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Prevalence of dog-bites in Delhi: Knowledge and practices of residents regarding prevention and control of rabies
Abstract
This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of dog-bites and knowledge and practices among the residents regarding prevention and control of rabies in Delhi 5.412 households with a population of 30.554 were covered. The prevalence rate of dog-bite was 4.1 per 1000 population in a year. Majority of the subjects suffering from dog-bite were males (77.8%) or children/adolescents (54.4). Washing of wounds with soap/antiseptic was reported only in 41.3 per cent of cases. Complete vaccination by anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) as per schedule was received by 43.9 per cent. There was insufficient knowledge among the sample population about animal bites and transmission of rabies and the way it can be prevented. The findings highlight the need to start a vigorous IEC campaign to create awareness in the community regarding prevention and control of rabies with emphasis on vaccination of pets and victims in time.
... Samara, Zaria, Nigerian study (75.5%) and results are comparable with urban slums of Delhi (38.5%). [6][7][8][9]11 In the present study it was observed that awareness regarding cleaning of wound was only 59.3%, anti rabies vaccination is 41.87% and T.T vaccination is only 25% and after educational intervention all were 100%, which was statistically significant. ...
... Addis Ababa study in Ethiopia (85.7%), urban slums of Delhi (80%) our results are quiet better than the study conducted by Gujarat (31.1%). 7,[9][10][11][12] In a study conducted by Singh et al, 31.1% persons endorsed application of first aid measures such as washing, antiseptic bandaging and T.T. in case of animal bite. 12 Awareness regarding antirabies vaccination was 41.87% in the present study, awareness is very poor compared to Ravish et al study (66.9%), ...
... Addis Ababa study in Ethiopia (85.7%), urban Slums of Delhi (80%). [7][8][9]11 Our results are similar to the study conducted in Bahir dar town of Veterinaria (41.2%). 10 Awareness regarding T.T. vaccination after dog bite was 25% in the present study the results are similar to the study conducted by a Rural community of Gujarat. ...
Background: Rabies is a deadly disease but mostly preventable. Poor public awareness towards rabies is considered as one of the bottle necks for the prevention and control of the disease. The objectives of the study were to create awareness of rabies in pupil of Z.P. High School in Kallur (V), Kurnool (Dt) and to formulate Recommendation to school and concerned authoritiesMethods: A longitudinal intervention study conducted in Z.P. High school from a period of November 1st 2011 to December 31st 2011 among 6th to 9th class school children. And sample size was 160 students. A predesigned, semi structured questionnaire consisting of 28 questions was given to assess their level of awareness regarding rabies.Results: Of the 160 school children interviewed, 98 (61%) of them were males and 62 (38%) female students. The major source of information regarding occurrence of rabies 54 (33.7%) is schools, awareness regarding rabies due to dog bite before pre educational intervention is only 65 (40.62%), only 25% were aware of T.T vaccination, 41% were aware of anti-rabies vaccination. 59.3% were aware of cleaning of wound. Only 36 to 38% were aware of dog vaccination.Conclusions: In conclusion, this study has shown that the level KAP about clinical signs of rabies, prevention methods after suspected animal bite, the first action taken after rabid dog bite is not so good in the school, An intervention was planned in three sessions, and students were educated on how to identify rabid dogs, preventive measures like cleaning of wound after bite, dog vaccination, human vaccination with anti-rabies vaccine and T.T vaccine.
... However, in Agarvval N, et al. 4 study when asked why the patient will die post animal bite, the major reasons were given as the spread of poison in the body (41%), insanity (33%) and absence of treatment (7.6%). ...
... In our study, 55% of people agreed to consult doctor and 18.33% will take Anti-Rabies Vaccine (ARV); 21.66% people were open to witchcraft, although 8.33% of these also will consult doctor and 3.75% will also go for ARV. Agarvval N, et al. 4 study also showed that after a dog bite, 53% preferred to visit a health facility. A quarter of the respondents believed that rabies could be treated by injections (15.2%), medicines (5.3%) and by local healers (0.8%). ...
... In the present study among both male (55.7%) and female (63.6%) still believed in applying chilli and turmeric at the wound site. In a study by Lai P, et al. 4 among 98 males (8.1%) still believed in home remedy and among 28 females (28.5%) and out of total (126) respondents 12.7% believed in home remedy, which is less than our study in which application of chilli and turmeric is 57.9%; 10.8% were having adequate knowledge of washing the wound with water and soap, though males (12.1%) had higher knowledge compared to females (7.6%). In a study by Lai P, et al. 4 out of total 98 males, 53.5% said that the wound should be washed with soap and water, whereas out of 28 females 53.5% said washing the wound with soap and water. ...
Animal bite is neglected problem in India. Many animal bite cases turn out to be rabies, which is a disease of worldwide
importance. Out of the estimated 55,000 deaths worldwide due to rabies, 20,000 deaths occur in India alone (2 per lac population at
risk). At present Indian and State Government resources are mainly focussing on the Anti-Rabies Therapy. Thus the people at large
have no or little knowledge from community about the various aspects of rabies and its treatment.
OBJECTIVES
The present study is an effort to understand the level of knowledge, their beliefs and perception about the animal bite. To study
the people’s preparedness in case of animal bite.
METHODS
Cross sectional study conducted in field practice area of Urban Health Centre, Bhandari Bagh, Dehradun, from April 2013 to June
2013. The total population study area (Bhandari Bagh) is 12,000 and that is in 2400 families. This is spread out in 12
colonies/Mohallas; 10% of the total families, i.e. 240 were taken by systematic random sampling method. Interview of available adult
member of the family was taken using semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. The information on Knowledge, Attitude and
Practices (KAP) related to animal bite was collected.
RESULTS
A 45.5% people perception was that the person becomes insane after animal bite; 83.9% people knew that animal bite is the
mode of transmission; 77.52% respondents believed that the dogs transmit the rabies, but knowledge regarding other animals
transmitting rabies was limited; 55% people said they should consult doctor after animal bite and 18.33% of persons knew about
usage of Anti Rabies Vaccine (ARV).
DISCUSSION
Old beliefs (9.58% believe in witchcraft, 15.1% believe there is spread of poison after animal bite) and practices (Applying turmeric
and chillies 57.9%) exist in the community. Knowledge about animals transmitting rabies other than dog was also yet inadequate. So
policy needs to focus to impart knowledge by the health workers and doctors to change their belief and practices.
... There is variation in different studies regarding the gender mostly affected by dog bite. 4,7,9,10,13 The ownership of pet dog (9.7%) is relatively low in present study area as compared to other studies. 12,14 Bust most importantly care of pet dog is grossly unsatisfactory ...
... For the dog bite cases wound treatment was very low (12.1%) in present study which is even lower by finding of some other study. 2,10,13,16 Anti rabies vaccines were received by 72.7 percent of dog bite cases but most of them received incomplete treatment (63.3%) which is in accordance with finding from other studies done. 4,7,8,10,11 Percent of people receiving immunoglobulin is only 6.1%. ...
... 2,10,13,16 Anti rabies vaccines were received by 72.7 percent of dog bite cases but most of them received incomplete treatment (63.3%) which is in accordance with finding from other studies done. 4,7,8,10,11 Percent of people receiving immunoglobulin is only 6.1%. ...
Background: Rabies is a fatal and neglected zoonotic disease transmitted mostly by dog bites. Recently, Tamil Nadu, India has made a coordinated effort involving public health and animal husbandry agencies and put in place interventions like ABC – AR and universal vaccine supply to address this problem. With this background the following study was done to study the effect of rabies control efforts by Tamil Nadu government on incidence of dog bite and on the knowledge, attitude & practice of dog care & management of dog bite. Methods: A 30-cluster survey was done to study 300 subjects. Information was collected using structured questionnaire regarding history of dog bite in past one year and its management practices, knowledge on pet dog care, activities done by government for control of dog population, disease transmitted by dog bite and regarding management of dog bite. The data was entered and analyzed in epi_info 6.04. Results: Study found a high incidence of dog bite in general population with incidence being 31.1 per 1000 population/year. Children less than 15 years (RR =1.86) and low SES (RR=2.54) are more vulnerable to dog bite injuries. Conclusions: From present study it was found an unsatisfactory pet care practices & very low awareness regarding rabies, dog population control program and management of dog bite injuries. Management of dog bites injuries was grossly inadequate.
... This cross-sectional, observational study conducted in an urban and a rural slum of Delhi attempts a deconstruction of the incidence of dog bites in the context of knowledge and practices regarding its management and prevention. The annual incidence of dog bites is much higher than that reported in another study (4/1000) conducted in 2005 in Delhi by Lai et al. [11] Dog bite incidence rates in our study were higher in comparison with WHO sponsored multicentric nationwide study (17/1000) conducted in 2003. [4] Highlighting the large disparities in dog bite incidence rates in different areas of the country, a study in 2003 by Agarvval and Reddaiah [12] in the adjoining state of Haryana reported findings similar to ours. ...
... Other studies from India are consistent with the findings of our study. [11,12] As males are the main earners of the families, they are outside their homes for relatively longer periods and so have higher risk of exposure to stray dogs. ...
... More than half of the patients with dog bite washed the wound with soap and water; this was significantly higher in urban compared to rural slum. This is higher than that reported by Lai et al. in 2005. [11] The difference may be due to the increased awareness and knowledge of the respondents as well as the health care providers, probably due to the various rabies-related Information, Education, and Communication campaigns run by the government and Municipal Corporations of Delhi. ...
Background:
Rabies is a fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by the bites of warm-blooded animals. One of the important methods of controlling rabies is by interventions to limit the number of dog bites, the most common source of transmission of rabies to humans in the community. Community-based data on dog bites are rare from India.
Aim:
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of dog bites and knowledge and practices relating to its management and prevention in an urban and a rural slum of North West Delhi, India.
Subjects and methods:
A cross-sectional house to house survey of 500 households covering a population of 2887 individuals was conducted. The families were selected by systematic random sampling. A pretested and a prevalidated questionnaire was used. Chi-square test was applied for comparing proportions related to the categorical variables and t-test was used for comparing means.
Results:
The dog bite incidence rate for the study population for the last year was 25.2/1000 population with higher rates in urban (30.1/1000) than rural (19.6/1000) slum. Two-fifths of the dog bite patients did not wash the wound with soap and water. The practice of washing the wound with soap and water was significantly higher in urban than rural slum. One-fifth of the patients did not receive anti-rabies vaccine. There was lower coverage in rural than urban slum. A majority (79.0%) of the patients did not receive anti-rabies serum.
Conclusion:
A high prevalence of dog bites coupled with poor knowledge and dog bite management practices is a worrisome trend which policy makers should take into account to make India rabies free.
... The incidence of dog bites among respondents in the past 1 year was 12.4% in this study. Our finding shows that the incidence of dog bites among dog-owning families is around four times higher than the 3% reported in a study by Sharma S et al. from the urban area of Delhi [11] and also higher than that (0.4%) from another study in Delhi by Lal P et al. [13] Only 22.7% (10/44) of dog bite cases had received anti-rabies vaccination after the bite. This was lower than that reported from other studies in Delhi. ...
... A study by Lal reported this to be 32.5% and 79.2%, respectively. [11,13] A study by Abdulsalam AL et al. in Nigeria also reported a higher vaccination rate of 41% among dog bite victims. [14] The severity of dog bite and pet dog status of the biting animal may be responsible for the lower anti-rabies vaccination among pet owners in our study. ...
Background:
Despite members of dog-owning families being at a higher risk of dog bites owing to their proximity to dogs in their household, there are hardly any studies from India which focus on the burden of dog bites among them and their rabies control and prevention practices. This study aimed to estimate the burden of dog bites among dog owners and their wound management practices to prevent rabies.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among pet dog owners in a high-end housing society of National Capital Region of Delhi. A pre-tested and pre-validated schedule was used to collect data by consecutive sampling through community survey. Data were analyzed using R software. The incidence of dog bites and the status of rabies prevention practices adopted by the participants are presented as proportions. Chi-square test was applied to compare proportions.
Results:
A total of 100 families were studied, which covered 355 family members. The incidence of dog bites in the past 1 year was found to be 44/355, 12.4% (95% confidence interval 9.2–16.3%). Pet dogs were responsible for 31/44 (70.5%) bites. Among 44 dog bite incidents, 30 (68.2%) reported taking any injection after the incident, and 10 (22.7%) reported receiving an anti-rabies vaccine. Only six out of 100 families reported at least one family member covered by rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis.
Conclusion:
The incidence of dog bites among the dog owners was high. The rabies pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis practices adopted by the participants were found to be inadequate.
... This finding was consistence with results recorded in Sir Lanka in which the majority of the participants were in favor of rabies control programs that mainly focused on stray dog population control (Gino et al., 2009). Lower proportions (54%) of study subjects in favor of pets vaccination were also reported elsewhere (Lai et al., 2005). Almost all respondents agreed to consult health professional in case of animal bite. ...
... Abraham Ali, et al. Ethiop.Vet.J.,2013,17(2),19-35 31 In the present study, 75.5% of respondents knew that rabies to be transmitted through animal bite and only 42.4% knew that vaccination of animals could prevent rabies which is consistent with the finding of Lai et al., (2005), who reported that 61.1% and 49.2% answered correctly concerning transmission and prevention of rabies, respectively. However, the study conducted in Addis Ababa (Eshetu Yimer et al., 2012) among the community indicated that higher proportion of study participants (97.2%) had correct responses regarding the route of exposure compared to the result found in this study which could be due to difference in study methodology. ...
This study was conducted in Addis Ababa during the months of January and February, 2011 to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the communities on rabies. A cross-sectional study design and multistage sampling procedures were employed to select households for this study. Kebeles were randomly selected using lottery method from list of kebeles in each sub city, followed by selection of 42 households from each kebeles using systematic random sampling method. The data were collected from 1260 households through face to face interview using pre tested and structured questionnaires. Eighty three percent of the respondents indicated that they had previously heard about rabies. The majority of the study participants 932(75.2%) had moderate level of knowledge and those with satisfactory level of attitude were 649(52.3%) and with intermediate level of appropriate practices were 831(67.0%). There was strong association between knowledge scores and sex; educational level; occupation and household size (p<0.05). However, statistically significant difference was observed only between attitude scores and: age, educational level and monthly income (p<0.05). In this study, higher scores in practices to prevent rabies were recorded in male respondents those who completed higher education (p <0.05). Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between knowledge and practice; attitude and practice. In this study a moderate level of awareness was shown with regard to rabies among the residents of Addis Ababa. Additionally, inaccessibility to appropriate services was also considered as a major reason for the low level of community participation in rabies prevention and control activities.
... However, a study by Satapathy et al. [11] and Mohanty et al. [12] showed that animal bites in the age group of 0-15 years were more. Again, a study by Bedi et al. [13] and Lai et al. [14] showed that animal bite victims were more likely in children which may be due to less height making easy access for animals to bite. In this study, males were more affected than females which could be because males are more involved in outdoor activities than females. ...
Background
Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that is 100% fatal, yet 100% preventable. It is estimated that 17.4 million exposures with 20,000 deaths due to animal bites occur every year in India, with higher cases in particular seasons. Hence, this study aimed to find out the seasonal trend among animal bite victims for the past 3 years.
Subjects and Methods
It was a record-based retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Jabalpur, for a period of 2 months (September 2022 to October 2022) for the years 2018, 2019, and 2020 among 1518 victims. Data were entered into MS Excel, and descriptive statistical analysis was done using IBM-SPSS version 23.0.
Results
It was observed that, majority were dog-bite victims with maximum unprovoked bite showing decrease in trend from 2018 to 2019, and then increase in 2020. In this study, maximum bites were seen in winter (23.99% in 2018, 52.61% in 2019, and 50% in 2020), followed by monsoon (12.64%) in 2018 and summer in both 2019 and 2020.
Conclusion
In the study, maximum bites were noted during winter, followed by the monsoon in 2018 and summer in 2019 and 2020, showing an increase in trend and then a downfall in 2020, maybe due to the COVID-19 period lockdown. This study will help policymakers formulate appropriate plans, activities, and logistic support for the management of animal bite victims.
... Other studies from India show the same results. 11,12 In most of the family's males are the main earners, and they are outside their homes for relatively longer periods as compared to women and so have higher risk of exposure to dogs and other animals. ...
Background: The present study explores the variation in epidemiology and treatment seeking behavior of animal bite patients in rural and urban areas. The rural urban differences would be imperative in effective policy making, planning and implementation of preventive and control measures.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 50 urban patients were from anti-rabies vaccination clinic of government medical college Aurangabad and 50 rural patients from areas of Paithan from January 2016 to May 2016. All patients were subjected to socio-demographic profile and detailed history of animal bites, wound toileting and treatment including both active and passive immunization.Results: Overall, 66% were males and 34% were females. Most of the people in rural area were bitten by stray dog (42%) followed by wild animals like pig, monkey (16%) as compared with 38% of stray dog bite cases in urban areas. The commonest site of animal bites was found to be lower limb followed by upper limb, trunk and head in both areas. Maximum cases belonged to category III (84%) in rural areas followed by category I (10%). Also, most of the rural patients (46%) preferred home remedies of treatment i.e. application of oil, salt, red chilies, and turmeric paste applications as compared with 10% urban patients.Conclusions: Our study revealed that majority of the patients from rural areas were inflicted upon by stray dogs (54%) and relied more upon home remedies thereby reporting late to government hospitals.
... Rabies, for instance, is a major concern in Delhi, with over 200 dog bites reported in the capital daily (Singh 2017). Disproportionally higher confl icts have been noted in North and East Delhi, the parts of the capital known to have the lowest standards of solid waste management, including those for edible waste (Hindustan Times 2015;Lai et al 2005). Delhi also ranks among the top states in India for deaths due to H1N1 swine fl u transferred to humans from backyard pigs fed with food-waste; the threat of zoonotic transfers increases at higher population densities. ...
It is well-documented that urban waste contributes to the economy by creating livelihoods. Less is known, however, about the role of urban waste in producing human-animal ecologies involving livestock and wild birds. Here, four aspects of human-animal relationships in two urban subsystems involving waste as raw material for both stall-fed livestock (focusing on cows) and foragers (focusing on kites) are discussed. These are the roles of waste as feed; complex spatial relationships between animals, humans and their wastes; high densities of animals and humans leading to conflict over waste; and emerging threats of diseases spilling across social and physical barriers between animals and humans mediated by waste, with implications for the health of urbanised living beings.
... Berikutnya adalah pengetahuan tentang vaksinasi yang mana 54,6% responden menganggap vaksinasi boleh dilakukan pada anjing yang sakit. Justru vaksinasi hanya boleh dilakukan pada anjing sehat sehingga kekebalannya berada pada tingkat yang optimum untuk menerima virus rabies yang masuk ke dalam tubuh anjing (Lai et al., 2005). Hal lain adalah sebanyak 31,9% responden masih belum memahami pertolongan pertama yang seharusnya dilakukan pada korban yang tergigit oleh anjing, di samping itu, sebanyak 35,5% responden belum memahami bahwa rabies dapat menyebabkan kematian pada Ali et al. (2013) namun berbeda dengan penelitian Eidson et al. (2004) bahwa sudah banyak masyarakat yang paham bahwa rabies mematikan untuk manusia. ...
Sukabumi District is one of the districts in West Java Province that has not been rabies-free since there are still reported rabies dog bites and rabies-positive cases in humans. The aim of the study was to measure the knowledge, attitude and practice of dog’s owner towards rabies which will then be useful for designing the appropriate rabies control programs. A total of 141 dog owners were selected as samples/ respondents. Respondents were taken from two sub-districts in Sukabumi District, which were 66 people from Jampang Tengah Sub-district and 75 people from Cisolok Sub-district. The data were taken using structured questionnaire. The result showed that most of respondent’s level of knowledge (51.1%) was in moderate category, meanwhile the respondent’s level of attitude related to rabies control program mostly (69.5%) was in positive category. But the positive attitude was not reflected with their practice towards rabies control program which many of them (63.1%) was in bad category of rabies control practices. From analytical result showed that only one characteristic variablewhich was the information access about rabies that had significant correlation (c2=9.959, p=0.006) towards respondent’s level of knowledge. Furthermore, another result showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge variable with respondent’s attitude level (p= 0.000, r= 0.275).
... The finding that most of the animal bite injuries in our study were inflicted on males is consistent with results reported from other studies conducted elsewhere [34][35][36]. Although several factors may explain gender differences in the distribution of animal bites, occupational activities that expose individuals to dog bites are likely to be more common among males compared to females [36]. ...
Background
In the absence of accurate data on trends and the burden of human rabies infection in developing countries, animal bite injuries provide useful information to bridge that gap. Rabies is one of the most deadly infectious diseases, with a case fatality rate approaching 100%. Despite availability of effective prevention and control strategies, rabies still kills 50,000 to 60,000 people worldwide annually, the majority of whom are in the developing world. We describe trends and geographical distribution of animal bite injuries (a proxy of potential exposure to rabies) and deaths due to suspected human rabies in Uganda from 2001 to 2015.
Methods
We used 2001–2015 surveillance data on suspected animal bite injuries, collected from health facilities in Uganda. To describe annual trends, line graphs were used and linear regression tested significance of observed trends at P<0.05. We used maps to describe geographical distribution of animal bites by district.
Results
A total of 208,720 cases of animal bite injuries were reported. Of these, 27% were in Central, 22% in Eastern, 27% in Northern and 23% in Western regions. Out of 48,720 animal bites between 2013 and 2015, 59% were suffered by males and 81% were persons aged above 5 years. Between 2001 and 2015, the overall incidence (per 100,000 population) of animal bites was 58 in Uganda, 76 in Northern, 58 in Central, 53 in Western and 50 in Eastern region. From 2001 to 2015, the annual incidence (per 100,000 population) increased from 21 to 47 (P = 0.02) in Central, 27 to 34 (P = 0.04) in Eastern, 23 to 70 (P = 0.01) in Northern and 16 to 46 (P = 0.001) in Western region. A total of 486 suspected human rabies deaths were reported, of which 29% were reported from Eastern, 28% from Central, 27% from Northern and 17% from Western region.
Conclusion
Animal bite injuries, a potential exposure to rabies infection, and mortality attributed to rabies infection are public health challenges affecting all regions of Uganda. Eliminating rabies requires strengthening of rabies prevention and control strategies at all levels of the health sector. These strategies should utilize the “One Health” approach with strategic focus on strengthening rabies surveillance, controlling rabies in dogs and ensuring availability of post exposure prophylaxis at lower health facilities.
... Alors qu'un animal malade de rage peut transmettre le virus aussi bien par morsure que par griffure, la transmission du virus par la griffure était presqu'ignorée méconnue. Globalement la connaissance des moyens de transmission était supérieure aux résultats des études Addis Abbéba en Ethiopie et à Délhi [9,17]. La forte proportion à consulter le jour de l'exposition était notée aussi à Madagascar, à Abidjan et au Mali [18][19][20][21]. ...
Introduction
La rage canine demeure une préoccupation en Afrique comme au Tchad. La présente étude vise à évaluer les Connaissances-Attitudes-Pratiques des populations pour la prise en charge appropriée des personnes exposées et une lutte efficace.
Méthodes
C’était une étude transversale descriptive réalisée en juillet et septembre dans quatre districts sanitaires au Tchad en 2015. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide d’un questionnaire auprès des ménages recrutés suivant un sondage aléatoire à 3 degrés.
Résultats
C’était 2428 personnes enquêtées avec un niveau maximum primaire (54,12%). L’âge moyen était de 36 ± 13,50 ans. Ils étaient cultivateurs (35,17%), commerçants (18,04%), ménagères (12,81%). La rage était définie comme une maladie transmise du chien à l’homme (41,43%), une altération du cerveau (41,27%), une sous-alimentation (10,26%). Le chat était faiblement connu réservoir (13,84%) et vecteur (19,77%) ainsi que la griffure comme moyen de transmission (4,61%) et la vaccination du chat comme mesure préventive (0,49%). Les premiers soins en cas de morsure à domicile étaient les pratiques traditionnelles (47,69%), le lavage des plaies (19,48%) ou aucune action entreprise (20,43%). Les ménages consultaient la santé humaine (78,50%), la santé animale (5,35%) et les guérisseurs traditionnels (27%).
Conclusion
La communication en rapport avec des premiers soins à la maison en cas de morsure, la connaissance du chat comme réservoir et vecteur, celle de la griffure comme moyen de transmission et la promotion de la consultation des services vétérinaires en cas de morsure sont nécessaires.
... In Western Europe and North America, the disease has been eliminated from domestic dog populations (Fooks, 2007), however, same cannot be said for the developing countries (Cleaveland et al., 2007;Hampson et al., 2009). In developing nations where dogs are principal hosts and vector of rabies, the risk is high for spill-over infections into human populations (Lai et al., 2005;Sudarshan et al., 2007). A high risk of spill-over infections of rabies in to the human population via dog bites has been reported in Nigeria (Aworh et al., 2011;Tekki et al., 2016). ...
Rabies is endemic in Nigeria and has remained one of the most important neglected diseases of public health concern in the country. Dogs as principal hosts and vector of rabies have been reported in the country, making the risk of spill-over infections into human populations very high. In this study we reviewed available national data on canine rabies with the view to establishing the current status of rabies across the country. Data from 2002 to 2013 was sourced from the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. The IBM SPSS Statistics 20 was used to determine the statistics of the current canine rabies status in Nigeria. A total of 2,900 samples were submitted during the period. The overall periodic prevalence of the disease across Nigeria is 59%. Forty nine and a half percent (49.5%) of the dog samples in this study were vaccinated against canine rabies. Eight percent (8%) of the total dog samples had up-to-date vaccination status; thirty eight percent (38%) had expired vaccination status and 54 % had no history of vaccination. Over twenty five and a half percent (25.7%) of cases with no previous vaccination history were stray dogs and 74.3% owned dogs. This study reaffirms the results of previous studies that canine rabies is well established across Nigeria. The situation reported in this study is not the true canine rabies scenario in the country as only few states of the federation consistently report suspected rabies to the NVRI. The need to develop a sustainable national database for canine-and human-rabies is recommended.
... The disease has been eliminated from domestic dog populations in Western Europe and North America (Fooks, 2007) but the same cannot be said for developing countries (Cleaveland et al., 2007;Hampson et al., 2009). In developing nations where dogs are principal hosts and vector of rabies, the risk is high for spill-over infections into human populations (Lai et al., 2005;Sudarshan et al., 2007). ...
Rabies, a neglected tropical disease, is one of the most fatal diseases. Around 55,000 people die
from rabies annually with over 99% of these deaths occurring in Africa and Asia.
A retrospective study of rabies cases was carried out in Plateau state, Nigeria, 2004 – 2009. Cases
reported to the central diagnostic laboratory (CDL) of the national veterinary research institute, Vom,
Nigeria were investigated. Head samples from cats and dogs were received by CDL for rabies diagnosis;
the majority (98%) of the samples were from dogs. ArcMap 10 (ESRI, Redlands, CA) was used to produce
choropleth maps to present the geographical distribution of the prevalence of canine rabies in Plateau state.
IBM SPSS version 20.0 was used to run the paired samples t-test and odd ratio.
The risk of developing rabies cases was found to be higher amongst patients with previous history
of dog-bites. No consistent month-wise seasonal patterns of canine rabies was identified. Geographical
distributions of cases in the state revealed concentration of disease on the plateaux in each year of the
study. This study revealed that factors such as poor vaccination coverage of owned dogs, high population of
stray dogs and/or low confinement of domestic dogs and lack of revision and enforcement of regulations/
laws for impoundment and elimination of stray dogs are responsible for the observed canine rabies situation
in the state. These problems were discussed and recommendations were suggested.
... The disease has been eliminated from domestic dog populations in Western Europe and North America (Fooks, 2007) but the same cannot be said for developing countries (Cleaveland et al., 2007;Hampson et al., 2009). In developing nations where dogs are principal hosts and vector of rabies, the risk is high for spill-over infections into human populations (Lai et al., 2005;Sudarshan et al., 2007). ...
Abstract
A total of 96 growing rabbits were used in an experiment to determine the performance and
blood indices of rabbits fed shrimp waste meal (SWM) as partial substitutes for soybean meal (SBM). Rabbits
were allotted on weight equalization basis to 4 treatment groups having 4 replicates of 6 rabbits each. Four
iso-caloric (2240kcal/Kg) and iso-proteinous (15% CP) diets (NRC, 1977) were formulated at 0g/kg (0%),
66.3g/kg (33%), 132.7g/kg (66%) and 201.1g/kg (100%) SWM inclusion levels replacing SBM. Feed and water
were offered ad-libitum during the 8 weeks feeding trial. Data on performance were taken and at the 8th
week, blood samples collected were assayed for haematology and serum metabolites. Data analysis was
done using ANOVA in a Completely Randomized Design. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio indicated
that rabbits on 132.7g SWM/kg diet performed better than the control and other substitution levels
with those on 201.1g SWM/kg diet having the lowest performance indices. Feed cost per kilogram diet
reduced with increasing levels of SWM; also feed cost per unit weight gain. Rabbits fed 132.7g SWM/kg had
higher (cubic) mean values for total protein, albumin and globulin and lower (p<0.05) values for urea and
creatinine than those on the other diets. There was no significant difference on all haematological indices
assayed attributable to the SWM inclusion. It was concluded that SWM can be used as partial substitutes
for soybean meal in the diets of growing rabbits up to 66% (132.7g/kg) without adversely affecting their
performance, haematology and key serum metabolites.
... The disease has been eliminated from domestic dog populations in Western Europe and North America (Fooks, 2007) but the same cannot be said for developing countries (Cleaveland et al., 2007;Hampson et al., 2009). In developing nations where dogs are principal hosts and vector of rabies, the risk is high for spill-over infections into human populations (Lai et al., 2005;Sudarshan et al., 2007). ...
The ban placed on the long term use of commercial antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels for diseases
control and growth promotion in livestock production necessitated a worldwide search for available,
cost effective and efficacious alternatives. Accordingly, the effects of Euphorbia hirta (EH) and Thymus
vulgaris (TV) powders were evaluated against Oxykel 80 WP on feed intake, growth performance, carcass
characteristics and haematological parameters of the Kabir chicken. For, 144 one-week old Kabir chicks of
both sexes divided into 6 groups (n=18), which received a commercial antibiotic (0.5g/L H2O), a basal diet
alone (negative control) or supplemented with 0.75% & 1.5% EH and 0.5% & 1.0% TV powders. Feed intake
and weight gain were recorded weekly for 9 weeks. Carcass and haematological analysis were evaluated
at 45 days post-treatment. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were generally not significantly
affected (P>0.05) by the dietary treatments. However, chicken on 0.75% EH had the highest overall feed
intake (5324.70g) and weight gain (1451.70g) while those on 1.0% TV and basal diet treatments had the
lowest overall feed intake (4060.90g) and weight gain (1150.03g) respectively. The overall feed conversion
ratio ranged from 3.19 to 3.99, and was better only during the first 21st days of age. Pre-slaughter and
dressed carcass weights of chicken were higher in the 0.75% EH (944.75) and 1.0% TV (588.13), respectively,
and both lowest in the negative control. Significant inter-treatment weight differences (P<0.05) occurred
in 3 internal organs; liver, proventriculus and pancreas. Not much inter-treatment variations were noticed
in the 19 blood parameters studied except for % lymphocytes and% granulocytes, which were higher
(P<0.05) when compared to 0.5% TV and 0.75% EH treatments. From these investigations, both TV and EH
powders showed varied potentials as growth promoters in local chicken production. The implications of
these findings are further discussed.
... The proportion of respondents who had been bitten by a dog was also much higher in Nigeria, 57% compared to only 21% of households in our study [14]. Similarly, in a study of dog-bite patients in Delhi, India, 61% of respondents knew that rabies was transmitted from the bite of an infected dog, and <33% received anti-rabies vaccine following a bite [15]. Bohol respondents did less well on knowledge of rabies compared to respondents in Kandy District, Sri Lanka, where almost 90% of respondents knew Table 5. Mean knowledge, attitudes, and practices scores with β-coefficients by respondent/household characteristics Characteristic Knowledge score* (n = 390) Attitudes score † (n = 232) Practices score † (n = 118) ...
SUMMARY Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding rabies in Bohol, Philippines were assessed following introduction of the Bohol Rabies Prevention and Elimination Programme. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 460 households chosen utilizing the WHO's Expanded Programme on Immunization coverage cluster survey technique with population proportionate to size. Scores for KAP were evaluated using linear regression. The majority of households had heard of rabies (94%); however, specific knowledge of rabies was limited. Only 18% knew to report a suspected rabid dog to the authorities. In multivariate analyses, having known someone with rabies had the greatest effect on knowledge scores. Employment (professional or non-professional) had the greatest effect on attitudes scores, and only the knowledge score was significantly associated with higher practices scores. Several factors, notably, personal experience with rabies, affect KAP in Bohol. The programme should continue to focus on education and include personal accounts to underscore why rabies prevention and control is so important.
... Transmission of the disease occurs mainly following adequate contact of virus -laden saliva with broken skin, but other rare means of transmission include via aerosol, neural and infected tissues (Rupprecht et al., 2006). In many developing countries where rabies is endemic, the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the reservoir and exposure commonly occurs following a bite (Lai et al., 2005; WHO, 2005; Sudarshan et al., 2997). Clinical signs of this disease appear following migration of the virus from the bite site to the central nervous system, the duration of which is highly variable depending on several factors including the distance of the bite site to the brain (Cleaveland et al., 2002;). ...
Every year, about 50,000 people die of rabies of which about 55% of the mortalities occur in Asia and over 40% in Africa. Children are victims of up to 50% of these mortalities. The figure is alarming and immediate action is required to stop this scourge. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies among children attending primary schools located in the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) premises and those outside the university as well as those receiving informal education. The participants for this study were children drawn by random selection from the schools chosen by purposive sampling. With the aid of questionnaires, information was obtained from a total of 477 children with 400 from formal educational settings among 3 schools, and 77 from quaranic schools (almajiris) in the informal setting. More children receiving formal education were aware about the disease (50.8%) than those receiving informal education (32.5%), likewise those residing within ABU quarters (71%) were better informed than those residing outside ABU quarters (43.3%). Among children in the formal schools, 25.9% obtained information from friends and at school (25.9%), while in the informal setting, 56% obtained information from friends and only 16% from school. With regards to attitude and practice, 75.5% of children receiving formal education came from homes where dogs were vaccinated against rabies and 23.3% of them play with dogs they know, while 11.1% of those receiving informal education vaccinate their dogs and fewer of them (14.3%) play with dogs known to them. Many children (65.7%) of those in formal schools know the role of dogs in rabies transmission, compared to only 8% in the informal schools. However, only 9.7% of children in formal schools associate both signs of furious and dumb form of rabies with the disease, compared with 28% in informal schools. Among children bitten by dogs, 87.5% of those receiving informal education received hospital treatment compared to 63.7% of those going to formal schools. About 13% in each of the two categories received traditional treatment. It is, therefore, important for children to be properly educated about rabies so that they can avoid dogs, recognise potential exposures, report to a responsible adult and pass on the knowledge to their peers.
In the histories of Zika, dengue, and yellow fever in Brazil, which span more than a century, the vector of these viruses, the black-and-white striped Aedes aegypti, has always been framed as the ‘epidemic villain’, as the assumed culprit and the target of governmental policies to control the pathogens it can carry. In this chapter, however, we examine the A. aegypti’s historical trajectory to show how, although there is a continuity in dominant designations of the mosquito as the villain, the epidemiological and political meanings of these virus-mosquito-human interactions significantly change over time. By juxtaposing the analysis of the making of the vector in three historical moments in Brazil as the A. aegypti carried three different viruses (yellow fever, dengue, and Zika), we highlight the importance of the virus-mosquito dyad in the making of the vector. Furthermore, we argue that the mosquito as a vector carried not only three epidemiologically distinct pathogens, but also very different political desires, struggles, and debates.
The link between rabies, one of the oldest infectious diseases known to humankind and certainly the most lethal one, and India, which currently accounts for one-third of all human deaths by the disease, has always been tight and shifting at the same time. Today, as in the past, dogs are the main carriers of rabies in that part of the Global South. While this scientific certainty has generally been accepted, what has often been discussed—especially in the last two centuries of the Indian history—is the identikit of the canine culprit, and above all, its treatment in the public sphere. While the image of dogs has generally been ambivalent (when not openly negative) within the Hindu and Muslim cultural milieus, stray dogs—with the term ‘stray’ being scientifically improper, yet still largely used in the official language about rabies—have been suffering from the most blatant disregard and rabies-related blaming. By contrast, pets—with the term ‘pet’ being of little use in a country where people let their dogs roam around and fend for themselves but feed dogs they don’t assert any ownership right on—are generally considered only inculpable victims of rabies. In the last decades, the legally meaningful expression ‘street dog’ has started to bring some (apparent) order into this chaotic human–dog relationship, but it has also led to the renewed exacerbation of the century-long discussion about rabies-control theories and practices. This mainly revolves around one question: Should dogs be allowed to live on the streets, after sterilisation and/or vaccination, or should they be removed (relocated or killed)? In other words, why should dogs live free and undisturbed on the streets when people are too afraid of them (and rabies) to enjoy the public places of their cities? Animal welfarism and the recent One Health approach—which looks at rabies as a problem of both people and dogs—have involuntarily added further complexity. Nowadays people in India ask themselves: Why do we have to care for dogs to eventually care for ourselves? How is it possible that our health—and life—really depends on that of street dogs? This chapter looks at how these questions have been framed and what responses they have elicited in India from the colonial period to the present day.
In New Delhi, some migrants from central-eastern India espouse a belief in 'puppy pregnancy', or the notion that after being bitten by a dog its puppies are conceived within the abdomen and their growth leads to an awful death. This article suggests that this belief is related to the widespread fear of rabies. This lethal infectious disease causes one-half of deaths in India, leaving behind grief-stricken families and shocked communities. This rabies-related shock results not only from the disease per se but also from the long, painful, and disturbing post-bite vaccination prophylaxis, using a nervous tissue vaccine, in which bite victims receive fourteen distressing injections in the abdomen in the hope of saving them from death. I propose here that dread of this vaccination may have stimulated, within an already fertile cultural milieu, the belief in this unnatural, animal pregnancy.
This phase IV, single blind study assessed the immunogenicity and safety of India-manufactured purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV), compared to a German-manufactured batch obtained by the same production process. A total of 340 participants enrolled at 2 study sites in India were randomised (1:1:1:1) in 4 groups to receive a 5-dose Essen regimen with either 1 of the 3 Indian batches (PCECV-I) or the German batch (PCECV-G), administered on Days (D) 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. The lot-to-lot consistency of PCECV-I batches in terms of induced immune response at D14 was demonstrated. The immune response elicited by PCECV-I was shown to be non-inferior to that induced by PCECV-G, as the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for the ratio (PCECV-I/PCECV-G) of rabies virus neutralising antibody (RVNA) geometric mean concentrations was higher than 0.5 at D14. At least 96% of participants developed adequate RVNA concentrations (≥ 0.5 IU/mL) by D14 and all achieved RVNA concentrations ≥ 0.5 IU/mL by D90. RVNA levels were comparable across all groups throughout the entire study. Solicited local and general symptoms had a similar incidence in all groups. Unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were reported by 11% of participants. Only 1 serious AE (leg fracture) was reported and was not related to vaccination. No deaths and no rabies cases were recorded during the 90 days of observation. The study showed that the 3 PCECV-I and the PCECV-G batches induced a similar immune response and had a comparable safety profile when administered according to a 5-dose schedule.
Epidemiological and laboratory studies were conducted on 80 clinically diagnosed human rabies cases. Incidence of rabies was more in adult males (55%) and boys (37.5%) than adult females (5%) and girls (2.5%) and more in rural areas (76.2%) than urban areas (23.8%). Dogs constituted the main vector of transmission (92.5%). Incomplete course of antirabic vaccine had been received by 31% of cases and 2.5% of cases had complete course of antirabic vaccine. Among the laboratory tests conducted 3.8% of corneal smears and 2.5% of saliva smears were positive by fluorescent antibody technique. Rabies virus was isolated from 3.8% of saliva and 3% of cerebrospinal fluid samples. Rabies neutralising antibody titre ranged from 1:64 to 1:128 in the serum of patients who were fully vaccinated.
To describe the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi in 1998.
Analysis of the records of hydrophobia cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Delhi (IDH) in 1998.
About 46 percent (99/215) of the hydrophobia cases admitted to the IDH in 1998 belonged to Delhi. The remaining came from the adjoining states, both urban and rural areas. In Delhi residents, overall hospitalization rate was 0.81 per 100,000 population. It was significantly higher in 5-14 year old than in other age groups and in males than in females (p <0.0009). Cases occurred round the year. Almost 96 percent cases (206/215) gave history of animal exposure, 13 days to 10 years (median 60 days) before hospitalization. Majority (195/206) had class III exposure. Animals involved were stray dog (193/206 = 90 percent), pet dog, cat, jackal, mongoose, monkey and fox. Most of cases were never vaccinated (78 percent) or inadequately vaccinated (22 percent); only 1 percent each received appropriate wound treatment, or rabies immunoglobulin.
Rabies is a major public health problem in Delhi. Its incidence is significantly higher in 5-14 year old children than in other age groups. The results indicate the need to educate the community and health care workers about the importance of immediate and adequate post-exposure treatment and to start an effective control program for dogs, the principal vector of rabies.
It is seen that outcome of animal bites is influenced by various factors including the treatment procedures practiced by health care providers (HCPs). A cross sectional study of health care providers was conducted during May 2000 in PHC Kurali and Naraingarh town of community development block Naraingarh in district Ambala, Haryana. A total of forty-four HCPs were interviewed at their health facility. They were asked about the qualification and number of years in practice. Health care providers were assessed for their knowledge regarding history taking, immediate management of animal bite, post bite anti-rabies treatment, follow up advice and availability of vaccines. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was known to 18.8% of HCPs. Fifty-nine per cent of HCPs were confident in managing dog bites and 93.1% knew about tissue culture vaccine. Vaccine cost was the commonest barrier (38.8%) in the management of animal bites. This study shows a gross difference between awareness and actual practice of management of animal bites.