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... It had opened doors for the use in an extended period specifically in necessary prognosis for example in a two-step surgical approach in dental implants which requires more than six months of temporary restoration and in acquiring the exact diagnostic information prior to a definitive restoration. 5,6,7,8,9 In 2015, Hameed and Rahman stated that the incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles into PMMA alters the properties of the product depending on the type, sizes and shapes, concentration and interaction within the polymer matrix itself. Attempts were made to increase the mechanical properties, biological properties and most importantly the optical properties through the incorporation by adding filler particles with different elements such as zirconia, silica, alumina, glass fiber, tin and copper to PMMA. 10 Previously, a research was conducted by Ahmed and Ebrahim in 2014 to evaluate the effect of Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanofillers powder with different concentration (1.5%, 3%, 5% and 7%) on the flexural strength, fracture toughness, and hardness of heat-polymerized acrylic resin. ...
... Therefore, to overcome this poor upbringing of PMMA, they are being reinforced with the ZrO₂-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ filler system to improve their properties aesthetically. 6,15,16 It is anticipated that the clear shade from the acrylic resin reinforced with the filler system in different concentration added by silica would increase the translucency of the sample. Figure 3 shows that the different concentration of the filler system exhibits an erratic influence of translucency. ...
... Silica on the other hand is an element with a great biocompatibility, and an excellent optical property including translucency. 6,17,18 It was predicted that with the reinforcements of silica aside to zirconia and alumina would increase the translucency of the samples. However, the attempt to increase the concentration of the ZrO₂ -Al₂O₃-SiO₂ filler system had lead through a series of unfavorable events whereas the increasing amount of concentration had instantly lead not only to the elevated amount of SiO₂, but also to both ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃. ...
p class="AbstractContent"> Background: Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) permits filler reinforcements which influences the translucency properties to contribute in the aesthetic values of provisional crowns.
Objective: To evaluate the translucency of PMMA reinforced with ZrO₂-Al₂O₃-SiO₂filler system in influencing aesthetics features of the crown.
Methods: A total of 18 samples of PMMA, fabricated with a heat cure acrylic resin (De Trey® Stellon C) in six groups of three respectively from a controlled (A) and different concentrations at 7% (B), 9% (C), 11% (D), 13% (E) and 15%(F) reinforced with ZrO₂-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ filler system groups. Each sample was made in disc forms with diameter and thickness of (8mm × 3mm). Samples were tested using a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer.
Results: The highest total average of translucency for group C at 9% concentration (0.44946λ) and the lowest group Fat 15% concentration (0.42803λ). Statistically, there were no significant differences (α > 0.01) among the groups of PMMA with different concentrations and controlled.
Conclusion: The different concentration of ZrO₂-Al₂O₃-SiO₂filler exhibits an erratic influence of translucency. </p
... Being part of the PFL afforded them an opportunity to communicate with ease, especially those who lacked competency in English. Language is central to both teaching and learning and is also critical to cognitive development, since it provides the means to express ideas and to ask questions (Donald, Lazarus and Lolwana 2010;Woolfolk 2001;Vygotsky 1978). Thus, failure in this area can affect the students' scholastic performance and self-worth. ...
... The tutor is hence involved in metacognition (Roscoe et al. 2008, 322). Metacognition controls thinking and learning and promotes higher order thinking (Woolfolk 2001). ...
This article explores first-year students’ motivation for attending peer-facilitated learning (PFL) sessions at a University of Technology, and how they benefit from it. Studies have shown better academic performance for students attending PFL sessions; however, little attention has been dedicated to questioning what else outside of subject knowledge is being disseminated during these sessions; what motivates students to attend these sessions; and what students benefit from attending these sessions. Research has revealed that the majority of first-year students experience challenges with the transition between high school and university. Consequently, first-year experience has become the focus of higher education institutions worldwide. This situation calls for an effective intervention programme such as PFL to assist first-year students with the challenges of transition. The findings of this study contrary to popular literature that highlights academic success as the focus of PFL, revealed that students demonstrate a strong inclination to soft skills and social interactions as the main motivation for attending PFL sessions. This calls for a re-evaluation on how PFL support should be organised especially for first-year students.
... The wheat phenolic compounds are mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignans. Ferulic acid was the dominant phenolic acid in wheat bran which accounted for 59–60% of the total phenolic acids on a per weight basis [3]; it is an excellent free radical scavenger and has the antioxidant capacity [1]. Steam explosion is beneficial for the release of cellulose and hemicelluloses, because of the combination between phenolic acids and cellulose. ...
Purpose: To assess the perceptions and knowledge of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions
(ADRs) reporting among Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students
of selected tertiary institutions in Jordan.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving 434 pharmacy students from three different Jordanian
universities, was conducted during March - April 2014. During the study period, a validated structured
questionnaire was administered to the participants to assess their knowledge and perceptions regarding
pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting process.
Results: The majority of the students had insufficient awareness and lack of knowledge of
pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting with a mean knowledge score of 4/10. PharmD students had
better knowledge about pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting system than the BPharm students
(knowledge score of 5.4 versus 3.2, respectively; p = 0.000). Also, higher knowledge scores were
recorded for public university and fifth-year students (p = 0.000). About two-thirds of the students
expressed a positive attitude toward pharmacovigilance and ADRs issues and agreed that they would
be willing to report ADRs during their clerkship programme.
Conclusion: BPharm and PharmD students have insufficient knowledge of the concept of
pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting. There is a need to incorporate pharmacovigilance into
pharmacy curriculum in order to increase its awareness among pharmacy students as this will positively
impact on their practice and enhance public health.
Abstract
The study of the ability of electromagnetic waves to penetrate living human tissues has become an important topic that attracted the attention of many researchers, scientists and environmental protection activists. Telecommunication devices manufacturers and internet companies are also studying the damage inflicted to humans due to exposure to electromagnetic waves. The companies are striving to reduce the damage by controlling transmitter power and ensuring compliance with the safe distances recommended by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). These studies have also captured the attention of medical devices manufacturers who are interested in exploiting the ability of the waves to penetrate the tissues to diagnose diseases as well as curing them.
In this thesis, the electrical and thermal properties of human tissue are studied using CST simulation program. The thesis is divided into two main sections. In the first one, a plane wave was applied on a set of tissues (Phantom Model). The electromagnetic field strength is estimated via analytical theories. Additionally, the total electric field penetrating a group of tissues was estimated using numerical methods in CST simulation program. The results of analytical and numerical methods showed a reasonable convergence. The results also showed the effect of the outer layers of the skin tissue and fat tissue and their effectiveness in protection of internal tissues and muscle tissue. Effect of the thickness of the skin on the ability of the muscle tissue to absorb energy was shown in results too. In this regard, it was noted that the difference in SAR value within the muscle tissue in presence and absence of a 4mm thickness skin tissue is about 10.45dB.
In the second section, sources of energy with different frequencies were simulated and the emitting radiation from those sources was applied on a fabric designed by the CST. The fabric was simulating a part of the real human body. The intensity of the electric field penetrating human part was estimated, as well as the SAR and the heat generated inside it. Several results were produced when the transmitted power and distances between the antenna and the part of the human body were changed. The tests were reproduced under various conditions surrounding of tissue.
The results showed high temperature in human tissue in case the antenna at was mounted at a close distance to the human body because of the high rate of absorption rate. The results also showed the effect of increasing the radiated power to the tissues in terms of rate of absorption and heat generated. Some types of tissues are more prone to heating than other tissues such as lung and human eye due to high absorption rate in those tissues because the water content is high and rate of blood flow is low especially the human eye.
This article argues that niche party formation is only one of several substitutable strategies for niche activists seeking policy influence. Other organizational mechanisms are argued to be superior to political parties under certain institutional conditions. I introduce a formal model of how activists achieve policy influence by choosing to support the formation of whichever type of organization will optimally send a signal of electoral threat to mainstream politicians. Institutions determine the different access costs for the various organizational mechanisms that can be used to send this signal, and also determine the associated response costs to mainstream politicians of making concessions to different organizational mechanisms. Therefore under particular institutional circumstances that affect these two cost parameters, interest group entry may surpass party entry as the optimal strategy for activists. The predictions of the model are assessed via a nested logit model using cross-national survey data on how activists have allocated their individual support to different organizational mechanisms.
Neural Networks (NN) have been used extensively by researchers and practitioners to forecast financial time series. The forecasting accuracy of NN depends on several design parameters, and fine-tuning them to suit a particular financial time series is essential for attaining lower error levels and minimizing running time. This paper presents the results of a two-level full-factorial Design of Experiment developed to investigate the significant factors that influence the performance of NN in forecasting financial time series. The factors considered in this paper are NN type, number of neurons in the hidden layer, the learning rate of LM algorithm, and the type of output layer transfer function. The methodology is applied to the Morgan Stanley Capital International Index for United Arab Emirates.
We use collective learning theory to explain social movement strategic outcomes. Three movement strategies are conceptualized: insider, outsider, and generalist strategies. Generalist strategies are a combination of insider and outsider tactics. Movements learn in three main ways: retention of existing knowledge, adaptation based on past experiences, and via diffusion processes. Utilizing available data about the use of insider and outsider tactics in the state-level fight for woman suffrage, we find that state suffrage movements learned through retention of previously used strategies, adaptation in the face of major defeat, and through the diffusion of outsider tactics. Social movements exhibit structural inertia. Movement activists stick to what they know, unless they face a major defeat. Movement strategies are more complex and more flexible than suggested by the current focus in the social movement literature, suggesting the need to rethink the insider–outsider dichotomy.
One purpose of this essay is to attempt to isolate the theoretical sturcture implicit in the traditional metropolitan reform movement so that empirical research can be organized to examine the warrantability of the propositions contained therein; a second is to pose an alternative theoretical structure derived from work of political economists. (Author)