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... In the earliest stages of understanding of the fauna Lowe (1830) named many allopatric taxa as distinct species, while Wollaston (1878) questioned the status of many of them and described them as locally distinguishable varieties or forms. Perhaps the best example of this dialogue concerns the genus Discula (Lowe, 1831) which, based on the shell morphology, is considered to consist of 25 species (Abreu and Teixeira 2008). The variability within this genus has been recognized since the earlier studies (Sowerby 1824, Lowe 1831, Albers 1854, Wollaston 1878 although the taxonomic uncertainty in the group remains to be clarifi ed. ...
... Perhaps the best example of this dialogue concerns the genus Discula (Lowe, 1831) which, based on the shell morphology, is considered to consist of 25 species (Abreu and Teixeira 2008). The variability within this genus has been recognized since the earlier studies (Sowerby 1824, Lowe 1831, Albers 1854, Wollaston 1878 although the taxonomic uncertainty in the group remains to be clarifi ed. To understand the evolution of these taxa more fully it is neces-sary to examine other characters in addition to shell morphology. ...
... To understand the evolution of these taxa more fully it is neces-sary to examine other characters in addition to shell morphology. As a start in this process we have compared isozyme patterns in D. polymorpha (Lowe, 1831) from Madeira and from the neighboring island of Deserta Grande. These differ in shell morphology as much as Madeiran D. polymorpha differs from similar taxa on Porto Santo Island, such as D. attrita Lowe, 1831 (Cook andPettitt 1979). ...
... Festuca albida Lowe [K. loweana Quintanar, Catalán & Castrov.], a robust species, was described from the volcanic mountains of Madeira Island, Portugal (Lowe 1831 On the basis of the presence or the absence of swollen culm bases, Domin, the first 20th century botanist who exhaustively studied Koeleria from around the world, divided Koeleria species into two sections (Domin 1907), Bulbosae Domin and Caespitosae Domin. Within Bulbosae, Domin included the following xerophytic grasses distributed along the xeric, open habitats of Eurasia and the Mediterranean basin: K. vallesiana, K. castellana, K. dasyphylla, K. splendens, K. caudata (K. ...
... Notes-Koeleria loweana was historically considered to be related to Festuca L. (Lowe 1831;Alexeev 1985, erecting a new genus for it), despite sharing characteristics with Koeleria, where it was recently placed (Quintanar et al. 2006). The structure of the spikelets in these robust grasses and their frequently open panicles during anthesis could reflect affinities with K. pyramidata and allied taxa. ...
Abstract—
A taxonomic revision of the grass genus Koeleria from the study of 3,255 specimens ranging from the western Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia is presented. We include descriptions and nomenclatural synonyms for all taxa inhabiting these regions. Detailed
morphometric descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, an identification key, and habitat data are given for each taxon. We recognize 10 species of Koeleria in this area, grouped into four sections. Four new combinations are provided for Koeleria,
K.
sect.
Imbricatae
(Domin) Quintanar & Castrov.,
K.
sect.
Reticulatae
(Domin) Quintanar & Castrov.,
K. pyramidata
subsp.
arenaria
(Dumort.) Quintanar & Castrov.,
K. pyramidata
subsp.
schroeteriana
(Domin) Quintanar & Castrov., and one new name,
K. rodriguez-graciae
Quintanar & Castrov. Thirty-three names are lectotypified.
... There are over 250 predominantly endemic taxa which are related to pre-Pleistocene European and north African molluscs, forming amongst the richest known faunas on oceanic archipelagos (Cook et al.1990, Cameron et al. 2006, Cameron et al. 2007). The Madeiran land snail taxonomy is well established, dating back to the 19 th Century but based very largely on shell characters alone (Lowe 1830, Albers 1854, Wollaston 1878, Waldén 1983, 1984, Cook et al. 1990), although Mandahl-Barth (1943) included some anatomical comparisons. As with other such groups, diffi culties exist in determining the boundaries of species, the tendency towards lumping or splitting polytypic groups differing between taxonomists and varying with time (Lowe 1830, Wollaston 1878. ...
... The Madeiran land snail taxonomy is well established, dating back to the 19 th Century but based very largely on shell characters alone (Lowe 1830, Albers 1854, Wollaston 1878, Waldén 1983, 1984, Cook et al. 1990), although Mandahl-Barth (1943) included some anatomical comparisons. As with other such groups, diffi culties exist in determining the boundaries of species, the tendency towards lumping or splitting polytypic groups differing between taxonomists and varying with time (Lowe 1830, Wollaston 1878. In the earliest stages of understanding of the fauna Lowe (1830) named many allopatric taxa as distinct species, while Wollaston (1878) questioned the status of many of them and described them as locally distinguishable varieties or forms. ...
The population structure of three endemic land snail species of the genus Discula (Lowe,1831) on the archipelago of Madeira were studied. Ten allozyme loci were screened in 13 populations (11 from Madeira Island and two from the adjacent Desertas Islands) of D. polymorpha (Lowe, 1831), two populations of D. attrita (Lowe, 1831) and one population of D. calcigena (Lowe, 1831) from Porto Santo Island. All populations, except those from the Desertas, showed high levels of genetic variability. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote defi ciency was detected in all D. polymorpha populations from Madeira and populations of D. attrita. This defi ciency was mainly attributed to inbreeding within the populations. No heterozygote defi ciency was found in D. calcigena, probably due to the larger population size of this species in the recent past. The FST values were signifi cant in many pairwise comparisons between the populations of D. polymorpha, with the highest values occurring between populations from Deserta Grande and the peninsula of Madeira. All interspecifi c FST values were highly signifi cant. FST values between populations of D. polymorpha from Deserta Grande and the Madeiran peninsula were comparable to observed interspecifi c values. Based on the factorial analysis all Madeiran populations grouped together, the populations from Deserta Grande formed a separate group, while the two populations of D. attrita show clear structuring.
... There are over 250 species and subspecies, of which 74% are endemic (Walden, 1984a, 216 species in Walden's 1983. The foundations for the systematics of the land molluscs were laid by Albers (1854), Lowe (1831Lowe ( , 1852Lowe ( , 1854, Castello de Paiva (1867) and Wollaston (1878). Lowe and Wollaston (particularly the latter) were meticulous in recording the provenance of their material and in questioning the correctness ofunexpected location data, providing the framework for the biogeography as well as the taxonomy. ...
... The helicid Heterostoma paupercula is another case where the evolutionary history is unclear. The small snails which were given this name by Lowe (1831) differ from all other helicids on the islands, but show so much variation in shell morphology and genitalia that they were later given three specific names in two genera (Mandahl-Barth, 1984;Walden, 1983). A taxonomic interpretation would stand up if different characters assorted together, but they do not appear to do so (Lace, 1992;Cook & Lace 1993;Cameron, Cook & Gao,1996). ...
The Madeiran archipelago consists of Madeira itself, Porto Santo and the Deserta islands. On Madeira, the forest and the coastal floral associations are so different that their faunas are effectively isolated and have undergone largely independent development. There are different faunal associations on the eastern peninsula and in the SE coastal region, which may have been separated from each other in the past. On Porto Santo, western and eastern hills have different faunas. Most observations on the fauna are compatible with evolution by allopatric speciation, consequent upon isolation on different islands or mountains, as opposed to parapatric or sympatric processes following disruptive selection. Some cases where the taxonomy is difficult to unravel may, however, indicate parapatric speciation; examples belong to the generaDisculaandHeterostoma(Helicidae) andAmphorella(Ferussaciidae). Most evidence relating to species composition in communities is compatible with a balance of random immigration and extinction, rather than selective interaction, allowing clusters of similar sympatric species to accumulate. However, this impression may indicate that test procedures are insufficiently sensitive to detect interactions, and detailed ecological studies are required. Questions about speciation and distribution would be clarified if dates of divergence were established.
... There are over 250 species and subspecies, of which 74% are endemic (Walden, 1984a, 216 species in Walden's 1983. The foundations for the systematics of the land molluscs were laid by Albers (1854), Lowe (1831Lowe ( , 1852Lowe ( , 1854, Castello de Paiva (1867) and Wollaston (1878). Lowe and Wollaston (particularly the latter) were meticulous in recording the provenance of their material and in questioning the correctness ofunexpected location data, providing the framework for the biogeography as well as the taxonomy. ...
... The helicid Heterostoma paupercula is another case where the evolutionary history is unclear. The small snails which were given this name by Lowe (1831) differ from all other helicids on the islands, but show so much variation in shell morphology and genitalia that they were later given three specific names in two genera (Mandahl-Barth, 1984;Walden, 1983). A taxonomic interpretation would stand up if different characters assorted together, but they do not appear to do so (Lace, 1992;Cook & Lace 1993;Cameron, Cook & Gao,1996). ...
The Madeiran archipelago consists of Madeira itself, Porto Santo and the Deserta islands. On Madeira, the forest arid the coastal floral associations are so different that their faunas are effectively isolated and have undergone largely independent development. There are different faunal associations on the eastern peninsula and in the SE coastal region, which may have been separated from each other in the past. On Porto Santo, western and eastern hills have different faunas. Most observations on the fauna are compatible with evolution by allopatric speciation, consequent upon isolation on different islands or mountains, as opposed to parapatric or sympatric processes following disruptive selection. Some cases where the taxonomy is difficult to unravel may, however, indicate parapatric speciation; examples belong to the genera Discula and Heterostoma (Helicidae) and Amphorella (Ferussaciidae). Most evidence relating to species composition in communities is compatible with a balance of random immigration and extinction, rather than selective interaction, allowing clusters of similar sympatric species to accumulate. However, this impression may indicate that test procedures are insufficiently sensitive to detect interactions, and detailed ecological studies are required. Questions about speciation and distribution would be clarified if dates of divergence were established.
... Habitat and distribution (Fig. 2): K. loweana inhabits mountainous grasslands, frequently on rocky cliffs, on volcanic soils. Its distribution is restricted to Madeira Island ( This species has historically been considered to be related to festucoids (Lowe, 1831;Alexeev, 1985), despite of the agreement of its features with the genus Koeleria, where it was very recently adscribed (Quintanar et al., 2006). The structure of the spikelets of these very robust grasses, as well as their frequently open panicles during anthesis could reflect their affinities to K. pyramidata and allied taxa. ...
CAPÍTULO I. Filogenia de la tribu Aveneae (Pooideae, Poaceae), inferida a partir de secuencias del cloroplasto (trnT-F) y del núcleo (ITS) [Phylogeny of tribe Aveneae (Pooideae, Poaceae) inferred from plastid trnT-F and nuclear ITS sequences. American Journal of Botany 94(9): 1554-1569] [págs. 1554-1569].
CAPÍTULO II. Adscripción de Parafestuca albida (Lowe) E. B. Alexeev a Koeleria Pers. [Adscription of Parafestuca albida (Lowe) E. B. Alexeev to Koeleria Pers. Taxon 55(3): 664-670] [págs. 664-670].
CAPÍTULO III. El género Koeleria Pers. (Gramineae) en el oeste de la cuenca mediterránea: análisis morfológicos [The genus Koeleria Pers. (Gramineae) in the Western Mediterranean Basin: morphological].
CAPÍTULO IV. Apuntes taxonómicos sobre el género Koeleria Pers. (Graminae) en Andalucía oriental Acta Botanica Malacitana 32: 289-298] [págs. 289-298].
CAPÍTULO V. Revisión taxonómica de Koeleria Pers. (Pooideae, Poaceae) en el oeste de la cuenca mediterránea y Macaronesia [Taxonomic Revision of Koeleria Pers. (Pooideae, Poaceae) in the Western Mediterranean Basin and Macaronesia].
DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES GENERALES
APÉNDICE I. Propuesta de rechazo para el nombre Koeleria nitida (Gramineae, Pooideae) [Proposal to reject the name Koeleria nitida (Gramineae, Pooideae)].
APÉNDICE II. Sobre la identidad y la tipificación de Koeleria lobata (M. Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. (Pooideae, Gramineae) [On the identity and typification of Koeleria lobata (M. Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. (Pooideae, Gramineae)].
APÉNDICE III. Resúmenes de los trabajos y apéndices.
... Th e species was fi rst described from the Canaries by Willdenow (1809) and subsequently recorded from Madeira by Lowe (1831) who believed there to be suffi cient diff erences between the Canarian and Madeiran plants to justify the recognition of the latter as a separate species ( R. grandifolius Lowe) based on size, pubescence, and diff erences in infl orescence structure. However, this distinction was not generally accepted by subsequent authors (e.g., Hooker, 1852 ;Masferrer, 1880 ). ...
Premise of the study:
Oceanic island endemics typically exhibit very restricted distributions. In Macaronesia, only one endemic angiosperm species, Ranunculus cortusifolius, has a distribution spanning the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, and Canaries. Earlier work suggested possible differences between archipelagos and the multiple origins of the species. This paper tests the hypothesis that R. cortusifolius is a single widespread Macaronesian endemic species with a single origin.
Methods:
Chloroplast (matK-trnK, psbJ-petA) and ITS sequences were generated from across the distribution of R. cortusifolius. Relationships were investigated using Bayesian inference and divergence times estimated using BEAST. Infraspecific variation was investigated using statistical parsimony. The general mixed Yule-coalescent model (GMYC) was further used to identify putative species boundaries based on maternally inherited plastid data.
Key results:
The hypothesis of multiple independent origins of R. cortusifolius is rejected. Divergence of the R. cortusifolius lineage from a western Mediterranean sister group in the late Miocene is inferred. Distinct genotypes were resolved within R. cortusifolius that are endemic to the Azores, Madeira, and the Canaries. Four to five putative species were delimited by different versions of the GMYC model.
Conclusion:
Ranunculus cortusifolius is the result of a single colonization of Macaronesia. The large distances between archipelagos have been effective barriers to dispersal, promoting allopatric diversification at the molecular level with diversification also evident within the Canaries. Isolation has not been accompanied by marked morphological diversification, which may be explained by the typical association of R. cortusifolius with stable and climatically buffered laurel forest communities.
... as a replacement name for the East-Central Asian R. grandifoliusE.Mey. (1830) under the misapprehension that the latter was synchronous with his R. grandifoliusLowe (1831) from Madeira. In fact it is R. grandifolius Lowe that is the illegtimate later homonym and thus requires a new name, and R. meyeri Lowe becomes an illegitimate superfluous name for R. grandifolius E.Mey. ...
The five native and naturalised species of Ranunculus L. and Peltocalathos Tamaru (Ranunculaceae: Ranunculeae) from
southern Africa are reviewed, with full descriptions and nomenclature, taxonomic history, ecological notes, and distribution
data. All species are illustrated. Peltocalathos, a monotypic genus based on R. baurii MacOwan, has been overlooked in the
regional literature until now. The new name R. dregei J.C.Manning & Goldblatt is proposed as a replacement name for the
later homonym R. meyeri Harv., non Lowe. We conclude that the poorly known R. capensis Thunb. represents juvenile forms
of the widespread and variable R. multifidus Forssk. and we synonymise the name, along with the three trivial epithets R.
pinnatus var. hermannii DC., R. pubescens var. glabrescens Burtt Davy and R. pubescens var. harveyanus Burtt Davy, which
have been overlooked in the recent literature. Based on number (mostly < 40 achenes per head) and size (mostly 1.2–1.8 mm
long) of achenes, we conclude that the southern African material of the aquatic species recently re-identified as R. rionii Lagger
is more appropriately treated as R. trichophyllus Chaix.
... Plants of Huperzia with leaves without teeth in the margin (entire margin) are frequent in Madeira, where plants with these characteristics (Benl, 1971) were described by Lowe (1831) as Lycopodium suberectum [= Huperzia suberecta (Lowe) Tardieu]. Conversely, these plants are less frequent in the Azores. ...
The taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Huperzia Bernh. in the Azores and Madeira have been reviewed. Plants collected in the Azores and Madeira were characterized morphologically. The independence between two endemic species common to Madeira and the Azores Islands –Huperzia suberecta (Lowe) Tardieu and Huperzia dentata (Herter) Holub – is clearly shown. A clear-cut morphological separation between these taxa and Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart. of continental Europe is established. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 522–533.
... There is a single known Quaternary eolian sand deposit on Madeira, located on the S~o Louren~o Peninsula at the eastern end of the island; more extensive Quaternary eolian sands are known from Porto Santo (Lietz and Schwarzbach, 1971 ). The Madeiran deposit is known since the early part of the 19th century (Bowdich, 1825) and has provided a wealth of fossil land snails and birds, which have been the subjects of numerous studies (Bowdich, 1825;Lowe, 1831Lowe, , 1853Wollaston, 1878;Da Silva, 1957;Ziehen, 1981;Pieper, 1985;Cook et al., 1990;Cook et al., 1993). The stratigraphy and chronology of the deposits have never been studied in detail, the only radiometric dates being two Holocene radiocarbon dates on land snail shells and charcoal from unspecified levels (Krejci-Graf, 1964;Pieper, 1985). ...
A thick (ca. 40 m) sequence of coastal eolian sediments occurs on a narrow peninsula on the eastern end of the island of Madeira, located in the Eastern Atlantic at 33°N latitude. The sediments consist of black volcanic sands (with or without bioclasts) as well as clay units up to 2 m thick. A series of inceptisols (Eutrochrepts) and one alfisol (a Hapludalf) are developed in these sediments. Land snail shells and secondary carbonates, in the form of well-developed rhizoliths, calcretes, fissure-fills, and soil nodules, are present in abundance. The chronology of the sequence was determined by ¹⁴C and UTh analyses of land snail shells and secondary carbonates and amino acid epimerization analysis of land snail shells. All sediments, including the clay units, are originally of eolian origin, derived from the beach to the south of the deposit, but some have been redeposited by colluviation. Temporal variation in the lithology of the sediments relates to variations in sea-level, with black sands being deposited during lower sea level stands and clays at the lowest. It is suggested that fine marine sediments, exposed during low sea-level stands, may also be the dominant source of silty or clayey units in other coastal eolian deposits in the subtropical Atlantic and Mediterranean.
... Introduction Lowe (1831) described one of the helicid land snails of Madeira as Heterostoma paupercula. It is very small for a helicid, being about 4-6 mm in diameter and flattened with a rather irregular shell and downturned mouth. ...
Variation at enzyme loci has been investigated in the endemic Madeiran land snail Heterostoma paupercula (Gastropoda: Helicidae). There is a high degree of differentiation between populations. Part of the variation (about half of the total as measured by F statistics based on three polymorphic loci) is the result of divergence between populations of different islands. There are morphological differences between populations in shell form and the structure of the aperture, and of the genitalia, which have been used to define separate taxa, but these do not show a clear geographical pattern. In the present results, the variation in the genitalia appears to be a polymorphism restricted to a few populations, in which some individuals are euphallic cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites, while others are hemiphallic individuals exhibiting partial selfing. It is suggested that these may in fact be part selfing, part female. This is a breeding pattern which could result in polymorphism.
... Parafestuca is a monotypic genus endemic to the Madeira archipelago. Its single species (Parafestuca albida) was first classified within Festuca by Lowe (1831) and later separated from it by Alexeev (1985) based on its strongly carinate and trinerviate lemma and upper glume and its oval hilum. Relationships of Parafestuca to other genera of Pooideae has not been studied before. ...
Analyses of ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-F sequences provide phylogenetic reconstruction for the festucoids (Poeae: Loliinae), a group of temperate grasses with morphological and molecular affinities to the large genus Festuca. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined ITS/trnL-F dataset show Loliinae to be monophyletic but unresolved for a weakly supported clade of 'broad-leaved Festuca,' a well-supported clade of 'fine-leaved Festuca,' and Castellia. The first group includes subgenera Schenodorus, Drymanthele, Leucopoa, and Subulatae, and sections Subbulbosae, Scariosa, and Pseudoscariosa of Festuca, plus Lolium and Micropyropsis. The second group includes sections Festuca, Aulaxyper, Eskia, and Amphigenes of Festuca, plus Vulpia, Ctenopsis, Psilurus, Wangenheimia, Cutandia, Narduroides, and Micropyrum. Subtribes Dactylidinae and Cynosurinae/Parapholiinae are sister clades and are the closest relatives of Loliinae. Vulpia is polyphyletic within the 'fine-leaved' fescues as revealed by the two genome analyses. Lolium is resolved as monophyletic in the ITS and combined analyses, but unresolved in the trnL-F based tree. Conflict between the ITS and the trnL-F trees in the placement of several taxa suggests the possibility of past reticulation events, although lineage sorting and possible ITS paralogy cannot be ruled out.
Recently, the authors presented a proposal to conserve the names Micromeria varia Bentham (1834: 374) with a conserved type and M. hyssopifolia Webb & Berthelot (1844: 72) against Thymus ericifolius Roth (1800: 50) (Puppo et al. 2014a) to avoid disruption of current usage of these two well established names. This proposal, however, was not recommended by the Nomenclature Committee (Applequist 2016) and subsequently turned down by the General Committee (Wilson 2017). While regretting this decision, we are prepared to accept the taxonomic and nomenclatural implications.
"Helix" argonautula (Webb & Berthelot, 1833) has been reported from both the Canary Islands and Morocco but the systematic position of this taxa and it's affinity to the Madeiran Geomitrinae (sensu Mandahl-Barth 1950) is unclear. Examination of shell material from Morocco and Canary Islands have revealed two distinct and differing species, hence the taxonomic status is reviewed. Although most authors attribute the initial use of the name "Helix" argonautula to the species on the Canaries, the type specimens (from Terver) are identical to the Moroccan species, hence the Moroccan taxon should take the name argonautula. The species present on the Canary Islands is not Helix argonautula, and a new species name is given and a lectotype designated from Wollaston material in the Melvill-Tomlin Collection. Helix renati Dautzenberg, 1894 has a similar shell form to moroccan shells of "Helix" argonautula. Given that it is possible to have very similar shells for anatomically different animals both names are maintained until anatomical revision is possible. In addition there is a third species with similar shell characters, Xeroleuca antoinei, described by Pallary from this region. Examination of genital anatomy suggests that this species should be placed in the genus Helicella, and the ecology and distribution of this species is described.
Based on recent molecular evidence, one new species and one new subspecies of Micromeria are described for the Canary Islands: M. pedro-luisii and M. hierrensis subsp. incana. Six new combinations are proposed: M. canariensis, M. canariensis subsp. meridialis, M. gomerensis, M. rupestris, M. herpyllomorpha subsp. palmensis, and M. hierrensis. Three new hybrids are described for La Gomera: M. lepida subsp. bolleana × M. gomerensis, M. lepida subsp. bolleana × M. pedro-luisii, and M. lepida subsp. lepida × M. pedro-luisii. A new name is also given to the taxon from Madeira: M. maderensis. A revised key to the species present in the Canary archipelago is provided.
A global revision of Convolvulus L. is presented, Calystegia R.Br. being excluded on pragmatic grounds. One hundred and ninety species are recognised with the greatest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region. All recognised species are described and the majority are illustrated. Distribution details, keys to species identification and taxonomic notes are provided. Four new species, Convolvulusaustroafricanus J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, sp. nov., Convolvulusiranicus J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, sp. nov., Convolvuluspeninsularis J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, sp. nov. and Convolvulusxanthopotamicus J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, sp. nov., one new subspecies Convolvuluschinensissubsp.triangularis J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, subsp. nov., and two new varieties Convolvulusequitansvar.lindheimeri J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, var. nov., Convolvulusglomeratusvar.sachalitarum J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, var. nov. are described. Convolvulusincisodentatus J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, nom. nov., is provided as a replacement name for the illegitimate Convolvulusincisus Choisy. Several species treated as synonyms of other species in recent publications are reinstated including Convolvuluschinensis Ker-Gawl., Convolvulusspinifer M.Popov., Convolvulusrandii Rendle and Convolvulusaschersonii Engl. Ten taxa are given new status and recognised at new ranks: Convolvulusnamaquensis (Schltr. ex. A.Meeuse) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvulushermanniaesubsp.erosus (Desr.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvuluscrenatifoliussubsp.montevidensis (Spreng.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvulusfruticulosussubsp.glandulosus (Webb) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvuluscapituliferussubsp.foliaceus (Verdc.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvulushystrixsubsp.ruspolii (Dammer ex Hallier f.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvulushystrixsubsp.inermis (Chiov.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvulusrottlerianussubsp.stocksii (Boiss.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, comb. et stat. nov., Convolvuluscalvertiisubsp.ruprechtii (Boiss.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov., Convolvuluscephalopodussubsp.bushiricus (Bornm.) J.R.I.Wood & R.W.Scotland, stat. nov. The status of various infraspecific taxa is clarified and numerous taxa are lectotypified. This account represents a new initiative in terms of taxonomic monography, being an attempt to bring together the global approach of the traditional monograph with the more pragmatic and identification-focussed approach of most current floras while at the same time being informed by insights from molecular systematics.
An undescribed Leiostyla collected on the 1995 field-recording expedition to Madeira by the National Museum of Wales is named as Leiostyla colvillei sp. nov. The shell is closely allied to the extinct species Leiostyla wollastoni.
2 Tafeln Nach ENGLER 1936: 377 werden die Kapverden, Kanaren, Madera und die Azoren als Makaronesisches Übergangsgebiet zusammengefaßt, dem benachbarten und klimatisch ähnlichen Mediterrangebiet beigeord-net und wie dieses zum nördlichen extratropischen oder borealen Floren-reich gerechnet. RIKLI 1912: 105, 1948: 1279 bezeichnet die genannten Inselgruppen mit dem Kurzausdruck Makaronesien und reiht sie unter Grenzgebiete und Nachbarländer im Westen der Mediterraneis ein. Nach den bisher vorliegenden Angaben kämen für Makaronesien aus der Gattung Deschampsia folgende Sippen in Betracht: D. argentea und D. foliosa var. Maderensis für Madera, D. foliosa für die Azoren. Die habituelle Ähnlichkeit dieser Sippen gab Anlaß zu zahlreichen Irr-tümern und Verwechslungen. Schon TRELEASE 1897: 164 stellte fest, daß DROUET 1866 und WATSON 1870 die zu ihrer Zeit noch unbeschriebene D. foliosa für D. argentea gehalten hatten. Aber auch D. argentea wird bis-weilen mit D. foliosa verwechselt. Bis vor kurzem standen mir nur wenige aus Madera stammende Pflanzen zur Verfügung; es waren dies die endemische D. argentea (Sekt. Campella) und eine zweite Sippe, eben jene D. foliosa var. Maderensis, die ich zur Sekt. Avenaria stellen mußte. Daraus schloß ich in Unkenntnis der echten D. foliosa der Azoren, daß auch diese Art selbst — in Übereinstimmung 1 mit HACKEL 1880: 33 — in die Sekt. Avenaria einzureihen wäre (BUSCHMANN 1948: 26, Fußnote!). — Die nunmehr mögliche Unter-suchung weiterer Belege brachte jedoch mit der Aufklärung der erwähnten Irrtümer auch noch überraschende Erkenntnisse verschiedener neuer Tat-sachen und Zusammenhänge. Soweit meine Ergebnisse reichen, ist die Gattung Deschampsia in Makaronesien durch drei Arten vertreten und zwar die Sekt. Avenaria durch D. maderensis (Madera), die Sekt. Campella durch D. argentea (Madera) und D. foliosa (Azoren); auf den Kapverden und den Kanaren scheint die Gattung überhaupt zu fehlen.
The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Rubus species (sub)endemic to Madeira and the Azores are treated. Only three species names have to be retained: R.bollei Focke (synonyms: R.canariensis Focke, R.concolor Lowe, R.suspiciosus Menezes, R.vahlii Frid.), R.hochstetterorum Seub., and R.serrae Soldano (R.grandifolius Lowe). The last two species are described and illustrated. Three names are lectotypified. A key to Rubus of the Macaronesian region (five native species, one hybrid, one neophyte) is provided.
Shell variation has been studied in two widespread land snails from Porto Santo, Madeiran archipelago: the helicid species or species complex Heterostoma paupercula (Lowe) and the clausiliid species Boett-geria lowei Albers. Samples were collected from the mainland and the offshore islets from sea level to the highest altitude. Shell size, colour and presence or absence of penstome teeth were scored in H. paupercula and some individuals were dissected to examine genitalia. Shell size and rib number were scored in B. lowei.
In B. lowei size declines and rib number increases with altitude. In H. paupercula samples from sandy locations have a larger shell size and a higher frequency of pale colour than those from non-sandy locations. On average, sandy sites have a lower altitude than non-sandy ones, however, so that these two variables are confounded. The survey shows that shell characters of a kind used in taxonomy are subject to variation associated with ecology, this must be borne in mind when assessing present-day taxa and morphological change through the fossil sequence. The data for H. paupercula support the conclusion that it is a single species variable in shell characters and polymorphic for hemiphally.
A new name, Koeleria loweana Quintanar, Catalán & Castrov. nom. nov., is provided for Parafestuca albida (Lowe) E. B. Alexeev, the single species of the endemic Madeiran genus created by Alexeev to accomodate Festuca albida Lowe. A lectotype is selected and a first chromosome number of 2n = ca. 175 is reported for this taxon. Careful re-examination of morphological characters and new chromosome data support the inclusion of this relict Macaronesian lineage within the diploid-to-highly-polyploid complex genus Koeleria Pers. Phylogenetic analyses based on both nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnT-F sequences further indicate that Parafestuca is neither related to Festuca nor to the festucoids (Loliinae, Poeae), but a member of a strong Koeleriinae core clade (Aveneae).
Samples of fossil land snails were made at 14 sites on the island of Porto Santo, Madeiran archipelago. Material in stratigraphical sequences could be dated by A/I racemization calibrated against radiocarbon dating, and against Uranium/Thorium estimates based on Madeiran material. Although errors associated with the oldest samples are large, it is clear that the oldest shell-bearing deposits are at least 300 ka old, and probably much older. Some taxonomic difficulties have been resolved by morphometric studies. The geographical pattern in the fossils (in both faunal composition and morphometrics) resembles closely that seen today, the southwest of the island being particularly distinctive. Of 58 native taxa found in the deposits, 22 are extinct on the island, though four still survive on Madeira. Extinction has been greater in the southwest than elsewhere, and early fossil faunas there are richer than later ones. As on Madeira, more than half of this extinction seems likely to be the consequence of human disturbance, which has also reduced and fragmented the ranges of other species. The overall pattern is of distributional stasis in many species, reduction of range or extinction in many others, but very few cases of range expansion. Neither extinctions nor changes in apparent abundance can be related to known changes in global climate over the period involved. This relative stasis is in marked contrast to the situation on Madeira, only 40 km away, where there are temporal shifts in the fauna, and evidence of colonization events. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
The majority of authors consider Festuca jubata Lowe as an endemic species common to Madeira and the Azores. Saint-Yves proposed that F. jubata was an Azorean endemic and described a geovicarious taxon in Madeira: F. filiformis C. Sm. ex Link in Buch ssp. mandonii St.-Yves. We undertook a complete bibliographical revision of the taxonomy, nomenclature, and chorology of F. jubata s.l., and contrasted it with morphological and anatomical studies performed on samples from the Azores and Madeira. Azorean plants usually identified as F. jubata had a character combination distinct from that of those with a Madeiran provenance. Saint-Yves' proposal of two independent taxa was correct, but he erroneously considered F. jubata as an Azorean endemic because the name F. jubata was based on Madeiran plants. Consequently, F. jubata auct. pl. from the Azores belongs to a new species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 157, 493–499.
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