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Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats
... Outras importantes espécies tóxicas de Allium incluem o Allium porrum (alho poró) e Allium schoenoprasum (cebolinha) (Nagy et al., 2023). A dose tóxica relatada para a cebolinha é de 15 a 30 g/kg para cães (Cope, 2005;Dorman, 2022). A toxicidade pode ocorrer através do consumo de uma única dose grande ou pela ingestão repetida de pequenas quantidades, devido a seus efeitos tóxicos cumulativos (Cope, 2005). ...
... A dose tóxica relatada para a cebolinha é de 15 a 30 g/kg para cães (Cope, 2005;Dorman, 2022). A toxicidade pode ocorrer através do consumo de uma única dose grande ou pela ingestão repetida de pequenas quantidades, devido a seus efeitos tóxicos cumulativos (Cope, 2005). ...
... Outros achados laboratoriais importantes da intoxicação incluem anemia por corpúsculos de Heinz, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinúria, hiperbilirrubinemia e metemoglobinemia (Cope, 2005 (Hsu et al., 2020). Há quem indique e recomende alho para tratamento de verminose em cães, julgando ser benéfico, barato, natural e, portanto, isento de riscos. ...
Foi atendida uma cadela da raça Lhasa Apso, com 18 meses de idade, com histórico de prostração, dor abdominal, febre e episódios de êmese. Os exames complementares demonstraram anemia normocítica normocrômica de grau leve (hematócrito 29%) e leucocitose por neutrofilia, sem desvio à esquerda. Os exames bioquímicos estavam todos dentro da normalidade. Na ultrassonografia abdominal foi possível visualizar aumento da espessura da parede da mucosa gastrointestinal. Após 48 horas de internamento para tratamento clínico sintomático, a paciente obteve alta médica. Porém, na semana seguinte observou-se persistência da febre e da leucocitose por neutrofilia; trombocitopenia e piora da anemia (hematócrito 23%). Indagada sobre detalhes da dieta, a tutora relatou que o animal estava sob uso exclusivo da ração gastrointestinal, mas rotineiramente ingeria cebolinha (Allium schoenoprasum) da horta na residência. Diante do diagnóstico de intoxicação por Allium schoenoprasum, foi solicitado a retirada do animal ao alcance da planta, e após cinco dias o animal apresentou melhora relevante do quadro. O presente relato atenta para a importância de uma anamnese detalhada, assim como para o respeito aos hábitos alimentares e às particularidades fisiológicas da espécie canina, a fim de evitar possíveis quadros de intoxicação e riscos de vida por plantas e alimentos tóxicos, garantindo assim a segurança alimentar destes animais.
... Onion, bulb onion, or common onion; shallot Disulfides and thiosulfates Dog and cat 5 g/kg of onions in cats or 15 to 30 g/kg in dogs [17] Allium sativa Garlic Disulfides and thiosulfates Dog and cat 5 g/kg of garlic [18] Anthurium spp. Azoxyglycosides, β-methylamino-lalanine (BMAA), and an unidentified highmolecular-weight compound Dog As few as two seeds ingested by dogs can cause signs [8,18,20] The lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide is 2 to 2.5 mg/kg [26,27] Persea americana Avocado Acetogenins (Persin) Dog ...
... They are pungent aromatic herbs that sprout from bulbs, and their leaves are basal and long with sheathing bases. Their flowers are in umbels and the fruits are three-lobed loculicidal capsules [17] (pp. 753-757). ...
... Unsaturated 1-propylene is the most important hemolytic agent. The hemolytic effect occurs when the level of oxidants in red blood cells is high enough to overwhelm the capacity of their antioxidant metabolic pathways [17,21,34] (pp. 753-757). ...
Exposure to phytotoxins that are present in imported ornamental or native plants is an important cause of animal disease. Factors such as animal behaviors (especially indoor pets), climate change, and an increase in the global market for household and ornamental plants led to the appearance of new, previously unreported plant poisonings in Europe. This has resulted in an increase in the incidence of rarely reported intoxications. This review presents some of the emerging and well-established plant species that are responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock in Europe. The main plant species are described, and the mechanism of action of the primary active agents and their clinical effects are presented. Data reflecting the real incidence of emerging poisoning cases from plant toxins are scarce to nonexistent in most European countries due to a lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system. The diversity of plant species and phytotoxins, as well as the emerging nature of certain plant poisonings, warrant a continuous update of knowledge by veterinarians and animal owners. The taxonomy and active agents present in these plants should be communicated to ensure awareness of the risks these toxins pose for domestic animals.
... Erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies are usually removed from the circulation by the recticuloendothelial system, thereby inducing anaemia (Lincoln et al, 1992). There is both intravascular and extravascular haemolysis (Cope, 2005). Cooking, dehydration or spoilage of Allium spp. ...
... Antioxidants such as vitamin E, ascorbic acid and acetylcysteine are unlikely to be of benefit in Allium spp. poisoning (Cope, 2005). Supplemental oxygen may also be required in severe cases (Cope, 2005). ...
... poisoning (Cope, 2005). Supplemental oxygen may also be required in severe cases (Cope, 2005). The use of corticosteroids for this form of haemolysis is controversial. ...
Poisoning in the spring may occur in livestock from exposure to glyphosate which is used prior to sowing of plant crops or from ingestion of poisonous plants. Glyphosate is of low toxicity but many products contain a carrier which is irritant to tissues. Plant poisoning may occur because other forage is unavailable and hungry animals will eat unpalatable toxic plants if other food sources are scare. Some plants such as bluebell (Hyacinoides species) and ransom (wild garlic, Allium urinsum) grow in profusion in the spring. Bluebells cause gastrointestinal and cardiac effects and Allium species cause anaemia. Some plants are more toxic in the spring as concentrations of toxic compounds are high compared with other times of the year. This is the case with hemlock (Conium maculatum) and water hemlock (Cicuta virosa). Both these plants cause neurological effects and water hemlock, in particular, causes very rapid onset of clinical signs. Spring flowering plants such as Rhododendron and Pieris species are commonly associated with poisoning, particularly in ruminants. Both these species contain grayanotoxins which cause gastrointestinal and cardiac effects. Access to areas where poisonous plants are known to grow should be restricted and good quality forage provided. Treatment options for management of poisoning in livestock are limited and, in some cases, the only sign of exposure is sudden death.
... Onions are a member of the Allium genus, which is a category of flowering plants that includes leeks, garlic, and chives [28,29]. These plants contain organosulfoxides [28,29]. ...
... Onions are a member of the Allium genus, which is a category of flowering plants that includes leeks, garlic, and chives [28,29]. These plants contain organosulfoxides [28,29]. When these plants are chewed, organosulfoxides are converted into noxious sulfur-containing compounds that cause oxidative hemolysis. ...
... Both dogs and cats can succumb to toxicosis; however, cats are two to three times more susceptible than dogs because of their low threshold for tolerating oxidative damage [28,29]. It takes a mere 5 g of onions per kilogram of body weight to incite hemolysis in cats, as compared to 15-30 g/kg in dogs [28,29]. ...
The sclera and the cornea collectively form the outer layer of the globe. As such, the sclera performs a protective function: it maintains the globe's shape to support internal structures. It also serves as an attachment site for extraocular muscles. In health, the sclera should be fibrous and tough. Its default color is white; however, melanin depositions may cause the sclera of some patients to appear dark‐brown or black. Certain diseases can result in pathological changes to the sclera, resulting in abnormal pigmentation. Scleral icterus is a visually apparent clue that the patient's body is abnormally accumulating bile pigment. The list of rule‐outs for scleral icterus is innumerable. Etiologies have historically been grouped based upon whether the icterus is pre‐hepatic, hepatic, or post‐hepatic. Examples of each category of disease will be discussed in brief; however, an exhaustive descriptive of each rule‐out is beyond the scope of this chapter. In addition to icterus, the sclera should be evaluated for changes in vasculature. Some of these changes are variations of normal, as occurs when one or more vortex veins are prominent. However, other changes are pathological, including episcleritis as well as scleral and subconjunctival hemorrhage. These may result from blunt force trauma or a penetrating foreign body. Neoplastic diseases of the sclera must also be considered. However, these may require a biopsy to distinguish from episcleritis and other forms of scleral pathology.
... Erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies are usually removed from the circulation by the recticuloendothelial system, thereby inducing anaemia (Lincoln et al, 1992). There is both intravascular and extravascular haemolysis (Cope, 2005a). ...
... Toxic effects are generally only expected in animals that ingest >0.5% of their body weight (i.e. >5 g/kg) (Cope, 2005a), but many pets remain well and a small number develop clinical signs. Most toxicity studies have involved repeated dosing with onions in various states (dried, cooked, boiled, raw) (Sebrell, 1930;Harvey and Rackear, 1985;Ogawa et al, 1986;Kobayashi, 1987;Yamoto and Maede, 1992;Robertson et al, 1998; Tang et al, ...
... poisoning. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, ascorbic acid and acetylcysteine are unlikely to be of benefit (Cope, 2005a). A blood transfusion may be required in a critically ill animal (Kay, 1983;Simmons, 2001). ...
In this second article more toxic plants are discussed and a table of other potentially toxic plants is provided for reference. Poisoning with Allium species, including onions and garlic, is characterised by Heinz body anaemia in both cats and dogs. Conkers and acorns are commonly eaten in the autumn, particularly by dogs, and generally only cause gastrointestinal signs, although there is a potential risk of obstruction. Numerous plants contain cyanogenic glycosides that may potentially release cyanide in the gut (depending on the circumstances); however, gastrointestinal signs are the main feature of poisoning in cats and dogs. Severe laburnum (Laburnum anagyroides) and yew (Taxus spp.) poisoning in cats and dogs is also rare, although deaths have been reported in the literature. Laburnum can cause central nervous system stimulation and yew can result in cardiac arrhythmias which may be difficult to manage. The castor oil plant (Ricinis communis) contains ricin, which is extremely toxic and causes multi-organ failure, but severe cases in dogs are generally only associated with ingestion of chewed seeds or castor oil bean meal fertiliser. Hops (Humulus lupulus), which are commonly eaten as spent hops from brewing, cause severe pyrexia in dogs, which requires aggressive treatment and is associated with a high mortality.
... Psi i mačke su vrlo osjetljivi na otrovanje lukom (Allium toksikoza) te je ingestija 5 g luka/kg tjelesne mase mačke i 15-30 g luka/kg tjelesne mase psa dovoljna da prouzroči klinički značajne hematološke promjene (Cope, 2005. ...
... Nema specifičnog antidota za toksikozu lukom. Izazivanje povraćanja indicirano je kod pasa i mačaka koji ne pokazuju simptome otrovanja, pod uvijetom da ne postoje čimbenici koji to onemogućuju i da nije prošlo više od 2 sata od ingestije (Cope, 2005.). Lavaža želuca dolazi u obzir ukoliko je od ingestije prošlo 2 -4 sata. ...
... Nakon što su klinički znaci otrovanja vidljivi, liječenje se treba temeljiti na simptomatskoj i potpornoj terapiji i njezi čime se nastoji ublažiti učinke oksidacije izazvane toksičnim sastojcima luka i prevenirati oštećenje bubrega prouzročeno hemoglobinurijom. Teško anemične životinje (hipoksemija nastala zbog methemoglobinemije ili hemolize) mogu se liječiti transfuzijom krvi (Cope, 2005.) ...
Pet poisoning is most common with human drugs and over-the-counter drugs, veterinary drugs, insecticides, rodenticides, household chemicals, fertilizers and houseplants. Another important source is poisoning with human foods that may be toxic for dogs and cats. Different foods that are not harmful to humans or that are harmful only in large quantities can cause severe poisoning or even death of animals. Animal owners are often unaware of this fact and inadvertently may keep potentially toxic substances, believing that what is not harmful to them cannot be harmful to their pets. Important sources of information on poisoning of dogs and cats are the periodical reports of emergency centres for pet poisoning from many countries. As a follow-up to a previous study that described poisoning with chocolate, coffee, grapes and raisins, as the most common sources of food poisoning, this paper describes the poisoning of dogs and cats with macadamia nuts, onions and garlic, i.e. plants of the genus Allium, which are among the 10 most toxic foods for pets. Apart from possible sources of poisoning, we describe the mechanisms of toxicity and the toxic dose, signs of poisoning, and recommended treatment of the poisoned animals. Signs of poisoning with macadamia nuts in may occur up to 12 hours after ingestion, and a characteristic symptom is weakness which is more pronounced in the hind legs. Poisoned animals generally recover completely within two days without treatment. Clinical signs of poisoning with onions in dogs and cats develops within 24 hours of ingestion or a few days later, depending on the amount eaten. The most common clinical signs are vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and depression, as well as the development of anaemia resulting in pale mucous membranes, weakness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat. Jaundice and dark urine (reddish or brown) are the result of methemoglobinemia and haemoglobinuria. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness about potentially toxic substances for pets among veterinarians and animal owners, so they can act preventively, by avoiding their consumption or storage in places accessible to pets.
... For centuries, Allium species such as Allium cepa (onion), Allium porrum (leek), Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium schoenoprasum (chive), which are used for cooking and ethnomedical purposes, are among the biological toxins which affect cats and dogs (Cope, 2005). There are more than one hundred wild Allium spp. ...
... Toxicosis caused by these plants has been detected in many species such as horses, sheep, goats, cows and lovebirds, as well as cats and dogs. Dogs and cats are very vulnerable to A. cepa toxicosis (Cope, 2005;Kovalkovıcǒvá et al., 2009). ...
... Cooking or disintegrating the onion does not reduce its potential toxicity (Yarsan, 2015). Onion intake of 5 g kg -1 day -1 in cats and 10-30 g kg -1 day -1 in dogs causes significant hematological changes (Cope, 2005;Kovalkovıcǒvá et al., 2009). It was found in the studies carried out that, in one portion, 0.5% of body weight onion intake of a dog could cause toxicosis (Kay, 1983). ...
... Cooking, drying, and processing do not eliminate the toxic effect of Allium spp. (7,8). Dogs and cats are highly susceptible to Allium toxicosis and the ingestion of 5 g/kg of onions by cats and 15-30 g/kg by dogs is enough to cause clinically important hematologic changes (8). ...
... (7,8). Dogs and cats are highly susceptible to Allium toxicosis and the ingestion of 5 g/kg of onions by cats and 15-30 g/kg by dogs is enough to cause clinically important hematologic changes (8). In the case of dogs, hereditary high erythrocyte-reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations observed in certain breeds (e.g., Akita, Shiba, and Jindo) lead to greater susceptibility to onioninduced oxidative damage (9). ...
... No specific antidote is available for Allium toxicosis. Inducing vomiting should be considered in asymptomatic dogs and cats, provided there are no complicating factors and not more than 2 h have elapsed since ingestion (8). The administration of activated charcoal is indicated after vomiting has stopped. ...
Several foods that are perfectly suitable for human consumption can be toxic to dogs and cats. Food-associated poisoning cases involving the accidental ingestion of chocolate and chocolate-based products, Allium spp. (onion, garlic, leek, and chives), macadamia nuts, Vitis vinifera fruits (grapes, raisins, sultanas, and currants), products sweetened with xylitol, alcoholic beverages, and unbaked bread dough have been reported worldwide in the last decade. The poisoning episodes are generally due to lack of public knowledge of the serious health threat to dogs and cats that can be posed by these products. The present review aims to outline the current knowledge of common food items frequently involved in the poisoning of small animals, particularly dogs, and provides an overview of poisoning episodes reported in the literature.
... However, ingestion of onions may result in haemolytic anaemia which is manifested by haemoglobinuria and icterus and characterized by Heinz body and eccentrocyte formation in most species of domestic animals [15]. Sources of onions include the feeding of culled onions to cattle, sheep and water buffalos [2,3,12,13,26], ingestion of wild onions by horses [16] and ingestion of raw, cooked, dehydrated onions and baby food containing onion powder by dogs and cats [6,19,22]. ...
... Onions and other plants of the Allium genus contain a wide variety of organosulfides, of which n-propyl disulfide and sodium n-propylthiosulfate are highly poisonous [6,27]. These compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized to highly reactive oxidants which are responsible for the oxidative damage in erythrocytes [6,24]. ...
... Onions and other plants of the Allium genus contain a wide variety of organosulfides, of which n-propyl disulfide and sodium n-propylthiosulfate are highly poisonous [6,27]. These compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized to highly reactive oxidants which are responsible for the oxidative damage in erythrocytes [6,24]. Oxidative damage results in precipitation and aggregation of haemoglobin and its binding to the cytoplasm membrane, forming Heinz bodies. ...
The effects of onion feeding on health were studied in goats. For this purpose, 12 clinically healthy female local-breed goats weighing 35-40 kg and 2-4 years old were randomly divided in 3 equal groups according to the onion amounts (0%, 30% and 60%) in diet for 60 days and clinical signs, haematological and biochemical parameters were regularly evaluated at 10 days intervals for 80 days. Except one goat fed with 60% onion in diet which dead after respiratory distress and have exhibited hemosiderosis in liver, no relevant clinical signs were noted in goats fed with onions. Among haematological parameters, haematocrit and haemoglobin were significantly reduced according to the dietary onion supply, particularly on days 40 and 30 respectively and their variations were coupled to marked and significant increases in sideremia between the 30th and the 50th days in goats receiving 60% onion in diet. Additionally, serum phosphorus and urea concentrations were significantly enhanced in ruminants fed with 60% onion in diet. These results demonstrate that goats were more resistant to the onion toxicity than other livestock species and apart a transient haemolysis which has disappeared after removal of onion exposure, spring onions can be safely incorporated into diet up to 30% without any negative impact.
... Direct oxidative damage to the erythrocyte cell membrane and its sodium-potassium pump or the oxidative production of hemin also contribute to cell lysis. Oxidation of the heme ion and associated methemoglobinemia result in a left shift of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, decreased blood oxygen transportation capacity, and, ultimately, impaired delivery of oxygen to tissues (48,49). ...
... Thus, the result of the oxidative hemolytic process induced by Allium consumption is the onset of anemia, methemoglobinemia, and impaired oxygen transportation. Although marked Heinz body formation may be present within a day after onions are ingested, the anemic nadir typically develops several days later (49). ...
... Allium toxicosis commonly occurs after ingestion. In addition to consuming fresh plant material, juice, fresh and dietary supplements, powdered cooking preparations, dehydrated material, or food preparations derived from or containing Allium species can be potentially toxic to dogs and cats (37,49). This type of toxicosis is typically caused by consumption of a single large quantity of plant material or repeated small amounts. ...
Dogs and cats are the animals that owners most frequently seek assistance for potential poisonings, and these species are frequently involved with toxicoses due to ingestion of poisonous food. Feeding human foodstuff to pets may prove itself dangerous for their health, similarly to what is observed in Allium species toxicosis. Allium species toxicosis is reported worldwide in several animal species, and the toxic principles present in them causes the transformation of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, consequently resulting in hemolytic anemia with Heinz body formation. The aim of this review is to analyze the clinicopathologic aspects and therapeutic approach of this serious toxicosis of dogs and cats in order to give knowledge to veterinarians about Allium species toxicosis, and subsequently allow them to correctly diagnose this disease when facing it; and to educate pet owners to not feed their animals with Allium-containg food in order to better control this particular life-threatening toxicosis.
... If practical, monitoring of haematological parameters for evidence and severity of anaemia, as well as monitoring of renal and liver function, should be undertaken following ingestion of a large volume of plant material. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, ascorbic acid and acetylcysteine are unlikely to be of benefit in Allium poisoning (Cope, 2005). Supplemental oxygen may also be required in severe cases (Cope, 2005). ...
... Antioxidants such as vitamin E, ascorbic acid and acetylcysteine are unlikely to be of benefit in Allium poisoning (Cope, 2005). Supplemental oxygen may also be required in severe cases (Cope, 2005). ...
Warmer weather in the spring may encourage owners and their animals to spend more time outdoors where pets may be exposed to garden products and spring plants. Ingestion of common spring flowering plants, such as tulips, primrose, hyacinth, snowdrops, grape hyacinth, spring crocus, bluebells and daffodil, often cause gastrointestinal signs in pets. Severe poisoning is uncommon but there is a risk of more pronounced clinical signs in some cases and ingestion of plant bulbs may cause gastrointestinal obstruction. Similarly, ingestion of fertiliser may cause gastrointestinal signs and ingestion of bone meal is a potential obstruction risk. Plants containing grayanotoxins, such as Rhododendron and Pieris species cause gastrointestinal and potentially cardiac effects. Patio cleaners and disinfectants containing cationic detergents such as benzalkonium chloride or didecyldimethylammonium chloride, are a particular risk to pets, especially cats. They are usually exposed after walking over a treated surface and then grooming, presenting hours later with salivation, hyperthermia and oral injury. Treatment of pets with clinical signs after exposure to a spring poisoning hazard is supportive.
... In addition, ramson has recently gained popularity as a dietary supplement and as a food item (Sobolewska et al., 2015). Although ramson and other Allium vegetables may be beneficial to humans, consumption by farm and domestic animals has been associated with severe toxicity that is mainly associated with the development of life-threatening hemolytic anemia (Harvey and Rackear, 1985;Munday et al., 2003;Crespo and Chin, 2004;Cope, 2005;Kovalkovicoca, 2009;Salgado et al., 2011;El-Sayed et al., 2015;Cortinovis and Caloni, 2016). Cats and dogs seem to be particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of onions, but signs of toxicity were also described in cattle fed onion-containing vegetable waste and in horses and sheep grazing on pastures containing wild onions or ramson (Van Kampen et al., 1970;Pierce et al., 1972;Hutchison, 1977;Stevens, 1984;Lincoln et al., 1992;Lee et al., 2000;Munday et al., 2003;Altinok-Yipel, 2016). ...
... Accordingly, the inclusion of limited amounts of ramson in the diet of tortoises may be safe or may result in the development of subclinical signs. In dogs and cats, onset of clinical signs is seen after ingestion of 0.5% of the body weight in onions (Cope, 2005). ...
... It was reported by Jain (1993) and Tang et al. (2008) that oral administration of A. cepa caused Heinz body haemolytic anaemia in horses, cattle, sheep, and dogs. A. cepa has been shown to contain npropyl disulfide, an oxidative chemical that depletes the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase which is found within the erythrocytes. Depleting action of this oxidative chemical prevents the reduction of oxidized glutathione, hence diminishing the protective ability of this antioxidant (Cope, 2005). Arena et al. (2000) reported the occurrence of tachycardia in a patient following ingestion of raw or lightly cooked onions. ...
... Other clinical signs of Allium species toxicosis observed in dogs and cats include depression, haemoglobinuria, presence of haemosiderin, urinary casts, icterus, tachycardia, tachypnea, weakness and exercise intolerance. Following ingestion of 5 g/kg (cats) and 15-30 g/kg (dogs) or 0.5% of body weight, Allium toxicosis may appear several days post ingestion resulting into clinically significant haematological changes (Cope, 2005). ...
... Inappetence, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may also be present. In cases of recent ingestion, the affected dog's or cat's breath may smell of sulfur compounds (247) . ...
... Inappetence, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may also be present. In cases of recent ingestion, the affected dog's or cat's breath may smell of onions or garlic sulfur compounds (247) . ...
Four species of the genus Allium belong to the Alliaceae family were grown in Iraq, these included Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Allium porrum and Allium schoenoprasum. They were considered as edible vegetables with low toxicity. They possessed many pharmacological effects including antimicrobial effects (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal and anthelmentics), anticancer effects, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, detoxification, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, endocrine and many other pharmacological effects. The chemical analysis of Allium species showed that they contained volatile and essential oils,
... Conhecendo o nível de desidratação do paciente, seu pH sanguíneo e o nível de seus eletrólitos é recomendada a correção, se alterados, por meio de solução cristaloide associada a compostos farmacológicos necessários para corrigir os distúrbios presentes, se for o caso, administração de cloreto de potássio, cálcio, sódio, glicose, entre outros (Reis, 2023). Algumas terapias têm sido amplamente difundidas para descontaminação gastrointestinal e antagonizar o efeito dos superóxidos provenientes das saponinas que causam hemólise, com antioxidantes como a vitamina C e vitamina E ou administração de N-acetilcisteína por via endovenosa a cada 8 horas até melhora parcial do quadro clínico (Cope, 2005;Salgado et al., 2011). ...
Saint George's sword (Sansevieria trifasciata) is a plant with elongated leaves and of rhizomatous characteristics that is easily adaptable to different environments. It naturally produces chemical substances such as saponins, alkaloids and calcium oxalate to maintain its vital functions or as a defense mechanism. When ingested in high doses by dogs, they can pose a health risk, as they can cause gastrointestinal, liver and kidney damage, and even lead to the death of these animals. This is a descriptive study of the narrative literature review type, with the main objective of investigating and understanding the poisoning of domestic canines from ingestion of Saint George's sword, offering theoretical support to veterinary health professionals in identifying and treating occurrences, and understanding the potential damage that its components can cause to the animal’s organism if ingested, thus improving life expectancy and the prognosis, in addition to aiding in prevention through access to information. During this work’s implementation, it was observed that technical literature on the subject was scarce and that the majority of cases of canine poisoning occur due to the owners' lack of knowledge regarding the toxicity of the plant, and thus not considering any means of prevention. This work was carried out based on extensive searches on the PubMed, Scielo, ResearchGate and Google Scholar platforms, using keywords such as “gastrointestinal disorders”, “ornamental plants” and “toxic plant”.
... The antioxidant activity of catalase in the erythrocytes of dogs is low (Nakamura et al., 1998). In addition, the hemoglobin of cats is 2-3 times more sensitive to oxidative damage than the hemoglobin of other species (Cope, 2005). Consumption of garlic at doses of 5 g/kg body weight in cats and 15-30 g/kg body weight in dogs results in clinically significant haematological changes (Slater et al., 2011). ...
... Thus, the result of the oxidative haemolytic process induced by leek consumption is the onset of anaemia, methaemoglobinaemia and impaired oxygen transportation. [13] Cucurbita maxima (Red Gourd, Red Pumpkin) belongs to the family (Cucurbitaceae). The plants are large low creeping vines ( Figure 3) having very large leaves that are palmate with a maple shape having small sharp serrations along the margin; flowers are very large bright yellow with messy edge and fruit is large and round or elliptical like a ball. ...
Objectives
The use of vegetables in Nigeria as nutraceutical cannot be over emphasized. However many vegetables are associated with toxicity effects at both low and high doses.
Methods
Hence the study was aimed at investigating acute toxicity, haematological, biochemical and histopathological effects of Allium porrum (leek), Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin) and Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) in female Rattus norvegicus. The lethal dose50 (LD50) of the three plants were determined.
Key findings
The LD50 of aqueous extract of cabbage, leek and pumpkin was 6585 mg/kg body weight. Cabbage caused a decrease in packed cell volume, erythrocytes counts, haemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, neutrophils and monocytes counts, increased basophils and eosinophils counts at dose levels of 5.79 mg/kg and 57.93 mg/kg body weight. At dose levels of 5.79–579.3 mg/kg body weight, the extract caused hypoalbuminaemia, hypoglycaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, increased levels of alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase. Cabbage also caused necrosis of hepatocytes, glomerular and tubular necrosis, cylinduria and perivascular cuffing in the brain. At dose level of 5.79 mg/kg and above, cabbage may cause abortion during an early stage of pregnancy due to possible loss of endometrial gland. The combined extract of pumpkin and leek caused haematopoiesis, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, hypoglycaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, elevation of ALT levels, necrosis of hepatocytes and brain tissues, kidney damage and suppression of the development of ovarian follicle.
Conclusions
Brassica oleracea var. capitata may cause anaemia, immunosuppression, hypoglycaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, abortion, liver and kidney damage. The combined extract of leek and pumpkin may cause haematopoeisis, immunostimulation, hypoglycaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, brain problem and infertility.
... Eating a large amount of this plant has resulted in death in a few cases, but it is rare for animals to eat the plant excessively if other food sources are present. The toxic chemical called N-propyl disulfide results in hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells) in livestock (Cope 2005). Other closely related Allium spp., such as onion grass (Allium vineale), onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), leek (Allium porrum), and chives (Allium schoenoprasum), have a similar effect on dogs, cats, and cattle. ...
This new 10-page publication of the UF/IFAS Environmental Horticulture Department is intended to inform home gardeners, pest management professionals, and other plant enthusiasts of some of the most common poisonous invasive plants or weed species common in home landscapes in Florida, with particular focus on species that could potentially cause harm if ingested. Written by Yuvraj Khamare and Chris Marble.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep631
... Further, OSW can be used neither as inorganic fertilizer, because of its capability for developing phytogenetic agents, nor as animal fodder, because of having onion characteristic aroma (Bello et al., 2013;Celano et al., 2021;Yukesh Kannah et al., 2020). In addition, any form of onion should not be fed to animals, since it does toxify the digestion process (Cope, 2005). On the other hand, OSW could be utilized as a raw material for the extraction of quercetin, flavonoids, widely found in fruits and vegetables, as well as bio-sugar. ...
Onion skin waste (OSW) is common waste in developing countries, which can cause severe environmental pollution when not properly treated. Value-added products can be chemically extracted from OSW; however, that process is not economically feasible. Alternatively, dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) of OSW is a promising approach for both energy recovery and environment protection. The main hurdles during DAD of OSW can be the hydrolysis and acidification. In batch tests, sludge digestate (SD) rich with methanogens was co-digested with different fractions of OSW for enhancing hydrolysis and raising biogas productivity. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) was 36.6 ± 0.3 mL for sole DAD of SD (100% SD) and increased up to 281.9 ± 14.1 mL for (50% SD: 50% OSW) batch. Self-delignification of OSW took place by SD addition, where the lignin removal reached 75.3 ± 10.5% for (85% SD: 15% OSW) batch. Increasing the fraction of OSW (45% SD: 55% OSW) reduced the delignification by a value of 68.8%, where initial lignin concentration was 9.48 ± 1.6% in dry weight. Lignin breaking down resulted a high fraction of phenolic compounds (345.6 ± 58.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) in the fermentation medium, causing CBP drop (219.0 ± 28.5 mL). The presence of elements (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, S and P) in OSW improved the enzymatic activity, facilitated phenolic compounds degradation, shifted the metabolism towards acetate fermentation pathway, and raised biogas productivity. Acidogenesis was less affected by phenolic compounds than methanogenesis, causing higher H2 contents and lower CH4 contents, at batches with high share of OSW.
... It is one of the important source of phosphorus, calcium and carbohydrates. It also contains proteins and vitamin C (Cope, 2005). The green leaves and mature or immature bulbs are consumed raw as well as used in cooking of daily foods. ...
In Pakistan, onion is one of the most grown commercial crops in the various parts of the country. The study was carried out through a primary data collection from various stakeholders to examine the status of onion production in Balochistan province. The average per acre cost of production, productivity, profitability, input output ratio were analyzed. Furthermore, find out the issues and constraints faced by onion growers and recommend policy guidelines for sustainable onion production and marketing in the study area. Costs have been broken down in a variable, fixed and opportunity costs (depreciation and opportunity) costs for production factors that are owned by the onion growers. While the variable cost was high from other costs, among them seed rate cost was high in the variable cost and in the lowest costs was recorded in chemical weedicide from other variable costs and fixed cost was nil due to relief from Balochistan government, whereas total cost of production and net income was Rs.82737 and Rs.75665 per acre respectively found in the study area. Majority 67% seed dealers were reported that due to high ratio of population, more consumable, good seed quality, more benefit, short duration of time and more production of onion as the principal reason for increase seed suppliers over the past 5 years. Onion farmers must follow best methods in management and strive to adopt scientific guidance from local and other available sources, for example research stations, progressive producers and extension workers.
... Metabolites particularly propylsulphides are implicated in onion-induced oxidant damage of red cells in dogs and cats [41]. Animals probably need to consume about 0.5 % of their body weight in onions to be affected [42], though of course the wet weight and the concentration of the active ingredient will be very variable between feedstuffs. Cats are less frequently affected by Allium spp. ...
Oxidative stress contributes to Haemolytic Anaemia in many species including dogs and cats, as well as in humans. Red cells are exposed to a continual oxidant challenge, both endogenously from within the red cells themselves and also exogenously from other tissues, and from ingested or administered oxidants. When the oxidative challenge exceeds the antioxidant provisions of the red cell, damage occurs in the form of lipid and protein peroxidation, cytoskeletal crosslinking, oxidation of haemoglobin to methemolglobin, and precipitation of denatured sulphhaemoglobin as Heinz bodies. These deleterious sequelae produce fragile red cells with reduced lifespan, and result in poorer oxygen delivery to tissues, intravascular haemolysis, anaemia, haemoglobinuria and jaundice. A number of features increase the risk of oxidant damage in dogs and cats. Thus dog red cells have low levels of the antioxidant enzyme catalase. Cat haemoglobin has at least four times as many readily oxidizable thiol residues compared to most species, whilst their hepatic capacity for glucuronidation is much reduced, which can result in greater accumulation of oxidants. Like humans, both species may also be exposed to excess oxidants from systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidosis, hypophosphatemia and neoplasias. Iatrogenic oxidants include drugs such as acetaminophen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. Ingested toxins include heavy metals, particularly important in dogs with their increased propensity for scavenging. Ingestion of feeds containing products from Allium species of plants has also long been associated with red cell oxidative damage and Heinz body formation in both dogs and cats. Though less common than in humans, there are occasional congenital enzyme deficiencies which reduce the enzymatic oxidant defence of the red cells in these species. Treatment usually relies on removal of the oxidant challenge or support against the resulting anaemia. Specific antioxidants currently lack efficacy but analogy with human medicine suggests that a range possible antioxidants may be potentially beneficial.
... Treatment of Allium-induced anaemia is supportive as there is no antidote. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, ascorbic acid and acetylcysteine are unlikely to be of benefit (Cope, 2005). A blood transfusion may be required in a critically ill animal (Kay, 1983;Simmons, 2001). ...
Blood circulates as a liquid containing cells and numerous chemicals; it functions to transport nutrients, chemicals, oxygen and waste products to and from cells, and is involved in defence and wound repair to tissues. Numerous toxic substances can disrupt the normal function of the blood through various mechanisms resulting in clinical signs of poisoning. Some of the substances that commonly cause adverse effects on the blood in companion animals are described. These include onions and related food plants which cause oxidative damage to red blood cells and the formation of Heinz bodies, and zinc which causes haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobin is also subject to oxidative damage from paracetamol metabolites resulting in the formation of methaemoglobin which is non-functioning, resulting in tissue hypoxia. Disruption of the clotting cascade by anticoagulant rodenticides results in delayed-onset haemorrhage and the drug 5-fluorouracil disrupts the formation of blood cells causing bone marrow depression.
... However, spermatogenic dysfunction, decreased central nervous system activity, and also reduced red blood cells were observed in mice supplemented with A. vera extract (Boudreau et al. 2013). Furthermore, herbal extracts' side effects such as anemia in animals have been assumed to be a result of their ability to disrupt erythropoiesis, hemosynthesis, and osmoregulation functions or by increasing erythrocyte destruction in hematopoietic organs (Cope 2005). A. vera adverse effects such as hematuria, metabolic acidosis, malabsorption (Müller-Lissner 1993), and electrolyte disturbance in animals (Beuers et al. 1991) have been reported long ago. ...
This study evaluated the effects of dietary Aloe vera polysaccharides on growth performance, feed utilization, hemato-biochemical parameters, and resistance against low water pH in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Fish were divided into five triplicate groups before being fed feeds supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0% A. vera/kg diet for 8 weeks. Fish fed 1.0% A. vera/kg diet had significantly increased (P \ 0.05) growth parameters (i.e., final weight, weight gain, absolute growth rate, and specific growth rate) compared to unsupplemented ones. Among dietary groups, significantly lower feed conversion ratio was presented in fish fed 1.0% followed by those fed 0.5, 2.0%, and 4.0% A. vera/kg diet (P \ 0.05). The protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher (P \ 0.05) in fish fed 1.0% A. vera/kg diet compared to unsupplemented fish and those fed 4.0% A. vera/kg diet, respectively. Dietary A. vera polysaccharide crude extracts requirement suitable for growth and feed utilization was estimated to be between 1.76 and 1.79% A. vera/kg diet. Overall, A. vera extracts had improved hemato-biochemical indices when compared to unsupplemented fish, and decreased some of the indices, especially at high dietary inclusion level (4%/kg diet). Furthermore, A. vera-supplemented fish had higher survival probability throughout the low water pH challenge period, except those fed 4% A. vera/kg diet and control diet.
... The toxic effects of these foods are not eliminated by cooking, drying or processing, and both dogs and cats are reported to be susceptible to allium toxicosis. Ingestion of 5 g/kg of onion by cats and 15 to 30 g/kg by dogs may induce clinically important haematological changes (Cope 2005). Common signs, which may appear one or more days after eating, initially include vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and depression, followed by pale mucous membranes, weakness, rapid respiratory and heart rates, jaundice and dark urine. ...
Food intolerance refers to any abnormal physiological response to a food or food additive, believed not to be immunological in nature. Mechanisms include food toxicity, pharmacological reactions, metabolic reactions, dysmotility, dysbiosis, physical effects and non‐specific dietary sensitivity. Food intolerance reactions are variable, typically dose‐dependent, and can occur at any age. Signs may arise at any time, sometimes several hours or days after consumption of the offending food item, and can last for hours or days. Dietary indiscretion and non‐immunological food intolerance are probably more common in dogs than true dietary hypersensitivity. Hopefully, with a greater knowledge of the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved, we will become better at recognising, preventing and managing adverse food reactions.
... They are often used as a spice and flavoring agent. They are rich in vitamin C, proteins and minerals, Ca and Fe [1]. Allium cepa is the most widely cultivated member of the genus Allium but related wild species also occur in central Asia [2,3]. ...
Onions (Allium cepa L.) are a medicinally and economically important vegetable species rich in sulphur compounds, polyphenols, and antioxidants. In Korea, most of the onion cultivars are of the open-pollinated, heterozygous, short duration, and early spring type, which are generally harvested in April. Precise varietal identification is crucially important to warrant the authenticity of supreme onion genotypes, which aid in affirming the genetic identity of breeding materials at both the breeders and farmers levels. A set of markers identified from the double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) database of Allium cepa L. and involving single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were deployed for genotyping deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples extracted from seven genetically diverse onion cultivars collected in Korea and Japan. The validation process led us to designating 43 SNPs out of 48 that unequivocally identified all seven genotypes with high statistical validity (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic relationships and varietal identity among the cultivars were ascertained by Bayesian clustering and ordination analyses. Two genotypes, Singsingball and Taegeukhwang of Korean origin, showed a greater genetic distance from the five other onion cultivars. The SNP markers deployed in this study effectively authenticated the DNA fingerprints of the early spring onion cultivars utilizing a high-throughput genotyping protocol. The method exploited in this study provides an efficient pathway of verifying genetic identity of onion genotypes for their quality control. The markers developed are highly useful in the management and conservation of elite onion breeding materials at the farmers’ level.
... The toxic elements in onions are mainly n-propyl disulfide (5,22) and sodium n-propyl thiosulfate (18,25), which can increase the counts of Heinz bodies and decrease glutathione concentration in erythrocytes. The mechanism that causes onion poisoning in dogs is attributed to damage of the antioxidant system in erythrocytes, causing series of pathological changes in erythrocyte membrane and intracellular materials, and finally leading to haemolytic anaemia (24). ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of hydrogen on the therapy of onion poisoned dogs.
A total of 16 adult beagle dogs were divided into two groups (control and hydrogen) and all were fed dehydrated onion powder at the dose of 10 g/kg for three days. The dogs of the experimental group were given subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL/kg of hydrogen for 12 days after making the poisoned model successful. Blood samples were collected before feeding onions, one day before injecting hydrogen, and 2 h after the injection of hydrogen on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12. Control dogs were not treated with hydrogen.
The levels of leukocyte production, anaemia, red blood cell degeneration which was reflected by the values of Heinz body count, haemolytic ratio, and oxidative products in hydrogen treated group were lower than in control dogs on some days. The capacity of medullary haematopoiesis that was based on reticulocyte counts, and the antioxidation in hydrogen group were higher compared with control group. However, the differences in renal function were not obvious in both groups.
Accordingly, it was concluded that subcutaneous injection of hydrogen could alleviate the symptoms in onion poisoned dogs.
... The safety of feeding depends upon acceptability, species susceptibility and toxic potential of the onions [11] as these might result in secondary organ damage or even death when onions are consumed in large quantities. Onion toxicities are consistently noted in animals that ingest onions more than 0.5% of their body weight at one time [12]. Spontaneous ingestion of onions (A. ...
Quantitative investigation and systematic studies of quercetin, total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants, antibacterial and antibiofilm or antibiofouling properties of methanolic extracts of onions obtained from six different varieties have been carried out to explore their relative merits in terms of biological activities of fresh and aging onions. Total phenolic content in the extracts was examined spectrophotometrically using Folin–Ciocalteau's phenol reagent and total antioxidant activity was studied by FRAP and DPPH methods. In vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts was investigated on Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) respectively, by using a modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiofilm activity was tested by crystal violet assay. The best results against biofilm formation were observed for the extracts obtained from onions stored for three months. The total phenolic and antioxidant content found to be increased upon aging in all the six varieties; red skinned onion (Happyhong) showed the highest level of total phenolics (5110.07 ± 196.56 μg GAEg⁻¹ FW) and total flavonoids (2254.00 ± 154.82 μg QEg⁻¹ FW) after three months. The results showed that in all the varieties, quercetin content as well as biological activity increases with aging in the stored onions compared with the fresh ones.
... Onions were also prescribed by doctors in the early 16th century to help with infertility in women. They were similarly used to raise fertility levels in dogs, cats and cattle, but this was an error as recent research has shown that onions are toxic to dogs, cats, guinea pigs and many other animals (Cope, 2005;Salgado et al., 2011;Yin et al., 2011). Onions were taken by the first settlers to North America, where the Native Americans were already using wild onions in a number of ways, eating them raw or cooked in a variety of foods. ...
Vegetables are important as essential building blocks of any diet. Among the
vegetables, onion (Allium cepa L.) often called as “queen of kitchen” is one of the
oldest known and an important vegetable spices crop grown in Bangladesh. The
present study was carried out with the viewing of cytological observation from root
tip of two mutant lines of onion viz., BP2-100/1 and BP2-100/2 with a BARI released
variety BP2 and molecular characterization of four mutant lines of onion viz., BP2-
75/2, BP2 -100/1, BP2-100/2 and BP2-100/12 with the same variety BP2 to detect PLB
gene conferring resistance against purple blotch of onion. For cytological study
chromosome preparation was made from the root tip by haematoxylin method. In
the two mutant lines and the variety 2n=16 chromosomes were found. The range of
the total length of the individual chromosome was 15.18 mm to 34.29 mm in BP2,
20.56 mm to 37.75 mm in BP2-100/1 and 16.03 mm to 36.26 mm in BP2-100/2.
Chromosome having arm ratio between 1.0-<1.7 were designated as metacentric (m),
1.7-<3.0 as submetacentric (sm) and 3.0-<7.0 as subtelocentric (st). From 8 pairs of
homologous chromosomes, it was found that 7 pairs of metacentric and 1 pair of
submetacentric in BP2, 5 pairs of metacentric and 3 pairs of submetacentric in BP2-
100/1 and, 3 pairs of metacentric, 3 pairs of submetacentric and 2 pairs of
subtelocentric chromosomes in BP2-100/2, while considering the total length and
arm ratio in every cases. Though chromosome number of mutant lines and the
variety was the same but some variations in respect of length and arm ratio of the
individual chromosome was found and it is also assumed that karyotypic differences
as occurring in this lines and variety could be due to structural changes of
chromosomes. The length of the chromosomes of the mutant lines was found
relatively larger than the variety BP2. For molecular detection of PLB gene three sets
of SSR markers were used named MatK-1RKIM-f/MatK-3FKIM-r,
MatK_390f/MatK_1326r and rbcLa-F/rbcLa-R. The banding pattern of all the mutant
lines with the variety BP2 showed clear band using MatK-1RKIM-f/MatK-3FKIM-r
and MatK_390f/MatK_1326r primer sets and the mutant lines BP2-75/2, BP2-100/1
and BP2-100/2 with the variety BP2 showed band by using rbcLa-F/rbcLa-R primer
set indicating the presence of PLB gene inferring resistance against purple blotch but
only the mutant line BP2-100/12 showed no band by using rbcLa-F/rbcLa-R primer
set indicating the absence of PLB gene which inferred susceptibility against purple
blotch of onion. An unknown allele was also detected in this experiment which may
have linked with the PLB gene conferring resistance against purple blotch or it may
be a candidate gene which triggered the PLB gene responsible for purple blotch of
onion needed to study by the scientists in the future.
... 109 Onion toxicities are consistently noted in animals that ingest onions >0.5% of their body weight at one time. 110 A relatively higher-dose of onion (600-800 g) in one meal can damage red blood cells and cause hemolytic anemia. If the onion waste is not disposed of properly, there can be increased risks for domestic and cattlefield animals. ...
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most commonly cultivated crops across the globe, and its production is increasing every year due to increasing consumer demand. Simultaneously, huge amounts of waste are produced from different parts of the onion, which ultimately affect the environment in various ways. Hence, proper usage as well as disposal of this waste is important from the environmental aspect. This review summarizes various usage methods of onion waste material, and processes involved to achieve maximum benefits. Processing industries produce the largest amount of onion waste. Other sources are storage systems, domestic usage and cultivation fields. Particular emphasis has been given to the methods used for better extraction and usage of onion waste under specific topics: viz. organic synthesis, production of biogas, absorbent for pollutants and value added products.
... It is harmful to horses, cats, dogs and many types of animals. Thiosulphate damage the red blood cells, haemolytic anemia by the formation of Heinz bodies in erythrocytes of horses, cats, dogs and many other animals 28,29 . ...
... Onion bulb is rich in minerals like phosphorous, calcium and carbohydrate. Onion also contains proteins and vitamin C (Cope, 2005). ...
The study was carried out in Awaran district of Balochistan during the year 2014. Following the random sampling 60 farmer respondents were selected from the district. The data were elicited through personal interview method. The results of the present study conducted to determine the age group of 21-30 years, 21.66 percent, 31-40 years, 25.00 percent, 41-50 years, 31.66 percent of onion farmer age group. With more than 50 years old farmers, the percentage of onion farmer age group 21.66 percent. Literacy status of the educational level of selected rearers were analyzed and found that 21.66 percent onion farmers were illiterate, 25.00 percent onion farmers were Primary level of education; the 33.33 percent were middle, 16.66 percent of matriculation and 3.33 percent farmers of the bachelor/master education in the study area. In this study the categories were formed for the farming experience of selected farmers were analyzed and found that up to10 years; they had 41.66 percent, 11-20 years of onion farming experience had 13.33 percent, 21-30 years of onion farming experience possessed 25.00 percent of onion farming. Similarly, farmers with more than 30 years of onion farming experience had 20.00 percent of onion farming. Their family size of 5-10 members, and they had 41.66 percent of the onion farming 11-15 Members and they had 46.66 percent of the onion farming and more than 15 members they had 12.66 percent of the onion farming. The results of the present study conducted to determine the on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 75050.00 during study this included Rs.18100.00, Rs.9600.00, Rs.28510.00 and Rs.18840.00 on a fixed cost, labor costs marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Thus the onion growers in Awaran Balochistan area obtained per acre 144 in mound on an average. And revenue per acre earned of Rs. 172800.00 that obtained by the grower of onion. On an average per acre earned during the study, Rs.97750.00 on net income, Rs.172800.00 on gross income and Rs.75050.00 on total expenditure in the Awaran Balochistan. Thus the onion growers in Awaran Balochistan area on a gross income Rs.172800.00 and total expenditure is Rs.75050.00 in Awaran Balochistan area, therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:2.30. A net income per acre earned Rs.97750.00 and total expenditure Rs.75050.00 in Awaran Balochistan area, therefore they availed input, output ratio of 1:1.30 from onion growing in the study area.
... This may be attributable to the differences in antioxidant defense of the erythrocytes against oxidative stress. Catalase activity, for example, is low in dog erythrocytes (Cope, 2005). ...
The effect of long-term onion consumption on red blood cell antioxidant enzymes [glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], were measured. The relationship of these enzymes with PCV and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations was also determined. Twelve adult female goats were used for the experiment and randomly assigned to three groups. Animals of group 1 and 2 received diets containing 30% and 60% spring onions (DM basis) for 60 days, respectively. Goats of group 3 served as control and were fed whole alfalfa hay. Blood samples were obtained before feeding onion and every 10 days up to 80 days. In the onion groups, PCV amounts decreased from day 10 and reached the lowest value at day 40. Although onion consumption reduced PCV, the measures were within the normal range for goats. G6PD activity decreased from day 10 and the lowest value was detected at day 40. After day 40, a slow and gradual return toward the baseline values was seen. In the onion groups, SOD showed a negative correlation with PCV and Hb (P<0.01). On the other hand, there was a positive correlation between G6PD and Hb (P<0.01). It seems that up to 60% of onions in diet can be consumed by goats without noticeable clinical anaemia. Moreover, it seems that SOD has a compensatory role in protection of erythrocytes against oxidative stress induced by onion consumption in goats.
... These wastes represent an environmental problem since onions wastes are not suitable for fodder in high concentration due to onion characteristic aroma and neither as an inorganic fertilizer because of the rapid development of phytogenetic agents (Waldron, 2001). Recent development has also shown that dogs, cats, guinea pigs and other animals should not be given onions in any form due to toxicity during digestion (Cope, 2005, Salgado et al., 2011. Hence there is a need to find other use for onion wastes. ...
Different parts of onion bulb that constitute to waste were characterized for their nutritive value using standard methods. Proximate analysis of the samples revealed that protein (8.76%) and ash (11.46%) was highest in top-bottom part, carbohydrate (66.12%) in outer scale, fat (15.71%) and fiber (26.84%) was highest in outer scale part while highest amount of moisture (9.21%) was reported in top-bottom part. X-ray spectrometry revealed that the outer scale had the highest level of calcium (3.05%) followed by the onion bulb (2.98%) and least in the top-bottom part (2.08%). Gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted oil revealed that the oil from the outer scale part has the highest percentage of linoleic acid, 52.87%. The iodine value of the bulb oil, top-bottom oil and the outer scale oil were 143.35, 142.08 and 189.52 respectively. The properties of different parts of onion that go to waste revealed that they could be dietary sources of nutritive elements and essential fatty acids.
During the past few decades and especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of nutraceuticals has become increasingly popular in both humans and animals due to their easy access, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability with a wide margin of safety. While some nutraceuticals are safe, others have an inherent toxic potential. For a large number of nutraceuticals, no toxicity/safety data are available due to a lack of pharmacological/toxicological studies. The safety of some nutraceuticals can be compromised via contamination with toxic plants, metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, fertilizers, drugs of abuse, etc. Knowledge of pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies and biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility appears to play a pivotal role in the safety and toxicity assessment of nutraceuticals. Interaction studies are essential to determine efficacy, safety, and toxicity when nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs are used concomitantly or when polypharmacy is involved. This chapter describes various aspects of nutraceuticals, particularly their toxic potential, and the factors that influence their safety.
The purpose of this research was to explore the role of glutamine (Gln) on plant germination and growth under salinity [0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)], and on the activation of some stress-related genes [CuZn-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, Alternative Oxidase (AOX), Procollagen Lysyl Hydroxylase (PLOD)-1, Chaperonin (CHAPE) and Heat Shock Protein (HSP)-21], genetic template stability and photosynthetic pigment activation. Under salt stress, 2 mM Gln application reduced the mean germination time (MGT) (4.51 days), increased the coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) (75.85), germination index (GI) (1.46) and germination percentage (GP) (82%), indicating that it was the best application for germination under stress. Gln promoted the development of aboveground plant organs. 3 mM Gln increased the number of leaves from 5.3 to 13.7 and 4.3 to 6.6 under unstress and stress conditions, respectively. Under salt stress, Gln increased photosynthetic pigments and genomic template stability (GTS) (80%). At 2 mM Gln, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content increased from 1.59 mg · g ⁻¹ TA to 2.23 mg · g ⁻¹ TA and from 0.28 mg · g ⁻¹ TA to 0.37 mg · g ⁻¹ TA, respectively. The effect on gene expression levels varied with the concentration. The application of 2 mM Gln, which enhanced germination and vegetative parameters under stress, caused a raise in CuZn-SOD gene expression and a 43% decrease in the transcriptional expression of the HSP-21 gene as an indicator of the functionality of the repair mechanism. The improved growth of Gln-treated plants under stress suggests that Gln is involved in bridging the energy deficit of the plant by acting as an alternative fuel for metabolic activities under stress.
Cats are popular pets worldwide, and many owners are concerned about keeping their cats healthy and happy. However, many cat owners are unaware of the risks associated with using over-the-counter medications, which can lead to pet poisoning. Poisoning can occur when owners give their cats medications that have not been prescribed by a veterinarian or when prescribed medications are not administered correctly. Symptoms of poisoning in cats may include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, seizures, and even death. To prevent poisoning in cats, it is essential for owners to understand the importance of following veterinarian instructions when administering medications. Additionally, owners should be cautious when administering human medications to their cats, as many human medications are toxic to animals. Cat owners should also be aware of signs of poisoning in their pets and seek immediate medical help if they suspect their cat has ingested an inappropriate medication. Therefore, cat owners should be aware of the risks associated with using over-the-counter medications and take measures to prevent their pets from being poisoned. Medication administration for cats should only be done under the care of a veterinarian, and owners should always monitor their pets for signs of poisoning. In this sense, the objective was to construct a quick and scientific guide for consultation on the main toxic agents known to cause feline poisoning and indicate possible antidotes and treatments. To accomplish this goal, an integrative literature review was carried out, seeking important information for the toxicologist veterinarian in updated articles and books.
Medicinal traditional plants are a source of inspiration for the discovery of new bioactive substances. Plant infusions, extracts, and essential oils are known for their diverse biological activity since they are rich in secondary metabolites. The Mediterranean area in general and Lebanon in particular is known for its plant diversity due to its climate and geographical location. This chapter will provide an overview of Lebanese plants with antimicrobial activity. Many of these plants are known for their culinary and traditional medicinal uses for the treatment of different ailments. The main plant families discussed here include Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Cannabaceae, Cistaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, Portulacaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, Rosaceae, and others.
Christmas can be a very busy time in the veterinary clinic and there are many hazards within the home that may put pets at risk. Some popular Christmas treats are well publicised as being toxic to dogs and cats, such as chocolate, but there are some lesser known toxins that owners may not be aware of e.g. onions or mouldy leftovers. This article examines some of the edible toxicological hazards that may be encountered, explaining the mechanism of action, clinical signs, the toxic dose, treatment options available and patient prognosis.
Background: Many potentially toxic substances are carried by the circulatory system and excreted through the kidneys; therefore, the haematological and renal systems are particularly at risk of damage by a variety of toxicants. Treating affected patients requires a combination of supportive care and specific therapy.
Aim of the article: This article is the third in a series of four. It discusses specific toxicants that affect the haematological and renal systems and outlines principles for managing patients presenting with the consequences of intoxication.
Objectives:
Allium jesdianum (Aj) is a medicinal plant that has highlighted pharmacological features. In this study, the effects of Aj extract were examined on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic failure in rats.
Methods:
Methanolic fraction of hydro-alcoholic extract of Aj was obtained by silica gel column chromatography method. Animals were randomly divided into four groups each containing six rats and treated by gavage as follows: the first and second groups received normal saline, the third and fourth groups were received with 50 and 100 mg/kg of Aj extract, respectively. After two consecutive weeks, the groups 2-4 were given a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg). After 48 hours, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological examinations.
Results:
The findings of the study demonstrated that APAP caused a significant increase in ALT (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.001), LDH (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.001) serum levels, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO; P < 0.001) and nitric oxide (NO; P < 0.001). In this regard, APAP led to the depletion of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC; P < 0.001), glutathione and total thiol groups (TTGs; P < 0.001), and structural change in the liver. In the Aj extract groups, a considerable improvement was found in the hepatic function alongside the histopathologic changes.
Conclusion:
This investigation indicated that the influential effects of Aj extract in APAP-induced hepatic failure might depend on its effect on improving oxidant/antioxidant balance in hepatic tissue.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US provides clarification, guidance, and regulatory oversight to protect human and animal health. The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), a branch of FDA, ensures safety of veterinary medical products and animal feed including pet food. Nutraceuticals are neither food nor drugs and present a regulatory challenge. Although most nutraceuticals are generally regarded as safe, there is a growing concern about their safety, quality, and efficacy. To safeguard human health, the FDA has not provided any special provision to natural supplements intended to be included in animal feed. The FDA believes that there is insufficient information on the safe use of natural products in food animals to ensure human health from potential toxic residues. However, the use of oral natural supplements is not prohibited in pets if a product is harmless and not labeled to treat or cure an ailment. In Canada, veterinary nutraceuticals are defined as “natural supplements” and are regulated by Health Canada. Guidance includes information on permitted and excluded products, manufacturing, labeling, and adverse event reporting system. All products are required to obtain a notification number (NN) prior to sale in Canada. The objective of Canadian regulations is to facilitate the approval of safe products while keeping harmful supplements off the market to protect human and animal health.
There are numerous toxins that dogs and cats can be exposed to every day and many of them may be found in the home. In addition to the toxins discussed in the previous chapters of this text, household cleaners, human foods, insecticides, and more can pose additional threats to pets. A basic understanding of handling toxin exposure cases as well as how to treat the more common household toxin exposures will help clinicians advise pet owners as well as treat patients in a timely and productive manner.
Prior to presentation to the veterinary clinic, asking clients to bring along or document all information they can about the toxin the patient may have been exposed to can be helpful. Additionally, with hundreds of potential toxins in the household, a call to a pet poison control hotline may be beneficial in determining the potential severity of the exposure and the recommended treatment for that toxin exposure.
By the turn of the twenty-first century, the use of nutraceuticals became increasingly popular in both humans and animals due to their easy access, cost-effectiveness, and tolerability with a wide margin of safety. While some nutraceuticals are safe, others have a toxic potential. For a large number of nutraceuticals, no toxicity/safety data are available due to a lack of pharmacological/toxicological studies. The safety of some nutraceuticals can be compromised via contamination with toxic plants, metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, fertilizers, drugs of abuse, etc. Knowledge of pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies appears to play a pivotal role in safety and toxicity assessment of nutraceuticals. Interaction studies are essential to determine efficacy, safety, and toxicity when nutraceuticals and therapeutic drugs are used concomitantly. This chapter describes various aspects of nutraceuticals, particularly their toxic potential, and the factors influencing their safety.
The present paper was a part of Ph.D research work, conducted during the year 2014, in which 87 poisonous plants belonging to 54 genera, were collected, documented and preserved in the herbarium of Bannu, Department of Botany UST, Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkwa Pakistan. The plants were identified botanically, arranged alphabetically along with their Latin name, family name, common name, poisonous parts, toxicity, affects, toxin and their effects. Aim of the study was to induce awareness in the local people of district Bannu about the poisonous effects of the commonly used plants. Data about poisonous effect were collected from the local experienced and mostly old age people through questionnaire. Some information were collected from a number of veterinary texts and literature. The most important plants genera studied in the area were Brassica 6 species (11.11%), Lathyrus 5 spp (9.26%), Astragalus, Euphorbia and Prunus were with 4 spp (7.40%). Datura, Jatropha, Ranunculus, Solanum and Sorghum were with 3 spp (5.56%) while Allium, Amaranthus, Chenopodium, Melilotus and Taxus were with 2 spp (3.70%). These 15 genera contribute 48 species (55.17 %) while the remaining 39 genera have single species each and contribute 44.83% to the total poisonous flora of the research area. Other important poisonous plants were Anagallis arvensis L., Cannabis sativa, Datura stramonium L., D. metel L., Euphorbia species, Heliotropium europaeum, Ipomoea tricolor, Jatropha curcas, Lolium temulentum L., Malus domestica, Mangifera indica L., Medicago sativa L., Melilotus alba Desr., M. officinalis (L.) Lam., Mirabilis jalapa L., Narcissus tazetta, Nicotiana tabacum L., Sorghum halepense (L) Pers., and Xanthium strumarium. It was concluded that the local population had poor knowledge about the poisonous effect of the plants and the present research work was anticipated for use by health care professionals, veterinarians, farmers, homeowners, as well as botanically curious individuals.
Objective:
To evaluate commercial complete canned cat foods according to their composition, labeling and nutritional characteristics.
Materials and methods:
A total of 21 commercial complete canned compound feeds for adult cats were analyzed for crude nutrients, minerals, vitamins, selected amino acids and taurine. The analyzed parameters were compared to the internal set of standards of the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF). The energy content was calculated and compared with the labeled recommendations regarding the amounts of diet that should be fed. Analyzed nutrients were compared with the labeled nutrients according to the regulations of the EU food and feed law (directive EU regulation 767/2009).
Results:
In many cases, the labeled feeding protocols did not match the calculated daily energy requirements. In eight complete foods, the recommended daily feed amounts were underestimated and four recommendations exceeded energy requirements of adult cats. In 12 complete foods, the calcium and phosphorus contents were threefold higher than the respective requirement. In 16 of 21 complete foods, substantial discrepancies were observed between the recommendations and the analyzed trace elements. In particular, selenium contents exceeded the selenium requirement more than threefold. The vitamin, arginine and taurine contents showed no significant discrepancies to the recommendations. With respect to the labeled nutrients, there were only minor deviations from the regulations of the European law.
Conclusion and clinical relevance:
In general, healthy adult cats are adequately supplied with energy and nutrients when feeding commercial canned complete diets for cats. In cases of body weight loss or gain, the labelled feed amounts should be questioned. The high phosphorus contents are an issue of concern, because a high phosphorus intake can potentially increase the risk for urinary stones and particularly for older cats the risk for renal insufficiency. Furthermore, it is recommended to decrease the high selenium levels by the reduction of selenium-rich feed materials such as offal.
Pet animals are closer to their owners and for this reason erroneously share the same
alimentation. Several substances can cause intoxication or poisoning in dogs and cats, being many
of those also found in human food. Some foods that are edible for humans or even to other animal
species can be risky for dogs and cats due to different metabolic pathways, and further damage
can be caused depending on the amount or concentration consumed. Poisoning in animals occur
intentionally or accidentally in the household of its owner, occurring acute onset of clinical signs.
Thus, the objective of this review was to present the food products for humans that cannot be
given to dogs and cats as well as clinical signs characteristic of a toxicosis, also demonstrating the
therapy for the damage created by consumption of those substances. This review explores the
mechanisms of action and clinical signs of toxicosis caused by chocolate, xylitol, macadamia nuts,
onions, garlic, grapes and raisins, avocado, alcoholic beverages and milk.
The purpose of this study, was to investigate the effects of Onion Juice Administration (OJA) on Electrocardiogram (ECG) in dogs. Five clinically healthy street dogs were used in this study. Onion juice was given through oro-gastric tube of 400 g onion kg-1 body weight dose in 500 mL water. Blood samples were collected at just before and after (6, 12 and 24th h) Onion Juice Application (OJA). PCV, heart beats counts and electrocardiograms of the animals in the same time were determined. PCV values gradually, decreased and these decreases were significant at 6th (p<0.01), 12th (p<0.01) and 24th (p<0.001) h after OJA. Bradicardia was observed at 6th (p<0.05) and 12th (p<0.001) h after OJA whereas tachycardia was observed at 24th h (p<0.001). Before and 6th h after OJA heart rates were within normal limits in this study. First degree heart block occurred 12th h after OJA and aritmia was obvious at this time. P-Q interval also increased. Bradicardia developed in some derivations. The mean heart rate was approximately 60 beats min-1. Twenty-four hours after OJA tachycardia developed and the mean heart rate was 130 beats mm-1. In summary, OJA caused the anemia (reduction in the PCV values,) 1st degree heart block, tachycardia in dogs. Further studies on this issue, might be helpful for determining the effects of OJA on ECG in different species.
Garlic has been used in herbal medicine for thousands of years. While garlic oil contains many components and has been widely studied, the pharmacology of pure allicin, a constituent of garlic oil, is not well understood. We report that allicin inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro without affecting cyclooxygenase or thromboxane synthase activity or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels. Allicin does not alter the activity of vascular prostacyclin synthase. However, it inhibits ionophore A23187-stimulated human neutrophil lysosomal enzyme release. In vivo allicin dilates the mesenteric circulation of the cat independent of prostaglandin release or a beta adrenergic mechanism.
To determine the effectiveness of 3 antioxidants in preventing Heinz body anemia in cats.
Prospective study.
44 specific-pathogen-free healthy cats.
Cats were housed individually, divided randomly into 4 groups, and given the following orally every 12 hours: empty gelcaps (control cats), N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 100 mg/kg of body weight), vitamin E (d,l-alpha-tocopherol; 400 IU), or ascorbate (250 mg). After 2 weeks, Heinz bodies were induced by dietary onion powder (OP; 1% or 3% of dry matter) or propylene glycol (PG, 8% wt/vol in drinking water) for an additional 3 weeks. Intake of treated water or food was recorded daily. Body weight, PCV, Heinz body and reticulocyte percentages, reduced glutathione concentration, and total antioxidant status were measured twice weekly in all cats.
Heinz body percentage and degree of anemia did not differ significantly among cats receiving antioxidants and control cats except in cats that ingested water containing PG, in which antioxidant supplementation was associated with a decrease in water intake. Of cats that were fed a diet that contained OP, cats that received NAC had significantly higher reduced glutathione concentrations, compared with other cats in the experiment. Total antioxidant status did not consistently correlate with antioxidant supplementation or type of oxidant administered (ie, OP or PG).
Although the effect of antioxidant supplementation on Heinz body anemia in cats was minimal, antioxidants may have subclinical biochemical effects such as GSH sparing that may be important against milder forms of oxidative stress.
After screening 3,300 dogs, one animal with a mild deficiency of erythrocyte G6PD was detected. Although it had several clinical problems for 2 months, no abnormality could be directly attributable to the reduced enzymatic activity. Biochemically the mutant was electrophoretically slower but within the normal range for Km-G6P, Km-NADP, use of 2-dG6P and deamino NADP, pH optimum, and heat stability.
Partially purified haemoglobin solutions of man, horse, car and dog were oxidized with ascorbate, acetylphenylhydrazine, nitrite, and H2O2 at 25 degrees C and with ascorbate and acetylphenylhydrazine at 37 degrees C. Haemoglobins of the carnivores were more easily oxidized with ascorbate, nitrite, and H2O2 than equine and human haemoglobins. Feline haemoglobin, in general, appeared more susceptible to oxidation, particularly oxidative denaturation, than those of the other species. In addition, results of the incubations at 37 degrees C suggest that feline haemoglobin B might be more susceptible to oxidative denaturation than feline haemoglobin A. Equine haemoglobins appeared to be the least susceptible to oxidation with ascorbate and nitrite, but were more easily oxidized with acetylphenylhydrazine than those of the dog or man. It is apparent, therefore, that because a haemoglobin is more susceptible to oxidation with one oxidant does not mean that it will be more susceptible to oxidation with all oxidants. Results from the present study support the concept that an oxidant intermediate(s) is more important than H2O2 in drug-mediated oxidation of haemoglobin.
The objectives of this work were to investigate the effects of a garlic dialysate on diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) of anaesthetized dogs and its effects on frequency and tension of isolated rat atria. Garlic dialysate led to a drop in DBP (from 112.5 +/- 3.67 to 70 +/- 3.16 mmHg) and a decrease in HR (from 198 +/- 9.81 to 164 +/- 16.59 beats/min) in a dose-dependent manner. The ECG showed a regular sinus bradycardic rhythm. The addition of garlic dialysate to isolated left rat atria evoked a decrease in tension development. Frequency, measured by spontaneous beating of the right atria, was also reduced. Both effects were dose-dependent. In addition to these effects, the positive inotropism and chronotropism induced by addition of isoproterenol 10(-9) M, were partially antagonized by preincubation of the rat atria with the garlic dialysate. The above findings can be explained by a depressant effect on automaticity and tension development in the heart, suggesting a beta-adrenoceptor blocking action produced by the garlic dialysate.
Ajoene, (E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide, is a potent antiplatelet compound isolated from alcoholic extracts of garlic (Allium sativum). Ajoene reversibly inhibits in vitro platelet aggregation as well as release reaction induced by all known agonists. We used a well characterized cylindrical perfusion chamber to study the effect of ajoene on platelet deposition onto physiological substrates such as pig aortic subendothelium and tunica media as a model of mildly and severely damaged vessel wall respectively. Experiments were performed under flow conditions of high and low shear rate that mimic laminar blood flow in small and medium size arteries (1690 sec-1 and 212 sec-1). Our results indicate that ajoene prevents thrombus formation both at low and high shear rate in citrated whole blood. The inhibitory effect of ajoene on platelet-thrombus formation seems to be dependent on its inhibition of fibrinogen binding, since significantly higher concentrations of ajoene are needed to affect von Willebrand factor binding to GPIIb/IIIa receptors. Further, ajoene does not impair Ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination, mediated by GPIb. Our results suggest that ajoene may be useful for the acute prevention of thrombus formation induced by vascular damage.
The hemolytic effect of onion consumption in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations (designated HK dogs) was compared with that in clinically normal dogs. Twelve hours after oral administration of boiled onions (200 g/dog), hemoglobin concentration decreased to 84.4% of the initial value in HK dogs; it decreased only to 90.5% in clinically normal dogs. At 24 hours, methemoglobin concentration was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in HK dogs than in clinically normal dogs. The concentration of erythrocyte oxidized glutathione increased about fivefold at 10 hours in HK dogs, whereas it did not change during the experimental period in clinically normal dogs. In addition, at 12 hours, the proportion of erythrocytes containing Heinz bodies increased to 24.4% in HK dogs, but increased only to 1.2% in clinically normal dogs. Thus, results indicated that HK dogs were more susceptible to the oxidant action of onions than were clinically normal dogs.
Propylene glycol (PG) is a common preservative and source of synthetic carbohydrates in soft-moist pet foods. Propylene glycol was fed to cats for 5 weeks at concentrations found in commercial diets (1.6 g/kg of body weight; 12% of diet on a dry-weight basis) and for 3 weeks at concentrations exceeding usual intake (8 g/kg; 41% of diet). There was a dose-dependent increase in Heinz body percentage to 28% in cats fed the low dose of PG and to 92% in cats fed the high dose. Erythrocyte half-life, measured using [14C]-cyanate hemoglobin (Hb), decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 18.8% and 60% in cats fed the low and high PG doses, respectively. The PCV in cats fed the low dose was unaffected, whereas cats fed the high dose had a mean (+/- SEM) decrease in PCV from 33.5 +/- 1.05% to 26.3 +/- 1.45%, accompanied by punctate reticulocytosis and bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. A dose-dependent increase in iron pigment was found in the liver and spleen of all cats. In cats fed the low dose of PG, erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration actually increased from 7.02 +/- 0.56 to 9.74 +/- 0.69 mumol/g of Hb, but decreased to 2.96 +/- 0.27 mumol/g of Hb in cats fed the high dose. There was no significant increase in methemoglobin concentration. These results indicated that PG cannot be considered innocuous even at concentrations consumed by cats eating commercial diets. Heinz body-induced acceleration of RBC destruction develops in a dose-dependent manner, so that cats with greater food intake, ie, lactating queens and nursing kittens, are at greater risk for development of PG-induced Heinz body hemolytic anemia.
Catalase was purified to an apparent homogeneity from dog erythrocytes and its properties were compared with those of human erythrocyte catalase. Purification was unsuccessful without the use of glycerol as the stabilizing agent. Molecular weight of the purified dog catalase was estimated to be about 63,000 Da in monomer and about 230,000 Da in native tetramer form. The ratio of A405/A280, the index of hematin content relative to protein, was 1.15. The isoelectric point was in the range of 5.8 to 6.4. These properties of dog catalase were very similar to those of human catalase. Dog catalase also possessed the same partial amino acid sequence as human catalase. However, the specific activity of dog enzyme was about threefold less than that of human enzyme. The amount of catalase protein in dog erythrocytes determined by immunoblotting analysis was about tenfold less than that of human erythrocytes. This was consistent with the fact that the catalase activity in dog hemolysate was about 1/30 of that in human hemolysate.
To determine whether dogs given garlic extract developed hemolytic anemia and to establish the hematologic characteristics induced experimentally by intragastric administration of garlic extract.
8 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
4 dogs were given 1.25 ml of garlic extract/kg of body weight (5 g of whole garlic/kg) intragastrically once a day for 7 days. The remaining 4 control dogs received water instead of garlic extract. Complete blood counts were performed, and methemoglobin and erythrocyte-reduced glutathione concentrations, percentage of erythrocytes with Heinz bodies, and percentage of eccentrocytes were determined before and for 30 days after administration of the first dose of garlic extract. Ultrastructural analysis of eccentrocytes was performed.
Compared with initial values, erythrocyte count, Hct, and hemoglobin concentration decreased to a minimum value on days 9 to 11 in dogs given garlic extract. Heinz body formation, an increase in erythrocyte-reduced glutathione concentration, and eccentrocytes were also detected in these dogs. However, no dog developed hemolytic anemia.
The constituents of garlic have the potential to oxidize erythrocyte membranes and hemoglobin, inducing hemolysis associated with the appearance of eccentrocytes in dogs. Thus, foods containing garlic should not be fed to dogs. Eccentrocytosis appears to be a major diagnostic feature of garlic-induced hemolysis in dogs.