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Fatty acids in vegetable oils and their importance in cosmetic industry
... In simpler terms, the oil actively promotes skin regeneration and minimizes scarring by triggering natural skin mechanisms. Research has unequivocally demonstrated that SB oil promotes wound healing, including the healing of necrotic tissue, by effectively promoting collagen synthesis and epidermal regeneration [41,49]. This process is linked to the production of collagen, the proliferation of fibroblasts, the expression of certain matrix metalloproteinases that promote angiogenesis and tissue repair, and unsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols. ...
... [48,52] Different procedures are utilized to create SB oil, which is used in cosmetics and is meant to cure mature skin. [41,43] Transdermal water loss is decreased by fatty acids which include oleic acid (ω-9), linoleic acid (ω-6), and α-linolenic acid (ω-3 acid). [53,54] Studies reveal that applying creams with natural emollients (like olive oil or SB oil, both at 40% concentrations) once results in a statistically significant increase in skin hydration when compared to applying creams with the same amount of synthetic emollient (like isopropyl myristate). ...
... Due to its potent antioxidant properties, SB oil may prevent aging by scavenging free radicals. It can firm and tone aging skin, wherefore it is often used in anti-aging and anti-wrinkle cosmetics [41] . Dry, irritated, rough, flaky, and itchy skin are all relieved with SB oil. ...
... The lamellar granules of human skin produce lipids that maintain the skin's protective barrier to avoid epidermal water loss. The reproduction of lamellar granules slows down with aging, and the skin becomes drier and weaker (Zielińska & Nowak, 2014). Omega-6 might reverse this process by accelerating the production of lipids in lamellar granules, strengthening the lipid barrier of the epidermis, protecting the skin against epidermal water loss, and normalizing the skin's metabolism (Catalán et al., 2016). ...
... In addition, people with acne skin present a decrease of the fatty acid in sebum, which leads to blocked pores and the formation of comedos and eczema. In addition, it is thought that omega-6 might improve sebaceous gland activity, unblocking pores and decreasing the number of comedos (Zielińska & Nowak, 2014). Therefore, topical application of facial cream containing seabuckthorn seed oil results in healthy skin. ...
... As a powerful antioxidant, seabuckthorn oil may delay aging by removing free radicals. It is added to antiaging and anti-wrinkle cosmetics (Zielińska & Nowak, 2014). The properties of the berry oil in reducing skin wrinkles, blemishes, and pigmentation and improving facial cheek lifting, skin elasticity, density, and skin tone have been verified in women aged 30-60 years old. ...
Seabuckthorn, a unique thorny bush native to Ladakh and cold regions, holds a transformative potential that is yet to be fully realized. Its berries, among the most nutritious fruits, contain a treasure trove of health benefits. The oil, a prized component, is a rare plant source of omega-3, omega-6, omega-7, and omega-9. The shrub's medicinal prowess is well-documented, with clinical studies demonstrating the effectiveness of seabuckthorn-based formulations in combating hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors. Cell line studies further reveal the plant's potential in cancer treatment and anti-aging. Such is the untapped power of seabuckthorn- a potential that is waiting to be harnessed and could revolutionize our approach to health and sustainability.
This book aims to unveil its marvels and advocate for the adoption of seabuckthorn-based products for heightened health and wellness.
... C14:0). Each vegetable oil shows different properties depending on the percentage of saturated and unsaturated higher fatty acids [3,4]. The presence of valuable lipids in oils leads to the generation of an occlusive film on the skin, restricting the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which is conducive to maintaining the correct moisture content in the epidermis. ...
... The presence of valuable lipids in oils leads to the generation of an occlusive film on the skin, restricting the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which is conducive to maintaining the correct moisture content in the epidermis. Vegetable oils also protect and regenerate the stratum corneum, alleviate inflammation, and enhance the proper structure of the skin's intercellular cement [4][5][6]. From the perspective of the nutraceutical function, researchers have investigated the relationship between vegetable oils and health benefits [7,8], as well as the improvement in the target delivery of bioactives [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Among vegetable oils, cold-pressed oils are attracting attention because, as derivatives (have undergone minimum or no processing), they are generally considered higher quality [15,16]. ...
... According to the literature, pomegranate seed oil is composed of a group of fatty acids [4,32]. The compositions of extracts from pomegranate fruit are very similar in the range of bioactives and fatty acids; the differences can be in the percentage contents of a particular compound. ...
Over the last decades, we have witnessed an increasing interest in food-related products containing vegetable oils. These oils can be obtained either by extraction or by mechanical pressing of different parts of plants (e.g., seeds, fruit, and drupels). Producers of nutraceuticals have ceaselessly searched for unique and effective natural ingredients. The enormous success of argan oil has been followed by discoveries of other interesting vegetable oils (e.g., pomegranate oil) containing several bioactives. This work describes the pomegranate fruit extract and seed oil as a rich source of conjugated linolenic acid as a metabolite of punicic acid (PA), deriving from the omega-5 family (ω-5). Through the chemical characterization of PA, its nutritional and therapeutic properties are highlighted together with the physiological properties that encourage its use in human nutrition. We analyzed the composition of all fatty acids with beneficial properties occurring in pomegranate seed oil using gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection (FID) analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Pomegranate seed oil mainly consists of 9,11,13-octadic-trienoic acid (18:3), corresponding to 73 wt % of the total fatty acids. Nine components were identified by GC in PSO, varying between 0.58 and 73.19 wt %. Using midinfrared (MIR) spectroscopy, we compared the composition of pomegranate seed oil with that of meadowfoam seed oil (MSO), which is also becoming increasingly popular in the food industry due to its high content of long chain fatty acids (C20-22), providing increased oil stability. From the results of FTIR and MIR spectroscopy, we found that punicic acid is unique in PSO (73.19 wt %) but not in MSO.
... Tenoxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), an effective anti-inflammatory and analgesics, which has been widely used in conditions such as chronic rheumatic disorders treatment (Larrucea et al., 2001). The unsaturated fatty acids most important in cosmetology and medicine include (Zielinska, 2014): ...
... In cosmetic industry, vegetable oils are used mainly as the vehicle for other active ingredients, dissolved or dispersed in oil-water type emulsions.The most often used essential unsaturated fatty acids are those from the omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 series. The most important among them are 18-carbon acids (C18): monounsaturated (omega-9)oleic acid, biunsaturated (omega-6) linoleic acid, including cislinoleic acid with conjugated double bonds at positions 3 and 6( Zielinska, 2014). ...
Moringa seed oil is valuable product for cosmetics production
... Lauric acid (C12:0) (Anzaku et al., 2017;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018;Matsue et al., 2019;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Myristic acid (C14:0) (Liu and Huang, 2012;Chen et al., 2019;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Palmitic acid (C16:0) (Nguyen et al., 2015) Antimicrobial 1 Stearic acid (C18:0) (Khalil et al., 2000;Baumann, 2013) Antiviral 2 Anti-inflammatory 2 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1, ω-7) (Wille and Kydonieus, 2003;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Penetration enhancer 2 Oleic acid (C18:1, ω-9) (Tanojo et al., 1998;Nanayakkara et al., 2005;Mack Correa et al., 2014;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Regenerative 1 Penetration enhancer 1,2 Erucic acid (C22:1, ω-9) -Linoleic acid (C18:2, ω-6) (Korting and Sterry, 2001;Eichenfield et al., 2009;Zielińska and Nowak, 2014;Akinshina et al., 2016;Verallo-Rowell et al., 2016;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) Anti-inflammatory 1 Regenerative 1 α-Linolenic acid (C18:3, ω-3) (Zielińska and Nowak, 2014;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) Regenerative 1 ...
... Lauric acid (C12:0) (Anzaku et al., 2017;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018;Matsue et al., 2019;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Myristic acid (C14:0) (Liu and Huang, 2012;Chen et al., 2019;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Palmitic acid (C16:0) (Nguyen et al., 2015) Antimicrobial 1 Stearic acid (C18:0) (Khalil et al., 2000;Baumann, 2013) Antiviral 2 Anti-inflammatory 2 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1, ω-7) (Wille and Kydonieus, 2003;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Penetration enhancer 2 Oleic acid (C18:1, ω-9) (Tanojo et al., 1998;Nanayakkara et al., 2005;Mack Correa et al., 2014;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018;Watanabe et al., 2019) Antimicrobial 1 Regenerative 1 Penetration enhancer 1,2 Erucic acid (C22:1, ω-9) -Linoleic acid (C18:2, ω-6) (Korting and Sterry, 2001;Eichenfield et al., 2009;Zielińska and Nowak, 2014;Akinshina et al., 2016;Verallo-Rowell et al., 2016;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) Anti-inflammatory 1 Regenerative 1 α-Linolenic acid (C18:3, ω-3) (Zielińska and Nowak, 2014;Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) Regenerative 1 ...
While the chemical composition of vegetable butters and oils has been studied in detail, there is limited knowledge about their mechanisms of action after application on the skin. To understand their dermal effects better, 27 clinical studies evaluating 17 vegetable oils (almond, argan, avocado, borage, coconut, evening primrose, kukui, marula, mustard, neem, olive, rapeseed, sacha inchi, safflower, shea butter, soybean and sunflower oils) were reviewed in this research. The reviewed studies focused on non-affected skin, infant skin, psoriasis, xerosis, UVB-induced erythema, atopic dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum, tungiasis, scars, striae and striae gravidarum. We conclude that in inflammation-affected skin, vegetable oils with a high content of oleic acid, together with the lack of or a low linoleic acid content, may cause additional structural damage of the stratum corneum, while oils high in linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids may express positive effects. Non-affected skin, in contrast, may not react negatively to oils high in oleic acid. However, the frequency and duration of an oil’s use must be considered an important factor that may accelerate or enhance the negative effects on the skin’s structural integrity.
... Various oils have been used on the skin since ancient times for cosmetic purposes. Oils are used as the base in a wide variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, emulsions, cosmetic milk, creams, ointments, hair conditioners, brilliantine, cosmetic masks, protective lipstick, bath fluids, nail varnish, and nail cleaners, along with their conditioning, occlusive, emollient, and moisturizing properties [28,29]. As highlighted by Lubbe and Verpoorte [11], Zielinska and Nowak [29], and Athar and Nasir [30], Table 3 summarizes some commonly used plant-derived oils in cosmetic products. ...
... Oils are used as the base in a wide variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, emulsions, cosmetic milk, creams, ointments, hair conditioners, brilliantine, cosmetic masks, protective lipstick, bath fluids, nail varnish, and nail cleaners, along with their conditioning, occlusive, emollient, and moisturizing properties [28,29]. As highlighted by Lubbe and Verpoorte [11], Zielinska and Nowak [29], and Athar and Nasir [30], Table 3 summarizes some commonly used plant-derived oils in cosmetic products. ...
Thee global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases, there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. erefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. e traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58 families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multidisciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
... Various oils have been used on the skin since ancient times for cosmetic purposes. Oils are used as the base in a wide variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, emulsions, cosmetic milk, creams, ointments, hair conditioners, brilliantine, cosmetic masks, protective lipstick, bath fluids, nail varnish, and nail cleaners, along with their conditioning, occlusive, emollient, and moisturizing properties [28,29]. As highlighted by Lubbe and Verpoorte [11], Zielinska and Nowak [29], and Athar and Nasir [30], Table 3 summarizes some commonly used plant-derived oils in cosmetic products. ...
... Oils are used as the base in a wide variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, emulsions, cosmetic milk, creams, ointments, hair conditioners, brilliantine, cosmetic masks, protective lipstick, bath fluids, nail varnish, and nail cleaners, along with their conditioning, occlusive, emollient, and moisturizing properties [28,29]. As highlighted by Lubbe and Verpoorte [11], Zielinska and Nowak [29], and Athar and Nasir [30], Table 3 summarizes some commonly used plant-derived oils in cosmetic products. ...
*e global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer
awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases,
there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its
unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. *erefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely
used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development
of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct,
Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market
surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic
industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. *e traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58
families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new
ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify
the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing
demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for
medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the
development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the
country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multi�disciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting
functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
... Various oils have been used on the skin since ancient times for cosmetic purposes. Oils are used as the base in a wide variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, emulsions, cosmetic milk, creams, ointments, hair conditioners, brilliantine, cosmetic masks, protective lipstick, bath fluids, nail varnish, and nail cleaners, along with their conditioning, occlusive, emollient, and moisturizing properties [28,29]. As highlighted by Lubbe and Verpoorte [11], Zielinska and Nowak [29], and Athar and Nasir [30], Table 3 summarizes some commonly used plant-derived oils in cosmetic products. ...
... Oils are used as the base in a wide variety of cosmetic products, such as creams, emulsions, cosmetic milk, creams, ointments, hair conditioners, brilliantine, cosmetic masks, protective lipstick, bath fluids, nail varnish, and nail cleaners, along with their conditioning, occlusive, emollient, and moisturizing properties [28,29]. As highlighted by Lubbe and Verpoorte [11], Zielinska and Nowak [29], and Athar and Nasir [30], Table 3 summarizes some commonly used plant-derived oils in cosmetic products. ...
e global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases, there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. erefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. e traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58 families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multidisciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.
... The novel cosmetic products are launched at a very fast pace in a highly dynamic cosmetic market which can be attributed to the introduction of a novel lipid-based nanoparticulate system. Lipid nanoparticles encapsulated active ingredient-based cosmetics offer mounting advantages of enhanced skin penetration into the deeper strata of skin layers, sustain and targeted release of active ingredient to cellular and subcellular regions, and improved overall functionality of the final product with potential cosmetic cum therapeutic effect [4,5]. The delivery of active ingredients loaded lipid nanoparticles based cosmetics gives a new meaning to cosmetics which is way more than just beauty enhancing products. ...
... The delivery of active ingredients loaded lipid nanoparticles based cosmetics gives a new meaning to cosmetics which is way more than just beauty enhancing products. Cosmetic products that are effective in treating dermatological disorders along with providing glow to the skin are in great demand right now [4,5]. The definition of cosmetic products have been revolutionized with the focus now being shifted to influx of therapeutically efficacious cosmetics which is considered as "cosmotherapy". ...
The lipids mainly oils, fats, waxes and phospholipids are of substantial importance in the development and functioning of cosmetic products. The lipid nanoparticles-based cosmetic product is highly capable of protecting the skin against harmful radiations and is utilized for anti-aging therapy. Naturally derived antioxidants such as carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols could be employed for their antioxidant properties as therapeutics and skincare active moieties in cosmetic products. Such a lipid nanoparticles-based cosmetic formulation consisting of antioxidants are very effective against irritated and inflamed skin and very promising for treating skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Therefore, the present review provides an insight into lipid nanoparticles based cosmetics and the mechanistic of their percutaneous absorption. The manuscript discussion highlights the role of lipid nanoparticles-based cosmetics/cosmeceuticals employing active ingredients of synthetic and natural origin in alleviating dermatological disorders and enhancing skin health and appeal. Furthermore, the manuscript also updates about contemporary research studies carried on the concept of lipid nanoparticles based formulation design of cosmetic preparation and significant outcome to alleviate skin disorders.
... Moreover, it was distinguished by a discreet floral scent and a milky white color. The product was neither greasy nor sticky after water removal with an emollient effect, optimal for topical use [27]. The emulsifying agent (Olliva) contains cetearyl and sorbitan olivate, which effectively promotes the delivery of watersoluble actives at the level of the epidermis [28]. ...
For decades, royal jelly achieved notoriety and became an ultra-rich ingredient with numerous pharmacological properties especially for its use in production of topical ointments and creams. A novel formulation enriched with 2% royal jelly has been developed and characterized. Rheological results highlight a gel-like behavior of the product in the packaging, as it does not flow from the costumer’s hand after application and behaves like a liquid, spreading evenly onto clean skin. A clear comparison in size distribution of pure and cream samples was noticed by dynamic light scattering analysis and completed further by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) which showed off shift changes in the gel sample as compared to pure compounds. MTT assays were conducted in quintuplicate on murine fibroblasts cell line (NCTC L-929) for testing the biocompatibility of the product in the range of 50–1000 μg/mL over 24, 48 and 72 h. The designed formulation is typically intended to deliver active compounds to the skin surface and potentially into deeper layers. A molecular docking study was performed for binding mode prediction of P-gp protein residues with two ligands, quercetin and myricetin, in order to investigate their role in the internal modulation of drug transport across cell membranes within the skin.
... Of particular interest, omega-3, -6 and -9 FAs have been shown to play a significant role in skin repair by reducing transepidermal water loss, improving skin hydration, regenerating the damaged skin lipid barrier and stabilising skin metabolism. 12 Treatment of bacterially contaminated lower extremity ulcers with a fatty acidcontaining wound matrix: a case series Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a marine omega fatty acid-containing multimodal wound matrix (MWM) in reducing bacterial contamination and supporting wound area reduction (WAR) in patients with hard-to-heal wounds of varying aetiologies. Method: A prospective, single-site, pilot case series of patients with hard-to-heal wounds. ...
Objective
The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a marine omega fatty acid-containing multimodal wound matrix (MWM) in reducing bacterial contamination and supporting wound area reduction (WAR) in patients with hard-to-heal wounds of varying aetiologies.
Method
A prospective, single-site, pilot case series of patients with hard-to-heal wounds. All wounds were considered non-healing prior to inclusion as they had failed to achieve at least 50% WAR after at least four weeks of standard of care (SoC) treatments. Patients were seen once weekly for wound assessments, matrix application and dressing changes. Baseline and weekly fluorescence images, standard wound images and wound measurements were obtained.
Results
A total of three patients, two with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) and one with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) were enrolled in this pilot study. The mean baseline wound age prior to study enrolment was 24 weeks, with a mean baseline wound size of 8.61cm². The two VLUs went on to complete closure. The DFU displayed a total WAR of 53% by six weeks, when the patient was lost to follow-up due to a geographical relocation. The mean percentage area reduction of all wounds combined was 82% upon study completion.
Conclusion
The use of MWM proved to be effective and safe in this patient cohort. The wounds included in this case series failed to enter a healing trajectory with SoC wound therapies. The MWM supported wound closure and reduced bacterial loads in this patient cohort.
... Lipids (plant oils, FACs, etc.) as well as their derivatives (emollients, emulsifiers), make up the bulk of ingredients in dermatological goods like emulsions, which comprise the majority of personal care products. Recently, botanicals or biotechnology have been exploited as sources of complex lipids for cosmetic compositions., which has allowed for the development of novel extraction processes and technologies as well as the promotion of oilseed crops [67,68]. ...
The hair is a distinguishing feature of animals that has several functions, such as providing warmth, providing protection, facilitating sweating and pheromone evaporation, providing sensory stimulation, and, in certain situations, acting as color-based camouflage. Hair grooming and styling have progressed significantly over the years, and modern hair treatments primarily focus on enhancing hair quality. However, standard active ingredients in formulations display suboptimal performance, and some may present toxicity issues, demanding a stronger formulation design that is appropriate for performance and safety. The need for natural ingredients, such as macromolecules and biomolecules sourced from plants, animals, and marine environments, is increasing among consumers. The favorable benefits induced by including lipid-rich components in Personal Care Products (PCP) formulations are regarded as valuable elements. A lipid-based preparation is specifically employed for innovative medicine-targeted distribution of bioactive substances among all medication administration strategies. The distribution of LBDDS transdermally and topically is exciting since the lipid bilayer might enter the uppermost layer of skin with ease and release medicine in a regulated way. It offers benefits in terms of stability, bioacceptability, and biodegradability, as well as receptor-mediated fast absorption by the particular site. Various lipid-based formulations for hair care therapy have been created, showing some improvement in hair care. This review focuses on several lipid-based formulations for hair care therapy, including their thorough mechanism of action, efficacy on hair care, patents, obstacles, and future prospects, along with the challenges and future prospects in the hair care industry
... Linoleic acid, therefore, improves the epidermal barrier, protects against transepidermal water loss, and normalizes skin metabolism. Linoleic acid is also a natural component of sebum [62,63]. Improving skin hydration through the use of emollient mixtures (from the group Isostearyl Isostearate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate, PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Ethylhexanoate, PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Myristate, Triethylhexanoin, and Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride) in prototypes of olive-oil recipes for children in relation to olive oil containing only mineral oil was also demonstrated in work [64]. ...
Emollients are valued ingredients of many cosmetic products and medical devices used to support the treatment and prevention of many skin diseases. Despite the fact that they are one of the oldest cosmetic ingredients, raw materials as well as new recipe solutions are constantly being sought, the main goal of which is to obtain products with the most favorable physicochemical properties while improving the hydration of the stratum corneum and softening and smoothing the skin. It should be noted that there are few scientific articles on the effect of emollients on the physicochemical and usable properties of emollient preparations of the body-oils type. The obtained formulations were subjected to physicochemical tests (dynamic viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, and color evaluation), and the degree of skin hydration and lubrication after application of the developed cosmetic oils was evaluated. Cosmetic oils based on natural emollients were characterized by weaker spreading abilities, which was confirmed by their higher viscosity, surface tension, and contact-angle results relative to those obtained for cosmetic oils based on synthetic emollients. In addition, it was found that the use of both groups of cosmetic oils based on natural and synthetic emollients leads to an increase in the degree of hydration of the skin and an increase in its oiliness. However, a higher increase in the degree of hydration and a lower decrease in the level of skin lubrication are observed after the application of body oils based on natural emollients.
... Table 10. An approximate chain length distribution, the degree of unsaturation, molecular weight and percentage in composition of the vegetable oils used for preparation of emulsions [57][58][59][60]. The high saponification value was obtained for emulsions no. 1 and no. 4 which contain more avocado oil rich in mono unsaturated fatty acids with low molecular weight, while the values obtained for emulsions no. 2 and 3 are lower due to the mono unsaturated (for jojoba oil) and poly unsaturated (for almonds oil) fatty acids with high molecular weight from the oil's composition. ...
Cosmeceuticals are one of the fast-growing areas of the natural personal care industry. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with medicinal or drug-like benefits that can affect the biological functioning of the skin depending on the ingredients in the composition. The development of one formulation acting on the dermis and stimulating the collagen production is very important for the hydration of the skin. The association of collagen with other ingredients can have a positive effect on increasing the natural production of collagen in the skin. An example of such an ingredient is niacinamide, which, having a recognized nutritional value, has been quite recently studied. Considering these aspects, this study focused on developing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, based on natural ingredients (vegetable oils, floral waters, and essential oils) and hydrolyzed collagen and niacinamide as active ingredients, and on evaluating the stability, pH, optical, superficial, rheological and textural properties, as well as microbiological tests of the emulsions, in order to investigate their potential as a cosmeceutical product. All the obtained emulsions proved to be stable at variable temperatures and had a pH value compatible with natural pH of the skin, allowing their safe application. Over goniometric analysis, a partial wetting and a hydrophilic character of the emulsions were emphasized. Following the rheological analyses, all dermatocosmetic emulsions exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and a thixotropic character, these properties being very important for their production process and their application on the skin surface to generate an optimal therapeutic effect. The textural characteristics recorded for all emulsions indicated adequate spreadability at the application site. All tested samples respected the Pharmacopoeia limits of microbiological contamination. All prepared emulsions have good stability, are safe for the skin and have appropriate physicochemical and microbiological characteristics; therefore, they can be used as a cosmeceutical product.
... sinnensis. ALA and GLA play important roles in the human body, they are physiological components of cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes, and play a role in the mechanism of cellular transport and the transmission of neuronal signals (Zielińska and Nowak, 2014). ...
... sinnensis. ALA and GLA play important roles in the human body, they are physiological components of cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes, and play a role in the mechanism of cellular transport and the transmission of neuronal signals (Zielińska and Nowak, 2014). ...
... Linoleic acid therefore improves the epidermal barrier, protects against transepidermal water loss and normalizes skin metabolism. Linoleic acid is also a natural component of sebum [49,50]. Improving skin hydration through the use of emollient mixtures (from the group: Isostearyl Isostearate, Propylene Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate, PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Ethylhexanoate, PPG-3 Benzyl Ether Myristate, Triethylhexanoin and Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride) in prototypes of olive oil recipes for children in relation to olive oil containing only mineral oil was also demonstrated in work [51]. ...
Emollients are valued ingredients of many cosmetic products and medical devices used to support the treatment and prevention of many skin diseases. Despite the fact that they are one of the oldest cosmetic ingredients, raw materials as well as new recipe solutions are constantly being sought, the main goal of which is to obtain products with the most favorable physicochemical properties while improving the hydration of the stratum corneum and softening and smoothing the skin. This article presents the results of physicochemical tests of selected emollients: natural [Macadamia Integrifolia Seed Oil, Ricinus Communis Seed Oil, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil], semi-synthetic Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride and synthetic (Octyldodecanol, Dicaprylyl Carbonate, Dibutyl Adipate). Then, recipes for cosmetic oils were developed, differing in the type and concentration of emollients used. The obtained formulations were subjected to physicochemical tests (dynamic viscosity, surface tension, wetting angle, color assessment) and selected parameters of the epidermal barrier function (skin hydration and lubrication) were assessed. By appropriately selecting the type and concentration of emollients in the cosmetic oil recipe, it is possible to obtain products with the appropriate ability to spread on the skin, form a uniform protective layer on the skin and remain on the skin for a sufficiently long time. The observed improvement in skin hydration and the level of lubrication after using formulations containing mixtures of natural and semi-synthetic/synthetic emollients confirms that both groups of these raw materials can be components of cosmetic body oil recipes with an emollient effect, and the products themselves constitute an important element of the care of skin affected by the disease process.
... Запас витамина F пополняется в первую очередь из продуктов питания. Например, советуют съедать 50-60 грамм семечек подсолнечника для того чтобы обеспечить дневную норму жирных кислот [12]. Кроме этого, витамин F считается полезным средством от воспалений и ожогов. ...
Термином витамин F называют незаменимые жирные кислоты, а именно линолевую и альфа-линолевую. Они поступают в организм из продуктов питания в виде насыщенных и ненасыщенных (моно- и поли-) жирных кислот и играют важную роль в снижении уровня холестерина, регуляции артериального давления, а также снижении риска инсультов и сердечных приступов. Вдобавок, витамин Ф необходим для развития мозга у плода в утробе, новорожденного и ребенка, и для поддержания его функции у взрослых. Расширенная HTML версия статьи приведена на сайте edaplus.info.
... Essential fatty acids as linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega-3) play a key role for developing of human body as well as to prevent certain diseases. These essential fatty Volume 14 Number 1 January 2022 Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Lingkungan 2 acids are used for skin care, restriction of formation of eczemas, water loss and healing impacts on dermatoses (Aleksandra et al., 2014;Proksch et al., 2008). Solvent extraction, mechanical extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and other extraction methods were employed for the recovery of dog rose seed oil. ...
... Rahman et al. 19 reported that linoleic acid has the potential to scavenge free radicals that can trigger an anti-inflammatory effect on the skin and reduce irritation. 19 Zielińska et al. 20 found that oils with a high linoleic acid content are considered excellent skin treatments. In addition, Lima et al. 12 also reported that linoleic acid has properties that can trigger emollient substances. ...
Xerosis in leprosy patients may result from defects in sweat gland function.Red watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed oil a lot of contains linoleic acid,which can hydrate the skin and reduce trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL).This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. lanatus seed oil administrationin leprosy patients with xerosis. It was a clinical study with one group pretestposttest control group design involving 30 leprosy patients with xerosis at theDepartment of Dermatology and Venereology, Dr. Pirngadi Medan Hospital, thePolyclinic of Dermatology and Venerology, Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospitaland the Department of Dermatology and Venerology, H. Adam Malik GeneralHospital, Medan, Indonesia. Patients were asked to topically administration of2 mL C. lanatus seed oil to the right and left legs for two times daily for 4 weeks.Specified symptom sum score (SRRC) and skin capacitance (SCap) were thenmeasured before the intervention at the first visit (week 0), week 2, and week 4.A significantly different on SRRC and SCap of the leprosy patients was observedon the 2nd and 4th week after C. lanatus oil administration compared to week 0(p<0.001). No side effects of erythema, blistering, and burning were observed.However, a mild degree itching was observed in 2 (6.7%) patients. Majority ofleprosy patients feel good satisfaction (83.4%), followed by a moderate (13.3%)and a low satisfaction (3.3%). In conclusion, topically administration of redwatermelon (C. lanatus) seed oil can reduce the xerosis degree in leprosypatients as indicated by the decrease of SRRC and the increase of SCap. Theseed oil is well tolerated and gives a good satisfaction on the patients.
... Linoleic acid is an unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid that is essential and must be taken into the human body with nutrition. They are physiological components of cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes and play a role in the mechanism of cell transport and the transmission of neuronal signals [33]. Its ratio is different between subsp. ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is consumed mainly in its processed form. Therefore, the investigation of the physicochemical properties of its berries is a current task in the aspect of food processing. The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical parameters (soluble solid content, total titratable acidity, sugar/acid ratio), color characteristics (L*, a*, b*) and fatty acid profile of five varieties (‘Askola’, ‘Clara’, ‘Habego’, ‘Leikora’, ‘Mara’) and one Hungarian candidate, R-01, to establish a basis for experiments on the processability of the whole berries (e.g., drying). The weight of the berry of ‘Leikora’ (0.64 g) was significantly higher than the other investigated fruits. The differences between the values of soluble solid content (6.3–10.84 °Brix) and titratable acid (1.4–3.7%) content of berries were significant. ‘Mara’ had the highest sugar/acid ratio. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids was measured between 72.6–83.4%, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were between 32.3–58.1%. The seeds of the tested samples contained high concentrations of linoleic acid (17.0–33.2%) and linolenic acid (15.3–24.9%), mainly in the case of the ‘Mara’, ‘Clara’ and ‘Askola’ varieties. Candidate R-01 could be used as a raw material for functional foods due to its significant content of palmitoleic acid and a favourable omega-6/omega-3 ratio.
... Moreover, this acid is built in the structure of cell membrane and is also used for production of intercellular cement of the skin. These two processes are possible thanks to the presence of the enzymatic complex in the stratum conium of epidermis (Zielinska and Nowak, 2014). Palmitic acid (Cl6:0) is the predominant saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in all the food samples (Table 4). ...
INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES NO. 4 PRESENTED AT FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF LAFIA, NIGERIA (ISSN: 2811-1435)
... These fatty acids are important regulators of several cellular reactions as well as good health mediators. Bonnet [25], Bialek, et al. [26], Rabasco and Rodríguez [27], Zielińska and Nowak [28], suggested the significant importance of fatty acids in healing effects, can be used in creams, emulsions, face masks, lipsticks, bath liquid soap, nail polishes, etc. Mainly mixtures of triglycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are generally used as an ingredient in cosmetic formulations. ...
Background: The utilization of seaweed-based biologically active components in cosmeceutical formulations has been extensively rising due to skin health-promoting effects. Seaweeds have varieties of biologically active components and possess potential benefits in skincare products.
Methods: Hence, the present study was done to characterize the bioactive constituents of green seaweed Chaetomorpha aerea by using the gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry technique in ethanolic and methanolic extracts for presenting its cosmetic potential.
Results: In analysis, a total of twenty-one different components were found in both the extracts. Their cosmetic potentials have been studied based on previous research studies. In addition, we characterized 9-octadecenoic acid [Z]-, phenylmethyl ester which belongs to benzyloxycarbonyls class. This compound exhibits promising applications in the cosmeceutical sector. This compound has a target peak percentage area (16.64%) with a retention time (39.1 min) in methanolic extract.
Conclusion: The incorporation of seaweed-based bioactive components in cosmetics has been extensively growing due to its skin health-promoting effects.
... The fatty acids, mainly mixtures of triglycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids commonly used as an ingredient in cosmetic formulation. Bonnet, [225], Bialek et al. [226], Rabasco and González et al. [227], and Zielinska and Nowak [228] suggested the significant importance of fatty acids in healing effects, which can be used in creams, emulsions, cosmetic masks, lipsticks, bath fluids, nail polishes, etc. Moreover, fatty acids play an important in overcoming excessive dryness of the skin, and their use is beneficial for skin and hair. ...
Cosmetics are broadly used by people to protect the skin from external environmental
stresses and for beauty purposes globally. A recent trend towards cosmetics with natural formulations has emerged. The cosmetic industry uses the term ‘cosmeceutical’ to refer to a cosmetic formula that has drug-like applicative advantages. Recently, macroalgae have received increased attention as natural ingredients for cosmeceutical applications. Many marine algae are rich in biologically active components that have been reported to exhibit strong benefits to the skin, mainly for photoprotection, skin whitening, moisturization, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, antioxidants, and antimicrobial uses. The
present review provides a detailed study of the literature on the cosmetic potentials of marine algaederived polysaccharides, peptides and amino acids, pigments, phenolic components, and fatty acids.
We provide an overview of different types of macroalgae with their biologically active constituents and potential cosmetic benefits. In addition, the bioactive molecules of cosmetic products containing marine macroalgae as well as their mechanisms of action are briefly discussed.
... Due to their liquid form, vegetable oils are used as a vehicle for dissolving or dispersing drugs or active substances that are needed for the preparation of emulsions [44]. They have also been used as the liquid lipid for the preparation of a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) matrix. ...
... No significant differences were noticed between the authentic samples and the commercial ones, when fatty acids were considered as potential biomarkers of authenticity. These data are in good agreement with recent publications which referred mainly to olive oils and sunflower, hemp, linseed (flaxseed), walnut and sea buckthorn oils [32][33][34][35]. For sunflower oils, recent data showed a dominant level of 64% linoleic acid C18:2n-6, while in our study the percentage reached an average of 70%; for flaxseed oils linolenic acid represented 46.5%, while in our case it was around 65%, with similar percentages being noticed by other authors [36,37]. ...
Featured Application
The data presented here recommend a systematic analytical flow based on a metabolomic approach to be applied for different foods, food bioresources or byproducts valorization, identifying the profile of valuable components, including phytochemicals, as authenticity biomarkers and health-promoting molecules.
Abstract
Functional vegetable oils are highly considered not only for their nutritional value, but also for their health benefits. The profile of phytochemicals responsible for their quality is useful also for the identification of possible mislabeling or adulteration. The comparative composition of eight categories (sunflower, pumpkin, hempseed, linseed, soybean, walnut, sea buckthorn and olive) of commercial vs. authentic oils was determined. Fatty acids, volatiles, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolic components were analyzed by gas- and liquid chromatography-based techniques coupled with diode array, mass spectrometry, or fluorescence detection. Classification models, commonly used in metabolomics, e.g., principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, hierarchical clusters and heatmaps have been applied to discriminate each category and individual samples. Carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolics contributed mostly, qualitatively, and quantitatively to the discrimination between the eight categories of oils, as well as between the authentic and the commercial ones. This metabolomic approach can be easily implemented and the heatmaps can be considered as “identity” cards of each oil category and the quality of commercial oils, comparative to the authentic ones of the same botanical and geographical origin.
... It is well-known that skin lipid compositions and structures are significant for proper skin functioning, and their deficit leads to skin diseases and disorders [9][10][11]. Therefore, in addition to traditional topical and oral lipid applications, there is a rising interest in enhancing the targeted lipid transport to different skin layers using nanosized systems, including LNP [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Currently, different methods for obtaining nanoparticles from lipids have been developed and standardized [14,19]. ...
Microscopic prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae (microalgae), which can be effectively grown in mass cultures, are gaining increasing interest in cosmetics. Up to now, the main attention was on aquatic algae, while species from aeroterrestrial and extreme environments remained underestimated. In these habitats, algae accumulate high amounts of some chemical substances or develop specific compounds, which cause them to thrive in inimical conditions. Among such biologically active molecules is a large family of lipids, which are significant constituents in living organisms and valuable ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Therefore, natural sources of lipids are increasingly in demand in the modern cosmetic industry and its innovative technologies. Among novelties in skin care products is the use of lipid nanoparticles as carriers of dermatologically active ingredients, which enhance their penetration and release in the skin strata. This review is an attempt to comprehensively cover the available literature on the high-value lipids from microalgae, which inhabit aeroterrestrial and extreme habitats (AEM). Data on different compounds of 87 species, subspecies and varieties from 53 genera (represented by more than 141 strains) from five phyla are provided and, despite some gaps in the current knowledge, demonstrate the promising potential of AEM as sources of valuable lipids for novel skin care products.
... In the food domain, it is used to prepare traditional dishes and as a constituent of food fats. In the non-food domain, its greater proportion of lauric acid gives the oil essential characteristics used in the industries for soaps, creams, emulsions, and cosmetic productions [3] . ...
... Therefore, this analysis revealed that locust and domestic cricket fats were more suitable for use in cosmetics, because of their high amounts of saturated and unsaturated C18 fatty acids, comparable with the macadamia nut oils [79]. Examples of C18 chain fatty acids are linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3), which reduce trans-epidermal water loss and regenerate the lipid barrier of the epidermis [113]. Since they contain high amounts of lauric acid [39,99,103,114,115], BSFL fats are not the best choice as ingredients for leave-on products, because they could be the cause of adverse effects on the skin lipid structure, disrupting the skin barrier and increasing the trans-epidermal water loss [116]. ...
Simple Summary
The use of insects as a new source of lipids is a topic of great interest from both environmental and economic points of view. In addition to use in feed and energy applications, lipids could be used for the formulation of personal care products. The cosmetics industry is always in search of new ingredients to use in novel product formulations. The processes mediated by bioconverter insects, such as Hermetia illucens, are really advantageous because starting from substrates of low economic and biological value (agri-food by-products, zootechnical, catering, and other waste), it is possible to obtain products of high commercial value. The composition of insect lipids depends on the feeding substrate, as well as the insect species, therefore for each personal care application, it is possible to find the most suitable starting conditions. In this review, we display a general outlook on insect lipids, the extraction processes, and their use in cosmetics and personal care fields.
Abstract
Insects, the most varied group of known organisms on Earth, are arousing great interest also for the possibility to use them as a feed and food source. The mass rearing of some species, defined as “bioconverters”, is spreading worldwide, thanks to their sustainability. At the end of the bioconversion process, breeders obtain eco-friendly biomolecules of high biological and economic value, including proteins and lipids, from larvae of bioconverter insects, in particular Hermetia illucens. Besides the most classical use of insect lipids as food additives, they are also used in the formulation of several products for personal care. The composition of insect lipids depends on the substrate on which the insects are reared but also on the insect species, so the cosmetic producers should consider these features to choose their insect starting point. The most abundant fatty acids detected in H. illucens are lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids, regardless of feed substrate; its fatty acids composition is favorable for soap composition, while their derivatives are used for detergent and shampoo. Here, we offer an overview of insect lipids, their extraction methods, and their application in cosmetics and personal care products.
... Phytochemicals and composition of fatty acids in sea buckthorn oil(Dulf, 2012;Zielinska and Nowak, 2014;Zielinska and Nowak, 2017;Vilas-Franquesa et al. ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an underutilized ecologically and economically important wind-pollinated, low-demanding, dioecious, thorny, and winter hardy tree or shrub native to Europe and Asia. Since ancient times, people living in the cold deserts used it as folk medicine, nutritional supplement, fuel, fence, and fodder. Hence, popularly known as the ‘Gold Mine’ of cold deserts. Sea buckthorn fruits are nutritionally rich with a high amount of vitamins. It also contains bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonoids, sterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and lipids, therefore, implying as an excellent source for discovering new drugs and improving the food quality of humans. Unfortunately, aside from excellent traits still very limited progress has been made in the improvement of sea buckthorn through conventional breeding programs therefore, the application of modern biotechnological and high-throughput sequencing tools for the bio-prospection of agronomically important traits is needed to speed up the breeding programs. Highlighting several uses of sea buckthorn, it made a case for its status as an underutilized crop with the potential to contribute to our food and nutritional base. It is an interesting subject of future research and scientific publications, as highlights the scientific insights into the existing know-how i.e. historical perspective, taxonomical and botanical description, genetic diversity and distribution; medicinal and nutritional importance, market potential and key players, breeding constraints, biotechnological advancements, omics-based interventions, and a path forward for adoption and large-scale cultivation of sea buckthorn to provide a clear concept for future research.
... Despite the fact that oils are auxiliary components in these products, they can have different pharmacological effects due to their rich FA composition. They are serving as a cosmetic base, reduce skin inflammation, and prevent water loss mainly by making a protective layer on the epidermis [13,22]. Along with other natural fatty oils, apricot and peach oils are often found in many pharmaceutical products. ...
... In dry skin, it strengthens the lipid barrier of epidemic, protects against trans-epidermal loss of water and normalizes the skin metabolism. Linoleic acid is natural component of sebum [21]. The LA and ALA are essential fatty acids which have critical roles in the membrane structure and as precursors of eicosanoids, which are potent and highly reactive compounds since they compete for the same enzymes and have different biological roles, the balance between the LA and the ALA fatty acids in the diet can be of considerable importance [22]. ...
Humans are in–separately linked to the existence of vegetables, as they are the source of several bio–products essential for the survival of the animal kingdom. The importance of vegetables from the point of view of the food industry is determined by their complex chemical content that is important to the human body and this includes organic substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and organic acids). This study examines comparatively the levels of lipid compositions in the samples of dried carrot (Daucus carota L) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). The fatty acid, phospholipid and sterol compositions were determined from the samples using Gas Chromatography method. The most concentrated fatty acid (%) was linoleic acid (C18:2) (54.04 and 57.62) and the least was arachidic acid (C20:0) (0.01 and 0.01) for Daucus carota and Cucumis sativus, respectively. The result showed the quality parameters of fatty acids investigated in the Daucus carota and Cucumis sativus samples as: SFA (23.36 and 20.15 %); MUFA (15.27 and 15.5 %); PUFA (60.37 and 64.58 %); DUFA (54.04 and 57.62 %); TUFA (75.64 and 79.83 %); MUFA/SFA (0.63 and 0.76 %); PUFA/SFA (2.87 and 3.47 %); O/L (0.23 and 0.23 %). The total phospholipid contents present in the Daucus carota and Cucumis sativus were 546.11 and 594.51 mg/100 g while that of phytosterols were 366.16 and 376.69 mg/100 g, respectively. Phosphatidycholine has the highest content in both samples (265.80 and 283.64 mg/100 g). The concentrations of phytosterols were very low except in sitosterol (198.71 and 200.53 mg/100 g), stig–masterol (118.42 and 120.39) and campesterol (34.48 and 34.44 mg/100 g) for the Daucus carota and Cucumis sativus samples, respectively. This study revealed that Daucus carota and Cucumis sativus have high values of UFA that make them a special kind of vegetables for nutritional and health applications, and may be a good source of phytosterols.
... Linoleic and linolenic acids are essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by themselves and can only be obtained through diet (Marsiñach and Cuenca, 2019). Linolenic acid is a physiological component of the cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane and is involved in cell transport and neuronal signal transmission (Zielińska and Nowak, 2014). This compound has an antihypertensive effect on blood pressure. ...
Sea buckthorn is a homologous plant listed in Chinese pharmacopoeia. The Essential Oils (EOs) of Sea Buckthorn Seeds (SBTS) are widely used in medicine and health products in China, Russia and other countries. The extraction methods of SBTS with advantages of low cost, high yield and high activity have attracted considerable attention. In this study, the extraction rate, chemical compositions and antibacterial activity of EOs from SBTS from Jilin Province extracted by Hydrodistillation (HD), Microwave-Assisted HD (MAHD) and Enzyme-Assisted HD (EAHD) were compared, so as to provide references for the preparation and application of EOs from SBTS. The results showed that the extraction rates of EOs from SBTS were (0.457±0.062%) when extracted by EAHD. The extraction rate of EAHD was significantly higher, with values reaching 2.3 and 1.4 times that of HD and MAHD, respectively. A total of 18,26 and 26 volatile compounds were identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis. The three EOs were mainly composed of acid, ester and alkane and the acid component accounted for more than 50% of total, with the highest acid proportion occupied by HD (63%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the EOs from SBTS extracted by HD, MAHD and EAHD against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus was determined simultaneously. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EOs from SBTS extracted by HD against Bacillus subtilis was 0.78 mg/mL, which is better than EOs extracted by MAHD and EAHD and consistent with the positive control. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EOs extracted by the three extraction methods to Bacillus pumilus was 1.56 mg/mL, which was lower than the positive control. The minimum inhibitory concentration of EOs from SBTS against Staphylococcus aureus was 3.12 mg/mL, which was lower than that of the positive control but better than that of EOs extracted by MAHD and EAHD. Based on the experimental results, the different extraction methods have a great influence on the extraction rate, chemical composition and activity of EOs. Although the extraction rate of EOs from SBTS extracted by HD was lower, it had low cost, more active components and better activity. Thus, these EOs can be developed as a natural antibacterial agent in the future. © 2021 Hepeng Zhao, Fuyin Zhao, Qian Xiao, Xiudong Yang and Hongli Zhou.
... Na Mongólia, Rússia e da China, o óleo da polpa é usado exatamente no tratamento de queimaduras na pele(YOON et al., 2012;MANEA et al., 2014). O óleo foi introduzido nos mercados locais por empresas cosméticas como produto de antienvelhecimento e preparações de higiene bucal.A dissolução de substâncias de alto peso molecular, fluidos insupericiais, é amplamente utilizada na tecnologia química, na indústria alimentícia, na medicina e na farmacologia(WANG et al., 2014; ZIELI´NSKA;NOWAK, 2014). Embora a pressão do solvente seja alta, essas tecnologias são atraentes, pois permitem produzir substâncias superpuras. ...
... These compounds have been biological significance in anti-inflammatory activity. Linolenic acids are physiological components in inner and outer cell transport complexes of cell membranes or mitochondria membranes for transmission of signals in the neuronal lattice of brain in human(Zielińska and Nowak, 2014). The compound with highest molecular weight was Lucenin 2. ...
In this present study, to investigate the Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry analysis and anti-bacterial activity of carbinol extract of brown seaweed Zonaria crenata. Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry carried out with instrument GC-MS-QP 2010 [SHIMADZU] and anti-bacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method. The carbinol extracts of Zonaria crenata totally 22 bioactive significance compounds were identified and which are major compound such as Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-methyl ester (CAS), Methyl commate D and Tridecanoic acid, 12-methyl-methyl ester (CAS). The lowest percentage of peak area (0.82%) and their compound as Benzene, (2-decyldodecyl)-(CAS). The anti-bacterial activity of this alga carbinol extract was assessed against the gram positive and gram-negative bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. According to this result, K. pneumoniae (13.1 mm), A. hydrophilla (12.0 mm) and P. aeruginosa (11.2 mm) showed more potent and S. aureus (9.2 mm) E. coli (10.1mm) and B. cereus (9.4 mm) showed minimum of antibacterial activity in this research work. Zonaria crenata identified chemical compounds might be responsible for recorded anti-bacterial activity. Hence, the present study could form the base-line for valuable drug preparation in pharmaceutical and biomedical as well as used food for animals and fish.
... As an inedible oil that contains abundant free fatty acids, S. mukorossi kernel oil has been considered as an alternative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly source of biodiesel, an alternative fuel source that itself reflects reduced pollution and environmental sustainability. 43,44 However, the fabrication of biodiesel from S. mukorossi oils is complicated by a complex transesterification process that results in large amounts of organic solvent waste that in turn requires further treatment. Since our data demonstrates that the coldpressed oil exhibits a significant antimelanogenic effect, it provides another economic value of being used to replace the existing chemical bleaching agent. ...
Melanogenesis is a complex process that can lead to pigmentation defects. Various chemical skin-lightening products have been developed to treat pigmentation disorders. However, these chemical products can cause harmful adverse effects. Therefore, the development of safer, natural bleaching ingredients is a trend for sustainability. It has been reported that unsaturated fatty acids exhibit significant antimelanogenic effects. Sapindus mukorossi seed oils contain abundant unsaturated fatty acids; however, these have not yet been investigated for beneficial effects on skin tone evenness. In this study, we tested the possibility of using S. mukorossi oil for the treatment of hyperpigmentation in an in vitro model. Free fatty acid compositions and β-sitosterol were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography, respectively. The effect of S. mukorossi oil on melanoma B16F10 cell viability was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The inhibitive effects of fatty acids and β-sitosterol in S. mukorossi oil on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced melanogenesis was evaluated by detecting melanin formation and tyrosinase activity. Our results showed that S. mukorossi oil produced no significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 cells at various concentrations compared with the control group. The enhancement of melanin formation induced by α-MSH was reduced by S. mukorossi oil. We also found that the primary fatty acid contributing to the antimelanogenesis effect was eicosenoic acid. These results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil can effectively inhibit melanogenesis and has the potential for future development as a de-hyperpigmentation product within a waste utilization context.
As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for longer, healthier lives and environmentally responsible choices. Consumers are increasingly drawn to naturally sourced products with proven health and wellbeing benefits. The marine environment presents a promising yet underexplored resource for the cosmetics industry, offering bioactive compounds with the potential for safe and biocompatible ingredients. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of marine organisms for cosmetics production, highlighting marine-derived compounds and their applications in skin/hair/oral-care products, cosmeceuticals and more. It also lays down critical safety considerations and addresses the methodologies for sourcing marine compounds, including harvesting, the biorefinery concept, use of systems biology for enhanced product development, and the relevant regulatory landscape. The review is enriched by three case studies: design of macroalgal skincare products in Iceland, establishment of a microalgal cosmetics spin-off in Italy, and the utilization of marine proteins for cosmeceutical applications.
Palm oil is the world's most widely traded vegetable oil, with total trade amounting to 77.22 million metric tons of total vegetable oil production in 2023. Palm oil is usually used as the material of cooking oil and food products, biofuel, cosmetics, and other derivates. Pakistan imported $3.36B in Palm Oil, becoming the third largest importer of Palm Oil in the world. However, palm oil has faced deforestation in the last few years. To solve that, the palm oil plantation must be sustainably certified (RSPO), and the impact will increase the palm oil price. Therefore, this research aims to explore Pakistan's sustainable cooking oil consumption patterns. This research uses purposive sampling from diverse socio-economic backgrounds and geographical locations within Pakistan. The total respondents are 52 respondents from Punjab, Pakistan. The data analysis uses descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that palm oil was the most used cooking oil (68%), followed by sunflower (22%). Over half of the participants (56%) were willing to pay a premium for environmentally friendly cooking oils. Most participants (84%) were familiar with sustainable certification labels like RSPO, and most participants (82%) believed that adopting sustainable palm oil production practices could alleviate environmental and ethical concerns.
Background
Seed oils have been exploited for an array of purposes with their addition to dietary, cosmetics, or therapeutic products. The process of skin aging is a natural and complex phenomenon in living beings. Skin aging is classified into two independent processes, i.e., chronological aging and premature aging. Aging is observed as a loss of strength and elasticity of the skin, leading to wrinkles on the skin. It is due to a decrease in various components of the skin matrix, like elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid. Furthermore, aging is potentiated by excessive exposure to UV radiation (Photoaging) and can be prevented or reduced by using products that combat photoaging.
Objective
Anti-aging and antiwrinkle agents are in demand for maintaining skin tone. Seed oils composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids are traditionally used in cosmetic products as moisturizers and emollients, while palmitic acid and oleic acid are known for their penetration-enhancing effect. With the changing trend for extraction of oils like cold pressed methods, seed oils enriched with polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols are good antioxidants and antimicrobials and therefore have an ever-growing demand for their usage in the treatment of skin diseases. In this review, an attempt will be made to brief the phytoconstituents present in various seed oils and their utilization against skin ailments. Furthermore, a mechanistic approach towards the benefit of oils in skin barrier repair, antiaging, and photo-aging with the help of extensive well-designed clinical trials carried out in the recent past is elaborated.
Method
A literature search in the Scopus database, Pubmed, and Medline was carried out using the terminology “aging, photoaging, antioxidant, UV-protection, sunscreens, skin barrier repair, and fatty acids, formulations” in the study. Data were retrieved over the last twenty years.
Result
The review summarises the mechanistic approach and beneficial application of seed oils for healthy and glowing skin. The oils obtained from olives, sesame, borage, grape seeds, and carrot seeds have multitargeted effects. However, the variation in pharmacological effect may vary based on geographically differing varieties, skin type, and person-to-person variation. The need to standardize the varieties for their phytoactive ingredients and the composition of formulation used for skin care can help utilize the seeds as a potential source of actives against skin diseases.
Conclusion
Conclusion: The potential of seed oils can be increased with appropriate analytical tools, validation protocols, and systematic experimental studies at preclinical and clinical trials for their application to skin care products.
BACKGROUND: Sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), a shrub rich with a huge variety of vitamins, antioxidants and other biologically active constituents with pharmacological and cosmaceutical applications. OBJECTIVE: The current review aims to compile the recent reported data on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biological activities and cosmaceutical uses of SBT plant from different regions of the world. METHODS: A wide-ranging inquiry on SBT was done electronically on the basis of articles and abstracts published in peer-reviewed journals, issued in conference proceedings, government reports, books, Master’s and Ph.D. theses etc. The research was carried out in different International scientific databases like Academic Search, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, BioOne Previews, CabDirect, Cochrane Library, Pubmed/Medline, GeoRef, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Journal Citation Reports, Mendeley, Publons, Researchgate, Scopus, SciELO, Springer Link, Science Direct, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis with particular keywords. RESULTS: A total of 185 published papers were assessed through the search approach and 162 papers were included published on SBT. It was evident from the literature search that the uses of SBT as traditional medicine so far against nearly 50 health related complications in more than 18 regions of the world are still a common practice where the decoction of leaves and juice/paste from berries/fruits of SBT were the common administration modes. Data on the phytochemical profile of SBT revealed more than 50 diverse reported groups of compounds with remarkable antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS as common methods. Moreover to-date, the reported antimicrobial activity of SBT uncovered that the extracts from SBT were examined in contradiction of 32 strains of bacteria and 15 strains of fungus with significant inhibitory actions against the bacterial and fungal strains. The SBT extracts actions reported so far on different viral disease categories displayed active inhibition of the growth of nearly 15 different viral strains. The reported anticancer activity of compounds in SBT extracts to date evidenced remarkable results against more than 20 different cancer cell lines/ types. Moreover, SBT oil containing fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids is effectively used with cosmetics applications for skin care. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusively, SBT is rich with several remarkable phytochemicals that may have diverse biological actions and for that reason reassure the use of decoctions and/or infusions of SBT as folk traditional medicine around the world. Conversely, it is essential to explore the molecular mechanisms of compounds responsible for biological activites of SBT and to advance in the research of clinical uses and development of SBT based therapeutic and cosmetic products.
It is evident from the literature on seabuckthorn metabolites that different metabolites may undergo substantial variation depending upon different environmental factors such as temperature, altitude, latitude, longitude and rainfall that may affect the sensory quality of seabuckthorn products. Documentation of metabolomic diversity prevailing at different geographic locations is an important area of research. Many reports on metabolomics are available mainly from China, Finland, Canada and Romania to identify the origin-specific best quality of seabuckthorn using different chromatographic techniques followed by a chemometric approach. Various modern techniques have already been exploited in routine analysis. However, most of the techniques have been used to identify only specific categories of metabolites and are time-consuming. Untargeted spectroscopic approaches like 1H NMR and GC-MS have evolved as the most relevant, adaptable, and reliable techniques for characterizing complex volatile mixtures and some non-volatile compounds in different plant species. 1H NMR, in particular, can capture all metabolites in a single encounter and has been effectively applied for plant fingerprinting, as well as identification, authenticity, and quality assessment. Our study suggests that GC-MS and NMR profiling offer crucial phytochemical indicators for differentiating seabuckthorn berries from various geographical origins, as well as valuable information for formulating effective seabuckthorn improvement programmes through the screening of potential genotypes that benefit farmers and industries.
Plant oils are one of popular starting raw materials of alkyd resin manufacturing and castor oil is well known plasticizer in coating industry. Coconut oil-based alkyd resins and blend of coconut and castor oil-based alkyd resins were synthesized as Bio-based plasticizers to evaluate their properties as plasticizers for nitrocellulose (nc) paint. During synthesis of those resins, variation of acid value, viscosity, oil length and generated water amount was evaluated. Series of nitrocellulose surface coatings (ncscs) were prepared using one alkyd resin at a time according to a dilution series and followed the same procedure for other alkyd resins and commercially available plasticizers (caps). All ncscs were tested for specific gravity, apparent viscosity, reduced viscosity, dry film thickness, dry film gloss, impact resistance, mandrel bending, Erichsen cupping, drying time, pencil hardness. According to the results it was proven that alkyd resins incorporated ncscs are better in viscosity, low drying time, film hardness. Ncscs with commercially available plasticizer (cap) is better in flexibility, impact resistance, dry film thickness, gloss
O aumento do consumo sustentável na cosmetologia tem desencadeado um maior uso de matérias-primas naturais para o desenvolvimento de formulações. Os óleos vegetais contêm ácidos graxos fundamentais para o organismo. O objetivo deste trabalho é executar uma prospecção tecnológica sobre o uso de ácidos graxos dos óleos vegetais na cosmetologia. Foram usados os bancos de dados EPO, WIPO, INPI, LENS e Google Patents, com as palavras-chave “Ácidos Graxos Óleos Vegetais/Fatty Acids Vegetable Oils”, “Cosméticos Óleos Vegetais/Cosmetics Vegetable Oils” e “Cosméticos Ácidos Graxos/Cosmetics Fatty Acids”. O Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) apresentou o menor número de depósitos de patentes, já o LENS teve o maior número de patentes. O cenário internacional aparenta mais investimentos. Já o Brasil precisa de mais estímulos para alcançar mais avanços nessa área de estudo. Além disso, o país deve utilizar seus recursos naturais como um diferencial competitivo em meio ao mercado nacional e internacional.
During the recent decades, dermal delivery has achieved visible popularity mainly due to the increase of chronic skin diseases and the demand for targeted delivery and patient compliance. Dermal delivery provides an attractive alternative to oral drug delivery, promoting the drug application directly at the site of action, resulting in higher localized drug concentration with reduced systemic drug exposure. Among several types of drug delivery systems used in dermal delivery are the lipid nanoparticles, which include solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These lipid nanocarriers have attracted great interest and have been intensively studied for their use in dermal applications. Lipid nanoparticles increase the transport of active compounds through the skin by improving drug solubilization in the formulation, drug partitioning into the skin, and fluidizing skin lipids. Moreover, these nanocarriers are composed of biologically active and biodegradable lipids that show less toxicity and offer many favorable attributes such as adhesiveness, occlusion, skin hydration, lubrication, smoothness, skin penetration enhancement, modified release, improvement of formulation appearance providing a whitening effect, and offering protection of actives against degradation.This chapter focuses on the effects of lipid nanoparticles in dermal delivery, on the types of active compounds that are used in their formulation and application, some aspects related to their possible toxicity, and a description of the most commonly used techniques for the evaluation of drug absorption on the skin.
Spirulina is an edible cyanobacterium known worldwide for its high nutritional value and the interest in its biological activity and bioactive compounds, such as pigments, phenolics, peptides and lipids, has been increasing. Due to the variety of its properties, the potential application of Spirulina in health is wide, including dermatological area. In a context of increasing demand for natural products and actives in cosmetics, this microorganism becomes a great source. This article aims to review what has already been reported in literature about the potential effects of Spirulina or its isolated compounds in skin, either for aesthetic or clinical purposes. In many studies, Spirulina and its components show a good influence in proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, extracellular matrix and collagen production, as well as exerting antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory action. Thus, they promote a healthy environment for skin’s cells and structure, cooperating for the highlighted anti‐aging, photoprotection and wound healing effects. Some compounds of the cyanobacterium also exert a lighting property through tyrosinase inhibition. Its antimicrobial action can also be advantageous to skin contributing to anti‐acne, antibiofilm and anti‐herpes effects. In face of many attributes and due to its rich composition, Spirulina presents multi‐benefits and shows an improvement in the general aspect of skin. However, some applications are still in need of studying and more clinical evidence is necessary.
Introduction:
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a high-altitude plant with immense medicinal, nutritional, and therapeutic value. Earlier studies have documented the presence of various useful bioactive substances in this species; however, comprehensive metabolome profiling of seabuckthorn berries originating from different regions of the Indian Himalayas has not been undertaken.
Objective:
Metabolomic profiling of seabuckthorn berries originating from different geographical sites in the Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir regions of the Indian Himalayas was performed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Materials and methods:
The GC-MS metabolome profiles of seabuckthorn berries collected from different sites (altitude 1,400-4,270 m; average temperature 8°C-27°C) were subjected to multivariate analysis following principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis.
Results:
The GC-MS results showed substantial variability for berry metabolites, including fatty acids, alkyl ethers, and alkyl esters. Fatty acids and their esters were mainly responsible for the variation in the berry metabolome. The metabolite expression profile heat map revealed two distinct groups of seabuckthorn berries originating from Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul and Spiti) and Jammu & Kashmir (Leh, Nubra, and Kargil), the former showing higher expression of metabolites. Interestingly, a strong negative association existed between altitude and the amounts of metabolites such as amides, alkyl esters, alcohols, sugars, and sugar esters. In contrast, temperature showed a strong positive association with ketone and alkyl ether levels.
Conclusion:
GC-MS profiling provides important phytochemical indicators to distinguish between seabuckthorn berries from different geographical sites. Our metabolome profiling analysis generated valuable information that will be useful in the formulation of various seabuckthorn products, benefiting farmers and industries.
Although a causal role of genetic alterations in human cancer is well established, it is still unclear whether dietary fat can modulate cancer risk in a predisposed population. Epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce cancer incidence. To determine the influence of fatty acids on prostate cancer risk in animals with a defined genetic lesion, we used prostate-specific Pten-knockout mice, an immune-competent, orthotopic prostate cancer model, and diets with defined polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. We found that omega-3 fatty acids reduced prostate tumor growth, slowed histopathological progression, and increased survival, whereas omega-6 fatty acids had opposite effects. Introducing an omega-3 desaturase, which converts omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, into the Pten-knockout mice reduced tumor growth similarly to the omega-3 diet. Tumors from mice on the omega-3 diet had lower proportions of phosphorylated Bad and higher apoptotic indexes compared with those from mice on omega-6 diet. Knockdown of Bad eliminated omega-3-induced cell death, and introduction of exogenous Bad restored the sensitivity to omega-3 fatty acids. Our data suggest that modulation of prostate cancer development by polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated in part through Bad-dependent apoptosis. This study highlights the importance of gene-diet interactions in prostate cancer.
Please cite this paper as: The skin: an indispensable barrier. Experimental Dermatology 2008.Abstract: The skin forms an effective barrier between the organism and the environment preventing invasion of pathogens and fending off chemical and physical assaults, as well as the unregulated loss of water and solutes. In this review we provide an overview of several components of the physical barrier, explaining how barrier function is regulated and altered in dermatoses. The physical barrier is mainly localized in the stratum corneum (SC) and consists of protein-enriched cells (corneocytes with cornified envelope and cytoskeletal elements, as well as corneodesmosomes) and lipid-enriched intercellular domains. The nucleated epidermis also contributes to the barrier through tight, gap and adherens junctions, as well as through desmosomes and cytoskeletal elements. During epidermal differentiation lipids are synthesized in the keratinocytes and extruded into the extracellular domains, where they form extracellular lipid-enriched layers. The cornified cell envelope, a tough protein/lipid polymer structure, resides below the cytoplasmic membrane on the exterior of the corneocytes. Ceramides A and B are covalently bound to cornified envelope proteins and form the backbone for the subsequent addition of free ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol in the SC. Filaggrin is cross-linked to the cornified envelope and aggregates keratin filaments into macrofibrils. Formation and maintenance of barrier function is influenced by cytokines, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium. Changes in epidermal differentiation and lipid composition lead to a disturbed skin barrier, which allows the entry of environmental allergens, immunological reaction and inflammation in atopic dermatitis. A disturbed skin barrier is important for the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
The essential fatty acids (EFAs), particularly the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs), are important for brain development during both the fetal and postnatal period. They are also increasingly seen to be of value in limiting the cognitive decline during aging. EFA deficiency was first shown over 75 years ago, but the more subtle effects of the n-3 fatty acids in terms of skin changes, a poor response to linoleic acid supplementation, abnormal visual function, and peripheral neuropathy were only discovered later. Both n-3 and n-6 LCPs play important roles in neuronal growth, development of synaptic processing of neural cell interaction, and expression of genes regulating cell differentiation and growth. The fetus and placenta are dependent on maternal EFA supply for their growth and development, with docosahexaenomic acid (DHA)-supplemented infants showing significantly greater mental and psychomotor development scores (breast-fed children do even better). Dietary DHA is needed for the optimum functional maturation of the retina and visual cortex, with visual acuity and mental development seemingly improved by extra DHA. Aging is also associated with decreased brain levels of DHA: fish consumption is associated with decreased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, and the reported daily use of fish-oil supplements has been linked to improved cognitive function scores, but confirmation of these effects is needed.
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Translation into English by the Author