chile y del cultivar tipo serrano Criollo de Morelos
334 (CM334). Se seleccionó CM334 por su baja incidencia
de síntomas (1 %). Se evaluó en invernadero la resistencia
a P. capsici de plantas de chile ancho Rebelde sin injertar e
injertadas sobre CM334 y se midieron algunas variables
morfológicas, así como la producción de frutos comerciales
en presencia y ausencia del patógeno. En relación al efecto
del patógeno sobre las plantas injertadas, la interacción con
P. capsici no afectó el peso de frutos comerciales (FC), pero
redujo signicativamente el diámetro y área foliar (AF). En
ausencia del patógeno las plantas sin injertar tuvieron signi-
cativamente mayor altura, peso seco de hojas, AF, peso de FC,
y menor índice de cosecha. Sin embargo, todas las plantas de
Rebelde sin injertar e inoculadas con P. capsici murieron. El
rendimiento de frutos comerciales de Rebelde en ausencia de
P. capsici fue 14 t ha-1, mientras que el de Rebelde injertado
sobre CM334 fue 11.4 t ha-1 (p£0.01). Estas evidencias indi-
can que el uso de CM334 como patrón tiene potencial para la
producción de chile en zonas con alta incidencia de P. capsici.
Palabras clave: injerto, marchitez del chile, patrón, resistencia.
* Autor responsable v Author for correspondence.
Recibido: Abril, 2009. Aprobado: Agosto, 2010.
Publicado como ARTÍCULO en Agrociencia 44: 701-709. 2010.
AbstRAct
Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete that causes losses in
the production of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)
worldwide. ere are currently no varieties of chilies resistant
to this pathogen and the chemical products used for its
control promotes the development of resistent strains and
environmental damages. erefore, strategies like grafting are
used, which stands out for its harmlessness to the environment
and its eciency for controlling soil pathogens. e in vitro
resistance of P. capsici from four commercial chili stocks and
from the serrano type Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334),
was evaluated in this study. e 334 was chosen due to its
low sympton incidence (1 %). In green house the resistance
of ungrafted and grafted P. capsici chili pepper plants on
CM334 was evaluated, and some morphological variables
were measured, as well as the production of commercial fruits
in the presence and absence of the pathogen. In regard to the
eect of the pathogen on the grafted plants, the interaction
with P. capsici did not aect the weight of commercial fruits
(FC), although it did signicantly reduce the foliar area (AF)
and diameter. In the absence of the pathogen, ungrafted
plants were signicantly taller, they had greater dry weights
of the leaves, AF, FC weight, and a lower harvest index.
However, all the ungrafted Rebelde plants inoculated with P.
capsici died. e yield of commercial fruits of Rebelde in the
absence of P. capsici was 14 t ha-1, whereas that for Rebelde
grafted on CM334 was 11.4 t ha-1 (p£0.01). is evidence
shows that the use of CM334 as a patrón has a potential for
the production of chili peppers in areas with high incidence
of P. capsici.
Key words: graft, pepper wilt, stock, resistance.
AGROCIENCIA, 16 de agosto - 30 de septiembre, 2010
VOLUMEN 44, NÚMERO 6
702
IntRoduccIón
En el 2007 la producción mundial de chile
(Capsicum spp.) fue poco más de 30 millones
de t (FAOSTAT, 2008). México aportó 6.8 %
del total y se usó 27.5 % de la supercie destinada
al cultivo de hortalizas, generando más de $ 5 000
millones de pesos, que representó 23 % de la produc-
ción hortícola nacional (SIACON, 2007).
Phytophthora capsici Leonian es el factor limitan-
te más importante para la producción de chile en el
mundo. En función de las condiciones ambientales,
la virulencia de los aislados y la cantidad de inóculo
de P. capsici en el suelo, este patógeno puede causar
de 25 a 40 % de las pérdidas del cultivo. Una de las
estrategias más comunes para controlar este patóge-
no es utilizar fumigantes y fungicidas; sin embargo,
su uso indiscriminado ha ocasionado el desarrollo de
aislamientos resistentes, problemas de contamina-
ción ambiental y de salud pública. Esto ha causado la
prohibición de algunos de los productos más usados
para controlar P. capsici, como el bromuro de metilo.
Entre los métodos alternativos para controlar P.
capsici destaca el injerto sobre patrones resistentes
(Santos y Goto, 2004), cuyo uso ha aumentado de-
bido a su ecacia e inocuidad para el ambiente. En
Corea se injertaron cerca de 6 millones de plantas de
chile para controlar este patógeno (Lee y Oda, 2003).
El chile tipo serrano Criollo de Morelos 334
(CM334) es una de las más ecaces fuentes de resis-
tencia genética a P. capsici. Sin embargo, aunque la
resistencia a P. capsici es de carácter dominante (Egea-
Gilabert et al., 2008), su herencia es compleja debido
a su naturaleza poligénica y a la probable existencia
de efectos epistáticos (Minamiyama et al., 2007). Por
ello no se han generado cultivares de chile comercia-
les con una adecuada resistencia a este patógeno. En
este sentido, el injerto es una alternativa que permite
usar variedades resistentes a P. capsici para la produc-
ción de chile, eludiendo la dicultad de incorporar
genéticamente esta característica a las variedades pro-
ductivas.
Según Fernandez-Pavia y Liddell (1998), la re-
sistencia de CM334 es independiente de la variedad
injertada y este cultivar se podría usar como patrón.
Sin embargo, para considerar el uso de un patrón,
es imprescindible determinar, además de la resisten-
cia y la compatibilidad, el rendimiento de frutos co-
merciales, una característica aún no evaluada en la
IntRoductIon
In 2007, world chili pepper (Capsicum spp.)
production was of over 30 million t (FAOSTAT,
2008). México contributed 6.8 % of the total and
used 27.5 % of the surface destined to the growth of
vegetables, creating an income of over 5 billion pesos,
which accounted for 23 % of the country’s vegetable
production (SIACON, 2007).
Phytophthora capsici Leonian is the world’s most
important limiting factor for the production of chili.
According to weather conditions, the virulence of the
isolates and the amount of P. capsici inoculant in the
soil, this pathogen can cause 25 to 40 % of loss in
chili plantations. One of the most common strategies
for controlling this pathogen is to use sprays and
fungicides; however, the indiscriminate use of these
has brought about the development of resistant
isolations, environmental pollution and public health
problems. is has led to the prohibition of some of
the most commonly used products for controlling P.
capsici, such as bromomethane.
Alternative methods that stand out for controlling
P. capsici include grafting on resistant stocks (Santos
and Goto, 2004), which has been increasingly used
due to its eciency and environmental harmlessness.
In Korea, nearly 6 million chili plants were grafted to
control this pathogen (Lee and Oda, 2003).
e serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334)
type chili pepper is one of the most ecient sources
of genetic resistance to P. capsici. However, although
the resistance to P. capsici is dominant (Egea-Gilabert
et al., 2008), its inheritance is complex, due to its
polygenic nature and the likely existence of epistatic
eects (Minamiyama et al., 2007). is explains why
there have been no commercial chili plantations with
an adequate resistance to this pathogen. In this sense,
grafting is an alternative that permits the use of P.
capsici resistant varieties for the production of chili,
eluding the diculty of genetically incorporating
this characteristic to the productive varieties.
According to Fernandez-Pavia and Liddell
(1998), the resistance of CM334 does not rely on
the grafted variety, and this cultivation could be
used as a patrón. However, in order to consider the
use of a stock, it is crucial to consider resistance
and compatibility, but also the yield of commercial
fruits, a characteristic that has not been yet evaluated
in most investigations. erefore, the aim of this
703
GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ et al.
PRODUCCIÓN DE CHILE ANCHO INJERTADO SOBRE “CRIOLLO DE MORELOS 334” PARA EL CONTROL DE Phytophthora capsici
mayoría de las investigaciones. Por tanto, el objetivo
del presente estudio fue determinar la resistencia a
P. capsici y el rendimiento de plantas de chile ancho
injertadas sobre patrones de CM334.
mAteRIAles y métodos
Material vegetal
Se evaluaron cinco genotipos de chile tolerantes a P. capsici:
los híbridos de pimiento Tresor (Nunhems), Atlante, AR-96030,
AR-96058 (Ramiro Arnedo) y Criollo de Morelos 334 (Redon-
do, 1979). La variedad a injertar fue el híbrido Rebelde (Semi-
nis) de tipo ancho susceptible a P. capsici, el cual se usó como
testigo sin injertar en la evaluación de resistencia en invernadero.
El híbrido de pimiento Triple Star (Enza Zaden) se usó como
testigo susceptible en las evaluaciones de resistencia in vitro para
la selección del patrón.
Material fúngico
Se usó el aislado de P. capsici C7P8F7 identicado mediante
PCR con iniciadores especícos (Zhang et al., 2006). Este pa-
tógeno fue aislado en Dolores Hidalgo, estado de Guanajuato,
México, y presentó la mayor virulencia ente 32 aislados monozo-
ospóricos obtenidos en un estudio realizado por el Instituto Na-
cional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INI-
FAP) sobre la variabilidad genética de P. capsici en Guanajuato.
El aislado se mantuvo y se propagó en medio de cultivo papa
dextrosa al 1.5 % de agar (PDA; Difco) a 25 °C.
Selección in vitro del patrón resistente a P. capsici
La evaluación in vitro de la resistencia se realizó en una cáma-
ra de crecimiento (Lab-Line modelo 844) a 23 °C, 74 % de hu-
medad relativa y un fotoperíodo de 16 h luz. Se usaron plantas de
cuatro hojas verdaderas germinadas en condiciones estériles sobre
agar-agua (AA) al 1.5 %, y crecidas en vermiculita esterilizada en
autoclave 2 d consecutivos a 121 °C por 30 min. Las plantas se
inocularon de acuerdo al modelo de interacción propuesto por
Muñoz y Bailey (1998). Se usó la escala de daño reportada por
Bosland y Lindsey (1991) y se determinó la incidencia (Wolcan
et al., 2001) y severidad de los síntomas (Towsend y Heuberguer,
1943). Las evaluaciones se realizaron cada 24 h después de la ino-
culación (DI), hasta que las plántulas tuvieron una incidencia de
100 % o murieron. El genotipo de chile con menor incidencia y
severidad de síntomas a 168 h DI fue seleccionado como patrón
resistente a P. capsici.
investigation was to determine the resistance to P.
capsici and the yield of ancho chili plants grafted on
CM334 stock.
mAteRIAls And methods
Plant material
Five genotypes of P. capsici resistant chilies were evaluated:
the hybrids of Tresor peppers (Nunhems), Atlante, AR-96030,
AR-96058 (Ramiro Arnedo) and Criollo de Morelos 334
(Redondo, 1979). e variety to be grafted was the hybrid
Rebelde (Seminis) susceptible to P. capsici, which was used as an
ungrafted control in the greenhouse resistance evaluation. e
Triple Star (Enza Zaden) pepper hybrid was used as a susceptible
control in the in vitro resistance evaluations for the selection of
the stock.
Fungus material
e P. capsici C7P8F7 isolate was used, identied by PCR
with specic initiators (Zhang et al., 2006). is pathogen was
isolated in Dolores Hidalgo, in the state of Guanajuato, México,
and it displayed the greatest virulence out of 32 monozoosporic
isolates obtained in a study carried out by National Forestry,
Agricultural and Cattle Research Institute (INIFAP), on the
genetic variability of P. capsici in Guanajuato. e isolate was
maintained and spread in a 1.5 % Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA;
Difco) at 25 °C.
In vitro selection of the patrón
resistant to P. capsici
e in vitro evaluation of the resistance was carried out in a
growth chamber (Lab-Line model 844) at 23 °C, 74 % relative
humidity and a photoperiod of 16 h light. True four-leaved
plants were germinated under sterile conditions under agar-
water (AA) at 1.5 %, and grown in sterilized vermiculite in an
autoclave for 2 consecutive days at 121 °C for 30 min. Plants
were inoculated according to the model of interaction reported
by Muñoz and Bailey (1998). e damage scale proposed by
Bosland and Lindsey (1991) was used and the incidence was
determined (Wolcan et al., 2001) along with the severity of the
symptoms (Towsend and Heuberguer, 1943). Evaluations were
carried out every 24 h after inoculation (DI), until plants had
an incidence of 100 % or died. e chili genotype with the least
incidence and severity of symptom after 168 h DI was chosen as
the resistant stok to P. capsici.
AGROCIENCIA, 16 de agosto - 30 de septiembre, 2010
VOLUMEN 44, NÚMERO 6
704
Preparación del inóculo de P. capsici
La resistencia de las plantas injertadas se evaluó en inver-
nadero mediante inoculación con micelio del aislado C7P8F7
cultivado en vermiculita (Ezziyyani et al., 2004). La cantidad de
inóculo se determinó contando las zoosporas mL-1 de P. capsici
por g de vermiculita que crecieron en cajas de petri con PDA
incubadas por 3 d a 25 °C.
Experimentos en invernadero
Los dos experimentos se realizaron de enero a mayo de 2008
en los invernaderos del INIFAP Campo Experimental Bajío, Ce-
laya, estado de Guanajuato (20° 34’ N, 100° 49’ O, 1650 m de
altura). En el invernadero el promedio de temperatura fue 20.2
°C y de humedad relativa 56.7 %.
El injerto se realizó de acuerdo a Lee y Oda (2003). El pren-
dimiento se determinó como el porcentaje de plantas sobrevi-
vientes y vigorosas 20 d después del injerto. Las plantas injertadas
se trasplantaron a bancales (5.6 m2 × 20 cm de profundidad) con
una densidad de plantación de 4.4 plantas m-2. El sustrato se fu-
migó con 75 g m-2 de bromuro de metilo. Su textura fue franca
arcillosa (29 % arena, 35 % limo, 36 % arcilla) con una densidad
aparente de 1.31 g cm-3. El diseño experimental fue completa-
mente al azar con grupos de 20 plantas y tres repeticiones.
En el primer experimento se evaluó el efecto del patrón en las
variables morfológicas y la producción, comparando plantas sin
injertar e injertadas sobre CM334. En el segundo experimento se
evaluó el efecto de P. capsici en las variables morfológicas y la pro-
ducción de las plantas injertadas, comparando plantas injertadas
inoculadas o no con P. capsici a 2 cm de profundidad en la base
del tallo con 77.64 × 107 zoosporas mL-1 de P. capsici. Se usó un
sistema de fertirriego a 0.10 MPa de presión con cintilla calibre
8000; los goteros fueron de 0.5 L h-1 con separaciones de 20
cm. La tensión de humedad promedio en el suelo fue -18 kPa a
15 cm de profundidad. La fertilización se realizó de acuerdo con
los requerimientos nutrimentales del chile ancho (Castellanos et
al., 2004).
Variables evaluadas
Se realizaron cortes de frutos 128, 132 y 142 d después del
trasplante (DDT). Después del tercer corte se midió el diámetro
de tallo (D) a 1 cm encima del sitio de unión del injerto y se
cortaron las plantas a ras del suelo. Se midió la altura (A) y el
área foliar (AF) de cada planta con un integrador de área LI-
3100 (LICOR, Lincoln, NE). Como variables de producción se
midió por planta el peso y número de frutos totales (FT) y co-
merciales (FC); los frutos comerciales se clasicaron de acuerdo
P. capsici inóculo preparation
Resistance of grafted plants was evaluated in a greenhouse
by inoculation with mycelia from the isolated C7P8F7 grown
in vermiculite (Ezziyyani et al., 2004). e amount of inóculo
was determined by counting the zoospores mL-1 of P. capsici per
g of vermiculite that grew in petri dishes with PDA incubated for
3 d at 25 °C.
Greenhouse experiments
Both experiments were carried out between January and May
2008 in the greenhouses of INIFAP, Bajío Experimental Center,
in Celaya, state of Guanajuato (20° 34’ N, 100° 49’ O and 1650
m). In the greenhouse the average temperature was 20.2 °C and
56.7 % of relative humidity.
Plants were grafted according to Lee and Oda (2003). Rooting
was established as the percentage of vigorous and surviving plants
20 d after grafting. Grafted plants were transplanted to terraces
(5.6 m2 × 20 cm deep) with a plant density of 4.4 plants m-2.
e substrate was sprayed with 75 g m-2 de bromomethane. Its
texture was loamy clay (29 % sand, 35 % lime, 36 % clay) with
and apparent density of 1.31 g cm-3. e experimental design
was completely randomized with groups of 20 plants and three
repetitions.
e rst experiment evaluated the eect of the stock on the
variables and the production, comparing grafted and ungrafted
plants with CM334. e second experiment evaluated the
eect of P. capsici on morphological variables and production
of grafted plants, comparing grafted plants with or without
inoculation with P. capsici at a depth of 2 cm at the base of the
stem with 77.64 ×107 zoospores mL-1 of P. capsici. A system of
fertirrigation was used, at a pressure of 0.10 MPa with an 8000
slip gauge; the droppers were 0.5 L h-1 with 20 cm separations.
e average humidity tension in the soil was -18 kPa at a
depth of 15 cm. Fertilization was carried out according to the
nutritional requirements of the ancho chili pepper (Castellanos
et al., 2004).
Variables evaluated
Fruits were cut 128, 132 and 142 d after the transplantation
(DDT). After the third cut, the stem diameter (D) was
measured, 1 cm above the grafting join, and the plants were cut
at ground level. Plant height (A) and leaf area (AF) was measured
with a leaf area integrator LI-3100 (LICOR, Lincoln, NE). As
production variables the weight and number of total (FT) and
commercial fruits (FC) per plant was measured; the commercial
fruits were classied according to the Mexican standard NMX-
705
GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ et al.
PRODUCCIÓN DE CHILE ANCHO INJERTADO SOBRE “CRIOLLO DE MORELOS 334” PARA EL CONTROL DE Phytophthora capsici
con la norma mexicana NMX-FF-025-SCFI-2007. El índice de
cosecha (IC) se calculó como la relación del peso seco de frutos
totales (PSF) entre el peso seco total de la planta (PSt), determi-
nado como la suma del peso seco de hojas (PSH), tallos (PST)
y frutos (PSF).
Análisis estadístico
El análisis de discriminación por pasos con el método Ste-
pwise (valor de entrada y salida de p=0.05) y el de varianza, así
como la comparación entre las medias de los tratamientos con
la prueba de Tukey (p£0.05), se realizó con SAS (SAS Institute,
2004). Los valores en porcentaje de incidencia y severidad fueron
transformados con la fórmula: Y=arcsen(x/100)½.
ResultAdos y dIscusIón
Selección in vitro del patrón
En la evaluación de resistencia in vitro los patro-
nes Tresor, Atlante, AR96030 y AR96058 mostraron
una incidencia y severidad de síntomas similar a los
testigos susceptibles Rebelde y Triple Star (Cuadro
1), mientras que CM334 fue altamente resistente,
con una incidencia de 1 % a 168 h DI con P. capsi-
ci. Este resultado fue consistente con reportes de la
resistencia de CM334 a este patógeno (Ares et al.,
2005; Egea-Gilabert et al., 2008). En contraste, los
híbridos comerciales mostraron síntomas a las 72 h
DI (datos no mostrados). Es importante destacar que
la evaluación in vitro fue diseñada para favorecer el
proceso de infección de P. capsici, y aunque no reeja
la interacción natural entre las plantas y el patógeno,
Cuadro 1. Incidencia (I) y severidad de síntomas (SS) de
genotipos de chile inoculados in vitro con el
aislamiento C7P8F7 de P. capsici.
Table 1. Incidence (I) and severity of symptoms (SS) of
genotypes of chilies inoculados in vitro with
isolation C7P8F7 of P. capsici.
Genotipo I (%) SS Genotipo I (%) SS
CM334 1 a 0 a AR96058 100 b 5.1 bc
Tresor 100 b 3.8 b Rebelde 99 b 5.9 cd
AR96030 100 b 4.8 bc Triple Star 100 b 6.6 d
Atlante 100 b 4.6 bc
Media de ocho individuos con tres repeticiones; Medias con
distinta letra en una columna son diferentes (p£0.05) v Means
of eight individuals with tree replications; Means with a dierent
letter in a column are dierent (p£0.05).
FF-025-SCFI-2007. e harvest index (IC) was calculated as the
relation of the dry weight of total fruits (PSF), divided by the
total dry weight of the plant (PSt), obtained as the sum of the
dry weight of the leaves (PSH), stems (PST) and fruits (PSF).
Statistical analysis
e discrimination analysis by steps using the Stepwise
method (input and output value p=0.05) and the analysis of
variance, as well as the mean comparison with the Tukey test
(p£0.05) were carried out using SAS (SAS Institute, 2004).
e values in the percentage of incidence and severity were
transformed with the formula: Y=arcsen(x/100)½.
Results And dIscussIon
In vitro selection of the pattern
In the evaluation of resistance in vitro, the stocks
Tresor, Atlante, AR96030 and AR96058 showed an
incidence and severity of symptoms, similar to those
of the susceptible witnesses Rebelde and Triple Star
(Cuadro1), while CM334 was highly resistant, with
an incidence of 1 % at 168 h DI with P. capsici. is
result was consistent with reports on the resistance
of CM334 to this pathogen (Ares et al., 2005; Egea-
Gilabert et al., 2008). In contrast, the commercial
hybrids showed symptoms at 72 h DI (data not
showed). It is important to emphasize that the
evaluation in vitro was designed to favor the process
of infection of P. capsici, and although it does not
reect the natural interaction between plants and
the pathogen, it helped to quickly select the highly
resistant genotype.
Eect of the Rebelde graft with CM334
According to the Stepwise analysis, the variables
that best described the dierences between ungrafted
plants and plants grafted on CM334 were PSH, D,
and A, while D, PST, and AF described the eect of
P. capsici on grafted plants (Table 2).
In grafted plants, D was signicantly higher
than in ungrafted plants, although in PSH and A
the opposite occurred (Table 3). Stem diameter is
an indicator of physiological changes due to cellular
interactions between the two genotypes (Kokalis-
Burelle et al., 2009); however, the changes in the
diameter depends on the genotype and does not
AGROCIENCIA, 16 de agosto - 30 de septiembre, 2010
VOLUMEN 44, NÚMERO 6
706
permitió seleccionar rápidamente al genotipo alta-
mente resistente.
Efecto del injerto de Rebelde con CM334
De acuerdo con el análisis de Stepwise, las varia-
bles que describieron mejor las diferencias entre las
plantas sin injertar e injertadas sobre CM334 fueron
PSH, D, y A, mientras que el D, PST, y AF describie-
ron el efecto de P. capsici sobre las plantas injertadas
(Cuadro 2).
En las plantas injertadas D fue signicativamente
mayor que el de las plantas sin injertar, pero en PSH
y A sucedió lo contrario (Cuadro 3). El diámetro del
tallo es un indicativo de cambios siológicos debido a
las interacciones celulares entre dos genotipos (Koka-
lis-Burelle et al., 2009); sin embargo, los cambios en
el diámetro dependen del genotipo y no siempre se
correlaciona con una disminución en la producción
(Cürük et al., 2009; Kokalis-Burelle et al., 2009).
La reducción en A y PSH pudo deberse a una
compatibilidad parcial entre Rebelde y el sistema ra-
dicular de CM334, lo que modicó la absorción de
nutrimentos, reguladores de crecimiento y agua de
las plantas injertadas como ha ocurrido con beren-
jena (Solanum melogena L.) y jitomate (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) (Leonardi y Giurida, 2006; Oda
et al., 2005). Sin embargo, en chile se ha estudiado
poco, por lo que se deberán evaluar los efectos de la
absorción de nutrientes y la compatibilidad vascular
en este cultivo. Estas evidencias sugieren que el uso
de CM334 como patrón redujo signicativamente el
vigor, un fenómeno común en el injerto de horta-
lizas que representa uno de los mayores problemas
al injertar pimiento (Miguel, 1997; Santos y Goto,
2004).
Las variables PSH, D y A describieron mejor las
diferencias entre las plantas injertadas y sin injertar
de acuerdo con el método Stepwise. La comparación
de medias del número y peso de FT y FC, IC, AF
y PST se incluyó porque describen el fenómeno de
producción y hubo diferencias signicativas entre los
tratamientos.
El número y peso de FT y FC de las plantas sin in-
jertar fue signicativamente mayor que el de las plan-
tas injertadas (Cuadro 4). Sin embargo, casi el 90 %
del peso de FT de las plantas injertadas correspondió
a FC, lo cual sugiere que se translocó mayor cantidad de
fotoasimilados para la formación de frutos. Por tanto,
always correlate to a drop in production (Cürük et
al., 2009; Kokalis-Burelle et al., 2009).
e reduction in A and PSH could be due to
a partial compatibility between Rebelde and the
radicular system of CM334, which modied the
absorption of nutrients, growth regulators and water
of grafted plants, as with the eggplant (Solanum
melogena L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) grafts (Leonardi y Giurida, 2006; Oda et al.,
2005). Nevertheless, in chili peppers, this has had
little study; hence the eects of nutrient absorption
and vascular compatibility must be studied for this
crop. is evidence suggests that the use of CM334
as a stock reduced vigor signicantly, which is
Cuadro 3. Efecto del injerto con CM334 en el peso seco de
hoja (PSH), diámetro de tallo (D) y altura (A) de
plantas de chile ancho Rebelde.
Table 3. Eect of the graft with CM334 in the dry weight of
the leaf (PSH), stem diameter (D) and height (A) of
Rebelde ancho chili pepper plants.
Injerto/patrón PSH D A
(g) (cm) (m)
Rebelde 34.08 a 1.12 b 1.44 a
Rebelde/CM334 12.50 b 1.77 a 1.07 b
Media de 20 individuos con tres repeticiones. ab: Medias con
distinta letra en una columna son diferentes (p£0.05) v Mean
of 20 individuals with three replications. ab: Mean with dierent
letter in a column are dierent (p£0.05).
Cuadro 2. Selección de variables signicativas que expresan
diferencias entre los tratamientos.
Table 2. Selection of signicant variables that express
dierences between treatments.
Modelo Variable R2 parcial F ASCC
1 PSH 0.816 523.05§ 0.816§
2 D 0.444 93.37§ 0.898§
3 A 0.067 8.35§ 0.904§
1 D 0.818 521.39§ 0.818§
2 PST 0.062 7.54§ 0.829§
3 AF 0.046 5.48F 0.837§
PSH: peso seco de hojas; D: diámetro; A: altura; PST: peso seco
de tallo; AF: área foliar; ASCC: correlación canónica cuadrada
de la media v PSH: leaf dry weight; D: diameter; A: height; PST:
stem dry weight; AF: leaf area; ASEC: mean square canonical
correlation.
Variables correspondientes al efecto del injerto, y al inóculo v
Variables correspondign to graft, and inoculum.
§p£0.01; Fp£0.05.
707
GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ et al.
PRODUCCIÓN DE CHILE ANCHO INJERTADO SOBRE “CRIOLLO DE MORELOS 334” PARA EL CONTROL DE Phytophthora capsici
considerando sólo el peso de FC, el rendimiento de
Rebelde sin P. capsici fue 14 t ha-1, en comparación
con 11.4 t ha-1 (p£0.01) producido por las plantas
injertadas. El IC de las plantas injertadas fue similar
al obtenido en pimiento (Jaimez, 2000) y jalapeño
(Azofeifa y Moreira, 2004), y signicativamente ma-
yor que el IC de las plantas sin injertar, lo cual se
debió a que las plantas injertadas tuvieron menos PSt
(Cuadro 4).
Esto fue consistente con lo encontrado en chile
(C. annuum) en donde la reducción del peso seco to-
tal incrementó el índice de cosecha (González-Real
et al., 2008). En conjunto, estas evidencias sugieren
que el uso de CM334 como patrón disminuyó el vi-
gor y la capacidad de la planta para producir fotoasi-
milados, disminuyendo la producción.
Efecto de P. capsici en el rendimiento de
Rebelde injertado
Las plantas de Rebelde sin injertar no se pudieron
usar como testigo ya que murieron aproximadamen-
te 15 d DI (datos no mostrados). En contraste, todas
las plantas de Rebelde injertadas sobre CM334 so-
brevivieron y completaron su ciclo, lo cual reejó el
nivel de resistencia de CM334 a P. capsici.
La interacción de P. capsici con las plantas injerta-
das disminuyó el D y AF (Cuadro 5). La reducción
del diámetro en la interacción entre plantas de chile
injertadas y patógenos ha sido reportada en patrones
tolerantes a Meloidogyne incognita (Kokalis-Burelle et
al., 2009); sin embargo, se desconoce el motivo de
este fenómeno. La interacción de P. capsici con las
plantas injertadas no afectó la producción comercial,
ya que en comparación con las plantas injertadas sin
P. capsici no hubo diferencias signicativas en las va-
riables de producción.
Cuadro 4. Efecto de CM334 en el número y peso de frutos totales (FT) y comerciales (FC), índice de cosecha (IC), área foliar (AF)
y peso seco total (PSt) de Rebelde.
Table 4. Eect of CM334 on the number and weight of total (FT) and commercial fruits(FC), harvest index (IC), foliar area (AF)
and total dry weight (PSt) of Rebelde.
Número Peso (kg) IC
AF PSt
Injerto/patrón
FT FC FT FC (cm2) (g)
Rebelde 10.55 a 6.66 a 0.38 a 0.32 a 0.33 b 0.51 a 118.56 a
Rebelde/CM334 7.21 b 4.76 b 0.29 b 0.26 b 0.46 a 0.27 b 57.77 b
Media de 20 individuos con tres repeticiones. ab: medias con distinta letra en una columna son diferentes (p£0.05) v Mean of 20
individuals with three replications. ab: means with dierent letter in a column are dierent (p£0.05).
common in the grafts of vegetables, and one of the
most important problems when grafting peppers
(Miguel, 1997; Santos y Goto, 2004).
Variables PSH, D and A better described the
dierences between grafted and non grafted plants,
according to the Stepwise method. e mean
comparison for number and weight of FT and
FC, IC, AF and PST was included because they
describe the production phenomenon and there were
signicant dierences between treatments.
e number and weight of FT and FC of the
ungrafted plants was signicantly higher than that of
grafted plants (Table 4). However, nearly 90 % of
the FT weight was FC, which suggests that a greater
amount of photoassimilates were translocated for
the formation of fruits. erefore, considering only
the weight of FC, the yield of Rebelde without P.
capsici was 14 t ha-1, in comparison to the 11.4 t
ha-1 (p£0.01) produced by the grafted plants. e
IC of the plants was similar to that obtained in
peppers (Jaimez, 2000) and jalapeños (Azofeifa and
Moreira, 2004), and signicantly greater than the
IC of ungrafted plants, which was due to the grafted
plants having a lower PSt (Table 4).
is was consistent with the ndings for chili
(C. annuum) in which the reduction in dry weight
increased the harvest index (González-Real et al.,
2008). Altogether, this evidence suggests that the
use of CM334 as a stock reduced the vigor and the
capacity of the plant to produce photoassimilates,
reducing production.
Eect of P. capsici on the yield of grafted Rebelde
e ungrafted Rebelde plants could not be used
as a control, since they died approximately 15 d
DI (data not shown). In constrast, all the Rebelde
AGROCIENCIA, 16 de agosto - 30 de septiembre, 2010
VOLUMEN 44, NÚMERO 6
708
Aunque la diferencia en el rendimiento entre las
plantas injertadas y sin injertar fue signicativa, es
importante reiterar que con las condiciones evalua-
das ninguna planta sin injertar sobrevivió a la inocu-
lación con P. capsici. Además, se detectaron algunos
individuos con una interacción más vigorosa que la
media de las plantas injertadas (datos no mostrados).
Esta variación en el vigor pudo deberse a la hetero-
geneidad de CM334; en este cultivar hay variación
en la pungencia de los frutos y en la resistencia al
virus PYV (Pasko et al., 1992; Gil et al., 2003), lo
que abre la posibilidad de identicar individuos de
CM334 con una interacción vigorosa similar a la de
las plantas sin injertar. Sin embargo, será necesario
seleccionar individuos con mayor vigor para aumen-
tar el rendimiento y determinar los requerimientos
nutricionales de las plantas injertadas sobre estos pa-
trones.
conclusIones
La baja incidencia y severidad de síntomas de
CM334 en las evaluaciones de resistencia in vitro in-
dicaron que CM334 fue el único genotipo resistente
a P. capsici. El uso de CM334 como patrón dismi-
nuyó signicativamente el vigor y el rendimiento de
FC. Sin embargo, fue altamente ecaz para proteger
al chile ancho Rebelde del ataque de P. capsici ya que
todas las plantas sin injertar murieron al ser inocu-
ladas. La interacción con el patógeno no afectó la
producción de frutos comerciales en las plantas in-
jertadas. Este estudio conrma que el uso de CM334
como patrón tiene potencial para la producción de
chile en condiciones de infestación por P. capsici.
AgRAdecImIentos
Se agradece al Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del estado de
Guanajuato (CONCYTEG) por el apoyo nanciero al proyecto
número 07-24-K662-064 y la beca de licenciatura número de
convenio 08-24-K119-053, y al Dr. Carlos Alberto Núñez Colín
por su valiosa orientación en el análisis estadístico.
lIteRAtuRA cItAdA
Ares, A., J. L., A. Rivera M., and J. Fernández P. 2005. Resistance
of pepper germoplasma to Phytophthora capsici isolates co-
llected in northwest Spain. Span. J. Agric. Res. 3: 429-436.
Azofeifa, A., y M. A. Moreira. 2004. Análisis de crecimiento del
chile jalapeño (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Hot), en Alajuela,
Costa Rica. Agron. Costarricense 28: 57-67.
plants grafted on CM334 survived and completed
their cycle, which indicates the level of resistance of
CM334 to P. capsici.
e interaction of P. capsici with the grafted
plants reduced D and AF (Table 5). e reduction
in diameter in the interaction between grafted
chili plants and the pathogens has been reported
in patrones tolerant to Meloidogyne incognita
(Kokalis-Burelle et al., 2009); however, the reason
behind this is unknown. e interaction of P. capsici
with the grafted plants did not aect commercial
production, since there were no signicant dierences
in production variables, in comparison to the plants
grafted without P. capsici.
Although the dierence in yield for grafted and
ungrafted plants was signicant, it is important to
reiterate that with the evaluated conditions, no
ungrafted plant survived inoculation with P. capsici.
Some individuals were found to have a more vigorous
interaction than the average grafted plant (data not
shown). is variation in vigor could be due to the
heterogeneity of CM334; in this cultivar, there is
variation in the pungency of the fruits and in the
resistance to the PYV virus (Pasko et al., 1992; Gil et
al., 2003), which opens the possibility of identifying
CM334 individuals with a vigorous interaction,
similar to that of ungrafted plants. However, it will
become necessary to choose individuals with greater
vigor to increase yield and determine the nutritional
requirements of the plants grafted on these patrones.
conclusIons
e low incidence and severity of CM334
symptoms in the in vitro resistance evaluations
Cuadro 5. Efecto de P. capsici en el diámetro de tallo (D),
peso seco de tallo (PST) y área foliar (AF) de plan-
tas de chile ancho injertadas.
Table 5. Eect of P. capsici on the stem diameter (D), stem
dry weight (PST) and foliar area (AF) of grafted
ancho chili plants.
Inóculo D PST AF
(cm) (g) (cm2)
Sin P. capsici 1.77 a 18.30 a 0.27 a
Con P. capsici 1.04 b 18.11 a 0.22 b
Media de 20 individuos con tres repeticiones. ab Medias con
distinta letra en una columna son diferentes (p£0.05) v Mean of
20 individuals with three replications. ab: Means with dierent
letter in a column are dierent (p£0.05).
709
GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ et al.
PRODUCCIÓN DE CHILE ANCHO INJERTADO SOBRE “CRIOLLO DE MORELOS 334” PARA EL CONTROL DE Phytophthora capsici
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indicated that CM334 was the only genotype
resistant to P. capsici. e use of CM334 as a patrón
signicantly reduced the vigor and yield of FC.
Nevertheless, it was highly ecient in the protection
of Rebelde ancho chili from the attack of P. capsici,
since all ungrafted plants died when inoculated.
e interaction with the pathogen did not aect
the production of commercial fruits in the grafted
plants. is study conrms that the use of CM334
as a patrón has potential for the production of chili
peppers under conditions of infestation by P. capsici.
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... annuum L.) (Johkan et al., 2008(Johkan et al., , 2009. Pepper grafting may have positive (Colla et al., 2008;Palada and Wu, 2008;López-Marín et al., 2009;Gisbert et al., 2010) or negative (M'hamdi et al., 2010;García-Rodríguez et al., 2010) influences on plant growth or yield traits. ...
... Severity of root rot was assessed using the following scale (Allagui and Lepoivre, 2000): 0, healthy plant; 0.5, necrosis limited at the extremity of radicals; 1, rot only on the lower half of primary roots; 2, rot on all the primary roots; 3, rot reaching the crown, secondary roots and adventive root radicals; 4, hypocotyls rotten, or 5, dead plant cused by severe root rot and general wilting. To confirm that the root rot was caused by the inoculated pathogen, re-isolations were made in the semi-selective medium 'BNPRA' (Fujisawa and Masago, 1975). Phytophthora nicotianae was re-isolated from diseased root tissue. ...
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Root rot and plant wilting caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a severe disease of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in open fields and under greenhouse production in Tunisia. Chili pepper grafting for disease management is attracting increased interest in recent years. Using the tube grafting technique, different compatible scion/ rootstock combinations were obtained with the wild-type pepper SCM334 and the local chili pepper cultivars 'Beldi' and 'Baker'. SCM334 was resistant to P. nicotianae, while the cultivars Beldi and Baker were susceptible. Plant inoculations were performed with P. nicotianae zoospores, and severity of root rot was rated 30 days postinoculation using a 0 (healthy plant) to 5 (deadplant) severity score. On SCM334 rootstock and with 'Beldi' or 'Baker' scions, the intensity of root rot was very low (mean score 0.1-0.2) and plants were healthy. However, with Baker or Beldi rootstocks and SCM334 scions, root rot was severe (mean score 3.1-4.6), leading to high numbers of wilting and dead plants. This severe root rot was similar to that observed on non-grafted plants of 'Baker' and 'Beldi' inoculated with the pathogen. Under greenhouse conditions, measurements of agronomic characters indicated non-consistent improvement of these features on the scion cultivar when SCM334 wasthe rootstock. Since plant foliage is not attacked by this pathogen, these results show that susceptible chili pepper scions grafted onto SCM334 rootstocks could be used for root rot management and improvement of pepper yields in P. nicotianae infested soils.
... It is caused by the pathogen complex of the oomycete Phytophthora capsici Leon and the fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, infecting both roots, stems, leaves, and fruits (Kim et al., 1997). These pathogens can cause yield losses of up to 100% (García-Rodríguez et al., 2010). The manifestation of the first symptoms is the wilting of the leaves, preserving the color, and hanging from the petioles to the plant; at the root there is a soft, odorless rot, until it reaches its loss or detachment (González-Chavira et al., 2009). ...
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Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production is affected by wilt and root rot, the most devastating disease caused by the pathogen complex of oomycete Phytophthora capsici Leon and the fungi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, infecting roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. Fungicides are currently inefficient against this disease and have a high environmental impact. The use of elicitors is a sustainable alternative for inducing resistance to wilting and root rot. DNA fragments of an organism’s own origin (conspecific or self-DNA) have shown the ability to inhibit growth and activate defense mechanisms in some plant species. In this investigation, the effect of the fragmented DNA mixture of Phytophthora capsici L., Fusarium oxysporum S., and Rhizoctonia solani K. on the protection against wilt and root rot of Capsicum annuum L. plants was evaluated. Changes in plant performance, phenolics, and flavonoids contents, as well as gene expression involved in the production of defense metabolites after the fragmented and unfragmented DNA mixture in three concentrations (20, 60, and 100 μg mL–1) in chili peppers, were studied. The results obtained showed a decrease in plant height in 60 and 100 μg mL–1 concentrations in absence of pathogens. Moreover, the treatment with fragmented DNA 100 μg mL–1 showed significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids as well as gene expression associated to plant defense in comparison with control plants. Interestingly, foliar application of DNA fragments of the pathogen complex to a concentration of 100 μg mL–1 caused a 40% decrease in the mortality of infected plants with the pathogens at 30 days post-inoculation compared with control plants inoculated with the pathogen complex but not sprayed with DNA fragments. These results suggested a perspective for application of fragmented DNA of these pathogens at the agricultural level in crop protection strategies to cope with wilt and root rot in Capsicum.
... It is an innovative technique for the suitable cultivation of fruit-bearing vegetables (tomatoes, bean, eggplant, cucumber, melon, and watermelon) in Japan, Korea, the Mediterranean basin, and several European countries [15], where land use is very intensive and continuous cropping is a common practice [16]. Grafting has contributed to sustainable agriculture by reducing the amount of chemicals used to disinfect the soil, as it has been used to confer tolerance to pests and diseases of the root system [17,18,19,20], to improve fruit quality [21], to increase the absorption of nutrients and the mineral content in the aerial portion of the plant [22], to confer tolerance to high and low temperatures [23, 24], drought, salt, flooding, etc. [25, 26, 27, 28], and to improve plant vigour and the post-harvest lifetime of the fruits [29]. Up to now the effects of grafting on melon plants were carried out by many authors to achieve improved results such as resistance to pests and diseases in soil and the tolerance to low temperatures; increased plant growth, total and early yield and extending the plant's economic life by uptaking water and nutrients [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Nevertheless, more comprehensive studies on the melon plants have to be conducted to better understand whether grafting could improve salinity tolerance and determine whether possible induction of tolerance to salinity was linked with the defense of the photosynthetic apparatus. ...
... In previous reports from Mexico, grafts were used in poblano pepper using Crole Morelos-344 rootstock to counteract the effects of Phytophthora capsici, managing to reduce the incidence of the disease to 1%, allowing production even in areas of high incidence [21]. The same was seen with jalapeños, cayenne, and chilaca chilies [22]. ...
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Abstract: In this study, rootstock performances of new resistant lines obtained by crossings between different root rot resistant genotypes were investigated. Plant characteristics were recorded during seedling period and yield performance in open field trial of Balo F1 plants grafted onto resistant lines generated by crossings of Perennial, PBC 178, KM2-11, Criollo de Morelos 334 and KM12 among themselves. Infected plants ratio with P. capsici were also recorded in open field. KM211 × 178-102 rootstock showed the highest yield by 4658 kg da -1 and grafted plants showed 43,60 % infection. The yield of non-grafted Balo F1 variety plants reached 3995 kg da-1 , all of the plants in the open field were infected. The plants grafted onto Criollo de Morelos 334 yielded 3839 kg da-1 and exhibited almost no infection (only 0,26%). There were positive correlations between “scion diameter-rootstock diameter” and “root weight-fruit weight”. Negative relationships were determined between “rootstock diameter-fruit weight”, “scion diameter-fruit weight”, “root weight-rootstock diameter”, and “root weight-the number of leaves”.
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In this study, rootstock performances of new resistant lines obtained by crossings between different root rot resistant genotypes were investigated. Plant characteristics were recorded during seedling period and yield performance in open field trial of Balo F1 plants grafted onto resistant lines generated by crossings of Perennial, PBC 178, KM2-11, Criollo de Morelos 334 and KM12 among themselves. Infected plants ratio with P. capsici were also recorded in open field. KM211 × 178-102 rootstock showed the highest yield by 4658 kg da⁻¹ and grafted plants showed 43,60 % infection. The yield of non-grafted Balo F1 variety plants reached 3995 kg da⁻¹, all of the plants in the open field were infected. The plants grafted onto Criollo de Morelos 334 yielded 3839 kg da⁻¹ and exhibited almost no infection (only 0,26%). There were positive correlations between “scion diameter-rootstock diameter” and “root weight-fruit weight”. Negative relationships were determined between “rootstock diameter-fruit weight”, “scion diameter-fruit weight”, “root weight-rootstock diameter”, and “root weight-the number of leaves”.
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The oomycete P. capsici is among the major pathogens found in pepper. A desirable, sustainable and environmentally-compatible way to manage it is through genetic resistance. Huacle and Serrano pepper lines resistant to P. capsici isolate 6143 have been detected; however, it is necessary to determine whether the resistance of these lines is effective against a higher number of isolates and evaluate their resistance to other important pathogens, such as root-knot nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Huacle and Serrano pepper lines to different P. capsici isolates and root-knot nematodes (M. incognita and N. aberrans). Ten P. capsici isolates from different pepper-growing regions, and two independently-inoculated nematode populations, one of M. incognita and the other of N. aberrans, were used. Serrano pepper, lines 41-1, 41-2, 42-6 and 55-2 stood out, with a resistance response to all P. capsici isolates followed by Huacle pepper lines 33-3, 35-3 and 34-3, which were only susceptible to one isolate. Furthermore, except for lines 34-3, 35-5 and 42-2, all the others were resistant to M. incognita. Serrano pepper lines 41-1, 41-2 and 42-2 and Huacle lines 35-3 and 35-5 were resistant to N. aberrans, while lines 41-1, 41-2 and 35-3 lines were resistant to the three pathogens evaluated. Resistance previously detected in Huacle and Serrano peppers is effective for different P. capsici isolates and root-knot nematodes.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grafting (onto Solanum torvum Sw.) on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of the Pala and Faselis eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars, grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Meloidogyne incognita, or in noninfested soil. Soil infestation decreased yield, plant height, final above-ground biomass, and also reduced fruit mean weight and shoot dry weight depending on cultivar or grafting. Grafting decreased fruit oxalic acid and the soluble solid contents, and increased mean fruit weight, depending on cultivar and soil infestation. Grafting also reduced the negative effects of the pathogens on disease index, plant height and shoot dry weight. Cultivar Pala was more vigorous than Faselis, and S. torvum was a vigorous rootstock. The combination of a vigorous rootstock with a weak cultivar (Faselis) is more profi table than that of a vigorous rootstock and a vigorous cultivar (Pala). Using S. torvum as a rootstock for cultivar Faselis, grown in soil infested with the pathogens, is most likely to be useful in conventional and low-input sustainable horticulture, since grafting increases protection against the pathogens, and reduces the losses in quality and yield.
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The viability of grafting was evaluated in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum, L) plants to control phytophthora blight. The research was carried out during the period of September 2000 to July 2001, in Botucatu (Brazil), under protected cultivation. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four replication and five plants per plot. Rootstocks resistant to P. capsici, F1 hybrids of C. annuum and three susceptible commercial hybrids (Elisa, Margarita and Magali R) were used. The cleft grafting was realized when rootstocks and grafts showed seven and three true leaves, respectively. The inoculation was done 14 days after transplanting the seedlings by depositing wheat seeds infested with the fungus, around the stem of each plant. Evaluations were done each 15 days starting four days after the inoculations. A good level of grafting compatibility in all the combinations, flowering precocity of non grafted plants, maintenance of the resistance to the disease in grafted plants and variations in height of the plants in some combinations were observed. The physiological characteristics of the hybrids were not influenced by the plants used as rootstocks. Grafting could be used as alternative to control phytophthora blight under protect cultivation.
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A new method to screen pepper seedlings that can help identify resistance and susceptibility of pepper cultivars to Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is described. The technique was used to successfully screen peppers for PRR resistance at 14 days postemergence. Individual plants identified as resistant survived to maturity and, therefore, could be used directly in plant breeding schemes. Furthermore, the technique allows screening of large plant populations to segregate genetic material, permitting the plant breeder time- and space-efficient selection of resistant individuals
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Sudden wilting of grafted plants after a long-term normal growing is a characteristic of a typical delayed graft-incompatibility. Although hydraulic conductance is low at the root of plants grafted onto dwarfing rootstocks, it is unclear whether hydraulic conductance is low at the graft union in delayed graft-incompatible combinations of scions and rootstocks. Hence, growth, stem thickening, water potential, hydraulic resistance and xylem morphology at the graft union of tomato plants grafted onto tomato, eggplant, and torvum (Solanum torvum) rootstocks were compared. Indices of stem thickening, absolute value of water potential and curving of xylem vessels immediately above graft interface were the greatest in torvum rootstock, less in eggplant rootstock and the least in tomato rootstock. The index of hydraulic resistance was larger in Solanum rootstocks than in tomato rootstock. It is concluded that increased hydraulic resistance at the graft union is a cause of delayed graft-incompatibility.
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A segregating doubled haploid (DH) population (n = 96) was developed by anther culture of an F-1 plant crossed between susceptible ('Manganji') and resistant ('Criollo de Morelos 334') lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to conduct a genetic analysis of resistance to Phytophthora rot caused by Phytophthora capsici. In order to perform a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, we constructed a high density simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based map with a total length of 878 cM. Sixteen linkage groups (LGs) and It 8 SSR markers were located using the 626 SSR markers that we previously developed. Resistance was evaluated in two root inoculation tests. Interval mapping for the resistance to P. capsici detected a common major QTL in the duplicate tests and a minor QTL specific to the first test. The major QTL was located on LG15 and flanked with an SSR marker, CAMS420. In addition, seven SSR markers were located within 21 cM intervals from the peak of this QTL. In contrast, the QTL on LG3 was detected with small effects in the first test, the nearest marker was a dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker, and the QTL was surrounded by eight SSR markers within a distance of 10 cM. Since some of the linkage markers for agriculturally valuable traits cannot detect polymorphism within breeding populations in C. annuum, the present linkage markers may widen the choice in marker-assisted selection in breeding programs for Phytophthora rot resistant pepper cultivars.