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Frost hollows on the Komna plateau / Mrazišča na Komni

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Abstract

The systematical research of the Slovenian meteorological forum research group started in November 2005. Since then monitoring has been provided in over 40 Sloveninan frost hollows (as well as in Montenegro). During the last ten years continuous measurements has been going on Komna, where frost hollow with the record low air temperature in Slovenia (-49°C) is located. Unofficial record low air temperature recorded with calibrated and certificated meteorological thermometer. The difference in air temperature between the bottom and the top of a frost hollow can exceed 20-30°C, during the winter also 40°C.
Mrazišča na Komni
Frost hollows on the Komna plateau
10 LET RAZISKAV MRAZIŠČ V SLOVENIJI
10 YEARS OF FROST HOLLOW RESEARCH IN SLOVENIA
Sistematične raziskave mraziščje raziskovalna skupina Slovenskega
meteorološkega foruma začela novembra leta 2005. Do sedaj smo v
Sloveniji temperaturo zraka merili že v večkot 40 mraziščih (merili
smo tudi v Črni Gori), nepretrgoma pa od začetka meritve potekajo
na Komni, kjer se nahaja mrazišče z do sedaj najnižjo izmerjeno
temperaturo zraka v Sloveniji.
Veliko večino stroškov smo v teh letih krili z lastnimi sredstvi,
posamezniki so večkot sto terenskih dni opravili v prostem času, del
merilnih naprav pa je bil nabavljen s pomočjo raziskovalnih
projektov, katerih vsebine so bile sorodne raziskavam mrazišč,
meritve pa so vzajemno pripomogle k njihovi uspešnosti.
Zaradi kakovosti merilne mreže so bili podatki uporabljeni v različnih
domačih in mednarodnih raziskavah s področja klimatologije,
botanike, kriosfere, gozdarstva, geografije… Rezultati so bili
predstavljeni na domačih in tujih konferencah ter v strokovnih in
znanstvenih revijah. Sodelujemo tudi z mnogimi tujimi strokovnjaki.
The systematical research of the Slovenian meteorological forum research group
started in November 2005. Since then monitoring has been provided in over 40
Sloveninan frost hollows (as well as in Montenegro). During the last ten years
continuous measurements has been going on Komna, where frost hollow with the
record low air temperature in Slovenia is located.
Most of the research has been financed by team members, over hundred field days
has been spent in free time, part of the measurement equipment were bought in other
research projects.
So far the data has been used in various national and international research in the
field of climatology, botany, cryosphere, forestry, geography… The results were
published on many conferences as well as professional and scientific reviews in
Slovenia and abroad. We also cooperate with many researchers from abroad.
Slika 3: Kraj, kjer je bila izmerjena do sedaj najnižja temperatura zraka v Sloveniji (Foto: I. SINJUR)
Picture 3: Spot, where the lowest air temperature in Slovenia has been recorded up to now (Photo:
I. SINJUR)
Slika 4: Drog z merilnimi instrumenti (Foto: G. VERTAČNIK) in meteorološka hišica. (Foto: I.SINJUR)
Picture 4: Mounting with the instruments (Photo: G. VERTAČNIK) and Stevenson screen.(Photo: I.SINJUR
PODNEBJE MRAZIŠČ
Climate of frost hollows
Mraziščasoobmočja, kjer je temperatura zraka ob jasnih nočeh
bistveno nižja od tiste v okolici. Pomembna je konkavna reliefna
oblika, kamor se mrzli zrak steka, nabira in tekom nočenaprej
ohlaja (Slika 3). Mrazišča so lahko manjša (vrtače, uvale) ali večja
(drage, konte, kraška polja).
Za pojav zelo nizkih temperatur zraka so ključnega
pomena naslednji dejavniki:
Vjasnihinmirnihnočeh je lahko temperatura zraka na dnu mrazišč
20-30 °C nižja kot v okolici izven mrazišč(Slika 8). Pozimi te
razlike lahko dosežejo celo 40 °C! V jasnih in mirnih dneh
se ohlajanje začne takoj po zaidu Sonca in se postopno umiri do
sredine noči (Slika 9). Kasnejši padec temperature, do vzida Sonca,
je manjši. V mraziščih, ki so v zimskem časuvesdanvsenci,lahko
ob mirnem in sončnem vremenu prihaja do ohlajanja tudi čez dan
(Slika 6). Tudi ob poletnih vročinskih valovih jutranja
slana ni redkost, pozimi pa lahko opazujemo pojave,
ki so značilni za arktična območja (ledena megla,
diamantni prah …).
Za merjenje temperature v mraziščih uporabljamo samodejne
registratorje temperature in klasične alkoholne minimalne
termometre z merilno skalo do –60 °C (Slika 5). Nameščeni so na
lesenih drogovih v posebnih zaklonih in standardni vremenski hišici,
ki ščitijo pred neugodnimi vremenskimi vplivi in neposrednim
Sončevim sevanjem (Slika 4).
Frost hollows are areas, where air temperature in calm and clear nights fall much
lower than in their surrounding. They are of concave relief shape, where cold air pool
forms (Picture 3). The dimension of frost hollows range from small as dolines or uvalas
and much bigger as carst fields or alpine cirques. The cooling potential of frost hollows
increases with the increasing elevation and snow cover presence.
Thedifferenceinairtemperaturebetweenthebottomandthetopofafrosthollow
can exceed 20-30
°
C(Picture8),during the winter also 40
°
C. Cooling starts just
after the sunset and slowly diminishes till midnight. After midnight the air temperature
decreases only a few degrees more (Picture 9). In frost hollows which are shaded
during the whole day in wintertime cooling can occur even during calm and sunny day
(Picture 6). Morning frost during the summer heat waves is not an exeption.
During winter phenomena from arctic regions can be observed (ice fog,
diamond dust…).
Liquid-in-glass minimum thermometers and dataloggers are set (Picture 5) to measure
air temperarute in frost hollows. They are fixed in special shelters and in Stevenson
screen (Picture 4), which protect them from precipitation and direct sunshine.
PRIMERJAVA Z BLIŽNJIMI URADNIMI METEOROLOŠKIMI POSTAJAMI
COMPARISSON WITH NEARBY OFFICIAL METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
Slika 1 in 2: Debela snežna odeja je velik izziv za nepretrgane meritve (Foto: B. ŠTER in I. SINJUR)
Picture 1 and 2: Deep snow cover is a big challenge for continuous monitoring (Photo: B. ŠTER and
I. SINJUR)
NAJNIŽJA TEMPERATURA ZRAKA V
SLOVENIJI
THE LOWEST AIR TEMPERATURE IN SLOVENIA
Neuradno najnižja temperatura zraka izmerjena z
umerjenim in certificiranim meteorološkim
termometrom znamke Thermoschneider.
Unofficial record low air temperature recorded with
calibrated and certificated meteorological
thermometer Thermoschneider.
…smo 9. januarja 2009 namerili v mraziščuMrzla
Komna (slika 5 in 10).
…was recorded on January 9 , 2009, in frost hollow Mrzla
Komna (picture 5 and 10).
Slika 10: Ob
rekordnih -49 °C.
(Foto: A. TROŠT)
Picture 10: At
record low -49°C.
(Photo: A. TROŠT)
Slika 5: Registrator temperature (levo) in klasični termometer (desno).
Picture 5: Temperature datalogger (left) and clasic thermometer (right).
Iztok SINJUR 1, Gregor VERTAČNIK 2, Matej OGRIN 3, Jaka ORTAR 4, Iztok MIKLAVČIČ5, Blaž ŠTER6
1Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije / Slovenian Forestry Institute. E: iztok.sinjur@gozdis.si
2Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje / Slovenian Environment Agency. E: gverta@gmail.com
3 Univ. v Ljubljani, Filozofska fakulteta, Odd. za geografijo / Univ. of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department of Geography. E: ogrin.matej@siol.net
ZAHVALA / ACKNOWLEDGMENT
OsebjuplaninskegadomanaKomnisezahvaljujemozapomoč
pri izvedbi terenskih meritev.
We are obliged to the personnel of mountain hut Dom na Komni for helping
us at our field campaigns.
Slika 8: Temperaturni hod na različnih višinah nad dnom mraziščaMrzlaKomna
v jasni noči z 20. na 21. 12. 2007. Meritve s pomočjo balonske sondaže.
Picture 8: Temperature at different elevations above the floor of frost hollow
Mrzla Komna during the night on December 20/21, 2007. Data were obtained
by a baloon sounding.
-28
-24
-20
-16
-12
-8
-4
0
4
8
12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00
temperatura zraka [°C]
čas
Luknja Kraj Kala
Slika 9: Običajen temperaturni hod v jasnem in mirnem vremenu v poletnem in zimskem
času v mrazišču Luknja.
Picture 9: Usual temperature course in calm and clear weather conditions in summer (red
curve) and winter (blue curve) in frost hollow Luknja.
Preglednica 1: Najnižje izmerjene temperature zraka (°C) v nekaterih mraziščih in na uradnih meteoroloških postajah ARSO (vir: Digitalni meteorološki arhiv ARSO, Slovenski meteorološki forum)
Možna napaka meritev je lahko do 1 °C.
Table 1: The lowest air temperature (°C) in some frost holows and at official meteorological stations ARSO (source: Digital meteorological archive of ARSO, Slovenian meteorological forum)
Measurement error could be up to 1°C.
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
16:0017:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:0022:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00
temperatura [°C]
čas
pri Domu na Komni 2 m 7 m 12 m 22 m 42 m
-22.0
-20.0
-18.0
-16.0
-14.0
-12.0
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
temperatura (°C), pozimi
temperatura (°C), poleti
čas (zimski)
poleti
pozimi
Slika 7: Primer vdora vetra v mrazišče in vpliv na temperaturni potek (rdeča
krivulja).
Picture:7: An example of wind intrusion in a frost hollow and its influence on the
temperature series (red line).
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00
temperatura zraka [°C]
čas
Snežna konta pri Domu na Komni
Slika 6: Ohlajanje tekom mirnega in
jasnega zimskega dne.
Picture 6: Cooling during the calm
and clear winter day.
Postaja / zimska sezona 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
Station /winter period
Kredarica (ARSO, 2514 m) –19,1 –16,2 –18,4 –22,6 –23,1 –22,5 –25,0 –19,9 –18,2 –20,4
Vogel (ARSO, 1535 m) –14,5 –11,5 –16,0 –13,8 –17,2 –15,7 –19,8 –13,5 –10,9 –13,5
Mrzla Komna (1592 m) –41,7 –31,9 –34,1 –49,1 –40,8 –37,9 –35,0 –34,4 –31,0 –31,5
Planina Govnjač (1455 m) –40,2 –31,5 –32,5 –41,0 –34,5 –34,0 –30,5 –32,2 –30,5 –29,0
10LET
YEARS 10LET
YEARS
49 °C
www.slometeo.net
www.slometeo.net
/ winter
/ summer
4 Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU / Anton Melik Geographical Institute RC SASA. E: jaka@freeapproved.com
5Društvo za raziskovanje vremena in podnebja / Weather and Climate Research Society. E: iztok.m@gmail.com
6 Univ. v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko / Univ. of Ljubljana, Faculty of Matematics and Phisics. E:ster.blaz@gmail.com
Uradno najnižjo temperaturo zraka v Sloveniji so izmerili v vasi Babno Polje. 15.2.
in 16.2.1956 ter 13.1.1968 so izmerili
34,5 °C (živo srebro se je še večkrat spustilo pod
30 °C).
The officiall lowest air temperature in Slovenia has been recorded in the village of
Babno Polje (Dinaric mountains). On February 15 and 16, 1956, and January 13, 1968, air
temperature fell to – 34.5°C (the temperature has dropped many times below – 30°C
since the beginning of measurements).
nadmorska višina
nizka zračna vlažnost
ni strnjenega gozda itd.
snežna odeja
brezvetrje
jasno nebo
Slika 11: Terensko delo v snežnem
metežu (Foto: J. ORTAR)
Picture 11: Field work in heavy
snowfall. (Photo: J. ORTAR
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Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko / Univ. of Ljubljana, Faculty of Matematics and Phisics
  • Univ
  • Ljubljani
Univ. v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko / Univ. of Ljubljana, Faculty of Matematics and Phisics. E:ster.blaz@gmail.com