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Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals Extracted from Acanthus ilicifolius Leaves Against Staphylococcus aureus: An In silico Approach
Abstract
Acanthus ilicifolius is lesser-known medicinal plant is used as medicine in traditional systems. Staphylococcus aureus is inducing many infections and it can infect tissues when the skin and mucosal barriers. The plant Acanthus ilicifolius GC-MS have reported the following phytochemicals, 26.27-Di (nor)-cholest-5, 7, 23-trien-22-ol, 3-methoxymethoxy, 9H-purin-6-amine, N, 9-bis (trimethylsilyl)-8-((trimethylsilyl) Oxy), Cyano colchicines and 3beta-methoxy-5-choleston-19-oic acid against a 12 essential protein and synthetic drug of S. aureus was collected through literature survey. S. aureus was studied zone of inhibition in different concentrations against microorganisms and essential proteins were used as target which were docked using phytochemicals (ligands) found in A. ilicifolius leaves. In the present study, to analyze the effect of A. ilicifolius against S. aureus through docking and inhibition studies, that A. ilicifolius has significant activity against S. aureus. This research was helpful attempt to the drug discovery in S. aureus.
... This necessitates the development of the Jeruju as a fresh therapeutic component. The Acanthus ilicifolius leaf sample underwent soxhlet extraction using solvent methanol (Sekaran, Janet, & Mercy, 2013), but the component has been predicting the docking interaction. ...
In an emergency, to identify the most promising Hesperidin, Kaempferol-3,4'-di-O-methyl ether (Ermanin); Myricetin-3-glucoside, Peonidine 3-(4’-arabinosylglucoside); Quercetin 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside); and Rhamnetin 3-mannosyl-(1–2)-alloside as a lead compound from Jeruju to develop new drugs from flavonoid analog. The active compound's structure is derived from the PubChem database and improves the stability through ChemDraw v19. The Protein Data Bank website identified the protein macromolecule with PDB code 3VSL. Redocking was performed to ensure validation of 3VSL. The docking method was carried out using the IGEMDOCK software version v2.1. Also, the chimera-1.13.1 program is used to know the interaction profile. The web server pkCSM and Protox II online tool were used to determine the toxicity. 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol is the juju leaf chemical with the most promise as an antibacterial and the one that shows the maximum binding affinity when taking into account toxicity.
To measure Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization prevalence in household contacts of children with current community associated (CA)-MRSA infections (study group) in comparison with a group of household contacts of children without suspected Staphylococcus aureus infection (a control group).
This is a cross sectional study. Cultures of the anterior nares were taken. Relatedness of isolated strains was tested using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
The prevalence of MRSA colonization in the study group was significantly higher than in the control group (18/77 (23%) vs 3/77 (3.9%); p ≤ 0.001). The prevalence of SA colonization was 28/77 (36%) in the study group and 16/77 (21%) in the control group (p = 0.032). The prevalence of SA nasal colonization among patients was 6/24 (25%); one with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 5 with MRSA. In the study (patient) group, 14/24 (58%) families had at least one household member who was colonized with MRSA compared to 2/29 (6.9%) in the control group (p = 0.001). Of 69 total isolates tested by PFGE, 40 (58%) were related to USA300. Panton-Valetine leukocidin (PVL) genes were detected in 30/52 (58%) tested isolates. Among the families with ≥1 contact colonized with MRSA, similar PFGE profiles were found between the index patient and a contact in 10/14 families.
Prevalence of asymptomatic nasal carriage of MRSA is higher among household contacts of patients with CA-MRSA disease than control group. Decolonizing such carriers may help prevent recurrent CA-MRSA infections.
The incidence of and risk factors for acquiring community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) among patients staying in intensive care units (ICUs) remain unclear. We enrolled patients staying in two ICUs at the Far Eastern Memorial Hospital during the period of 1 September 2008 to 30 September 2009 to clarify this issue. Surveillance cultures for MRSA were taken from nostril, sputum or throat, axillae, and the inguinal area in all enrolled patients upon admission to the ICU, every 3 days thereafter, and on the day of discharge from the ICU. For each MRSA isolate, we performed multilocus sequence typing, identified the type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, detected the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, and conducted drug susceptibility tests. Among the 1,906 patients who were screened, 203 patients were carriers of MRSA before their admission to the ICU; 81 patients acquired MRSA during their stay in the ICU, including 31 who acquired CA-MRSA. The incidence rates of newly acquired MRSA and CA-MRSA during the ICU stay were 7.9 and 3.0 per 1,000 patient-days, respectively. Prior usage of antipseudomonal penicillins and antifungals and the presence of a nasogastric tube were found to be independent risk factors for acquiring CA-MRSA during the ICU stay when data for CA-MRSA carriers and patients without carriage of MRSA were compared (P=0.0035, 0.0330, and 0.0262, respectively). Prior usage of carbapenems was found to be a protective factor against acquiring CA-MRSA when data for patients with CA-MRSA and those with health care-associated MRSA acquired during ICU stay were compared (P=0.0240).
Nowadays control and prevention of hospital infections is a necessity because of the increasing costs of the treatment of and mortality from these diseases. Early diagnosis of the infections is to be stressed. One of the most important epidemiological problems of contemporary operative medicine are caused by Staphylococcus sp. resistant to the beta-lactam antibiotics, the so called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sp. Since 1960 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become one of the key pathogens responsible for the increasingly troublesome hospital infections worldwide. The MRSA infections show how variable hospital pathogens can be and how crucial it is to continue investigations to introduce the effective prevention. This article highlights problems related to the MRSA epidemiology as well as to the differentiation and diagnostic difficulties. We also describe new compounds effective against MRSA and issues related to the patients' claims triggered by the hospital-acquired infections caused by S. aureus.
Mangroves, the intertidal ecosystems occurring primarily in the tropical regions of the world, are valuable natural resources
with high productivity and unique habitat value. However, the genetic structure of plant species within the mangrove ecosystem
is poorly understood. The present communication is the first report on the use of molecular markers in assessing intra-site
and intra-specific polymorphism in one of the mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius, for identifying/ detecting distinct genotypes for long-term conservation. Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to elucidate the intra- and inter-population variability in this
widely distributed mangrove species. In all, 48 genotypes representing eight distinct populations were analysed. A low level
of polymorphism was detected at the intra-population level through both RAPD (3.8–7.3%) and RFLP (3.2–9.1%) analyses. At the
inter-population level, 25 of the 73 RAPD loci (34%) detected through the use of 13 random primers and 44 of the 96 RFLP loci
(45.8%) revealed through 15 probe/enzyme combinations were polymorphic. RFLP analyses were carried out using genomic clones
developed from the same species. The somatic cells of the species displayed 48 chromosomes, with no numerical changes at either
intra- or inter- population levels.
Staphylococcus aureus is a complex pathogen with numerous classes of virulence factors. Protein secretion principally occurs via the Sec system and is required to render many virulence factors functional. Compounds which selectively block bacterial protein secretion while leaving the host system unaffected may lead to novel antimicrobial therapies.