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Lithostratigraphic correlation of the Outer Carpathian borderlands of Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia and Romania
Abstract
An attempt was made to correlate the lithostratigraphic units of the Outer Carpathians in Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. The correlation covered the area presented in the previously published geological maps of the Outer Carpathians between the Biała and Risca rivers.
... The Jurassic sedimentation took place on the slopes of the Czorsztyn Ridge and in the deeper part of this basin and includes radiolarites and pelagic and deepwater limestones (Birkenmajer 1977 because they resemble the Lhoty Formation of the Silesian Nappe. Lower Cretaceous black shales and quartzitic sandstones of the Shypot Formation are exposed in the Dukla Nappe (Dabagian 1969;Danysh 1973;Ślączka 1976;Rozumeyko 1980;Kruglov 1986;Lexa et al. 2000;Jankowski et al. 2012;Hnylko et al. 2015). These rocks also resemble the Lhoty Formation of the Silesian Nappe. ...
... The oldest sediments represented by black shales and quartzitic thinbedded sandstones (Shypot Formation) of Aptian-Albian age, followed by Cenomanian-Coniacian variegated shales and thin-bedded sandstones of Yalovetz Formation, are known only from the SE part of the Dukla Unit from Ukraine. Higher up there is the Senonian-Palaeocene Lower Berezno Formation and the Palaeocene Upper Berezno Formation (Dabagian 1969;Danysh 1973;Rozumeyko 1980;Kruglov 1986;Lexa et al. 2000;Jankowski et al. 2012;Hnylko et al. 2015) corresponding respectively to the Łupków and Cisna formations in the more western part of the Dukla Unit Jankowski et al. 2012). ...
... The oldest sediments represented by black shales and quartzitic thinbedded sandstones (Shypot Formation) of Aptian-Albian age, followed by Cenomanian-Coniacian variegated shales and thin-bedded sandstones of Yalovetz Formation, are known only from the SE part of the Dukla Unit from Ukraine. Higher up there is the Senonian-Palaeocene Lower Berezno Formation and the Palaeocene Upper Berezno Formation (Dabagian 1969;Danysh 1973;Rozumeyko 1980;Kruglov 1986;Lexa et al. 2000;Jankowski et al. 2012;Hnylko et al. 2015) corresponding respectively to the Łupków and Cisna formations in the more western part of the Dukla Unit Jankowski et al. 2012). ...
The Western Outer Carpathians structure on Austria, Slovak, Czech and Polish territory is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, moving and uplifting. The Outer Carpathian nappes are thrust over other each other and over the North European Platform consisting of the crystalline basement covered by the Paleozoic–Miocene sedimentary rocks. The Jurassic–Lower Miocene deposits of these nappes correspond to more or less separate sedimentary basins that display a different lithostratigraphic development.
Several evolutionary stages could be distinguished in the Western Outer Carpathians. The synrift–postrift stage is expressed by the opening of the Alpine Tethys and the Protosilesian Basin and formation of two major domains – Magura and Silesian. The uplifted (Baška-Inwałd Ridge and Pavlov Carbonate Platform) and basinal zones (Bachowice and Mikulov basins) were formed within the North European Platform during this opening. The movement of the Central Carpathian plate led to the development of the accretionary wedge and reorganization of the Outer Carpathian basins during the synorogenic stage. The Magura Basin, Dukla Basin and Foremagura group of basins developed within the Magura Domain while the Silesian Basin, Skole Basin and Subsilesian Sedimentary Area developed within the Silesian Domain. The thick flysch sequences with olistostromes were deposited in these basins. The ridges divided basins were destroyed during the late orogenic stages and two basins remained: Krosno and Magura.
Several formations deposited within the Western Outer Carpathians basins contain organic-rich rocks, which can represent unconventional resources known as shale-gas and shale-oil. The Jurassic Mikulov Formation of Mikulov Basin, Lower Cretaceous Veřovice and Spas formations of the Protosilesian Basin and Rudawka Rymanowska Menilite Formation of the Krosno Basin contain organic-rich rocks, which can represent unconventional resources known as shale-gas and shale-oil. Parts of the anoxic shales have been hidden at the depth of few thousand meters during the folding and overthrusting movements.
The best structural conditions for unconventional hydrocarbon exploration occur at the depth of few thousand meters within the North European Platform below the Carpathian nappes and within the Silesian, Skole and Dukla nappes. The organic-rich rocks within the Alpine Tethys and Magura Basin require further investigations.
... Stratele de Stryi din Unitatea Skole sunt corelate cu Stratele de Horgazu (Cretacic superior) din Pânza Tarcău (Jankowski et al., 2012) (Fig. 25). ...
... The Stryi strata from the Skole unit are correlated with those of Horgazu (Higher Cretaceous) from the Tarcău nappe (Jankowski et al., 2012) (Fig. 25). ...
... Este localizată la 1,5 km de stația de cale ferată din Iaremcea, la altitudinea de 670 m. Cascada, formată pe marnele de Holownia, subiacente stratelor de Stryi (Jankowski et al, 2012), are înălțimea de 12 m, lățimea canalului fiind de 7,30 m (Fig. 27). ...
The reasons for a field trip in Romania and Ukraine?
The field trip was organized after the 11th edition of the International Symposium on Environmental Quality and Land Use, Suceava, 2017, between 3rd and 4th of June, on the territory of two neighboring countries, Romania and Ukraine.
The field trip itinerary was the following:
• The first day (June 3rd, 2017): Suceava - Siret - Chernivtsi - Sniatyn - Kolomyia - Deleatin - Yaremche - Tatariv.
• The second day (June 4th, 2017): Tatariv - Bukovel - Yablunytsia pass (Iabloniţa) - Yasinya - Rakhiv - Dilove
- Solotvino (Slatina) - Tyachiv (Teacev) - Khust (Hust) - Vynohradiv (Vinogradov) Okli respectively Halmeu - Livada - Orașu Nou - Negrești Oaș - Certeze - Huta pass - Săpânța - Sighetu Marmației - Bârsana
- Bogdan Vodă - Vişeu - Moisei - Borsa - the Prislop pass - Cârlibaba - Ciocăneşti - Mestecăniş pass - Pojorâta
- Campulung Moldovenesc - Gura Humorului - Vama - Suceava.
Why did we choose this route for the trip? There are many reasons and all ar equally important.
Firstly, because the geographic space of Northern Romania and Southwestern Ukraine, especially the Carpathians, offer wonderful views, unforgettable places and a refreshing atmosphere created by hospitable people.
Secondly, the two geographical areas coincide with a region where the wood art led to the creation of marvelous architectural jewels, from the simplest houses to the most beautiful churches that resisted over the ages on both sides of the Tisa River. Only on the Romanian side of Maramures there are almost one hundred wooden churches, eight of them being part of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage.
Additionaly, from a historical point of view, the area chosen for the field trip was part of the Austrian Empire for a century and a half. This was preserved over time in the beautiful historical centers of the main towns which are representative for two major historical regions - Bucovina and Maramures, both territorially divided between the two neighboring countries, Romania and Ukraine.
Last but not least, because we consider that every Romanian must at least once visit Transcarpathia and Maramures in order to convince himself of the continuity of the cultural and moral values of the regions with an indentical history, located on both sides of Tisa river, and famous for preserving the rural heritage - customs,
architecture, music and costumes.
... Tra di tion ally, these units have been Boryslav-Pokuttya Unit: 1 -Balychi Beds, 2 -Stebnik Beds, 3 -Dobrotiv Beds, 4 -Sloboda Con glom er ates, 5 -Vorotyscha Beds, 6 -Polanitsia Beds, 7 -Rusiv Con glom er ates, 8 -Menilite Beds, Boryslav Sand stone, 9 -Popeli Beds, 10 -Bystrytsia Beds, 11 -Vytkivtsi Beds con sid ered as tectono-fa cies units and their sed i men tary sequences were thought to have orig i nated within sep a rate basins/sub-bas ins (Książkiewicz, 1972;Oszczypko et al., 2006). How ever, some stud ies in di cate these tra di tion ally dis tinguished units are only tec tonic in na ture (Săndulescu, 1988;Jankowski et al., 2012b) and should not be cross-cor re lated with sed i men tary bas ins, and con se quently that the de vel opment of the Carpathian sed i men tary ba sin and the tec tonic defor ma tion oc curred with no re la tion ship to each other. ...
... There fore, we pro pose a novel model of de velop ment of the Carpathians and their fore land. The model is based on our data col lected dur ing ex ten sive and de tailed fieldwork, in clud ing sys tem atic map ping (e.g., Gucik et al., 1991;Jankowski, 2004Jankowski, , 2007Jankowski, , 2013Jankowski, , 2015bJankowski and Ślączka, 2015) com bined with re sults of seis mic anal y ses of many sed imen tary sec tions (Jankowski and Probulski, 2011) and data avail able in ear lier sci en tific re ports (e.g., Jankowski et al., 2012bJankowski, 2015a). The pro posed model of the evo lu tion of the Pol ish seg ment of the Carpathians ap plies to the area of the ex tent of the Menilite fa cies and its syn chro nous strati graphic unit -the Krosno Beds -dur ing the Oligocene and Mio cene. ...
The irregular distribution of sand injections, traditionally termed ‘dykes’ in the Polish geological literature, within individual Carpathian units and within individual lithofacies were observed during long-lasting field works. Injectites have been observed in the Magura Beds and in the Inoceramian Beds of the Polish and Romanian Carpathians, and in the Central Carpathian Paleogene deposits. However, they are most common in the Oligocene-Miocene Menilite Beds, where they are typical and abundant, particularly in the Skole Unit.
Two clastic injectite types were distinguished: sedimentary (S-type) and tectonized (T-type). Based on the occurrence and interpretation of these injectites a new two-stage conceptual model is proposed for the Polish segment of the progressive Oligocene-Miocene Carpathian orogenic belt evolution. Type S clastic injectites are interpreted as having formed in the compressional stage, during foredeep basin migration while depositional slope changes were taking place in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. Type T injectites are interpreted as having formed by reactivation of S-type injectites in the last, mainly strike-slip, phases of Carpathian orogenic belt formation.
... The Cergowa Beds form a lenticular lithosome located in the Dukla Tectonic Unit and the southernmost part of the Silesian Tectonic Unit of the Outer Carpathians ( Fig. 1) (Jankowski et al., 2004(Jankowski et al., , 2012Dziadzio et al., 2006). The lithosome occurs within a dominated by bituminous shale formation of the Menilite Beds ( Fig. 2) (Ślączka and Unrug, 1976;Dziadzio et al., 2016;Filipek, 2020;Siemińska et al., 2020), which is an important hydrocarbon source rock interval in the Outer Carpathians (Kotarba and Koltun, 2006). ...
Mineral liberation analysis (MLA) is a computer-automated technique used to identify and quantify minerals
with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) based on backscattered electron (BSE) imaging, energy dispersive X-
ray spectra (EDX), and dedicated software platform that automates data processing. The MLA technique was
applied to the Cergowa Beds sandstones (Lower Oligocene of the Outer Carpathians), in which two lithofacies
were recognised: clean and muddy sandstones. The sandstones were classified as calclithites by point-counting in
transmitted light, supported by X-ray diffraction. The applied grain-based X-ray mapping (GXMAP) mode of the
MLA detailed the petrographic analysis, detecting inhomogeneous sandstone components that are too complex to
be captured using other techniques because of component size or disordered mineral structures. Moreover, the
applied automated system provides high-resolution measurements, with representative statistics produced
without subjective and tedious manual work. Here, the mineral liberation analysis system is applied to provide a
distribution of intergranular spaces that constitute slightly altered primary porosity. However, objects with
similar grey scale values in the backscattered electron (BSE) images cannot be separated, therefore the presented
distribution of intergranular spaces may be affected by other constituents of the same mineral composition, here
by the calcite replacement of grains. Their separation was performed in MATLAB based on area and four
dimensionless shape factors (circularity, Feret ratio, ellipse factor and fractal dimension) that were determined
based on the size and shape characteristics of sandstone components, observed in the transmitted light. The
distribution of primary pores, contingent on grain size and shape, can facilitate the recognition of facies and
related sedimentary processes. This is shown on the example of a hybrid bed containing clean sandstone,
deposited incrementally by high-density turbidity currents, and succeeded by muddy sandstone, deposited by a
more cohesive flow. The primary porosity distribution in specific depositional facies gives a possibility to predict
lateral changes in parts of rock bodies where geological data are lacking, and some of which may represent
excellent reservoirs.
... This lithostratigraphy scheme was a matter of controversy (Malata, 1996(Malata, , 2006. A simpler lithostratigraphic scheme for the Oligocene of the Skole Nappe, with a smaller number of subdivisions, was presented by Jankowski et al. (2012), but those authors failed to discuss their scheme in the light of the more refined scheme proposed by Kotlarczyk et al. (2006). The latter, with its modified version by Kotlarczyk and Uchman (2012) is subjected to further corrections in this paper on the basis of the investigated section. ...
... This lithostratigraphy scheme was a matter of controversy (Malata, 1996(Malata, , 2006. A simpler lithostratigraphic scheme for the Oligocene of the Skole Nappe, with a smaller number of subdivisions, was presented by Jankowski et al. (2012), but those authors failed to discuss this in the light of the more refined scheme proposed by Kotlarczyk et al. (2006). The latter with its modified version by Kotlarczyk and Uchman (2012) is subjected to further corrections in this paper on the basis of the investigated section. ...
... The Cergowa sandstones were sampled in their proximal facies at the lipowica quarry, (Figure 1; Jankowski et al. 2004;Dziadzio et al. 2006;Jankowski et al. 2012;Siemińska et al. 2018), where they mainly represent steady, high-density sediment gravity flow deposition, possibly by hyperpycnal flows (Ślączka 1971;Pszonka 2015;Pszonka et al. 2019). Fine-and very fine-grained arenites (Peszat 1984;Pszonka and Götze 2018) are the material appropriate to test high resolution imaging. ...
SEM Automated Mineralogy (SEM-AM) is an analytical system based on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with backscattered electron detector and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). This automated tool enables to quantify mineralogy, size and geometry of solid matter components. The paper presents a SEM-AM application in detection of mineralogical and textural sediment sorting on the example of a submarine gravity flow record from the Cergowa sandstones (Lower Oligocene) in the Polish Outer Carpathians. Analysis of high quality backscattered electron (BSE) imagery in combination with EDX spectra discriminates mineral phases in polished samples. These data are then processed by the mineral liberation analysis (MLA) software in order to extract size and shape information, and combine, compare and group components for further examination. Automated data extraction provides highly representative measurement statistics devoid of manual work bias. The Cergowa sandstones were prepared for the analysis as non-granular samples in coated thin sections and granular samples in epoxy mounts. The former samples provide mineralogical data whereas the latter additionally generate textural parameters, both essential in interpretation of variability of flow competence. Comparisons between samples from an individual bed and between different beds of the measured sections gives insights into the spatial and temporal flow development at a given locality. On the other hand, a comparison of different sections and regions of the formation will provide basis for the reconstruction of submarine flow events throughout the sedimentary basin and contribute to the characterisation of the provenance areas. Highly detailed quantitative data generated by this procedure have great potential in helping to recognise complex relationships between mineralogical and textural sorting by depositional processes.
... The next structural stage consists of the Miocene-age deformed sediments situated directly in front of the Carpathian orogen (the Zgłobice unit). Finally, the highest structural stage is represented by allochthonous formations belonging to the Outer Carpathians (Golonka & Picha 2006, Oszczypko 2006, Jankowski et al. 2012, Jankowski 2015 (Figs. 1, 2). ...
Heterolithic complexes from the Carpathian Foredeep are a subject of growing attention as many natural gas accumulations of industrial importance have been discovered in such formations during the last decades. The aim of the presented work was to determine lithotypes of different lithology and mineralogical composition in the heterolithic sequences. Individual lithotypes were distinguished of macroscopic observations of cores, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence method (XRF). Preliminary distinction of the lithotypes was based on macroscopic observations of the core samples. Correlation plots between the contents of particular minerals (XRD analyses) and corresponding elements (XRF analyses) were used for verification of the lithotypes distinguished on the basis of macroscopic observations. Swelling properties of the investigated rocks were determined using the cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. The following lithotypes were identified: medium- to fine-grained sandstones, fine- to very fine-grained sandstones, clayey sandstones, sand-dominated heteroliths, heteroliths with equal proportions of sandstones and mudstones, mud-dominated heteroliths, mudstones, clayey shales. Such division provides a basis for precise petrophysical characterization of the analyzed profiles, that is assignment of particular petrophysical parameters values to individual lithotypes. More reliable petrophysical parameters in the geophysical interpretation of heterolithic sequences allow for a more precise determination of zones characterized by good reservoir parameters.
... The geologic structures of the Chornohora and Svydovets massifs are part of the Outer (Flysch) Carpathians formed by an imbricated stack of nappes: Porkulets, Krosnoshora, Svydovets and Chornohora (Fig. 2) which had become thrust onto the NE-situated Krosno-Skole nappe ~20 Ma ago (Ślączka et al., 2006;Matenco et al., 2010;Nakapelukh et al., 2018). The northern boundary of these nappe complexes corresponds to the deep-seated Shopurka fault zone found in the area (Jankowski et al., 2012). The study area forms the NE-vergent alpine thrust-and-fold belt and involves a very thick (up to 7.5 km) sequence of Lower Cretaceous -Palaeogene flysch with a predominance of sandstone and conglomerate. ...
The Chornohora and Svydovets massifs represent the highest part of the Ukrainian Carpathians (2061 m a.s.l.) and the north-eastmostmountain area in Europe, which was subject to mountain glaciation during the Quaternary. This region represents one of the least explored areas in terms of glacial geomorphology in Europe, which is crucial for validating the inferred zonal/meridional mode of atmospheric circulation on the continent during glacial stages. Based on new mapping of glacial landforms and sediments, we reconstruct the extent and ice-surface geometry as well as establish equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) using the Area-Altitude-Balance-Ratio method for 40 palaeo-glaciers in the study area during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM). Additionally, we list the inventory and morphometric characteristics of glacial cirques in the studied massifs (n = 77), which together with the local ELA pattern are discussed in the context of palaeo-wind directions and dominant precipitation patterns during the LGM. ELA values for the Svydovets (1401 m a.s.l.) and Chornohora (1516 m a.s.l.) massifs were much lower than those for the Rodna Mountains (1697 m) in the Northern Romanian Carpathians located 80 km to the southeast, and for the Tatra Mountains (1580 m) located 350 km to the northwest. In the Ukrainian Carpathians both glacier ELA and cirque elevations show a rising trend towards the southeast of 4 m km−1 controlled by preferential moisture transport from the northwest. This suggests that the dominant W-NW precipitation regime in effect during the LGM was similar to present-day conditions. This supports a previous glacial-geomorphologic reconstruction from the Rodna Mountains in Northern Romania and is in line with both model simulations and regional palaeo-wind proxies that show an enhanced mid-latitude North Atlantic zonal circulation pattern over central Europe during the LGM.
... Such diversity was related to the inclination of the whole Magura Basin axis towards the west (Fig. 6). The depositional area belonging to the Siary subbasin was controlled by the influence of eustatic sea level (after Książkiewicz 1962;Kopciowski 2007;Warchoł 2007;Teťák 2010;Jankowski et al. 2012;modified) changes. During sedimentation of the Zembrzyce Beds, the rela tive sea level was high (highstand systems tractmaximum transgression), and the CCD was lowered. ...
The Zembrzyce Beds were studied to interpret the environments and facies in the western part of the Siary
Subunit. New sedimentological data were obtained for the reconstruction of the depositional architecture of
the Zembrzyce Beds. Based on detailed facies analysis, 9 facies and 4 facies associations were recognized. The facies
associations represent different architectural elements of a submarine fan, such as: termination of distributary channel
with transition to depositional lobe (distal part of mid-fan /outer fan sub-deposystem), lobes and distal lobes (outer fan
sub-deposystem). According to the classification of Reading & Richards (1994) the fan deposystem can be classified as
mud /sand-rich ramp. This system consists of several elongated lobes that formed synchronously, migrated laterally, and
then retreated or decayed. The depositional system was supplied from the north and north-east. The inner-fan subdeposystem was not detected. The sediments were deposited by high- and low-density turbidity currents and hyperconcentrated density flows sensu Mulder & Alexander (2001) with participation of the depositional background processes
(pelagic settling). The sedimentary conditions of the Zembrzyce Beds during the Late Eocene were controlled by tectonic
movements, the progress of the subduction and the global sea level changes.
... Its structural complexity is mainly caused by several faults that are related to structural development of the Sub-Silesian zone exposed to the north (Fig. 2). This is a zone of tectonic mélange resulted from either diapiric-type migration of less competent formations along a strike-slip fault (Golonka 2011) or multistage deformation involving out-of-sequence thrusting and strike-slip and normal faulting (Jugowiec-Nazarkiewicz & Jankowski 2001;Jankowski et al. 2012). Therefore, the northern part of the Dukla thrust sheet experienced post-thrusting deformation, which determined the present orientation of tectonic structures and steeply dipping beds. ...
The Dukla Nappe in the Skrzydlna area exposes two types of mélange reflecting two different phases of basinal and tectonic evolution of the Outer West Carpathian orogen in its Polish sector. The Oligocene-age sedimentary mélange (olistostrome) is related to growth of the accretionary wedge, whereas the Miocene-age diapiric mélange postdates the orogenic thrusting. Textural and structural features of the very coarse-grained sedimentary mélange suggest non-cohesive debris flows and high-density turbidity currents as predominant emplacement mechanisms. Growth strata, associated with progressive unconformities, and facies contrast between the underlying fine-grained unit and the overlying olistostrome reflect a considerable uplift of the source area and rotation of the adjacent part of the basin floor. The olistostrome and the overlying turbidite succession form a retrogressive sequence interpreted as a submarine canyon infill grading to a small submarine fan. The diapiric mélange, injected into the Oligocene-age succession of the Dukla Nappe, contains the Early and Late Cretaceous-age blocks and matrix derived from the underlying Silesian Nappe. The features reflecting diapiric emplacement include matrix proportion increase and block content decrease towards the mélange margins, scaly fabric and shear zones. Both mélanges, interpreted in the past as chaotic bodies, upon detailed examination reveal genesis-related subtle internal organization.
... Although Pesl (1968) considers that the Makovica Ss. corresponds to muscovite facies of the Magura sandstone (sensu Książkiewicz, 1953) of the Polish OWC, Jankowski et al. (2012) correlate it to the Magura muscovite sandstone. The Makovica Ss. is partly comparable with the Kýčera Mb. of the western part of the Slovak Magura sector (Pesl, 1968) with gravity flow directions oriented to the W-to-SW (current coordinates, Teťák, 2008Teťák, , 2010Teťák et al., 2016). ...
Petrographic examination, heavy mineral analysis and detrital zircon U-Pb dating were performed on the Eocene siliciclastic rocks in the Rača Unit of the Outer Western Carpathians in order to reveal their origin and establish the development of the Magura Basin during the Eocene. The medium- to fine-grained sublitharenites and quartzarenites were mainly derived from extra-basinal sources, and the deposits predominantly contain minerals from metamorphic rocks. The terrigenous material was derived from low- to medium-grade metapelites and granitoids. The sedimentation was also controlled by a sediment supply from the mafic source. The basic and metabasic rocks contain pyrope-rich garnets and Cr-spinels. Palaeo-currents document that the sedimentary material was supplied from the South-East. The first detrital zircon U-Pb ages confirm zircon-producing events occurring in the Proterozoic from approximately 2200 to 590 Ma; but predominantly in the Paleozoic between 550 and 60 Ma. The palaeocurrent indicators, petrographic data, heavy mineral spectra and zircon geochronology strongly suggest that the Tisza Mega-Unit Variscan crystalline basement erosion with accompanying sedimentary cover supplied the Magura Basin from the South. The Mecsek Zone is also suggested to support the Villáni-Bihor and part of the Békes-Codru zones in supplying the Magura Basin during the Eocene to Oligocene. The Eocene transport of significant detrital material to the Magura Basin is also related to erosion of the Marmarosh Massif Proterozoic–Ordovician low- to medium-grade crystalline basement. Therefore, it is most likely that Magura Basin sedimentation was dominated by supply from the sub-ophiolitic Fore-Marmarosh Suture Zone of the Eastern Carpathians.
... Such diversity was related to the inclination of the whole Magura Basin axis towards the west (Fig. 6). The depositional area belonging to the Siary subbasin was controlled by the influence of eustatic sea level (after Książkiewicz 1962;Kopciowski 2007;Warchoł 2007;Teťák 2010;Jankowski et al. 2012;modified) changes. During sedimentation of the Zembrzyce Beds, the rela tive sea level was high (highstand systems tractmaximum transgression), and the CCD was lowered. ...
The Zembrzyce Beds were studied to interpret the environments and facies in the western part of the Siary Subunit. New sedimentological data were obtained for the reconstruction of the depositional architecture of the Zembrzyce Beds. Based on detailed facies analysis, 9 facies and 4 facies associations were recognized. The facies associations represent different architectural elements of a submarine fan, such as: termination of distributary channel with transition to depositional lobe (distal part of mid-fan /outer fan sub-deposystem), lobes and distal lobes (outer fan sub-deposystem). According to the classification of Reading & Richards (1994) the fan deposystem can be classified as mud /sand-rich ramp. This system consists of several elongated lobes that formed synchronously, migrated laterally, and then retreated or decayed. The depositional system was supplied from the north and northeast. The inner-fan sub-deposystem was not detected. The sediments were deposited by high-and low-density turbidity currents and hyper-concentrated density flows sensu Mulder & Alexander (2001) with participation of the depositional background processes (pelagic settling). The sedimentary conditions of the Zembrzyce Beds during the Late Eocene were controlled by tectonic movements, the progress of the subduction and the global sea level changes.
... W obrębie jednostki skolskiej wyróżnianych jest szereg ogniw litostratygraficznych [np. 8,13,14,18]. ...
The main aim of the presented work is preliminary structural interpretation, based on the 2D reprocessing of seismic profile from the marginal zone of the Outer Carpathians. Reprocessing was made in the Seismic Department of Oil and Gas Institute - National Research Institute in Krakow, Poland. Proper selection of both the processing sequence and applied parameters to specific procedures, as well as verification of each stage of processing by simultaneous geological interpretation, resulted in a partly different mapping of the geological structures. Preliminary structural interpretation of the current version of the seismic section provides new information, that could be used to reconstruct individual stages of the tectonic development in analyzed area.
... The Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) in the western Carpathians (Fig. 1) is a particular, narrow, segmented isopic zone, rich in Mesozoic to Cenozoic olistostromes and olistoliths (Klippen). It has been the focus of recent studies but its paleogeographic origin is still unclear (Golonka et al., 2015;Jankowski et al., 2012;Plašienka, 2012;Ś lą czka et al., 2012). This contributes to make difficult the paleogeographic reconstruction of the whole Alpine Neo-Tethyan domain (Aubouin et al., 1970;Dercourt et al., 2000;Golonka, 2004;Sȃndulescu, 1988;Schmid et al., 2008;Stampfli and Hochard, 2009). ...
The Pieniny Klippen Belt is a narrow, discontinuous zone rich in olistostromes and olistoliths (klippen) in the Western Carpathians. This paper based on prior works including tectonic and stratigraphic evidences suggests that the PKB rocks were deposited from the Triassic to the Early Paleogene along the eastern footwall side of a 'SKICZ' paleotransform fault zone. This transform was then separating the continental crust of the Austro-Alpine zone in the west and a Carpathian Embayment Ocean in the east. It was only during the Late Paleogene-Early Miocene that the PKB rocks were integrated into the accretionary prism that formed at the front of the eastward extruded ALCAPA units. This interpretation also supports the existence of a major paleotransform fault zone in the Neo-Tethys during the Triassic-Early Paleogene. This paleotransform had been previously suggested to explain the observed reversal in obduction and subduction at the junction between the Eastern-Southern Alps and the Carpathians-Dinarides.
Five day field trip focused on Mesozoic and Cenozoic development of the Outer (Flysch) and Inner (Pieniny Klippen Belt) Carpathians in Polish, Slovak and Czech parts of this orogen. All localities and their regional and European context are connected with Alpine-Carpathians-Dinaridic-Hellenidic-etc-etc-Himalayas recent structures and paleogeographical/paleogeodynamical relationships of the Mesozoic/Cenozoic history of the Neotethys with some comparisons between Western and Eastern Tethys – as in our IGCP 710 title – Western Tethys meets Eastern Tethys.
During the route of the trip in the Outer Carpathians the selected intervals of the classical Carpathian flysch sequence were presented. On the one hand, the trip was focused on the oldest deposits in the Carpathians, i.e. late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous in age, formed in the pre-compressional phase of the Carpathian orogen. These include black clayey or calcareous shales, pelagic limestones with turbidites (including rare example of calcareous turbidites with ooids), and other mass-movement deposits, as well as related volcanics, including basaltic pillow lavas (Early Cretaceous) related to the opening of the Silesian Basin in the Czech part of the Outer Carpathian domain. On the other hand, outcrops of much younger deposits, Oligocene in age, were visited, as they represent the final phase of development of the Carpathian sedimentary basin, i.e. (i) the Menilite Formation recording the anoxic episode of the Carpathian basin development, and known mostly from its bituminous black shales, but containing also spectacular debris flow complex, (ii) typical turbidite deposits of the Magura Formation, deformed in overturned folds. Pieniny Klippen Belt – a highly complex tectonic zone of the Carpathians, which includes diverse sedimentary successions from condensed carbonates of the submarine Czorsztyn Ridge to deep marine basinal radiolarites will be seen in this region. During the filed trip in this area the classical sections were shown: the famous succession at Biała Woda Valley near Jaworki village (type of the Czorsztyn Succession deposited on the intraoceanic submarine swell: from Bajocian crinoidal limestones, through Ammonitico Rosso-type deposits of the uppermost Bajocian to Tithonian, up to overlying calpionellid limestones), the transitional Niedzica Succession at Zaskalskie-Bodnarówka section (red radiolarites overlain by Ammonitico Rosso deposits), and the basinal Branisko Succession (Middle Jurassic spotted limestones and crinoidal cherty limestones, Middle-Upper Jurassic radiolarites, and Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Maiolica-type limestones). Finally, some post-orogenic mollase-type deposits including synsedimentary breccia deposits and small olistoliths of Paleocene coral-bearing limestones (eastern part of the Slovak Carpathians)were presented. Finally, during our return way from the Carpathians, the trip crossed Outer Carpathians again (with some outcrops of new flysch types deposits) and in the Krakow vicinity, the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) and Upper Cretaceous limestones paleogeoghicaly belonging to the Peri-Tethys realm were presented.
Textural and structural features of submarine mass density flow sediments are a record of depositional flow
evolution and hydrodynamics. Record of changes in such flow movement are difficult or impossible to detect,
especially in fine sediments, without quantitative grain size analysis. This study shows an automated measurement
system of mineral liberation analysis MLA applied for the first time to grain size distribution. The analysis
concerns heavy minerals extracted from very fine- and fine-grained sandstones of the Cergowa Beds (Lower
Oligocene) in the Polish and Slovak Outer Carpathians, which macroscopically show unclear textural trends and
represent deposits of steady and uniform turbidity currents, possibly initiated by hyperpycnal effluents. The MLA
analysis showed that the tested material represents sediments deposited by flows with developing turbulence.
Simultaneously, the study verified that a turbulence damping contributes to size-density sorting during transport
and demonstrated that maximum rather than average grain size is controlled by flow concentration, therefore
reflects flow hydrodynamics. Besides, MLA measurements recognised variations in flow motion recorded by three
types of grain-size breaks: (i) in high-density flow when capacity-controlled conditions are changing so that high
energy flow erodes the previously deposited material; (ii) at a sharp interface between high-concentration basal
layer and the overriding flow with lower concentration, and (iii) at a transition between low- and high-density
flows during deposition of the Bouma interval Tb or between Tb and Tc. The MLA test study appears to be
promising because this method increases objectivity of large amount of data collection, therefore provides significant
statistical representation. Besides, this automated system reduces human errors, bias and tedious manual
analyses, thus opening new perspectives in analysis of detrital sediments and interpretation of depositional
processes.
Textural and structural features of submarine mass density flow sediments are a record of depositional flow evolution and hydrodynamics. Record of changes in such flow movement are difficult or impossible to detect, especially in fine sediments, without quantitative grain size analysis. This study shows an automated measurement system of mineral liberation analysis MLA applied for the first time to grain size distribution. The analysis concerns heavy minerals extracted from very fine- and fine-grained sandstones of the Cergowa Beds (Lower Oligocene) in the Polish and Slovak Outer Carpathians, which macroscopically show unclear textural trends and represent deposits of steady and uniform turbidity currents, possibly initiated by hyperpycnal effluents. The MLA analysis showed that the tested material represents sediments deposited by flows with developing turbulence. Simultaneously, the study verified that a turbulence damping contributes to size-density sorting during transport and demonstrated that maximum rather than average grain size is controlled by flow concentration, therefore reflects flow hydrodynamics. Besides, MLA measurements recognised variations in flow motion recorded by three types of grain-size breaks: (i) in high-density flow when capacity-controlled conditions are changing so that high energy flow erodes the previously deposited material; (ii) at a sharp interface between high-concentration basal layer and the overriding flow with lower concentration , and (iii) at a transition between low- and high-density flows during deposition of the Bouma interval Tb or between Tb and Tc. The MLA test study appears to be promising because this method increases objectivity of large amount of data collection, therefore provides significant statistical representation. Besides, this automated system reduces human errors, bias and tedious manual analyses, thus opening new perspectives in analysis of detrital sediments and interpretation of depositional processes.
The Svydovets massif (1883 m a.s.l.) is the second highest mountain (after
Chornohora Mts.) within the entire Outer Flysch Carpathians. Based on the field research
and comprehensive review of previous literature, the characteristics of the Svydovets
massif relief and contemporary morphogenetic processes were presented. The highest
part of the study area is characterised by a well-developed glacial relief, that is inherited
from the Pleistocene glaciation period as well as contemporary nivation and erosional
processes. One of the most pronounced geomorphological feature is the relief asymmetry
which is structurally-controlled and emphasised by the activity of glacial processes which
were dominated on the northern and north-eastern slope of the massif. The type and
intensity of the contemporary geomorphological processes are determined by differences
in flysch resistance and tectonics, as well as the high energy of the relief and types of
human impact in this area.
Heavy minerals have been studied in order to address the problem of provenance and source area for the uppermost Oligocene to Early Miocene Krosno Formation in the Skole Nappe (Poland). The heavy mineral composition of the Krosno Formation in the Skole Nappe points to a metamorphic origin, mainly from pelites affected by amphibolite facies conditions. The Krosno Formation was deposited at least partly as a result of the uplift of the Sanok Island, whose petrography and geological affiliation remain enigmatic. This island was probably built of metamorphic and/or sedimentary rocks belonging to a pre‐Alpine‐uplifted ridge and its cover, exhumed in the transpression belt of the Węglówka Ridge, an interbasinal ridge located between the Skole and Silesian basins. Chemical composition of provenance sensitive minerals from the Krosno Formation suggests that their parent rocks could be genetically related to the Variscan system of ridges in the Carpathian region.
The Futoma Member (Oligocene, Rupelian) of the Menilite Formation is present only in the northern part of the Skole Nappe. Some diatomitic layers of this member in the Nowy Borek section contain coarse-grained detrital material composed of a variety of metamorphic, volcanic and sedimentary rock fragments. The material derives from primary and secondary sources. Most abundant are debris of metamorphic rocks, mostly gneisses and mica schists. The metamorphic origin of these rocks is confirmed by the composition of heavy mineral assemblages and garnet chemistry. These rocks could have been transported from a local source located close to the margin of the Skole Basin or within that basin. The volcanic rocks reflect Paleogene volcanic activity that was widespread in the Carpathian region. Cherts, which could have been subjected to synsedimentary erosion, may have been derived from the older portions of the same formation.
Geological structures mapping of the marginal part of the Outer Carpathians and their basement (SE Poland) based on reprocessing and reinterpretation of 2D seismic profiles
Abstract
The main aim of the presented work was to construct a complex geological model for the research area, based on the 2D seismic profiles interpretation. The study area is situated in south-eastern Poland in the marginal zone of the Outer Carpathians.
The analyzed region is characterized by a very complicated geological structure. The presence of numerous thrust zones in the Carpathian units, as well as large-scale faults cutting the rock series of lower geological stages, are typical. The series of Neoproterozoic anchimetamorphic sedimentary rocks of the Małopolska Massif, form the basement of the Carpathian Foredeep in the analyzed region. The complex of the autochthonous Miocene sediments, characterized by variable total thickness (from 150 m to more than 3300 m) and facies variability, represent the middle stage of the study area. The youngest stage consists of allochtonous tectonic units (Stebnik, Boryslav-Pokutya and Skole) of the Carpathian orogen. Furthermore Zgłobice Thrust-Sheet Belt is distinguished, as a narrow zone of Miocene sediments with varying levels of tectonic deformation.
Two off the nine interpreted profiles were reprocessed in the Seismic Department of the Oil and Gas Institute - National Research Institute in Krakow, Poland. Proper selection of both the processing sequence and parameters applied to specific procedures, as well as verification of each stage of processing by simultaneous geological interpretation, resulted in a slightly different mapping of the geological structures.
Structural interpretation of the current version of the seismic sections, provides new information that could be used to reconstruct individual stages of the tectonic development in the analyzed area. The constructed tectonic model emphasizes the complexity of the geological structure. Presented concept assumes that some of the major fault zones are very old tectonic lines (related to the Variscan orogenesis, and maybe even older), which have been repeatedly reactivated under different stress conditions. The diagonal collision of the Carpathian orogen and the basement elevations induced a reactivation of the major faults. Strike-slip faults and out-of-sequence thrusts were generated within the Carpathian units. The final phase of the large faults reactivation took place after the latest thrusting movements of the Outer Carpathians.
Lithological characteristics of Middle Miocene strata of the Roztocze region (SE Poland and western Ukraine) is summarized. The Lower Badenian sequence begins with transgressive quartz sands and sandstones that subsequently are passing laterally into marls and coralline algal limestones. They originated in shallow-water, high-energy marine environment. The chemistry of waters at that time as well as during subsequent gypsum sedimentation fluctuated quite considerably. Middle Badenian gypsum deposits build a wide marginal sulphate platform. In shallower parts of the basin the Ratyn Limestone deposits cover gypsum; they are related genetically to new marine transgression. During the Late Badenian the Roztocze region was a transit zone for bioclastic and terrigenous material, and the grainy material was transported owing to waves and wave-generated currents as well as mass movements. The Lower Sarmatian carbonates of Roztocze show a typical facies and poor taxonomic composition of fossil assemblages that indicate abnormal environmental conditions - decreased water salinity and its oversaturation in respect to calcium carbonate.
The origin of the olistostromes at the front of the Ukrainian Carpathian orogen is related to Miocene synsedimentary thrust movements of the Carpathian accretionary prism and to erosion of uplifted areas of the Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe in the front of the accretionary prism. There are two olistostrome complexes. The first is the Lower Miocene Polyanytsya-Vorotyshcha Olistostrome with clasts of molasse and flysch deposits formed in a piggy-back basin on the inner part of the Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe at the top of the accretionary wedge. This olistostrome is associated with the Sloboda Conglomerate derived from the fore-bulge at the foreland of the Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe. The second one is the Middle Miocene Lanchyn Olistostrome with olistoliths of strongly deformed molasse deposits. These olistoliths were slid from the uplifted front of the Boryslav-Pokuttya Nappe. The Lanchyn Olistostrome was deposited at front of this nappe in a foredeep basin.
Przedstawiono charakterystykę litologiczną utworów mioceńskich występujących na Roztoczu i terenach sąsiednich (zachodnia Ukraina). Utwory dolnobadeńskie rozpoczynają się transgresywnymi piaskami i piaskowcami kwarcowymi; w wyższej części obocznie przechodzą w margle i wapienie litotamniowe. Powstały w płytkowodnym, wysokoenergetycznym morskim środowisku sedymentacji, o zmieniającym się w czasie chemizmie wód. Środkowobadeński gips pierwotny tworzy szeroką brzeżną platformę siarczanową; w trakcie jego depozycji następowały znaczne wahania składu chemicznego solanek. W płytszych częściach zbiornika na gipsach występują utwory wapienia ratyńskiego, związane genetycznie z transgresją morską. W późnym badenie obszar Roztocza był strefą tranzytową dla materiału bioklastycznego i terygenicznego, w jej obrębie odbywało się przemieszczanie materiału ziarnowego związane z falowaniem i prądami wywołanymi przez falowanie oraz z ruchami masowymi. Węglany dolnosarmackie Roztocza cechują się nietypowym wykształceniem facjalnym oraz ubogim składem taksonomicznym organizmów, wskazującym na anomalne warunki środowiskowe – obniżone zasolenie wody i silne jej przesycenie względem węglanu wapnia.
In the upper reaches of the San and Dnestr rivers the Middle Polish Swell (MPS) approaches the Carpathian Orogen. The swell is a basement element, formed in the Late Cretaceous, as an inversion effect of an axial part of the Polish-Danish Trough and erosion of sedimentary covers. In the orogen segment between drainage basins of the San and Uzh rivers and of the Prut and Tisa rivers (Alfold-Volhynia depression zone) there are anomaly thick Oligocene-Early Miocene deposits. The Silesian and Sub-Silesian overthrusts in the west as well as Chornogora one in the east desist here. That makes correlation of the nappes of the Outer Western and Eastern Carpathians difficult. Moreover, an important role is played by a deep Shopurka fault cutting the orogen, the foredeep basement and being associated with the flysch Szolnok Trough.
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