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Nutritive Value of Indian Foods
... For comparison, sodium levels in common vegetables typically range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/g, while potassium content varies widely, from 0.15 to 4.70 mg/g. This places Victoria seeds on the lower end of the sodium spectrum and within the mid-range for potassium, making them a balanced option for maintaining healthy sodium and potassium intake (Gopalan et al. 2004) These notable sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels are particularly relevant for blood pressure regulation and arteriosclerosis, as potassium helps lower blood pressure while sodium tends to increase it (Saupi et al., 2009). With a Na/K ratio of <1, the seeds of V. amazonica present a heart-healthy dietary option, especially for individuals managing hypertension. ...
... For example, leafy greens like Mata Sag have a calcium content of 17.17 mg/g, Vella Keerai contains 8.81 mg/g, and amaranth seeds offer 5.10 mg/g. Seaweeds also stand out with 15.43 mg/g of calcium (Gopalan et al., 2004). These figures highlight Victoria seeds as a superior source of calcium in the plantbased food spectrum. ...
... The iron (Fe) content in V. amazonica seeds is particularly noteworthy at 0.74 § 0.02 mg/g, which is significantly higher than the iron levels found in commonly and wildly consumed leafy vegetables in Kano, Nigeria, which range from 21.30 mg/100 g to 33.40 mg/ 100 g (Mohammed and Sharif, 2011). The iron content in Victoria seeds exceeds that of several common vegetables, including cauliflower (0.4 mg/g), colocasia leaves (0.28 mg/g), and lotus stem (0.66 mg/g), though it is lower than that of garden cress seeds (1 mg/ g) (Gopalan et al., 2004). The high iron content in these seeds suggests they could play a crucial role in addressing iron deficiency and anemia, a widespread nutritional issue in many regions. ...
The study investigates the nutritional composition, antioxidant potential, and secondary metabolite content of Victoria amazonica seeds, a lesser-known but promising food crop. A comprehensive nutritional analysis was conducted to determine the macronutrient profile, including protein , fat, carbohydrates, and fiber, along with essential mineral content. Non-nutritional factors were evaluated , and water-soluble vitamins were quantified to assess their contribution to the seeds' nutritional value. Secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, phenolics, and non-nutrients, were qualitatively estimated to understand the bioactive properties. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of the seeds was analyzed using established assays to evaluate their potential in combating oxidative stress. The seeds exhibited notable protein content (5.98 §0.05 %) and a diverse mineral profile. Non-nutritional factors were detected but remained within acceptable limits for consumption. Water-soluble vitamins were present in varying concentrations (0.097À63.39 mg/100 g), with a significant level of vitamin C (12.13 mg/ 100 g). The 70 % aqueous ethanol extract was rich in phenolics (610.51 §0.46 mg/100 g dry extract), including syringic acid (116.93 mg/100 g) and quercitrin (592.59 mg/100 g). These compounds contributed to the extract's strong antioxidant potential, supporting its role in combating oxidative stress. The findings suggest that V. amazonica seeds possess a rich nutritional profile and significant antioxidant activity, highlighting their potential as a nutritious and health-promoting food source. This study underscores the importance of exploring underutilized plants like V. amazonica as viable alternatives to conventional crops, contributing to food security and offering new dietary options.
... In the present study, histidine and phenylalanine content in bamboo rice were 2.56 and 5.98 g/100 g protein, respectively. Gopalan et al. [42] , have also reported similar concentrations for histidine and phenylalanine which were 2.93 and 6.09 g/100 g protein, respectively. However, the concentrations of arginine, lysine, methionine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine and valine were found to be comparatively lower than the values reported in the Nutritive Value of Indian Foods (NVIF) by Gopalan et al. [42] . ...
... Gopalan et al. [42] , have also reported similar concentrations for histidine and phenylalanine which were 2.93 and 6.09 g/100 g protein, respectively. However, the concentrations of arginine, lysine, methionine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine and valine were found to be comparatively lower than the values reported in the Nutritive Value of Indian Foods (NVIF) by Gopalan et al. [42] . This variation could be due to the difference in the analytical methodology used. ...
Bamboo rice, an underutilised grain obtained as seeds of Bambusa arundinacea Willd., is consumed by Indian population for its nutritional and other health benefits. Many of these health benefits are linked to the presence of bioactive phytonutrients. However, comprehensive quantification of different bioactive components has not been reported in bamboo rice. Thus, this study was intended to quantify its fatty acid profile, amino acid composition, phytosterols, polyphenols and measure the antioxidant potentials. Bamboo rice samples collected from six different regions of the Western ghats of India were analysed independently and compared with commonly consumed brown and polished rice. The total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in bamboo rice were 36.97 %±6.01 %, 28.59 %±2.01 % and 34.44 %±6.22 % fatty acid methyl esters, respectively. In bamboo rice, the total essential amino acid content was (38.67/100) g with lysine being the limiting amino acid. The grain had higher concentrations of phytosterols, especially ergosterol and beta-sitosterol. The relative distribution of the polyphenols was in the order of catechinin>protocatechuic acid>sinapic acid>4-coumaric acid>myricetin>ferulic acid>2-coumaric acid>luteolin 7-O-glucoside>4-hydroxy benzoic acid>gallic acid>caffeic acid>ellagic acid. Ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay expressed more activity in the methanolic extract while the aqueous extract showed better activity for 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid assay. This study has clearly shown that bamboo rice is rich in bioactive phytonutrients when compared to brown and polished rice. It also highlighted the need for comprehensive research on this grain to explore its pharmacological and therapeutic effects.
... Encouraging the consumption, cultivation, and potential commercialization of these leafy vegetables is therefore recommended. Additionally, leafy vegetables are natural sources of folic acid, essential for the multiplication and maturation of red blood cells (Gopalan et al., 2004). The World Health Organization/ Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) published a report in 2003 recommending a minimum daily intake of 400 g of fruits and vegetables (excluding potatoes and other starchy tubers) to prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, as well as to address micronutrient deficiencies (Lee, 2016; Healthy diet fact sheet, WHO, 2024). ...
... The nutritional composition varies among genera and species of different edible leafy vegetables. Currently, underutilized foods are gaining importance as a means to enhance per capita food availability (Gopalan et al., 2004;Edelman and Colt, 2016 These greens are not only affordable and high-yielding but also integral to the local diet, often readily available. Grasspea is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with a long history of domestication (Smartt, 1984). ...
... due to increasing yellow maize substitution justified higher mineral of yellow maize than cowpea and mineral improvement in all the cowpea-yellow maize samples more than 1.38% from the control. Maize is a useful source of minerals (Gopalan et al., 2007;Shah et al., 2015). Similar increasing trend (1.70-1.96%) ...
... Magnesium values in this study were higher than 8.00 -9.20 mg/100g reported by Ejima and Ejima (2015) from "moi-moi" produced with improved maize, and beans. These increases confirmed higher magnesium content of maize (Gopalan et al., 2007) which also reflected same on the moi-moi samples alongside the associated health benefits. Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate diverse biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation (Soetan et al., 2010). ...
Neither legume nor cereal alone can meet all the nutrient needs of the body to prevent hidden hunger including bone health and development except when both complement and supplement each other. This study aimed at investigating the nutritional and acceptability changes of "moi-moi" from cowpea partially substituted with yellow maize in the ratios of 95: 5, 90: 10 and 80: 20%. The "moi-moi" produced with 100% cowpea served as control. Proximate, mineral, vitamin and physicochemical composition were investigated on both substituted and control with standard methods while sensory characteristics were evaluated subjectively with 20 untrained panellists. With increasing substitution levels of yellow maize, there were significant (p<0.05) decrease (lower than the control) in moisture (47.27-32.37%), crude protein (20.09-18.94%), and fat (10.02-8.66%). While ash content (1.45-1.73%), crude fibre (1.38-1.46%) and carbohydrate (18.86-36.85%) increased more than the control. Vitamin A (1.39-1.82 μg/100g) increased significantly (p<0.05) more than the control while vitamin C (0.06-0.04 mg/100g had no significant decrease. Mineral contents increased significantly (p<0.05) from 17.30-19.06 mg/100g, 12.44-13.43 mg/100g and 7.48-9.42 mg/100g for calcium, magnesium and phosphorous respectively more than their respective controls. The pH (6.12-6.00) and colour intensity (0.12-0.15) decreased significantly (p<0.05) lower than their respective controls. Acceptability decreased with yellow maize substitution level increase. The "moi-moi" produced with 100% cowpea had the best organoleptic properties (7.80) followed by 5% yellow maize substitution (6.85). Nutrient composition, calcium to phosphorous ratio, negative correlation of vitamin C with minerals and acceptability changed with increasing yellow maize substitution for all the substituted samples.
... Okra plays an important role in the human diet and is a good source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, calcium, potassium, enzymes, and total minerals which are often lacking in the diet of developing countries (Saifullah et al., 2009& Gopalan et al., 2007. "The composition of okra pods per 100 gm edible portion is water 88.6 g, energy 144.00 kJ (36 kcal), protein 2.10 g. carbohydrate 8.20 g, fat 0.20 g, fiber 1.70 g, Ca 84.00 mg, P 90.00 mg, Fe 1.20 mg, β-carotene 185.00 µg, riboflavin 0.08mg, thiamin 0.04 mg, niacin 0.60 mg. ...
... The simple correlation was computed between shoot and fruit damage in relation to abiotic factors, viz.; maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The following formulae were used for calculating the correlation co-efficient is given below (Gupta, 1996). ...
The present investigation was carried out during kharif season 2023 at Agricultural Research Farm of RBS College Bichpuri, Agra (Uttar Pradesh). During the investigation, it has been revealed that the infestation of the shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) on okra during the kharif season commenced from shoots 31th SMW (3.20%) and fruit borer 35th SMW (3.20%). The infestation ranged from shoot (3.20 - 29.70%) and fruit borer (3.20 - 36.42%), with the peak occurring in the 36th (29.70) and 39th (36.42) SMW and continuing until harvesting. The percentage of shoot and fruit borer infestation has a positive significant correlation with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind velocity. However, morning relative humidity, rainfall and sunshine hour has a negative significant correlation during kharif season 2023.
... Mungbean is a rich source of carbohydrates (56.72 g), protein (21-24 g), fat (1.31 g), minerals (3.48 g) such as calcium (124 mg), phosphorous (326 mg), iron (4.42 mg), fiber (4.11 g) and supplies a good amount of energy (334 kcal) (Gopalan et al., 2002;Dhakal et al., 2015) [11,9] . Availability of pulses per capita per day is only 39.4 g against the minimal requirement of 104 g as suggested by nutritional experts of World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (Nandania, 2005; including pesticides, which may be poisonous to humans, animals, and even plants. ...
... Mungbean is a rich source of carbohydrates (56.72 g), protein (21-24 g), fat (1.31 g), minerals (3.48 g) such as calcium (124 mg), phosphorous (326 mg), iron (4.42 mg), fiber (4.11 g) and supplies a good amount of energy (334 kcal) (Gopalan et al., 2002;Dhakal et al., 2015) [11,9] . Availability of pulses per capita per day is only 39.4 g against the minimal requirement of 104 g as suggested by nutritional experts of World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (Nandania, 2005; including pesticides, which may be poisonous to humans, animals, and even plants. ...
This review paper delves into the comprehensive analysis of the influence of integration of organic & inorganic nutrient management on mungbean cultivation. Through a meticulous examination of existing literature, this review synthesizes the outcomes of diverse organic, inorganic and it's combine fertilization approaches, encompassing vermicompost utilization, FYM, biofertilizers (Rhizobium and PSB), Leaf compost, integration with inorganic fertilizer (as. Phosphates, potassic, micronutrients) and incorporation and their consequential effects on mungbean growth, yield, and soil quality. The review elucidates the underlying mechanisms by which organic nutrients modulate mungbean physiology and productivity, underscoring the significance of sustainable agricultural methodologies. The synthesis of findings underscores the potential of organic nutrient management to augment mungbean yield, ameliorate soil fertility, and foster environmental sustainability. Several research demonstrated that INM increases crop yields when compared to conventional approaches, improves water-use efficiency and the economic benefits to farmers, while boosting grain quality, soil health, and sustainability. In conclusion, the paper identifies research gaps and advocates for future investigations to refine organic nutrient management practices for the sustainable advancement of mungbean cultivation.
... Urd bean (Black gram) has high nutritive value as it contains protein (24%), fat (1.4%), carbohydrates (59.6%), calcium (154 mg), phosphorus (385 mg), iron (9.1 mg), beta carotene (38 mg), thiamine (0.4 mg), riboflavin (0.37 mg) and niacin (2 mg) per 100 g seeds (2). The dehulled and defatted flour of urd bean contains 25% protein which is rich in globulins (63%) (3). ...
... Among the 26 phytocompounds, six compounds viz., (2,3 Diphenylcyclopropyl) (Table 7). ...
Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is the third most important pulse crop, and its yield is reduced due to many diseases. Among them, anthracnose is one of the devasting global fungal diseases which cause severe damage. Use of fungicide is highly effective in controlling this disease, but continuous use of fungicides is unsafe for environment, and it causes fungicidal resistance. To overcome these problems, effect of plant extracts viz., Anisomeles malabarica, Azadirachta indica leaf extracts, phyllosphere antagonist Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, and essential oils viz., peppermint oil and lemon grass oil were evaluated against black gram anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindimuthianum under pot culture. Among the different treatments tested, plants sprayed with standard chemical viz., Carbendazim @ 0.2 percent recorded the least percent disease index (PDI) of 13.39 followed by A. malabarica leaf extract (10%) treatments, which recorded a PDI of 16.62, whereas plants treated with B. amyloliquifaciens, lemongrass oil and peppermint oil recorded a PDI of 20.91, 21.23 and 24.0, respectively, compared to the inoculated control (77.33 PDI). The induction of defense enzymes viz., phenol, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was recorded more (21.25 µg of catechol/g of leaf tissue, 3.82 changes in absorbance/min/g leaf tissue, 3.32 changes in absorbance/min/g leaf tissue, respectively) in the plants sprayed with A. malabarica. GC-MS analysis of hexane and ethanol extract of A. malabarica showed the presence of 26 phytocompounds. Among them, phenol 2,4- bis (1,1- dimethylethyl) phosphite from ethanol extract was a predominant compound (100%). Formulation and standardization of dosage for phenol 2,4- bis (1,1- dimethylethyl) phosphite compound will be useful for managing the disease effectively.
... Crude protein was analyzed using Kelplus Elite Ex Micro Kjeldahl method using conversion factor 6.25. Carbohydrates (by difference) % weight was determined as followed by the method of Gopalan et al., (1998). Total dietary fiber (TDF) were determined by digesting the sample with -amylase (AOAC method 991.43). ...
... total fat and 74.5±0.46 % carbohydrates. Similar results were also obtained by Gopalan et al. (1998) and Jana et al. (2021). According to Gopalan et al. (1996) water lily seeds contain 10.0% moisture 8.3% protein 1.0% fat 0.9-minerals 4.2% fibre and carbohydrate 75.6%. ...
Background: In this study, the seed endosperm of Nymphaea stellata cv. alba was subjected to quantitative estimation of various phyto-chemicals, as it is commonly consumed as a nontraditional, non-cereal food in rural India. Methods: AOAC techniques were used to determine the approximate composition. UHPLC amino acid and flavonoid analyzers are used to measure the amino acids and flavonoids in seed endosperm, respectively. Result: From standard analysis, it was evident that Nymphaea seed endosperm had 7.5±0.37% protein, 2.9±0.08% crude fiber and 1.8±0.21% total fat. The essential amino acids were determined in the seed endosperm by UHPLC method using pre-column derivatization method with o-phthalaldehyde- 2-mercaptoethanol.The results shown in the endosperm of Nymphaea stellata cv. alba produced the maximum amount of amino acids, aspartic acid (0.293 mg/g), glutamic acid (0.701 mg/g), serine (0.278 mg/g), histidine (0.116 mg/g), glycine (0.140 mg/g), threonine (0.149 mg/g) arginine (0.429 mg/g), alanine (0.239 mg/g), tyrosine (0.096 mg/g), cystine (0.424 mg/g), valine ( 0.50 mg/g), methionine (0.135 mg/g), phenylalanine (0.170 mg/g), isoleucine (0.339 mg/g) and leucine (0.34 mg/g). Furthermore, UHPLC chromatogram of quercetin and kaempferol in water lily seed endosperm revealed that the presence of quercetin 0.340 mg/kg and kaempferol 0.127 mg /kg as pure form without other derivatives of the two flavonoids like their glucoside compounds, esters, etc. The Nymphaea stellata cv. Alba seed endosperm has different beneficial composition including amino acids and flavonoids that may be of great importance to determine food quality as they helps in glucose metabolism and reduce oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
... Generally immature tender pods of okra used as fresh vegetablehaving high nutritive value of carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals like iron, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iodin, dietary fibre, phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites like alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids (Adetuyi and Ibrahim, 2014), antioxidants and oils, leaves are used for elimination of free radicals (Liu et al., 2005), seeds for oil extraction (Gemede et al., 2015), It plays an important role in human diet. Per 100 g of edible pods, contains 88.6 g of water, 36 kcal of energy, 8.20 g of carbohydrate, 2.10 g protein, 0.20 g of fat, 1.70 g fibre, 185.00 μg of β-carotene, 0.08 mg riboflavin, 0.04 mg thiamin, 0.60 mg niacin, 47.00 mg of ascorbic acid, 84.00 mg calcium, 90.00 mg phosphorus, 1.20 mg of Fe, (Lamont, 1999;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009;Gopalan et al., 1971;Dilruba et al., 2009). Okra leaves contain 81.50 g water, 56.00 kcal energy, 4.40 g protein, 0.60 g fat, 11.30 g carbohydrate, 2.10 g fibre, 532.00 mg Ca, 70.00 mg P, 0.70 mg Fe, 385.00 μg β-carotene, 59.00 mg ascorbic acid, 2.80 mg riboflavin, 0.25 mg thiamin, 0.20 mg niacin (Gopalan et al., 1971). ...
... Per 100 g of edible pods, contains 88.6 g of water, 36 kcal of energy, 8.20 g of carbohydrate, 2.10 g protein, 0.20 g of fat, 1.70 g fibre, 185.00 μg of β-carotene, 0.08 mg riboflavin, 0.04 mg thiamin, 0.60 mg niacin, 47.00 mg of ascorbic acid, 84.00 mg calcium, 90.00 mg phosphorus, 1.20 mg of Fe, (Lamont, 1999;Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009;Gopalan et al., 1971;Dilruba et al., 2009). Okra leaves contain 81.50 g water, 56.00 kcal energy, 4.40 g protein, 0.60 g fat, 11.30 g carbohydrate, 2.10 g fibre, 532.00 mg Ca, 70.00 mg P, 0.70 mg Fe, 385.00 μg β-carotene, 59.00 mg ascorbic acid, 2.80 mg riboflavin, 0.25 mg thiamin, 0.20 mg niacin (Gopalan et al., 1971). Okra seeds contain 20% protein and 20% edible oil (Tindall, 1983;Charrier, 1984;Oyelade et al., 2003). ...
The anthocyanin-containing purple or red okra varieties are found to be superior to green okra in terms of nutritive quality, medicinal properties, antibiotic as well as insecticidal properties and showed enormous health bene its from the different epidemiological studies. The present experiment on the development of anthocyanin-rich okra hybrids through heterosis breeding was conducted to incorporate the anthocyanin gene in the green podded varieties. For this, ive green podded varietiesnamelyHariKranti, Pusa Sawani, Thakath, AKO107, and BidhanSahebmukta were selectively crossed with the two local anthocyanin gene containing purple cultivars and developed ive anthocyanin-rich okra hybrids viz. HariKranti x L1, PusaSawani x L1, Thakath x L1, AKO107 x L1, L2 X BidhanSahebmukta by a speci ic crossing program. The anthocyanin rich okra hybrids were then evaluated with parents for the manifestation of heterosis for different growth, yield and quality characters in them. Three best-performing crossed namely HariKranti x L1, PusaSawani x L1 and L2 X BidhanSahebmuktahave identi ied as promising anthocyanin rich purple okra hybrids based on their per se performance.
... Calcium, potassium and sodium are concentrated in bran whereas phosphorous, iron, zinc and magnesium are concentrated in endosperm. Gopalan et al., (2000) reported the presence of 377mg calcium, 723mg phosphorous and 100mg of iron in L. sativium. The antidiabetic effect of plant extracts could be summarized as follows Bnouham et al., (2002): stimulation of insulin secretion from β cells, imitating the action of insulin, as "insulin-like action", supplying β cells with the necessary elements (Cu ++ , Mg ++ , Ca ++ ) and reducing the action of insulinase, an enzyme that destroys the insulin in the liver. ...
... While millets are widely consumed by humans in many developing nations, they have primarily served as animal feed in more developed countries. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and various millets, including Pearl millet (Pennicetum glaucum), Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), Kodo millet (Paspalum scorbiculatum), Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), Foxtail millet (Setaria Italica), Little millet (Panicum sumatrense), and Barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculentum), hold significant importance as staple foods for millions of people worldwide (Gopalan et al., 2009). Millets comprise a group of small-seeded grasses within the Poaceae family. ...
... Peanut may be considered a functional food, as it contains numerous functional and health-promoting compounds, including arginine, mono, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, folate, niacin, vitamin E, and most of the vital minerals (GOPALAN, RAMA SASTRI, BALASUBRAMANIAN 1971) [4] beneficial for human health. The presence of bioactive phenolic compounds provides this valuable biomaterial with a rich source of antioxidants (FRANCISCO, RESURRECCION 2008) [5] . ...
The physical properties of agricultural objects affected by moisture are essential for effective postharvest unit operations. Raw peanut in India is used in a wide variety of forms, and the process involved often soaking in water before being used as an ingredient in the preparation of different delicacies. Soaking and grinding in preparation of seasonings are commonly used to garnish the most traditional fermented foods such as idly, dosa, vada, and uttapam with several other breakfast items in the Indian subcontinent. The effect of moisture content (6.57 to 35.07%) on physical properties and the temperature (5 to 35 0 C) dependent soaking behavior of peanut kernel of GG-20 genotype were assessed. The increase in moisture content of peanuts has affected the dimensional characteristics linearly, whereas most of the gravimetric and frictional properties followed a nonlinear trend. The feasibility of different models describing the hydration behavior was assessed for the peanut kernel. The adequacy of fitted models was determined using the coefficient of determination (R 2), chi-square (χ 2), and root mean square error (RMSE). The values of these parameters as higher R 2 (≥0.96) and lower χ 2 (≤0.005) and RMSE (≤0.020) reflect the applicability of models in describing the soaking behavior of the peanut kernel. Abstract-The physical properties of agricultural objects affected by moisture are essential for effective postharvest unit operations. Raw peanut in India is used in a wide variety of forms, and the process involved often soaking in water before being used as an ingredient in the preparation of different delicacies. Soaking and grinding in preparation of seasonings are commonly used to garnish the most traditional fermented foods such as idly, dosa, vada, and uttapam with several other breakfast items in the Indian subcontinent. The effect of moisture content (6.57 to 35.07%) on physical properties and the temperature (5 to 35 0 C) dependent soaking behavior of peanut kernel of GG-20 genotype were assessed. The increase in moisture content of peanuts has affected the dimensional characteristics linearly, whereas most of the gravimetric and frictional properties followed a nonlinear trend. The feasibility of different models describing the hydration behavior was assessed for the peanut kernel. The adequacy of fitted models was determined using the coefficient of determination (R 2), chi-square (χ 2), and root mean square error and lower χ 2 (≤0.005) and RMSE (≤0.020) reflect the applicability of models in describing the soaking behavior of the peanut kernel. The rate of moisture uptake at different temperatures during hydration depicts the process as diffusion-controlled in the primary phase, with a higher absorption rate followed by a slower absorption rate during the secondary phase of hydration. Effective diffusivity in the endothermic process of moisture absorption varied from 2.905×10-10 to 10.754×10-10 (m 2 /sec.) over the studied temperature range with the activation energy of 32.175 KJ/mol.
... The high moisture content in okra is in agreement with the finding of Adetuyi et al., (2011). Also this is in accordance with the finding of Gopalan et al., (2007) (89 %) and (Nwachukwu et al., 2014) (88.47 %). Moisture content of any food is an index of its water activity and is used as a measure of stability and susceptibility to microbial contamination (Uyoh et al., 2013). ...
Okra fruits are one of the most commonly consumed vegetables worldwide for good health as well as nutritional benefits. The present work seeks to determine the effect of boiling on the proximate and mineral composition of okra purchased from Wurukum market, Makurdi. Benue State. The samples were washed with distilled water to remove sandy particles. It was then sliced in to uniform thickness using stainless steel knife, oven dried and pounded into powder form and were analysed for proximate and mineral contents using standard methods. Results of proximate composition of both raw and boiled okra is as follows: moisture content (12.20 and 12.82 ), Ash content (8.45 and 7.80). Crude fibre (17.65 and 15.58 ), Crude protein (16.44 and 14.89),Crude fat (2.40 and 2.15). The results revealed that boiling have effect on the proximate parameters. The results obtained from mineral analysis of both raw and boiled okra revealed the presence of Ca (50.00 and 46.67 ppm), Fe(0.49 and 0.22ppm), Na(11.83 and 10.12 ppm), Mg(7.45 and 6.93 ppm) and Zn (0.09 and 0.04 ppm). The results of the mineral elements were within WHO standard for food consumption. Generally the results both the proximate and mineral analysis showed that okra were healthy for human consumption.
... carotene, 1.7 g of minerals, 0.39 g of fat, and 1.8 g of protein per 100 g of pulp (Gopalan et al., 2014). It is a cross-pollinated crop, primarily grown from seeds, which results in high variability. ...
Fruit cracking in Bael [Aegle marmelos (L) Correa.] is a major physiological disorder which is influenced by factors like water stress, nutrient deficiency, and environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify key biochemical constituents, genes, and pathways affecting fruit cracking using physical, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses. Bael genotypes were categorized into three groups based on cracking incidence as tolerant (0% cracking), moderately tolerant (>0–30% cracking), and susceptible (>30% cracking). Three genotypes from each category were selected for further analysis. Biochemical profiling revealed that total flavonoids, antioxidants, vanillic acid and soluble carbohydrates were predominant in the cracking-susceptible genotypes, while calcium and boron levels were significantly lower in these genotypes. Transcriptomic analysis using susceptible (Pant Aparna) and tolerant genotypes (ICAR-RCER 8-5) identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with cell wall and polysaccharide metabolism, phenolics and flavonoid biosynthesis, plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling, nutrient transport. Interestingly, aquaporin-encoding genes were found significantly upregulated in the cracking stage, while genes involved in MAPK signaling showed higher expression in the susceptible genotype. These transcriptomic changes were corroborated by biochemical findings, reinforcing their role in bael fruit cracking susceptibility. The insights gained from this study provide a foundation for developing cracking-tolerant bael cultivars and formulating management strategies to mitigate fruit cracking in bael.
... This suggests that bananas ripened with ethephon have a lower vitamin C content compared to those ripened naturally. This trend aligns with previous findings where the vitamin C content decreased with the use of artificial ripening agents [40]. Table 3 data showed that pH value increases gradually with increasing ripening period. ...
... It is relatively richer source of energy, carbohydrates and vitamins, especially that of high carotenoids pigments and minerals (Bose and Som, 1986). Its leaves are also rich in various nutrients (Gopalan et al. 1982). This crop is, therefore, thought to have potentiality to solve malnutrition problem of Bangladesh to certain extent particularly of the vulnerable groups in respect of vitamin A requirement. ...
to study the field performance of 15 F1 hybrids along with 5 parents of sweet gourd. The analysis of variance for different characters showed high degree of variation among the 20 sweet gourd genotypes. Parental genotype CM099 produced the highest number of male flowers plant-1 (107.67) while the cross CM73 × CM 118 showed the highest number of female flowers plant-1 (15.44). The cross CM26 × CM73 showed the best performance in respect of yield plant-1 (29.40 kg). The highest average fruit weight (8.40 kg) was recorded in CM118 × CM122. The cross CM73 × CM 118 produced the maximum number of fruits plant-1 (9.32). In all cases, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). High heritability, ranging from 81.27-99.26% was found for vine length, primary branches, number of nodes plant-1 , leaf length, leaf breadth, petiole length, male flowers plant-1 , female flowers plant-1 , days to first male flowering, nodal position for first female flowering, fruits plant-1 , yield plant-1 , fruit length, fruit diameter, cavity length, cavity breadth, peduncle length, flesh thickness and % TSS. Correlation coefficient indicated that yield plant-1 had highly significant and positive correlation with vine length at final harvest, fruit diameter, fruit weight and number of fruits plant-1 .
... This study adopted the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein in Gopalan et al. (1980) and ICMR -NIN (2020), which recommended a minimum intake of 60 g per day for an average adult male who is doing at least sedentary work. We utilized this benchmark to classify sample households into three nutritional categories relative to their daily per capita protein consumption. ...
Our study analyzes the determinants, sources, and levels of protein consumption among 785 households across nine districts in six Indian states in the semi-arid tropics. We found that 80% of these households consumed less protein than recommended and relied on cereals for 60–75% of their protein intake. Notably, even when protein-rich foods are accessible to households, they still consume them insufficiently. We found that their protein intake deficiency is driven by a lack of diversity of protein sources (in particular, legumes, millets, and livestock), as well as by a dearth of women's education and role in household decision-making and low incomes and assets. We advocate for initiatives to raise nutrition awareness, empower women, and adopt a nutrition-centric farming approach.
... The respondents were interviewed by a pretested semi structured questionnaire to collect information regarding food consumption pattern and lifestyle including physical activity and stress related variables. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and 24-hour dietary recall was used to record the food intake of the respondents and nutrient intake was calculated with the help of food composition table (Gopalan, 1989). ...
Diabetes and pre-diabetes are rising health concerns in urban India, influenced by lifestyle changes and dietary patterns. This study aims to assess food consumption and lifestyle profiles of pre-diabetic and Type 2 diabetic adults in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, to identify contributing factors for preventive measures. A cross-sectional study of 100 adults (aged 35-55 years, 50 from each gender) was conducted to collect data on dietary intake, physical activity, and lifestyle habits. Semi structured questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls were used for date collection. Findings showed high consumption of refined carbohydrates, processed foods, and low fiber intake. A significant association between fast food consumption, physical activity, and both fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels was observed. The study concludes that adopting healthier diets and active lifestyles is critical for diabetes prevention. Public health efforts should focus on dietary education and lifestyle modification for effective intervention.
... While millets are widely consumed by humans in many developing nations, they have primarily served as animal feed in more developed countries. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and various millets, including Pearl millet (Pennicetum glaucum), Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), Kodo millet (Paspalum scorbiculatum), Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), Foxtail millet (Setaria Italica), Little millet (Panicum sumatrense), and Barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculentum), hold significant importance as staple foods for millions of people worldwide (Gopalan et al., 2009). Millets comprise a group of small-seeded grasses within the Poaceae family. ...
Millets are a major food source in arid and semi-arid parts of the world. They are nutri-
cereals which are highly nutritious and are known to have high nutrient content which
includes protein, essential fatty acids, dietary fibre, B vitamins, and minerals such as
calcium, iron, zinc, potassium and magnesium. They are abundant in nutrients and health-
beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. Millets offers number
of health benefits to expecting mothers. Millets are low in calories and fat and rich in fiber,
making them an ideal food to add in pregnancy diet. Also, they are good source of essential
nutrients like iron, calcium and magnesium which are important for the healthy growth and
development of fetus. Millets offer nutritional security and there is a need for promoting
millets as they are highly nutritious. Thus, the core aim of this chapter is to provide insights
and comprehension about the health benefits of millets during pregnancy and their impact
on developing fetus.
Keywords:
Health, Millets, Pregnancy, Nutritional Composition, Value added products.
... The Bael fruit is extremely nutritious and high in vitamins and minerals. Per 100g of edible portion, it contains 1.8 g protein, 0.39 g fat, 1.7 g minerals, 37.8 g carbohydrates, 55 mg carotene, 0.13 mg thiamine, 1.19 mg riboflavin, 1.1 mg niacin, and 8 mg vitamin C (Gopalan et al., 1971). Riboflavin is abundant in bael fruit (Mukherjee & Ahmad, 1957). ...
... The analysis of crude protein was conducted utilizing Kelplus Elite Ex Micro Kjeldahl method with a conversion factor" of 6.25. The percentage of carbohydrates (by difference) by weight was determined according to standard method (Gopalan et al., 2004;Ranganna, 2017). Total dietary fiber (TDF) was quantified by enzymatic digestion of sample utilizing -amylase (AOAC, 2016 method 991.43), using both fresh anddry Makhana kernel powder, with four replications of each biochemical analysis performed. ...
An experiment at ICAR-National Research Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga, identified Makhana seed endosperm as a source of quercetin (422 µg/kg) along with kaempferol (200 µg/kg) pure flavonoids that enhance rapid glucose metabolism in human cells. Seed endosperm contained 1.14 ± 0.02 mg/100 g of vitamin B1 and 5.4 ± 0.04 mg/100 g of vitamin C. Regarding antioxidant activities, makhana had the highest DPPH and FRAP values of 288.76 ± 0.09 mg AEAC/100 g FW and 99.14 ± 0.16 mg AEAC/100 g FW, respectively. Furthermore, a significant quantity of arginine (12.70 ± 0.21 g/100 g) as well as histidine (3.62 ± 0.11 g/100 g) was also detected in Makhana's protein content of dry endosperm. Makhana was found to be a rich source of several macro and micronutrients. Magnesium (20.00 ± 1.09 mg/100 g) and zinc (5.6 ± 0.24 mg/100 g), which regulate the secretion and storage of insulin, were also present in appreciable quantity. The Makhana seed kernel was also discovered to have significant amounts of iron (10.9 ± 0.13 mg/100 g), selenium (0.06 ± 0.02 mg/kg), and chromium (1.05 ± 0.06 mg/kg), which function as antioxidants. Our study reveals the highly nutritious properties of Makhana with ingredients having antidiabetic and immune-stimulating properties.
... With a protein content of between 27 and 30 percent by dry weight, the leaves constitute a highly nutritious protein source. 6 This is notably higher than most plant sources, making Moringa an excellent alternative to animal proteins, particularly for vegetarian and vegan diets. ...
Although native to the Indian subcontinent, the drought-resistant Moringa oleifera has gained significant attention in recent years due to its extraordinary nutritional and medicinal properties. In developing countries, malnutrition still threatens public health and demands integrated approaches to improve the nutritional status, especially among children. In this regard, Moringa oleifera is a powerful tool for enhancing children's nutritional status due to its remarkable amino acid and vitamin, particularly in areas with restricted access to a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods. It is also rich in iron content and other essential nutrients needed for iron metabolism; thus, Moringa trees have been employed in developing tropical countries to alleviate malnutrition and treat childhood diseases such as iron deficiency anaemia. This review highlights the nutritional value of Moringa oleifera and its therapeutic uses for children.
... Many of these plants have adapted to desert and tropical environments (Hulse et al. 1980). Millets are of various types like Bajra (pearl millet), Ragi (finger millet), kutki (little millet), Chena (proso millet), and brown top millet (Gopalan et al. 2014). The second-most significant crop and food on dry land is finger millet. ...
The Far-Red Impaired Response 1 (FAR1) plant transcription factor plays an essential role in plant development, the transduction of light signals, and stress regulation. The FAR1 gene family has been studied in many plant species. However, no research has been conducted on the FAR1 gene family in finger millet. This study identified 42 EcFAR1 genes within the finger millet. Based on evolutionary analysis, the EcFAR1 genes were divided into five subgroups. Through MEME analysis, it was found that EcFAR1 genes within the same sub-group had conserved motifs. Light and stress-responsive elements were identified in the promotor regions of EcFAR1 genes, indicating their role in abiotic stress. Cellular localization analysis revealed the organelle-specific expression of EcFAR1 genes. Multiple miRNA target sites were identified in EcFAR1, which suggested the significance of FAR1 genes in the finger millet gene regulation. EcFAR1-15, EcFAR1-25, and EcFAR1-31 were significantly upregulated during expression analysis under salt stress. This study provides valuable insights into the functions of FAR1 genes in finger millet development and abiotic stress, which can be used as possible genetic targets to grow stress-resistant cultivars of finger millet.
... & Schult.) is a Panicum sumatrense tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) minor cereal grown in the tropics and sub-tropics is nutritionally comparable to rice and wheat (Saha et al 2016). A 100 grams of little millet seeds include 4.70 g of fat, 7.70 g of crude fibre, 9.30 mg of iron, and 220.00 mg of phosphorus, which is equivalent to cereals and other millets (Gopalan et al 2010). Quite apart from being nutritionally dense, it is a short-duration crop with low water requirements and is also used as livestock fodder, making it more appealing to be cultivated in crop-pasture-based farming in areas with little to no rainfall. ...
Identification of superior and stable genotype for commercial cultivation is constrained majorly by the existence of genotype × environment interaction (GEI). Nine little millet advanced lines with checks, were employed over nine Indian locations throughout two rainy seasons during 2017 and 2018 to access the patterns of GEI governing traits ., days to 50% flowering, early flowering and yield (seed & viz fodder). Statistical analysis (AMMI model and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) was performed. The variance due to genotype, environment and GEI was highly significant for all three traits. Environment attributed to a higher proportion of the variation (28.68%-73.44%), while genotypes contributed 1.41-47.30% of the total variation. The GEI contributed 24.00-27.79% of the total variation for all three traits. The testing environments were partitioned into four, three and two mega-environments for seed, fodder yield and days to 50% flowering, respectively. The environments E9, E13 and E6 were representative and discriminative for days to 50% flowering, seed and fodder yield, respectively and can be used to recognize superior early flowering genotypes with high seed and fodder yield adapted to specific agro-ecology. Check (OLM203) performed better than all the genotypes except the advanced line DHLT28-4 for seed and fodder yield, but it was late flowering. DHLT28-4 which is early flowering and most stable with high seed and fodder yielding cultivar can be commercialized in India as a better substitute for the existing varieties.
... When combined with chyme, this gel increases the viscosity of food in the stomach, slows gastric emptying, aids in portion control, and contributes to managing blood sugar levels and achieving weight loss. [75] , Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad ...
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is a vegetable crop that is commercially cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. This article presents a comprehensive review of the nutritional composition and potential health benefits associated with okra. Various parts of the okra plant, such as leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems, roots, and seeds, are utilized for diverse culinary and medicinal purposes. The tender fruits of okra are commonly incorporated into various dishes including
salads, soups, and stews, either fresh, dried, fried, or cooked. The mucilaginous nature of the fruit juice is frequently employed to enhance the consistency of several dishes such as stews and sauces. Consumption of okra is linked to aiding the detoxification of the liver by influencing bile acid and cholesterol levels. Notably, okra is rich in soluble fiber, predominantly in the form of gums and pectins, contributing to the reduction of blood cholesterol levels and potentially lowering the risk of heart disease. Furthermore, the insoluble fiber content in okra supports gastrointestinal health, improves bowel movement, and alleviates constipation. Okra seeds serve as a notable source of oil, containing 20% to 40% oil, with up to 47.4% comprising linoleic acid. Due to its robustness, dietary fiber content, and distinctive seed protein composition, balancing both lysine and tryptophan amino acids, okra has earned the moniker "an ideal villager's vegetable." The high protein content, particularly the proportion of essential amino acids, in okra seeds sets them apart from other plant protein sources. Okra's potential health benefits extend to addressing certain serious human ailments, including specific cancers, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and digestive disorders. Recognized as an extensively cultivated and significant vegetable crop, okra boasts a multitude of nutritional attributes and plausible health advantages. While substantial information exists regarding the utility of okra in treating various diseases and illnesses, there is a noted scarcity of comprehensive studies, underscoring the need for further research in this domain.
... Energy content of food was computed from the available nutrient information of food components viz. protein, carbohydrate and fat content using formula given by Gopalan et al. (1989). The formula is shown by Eqn. 1. ...
Enrobing is a process where confections or snacks are coated with a layer of chocolate or a chocolate-based coating. This technique significantly enhances snacks quality by improving flavour, retaining moisture, improving visual appeal and extending shelf life. The present study investigated the effects of chocolate enrobing on the physicochemical and sensory properties of butter cookies. The enrobing process was carried out using a laboratory-scale chocolate enrobing machine developed under the Department of Processing and Food Engineering of Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Tavanur, Malappuram district, Kerala. Engineering properties of compound milk chocolate such as bulk density, viscosity and proximate composition were evaluated as per the standard procedures. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of butter cookies were analysed before and after the enrobing process. The results revealed significant improvements (p<.05) in the nutritional composition of chocolate enrobed cookies compared to base butter cookies. Specifically, fat, protein, fiber and ash content of chocolate enrobed cookies increased by 15.98%, 39.38%, 79.17% and 47.76%, respectively over the base cookies. Furthermore, the energy content of the enrobed cookies increased from 487.17 kcal to 497.88 kcal, reflecting a 2.18% enhancement in their overall nutritional profile. The enrobing ratio for cookies coated with compound milk chocolate was found to be 76%. Sensory evaluation results showed that chocolate enrobed cookies were highly favoured for their colour, appearance, taste, flavour and overall acceptability, demonstrating the benefits of enrobing process. The findings indicated that chocolate enrobed butter cookies, with their enhanced sensory appeal, superior physicochemical properties and improved nutritional value are an excellent choice for both consumer satisfaction and commercial viability.
... nd C, and folic acid, should be a part of a diet that improves the body's ability to absorb and use iron. Tea and coffee are examples of iron absorption inhibitors that should not be had with meals since they can actually lower the amount of iron that is absorbed. Avoiding raw wheat bran is also advised since it may obstruct the absorption of iron [Gopalan. C et al., 2004]. Every individual has different iron requirements at different age group and conditions; as given in the table below in Table 1. ...
"Anaemia’’ is defined as a collection of disorders caused by erythropoietin tissues' incapacity to maintain normal haemoglobin concentration due to insufficient availability of one or more nutrients, which lowers the amount of haemoglobin in circulation overall. It can be brought on by a poor vegetarian diet, iron malabsorption, hookworm infections, profuse bleeding during menstruation, or childbirth.Low birth weight, decreased immunological function, poor cognitive development, behavioural issues, decreased job ability, and maternal mortality are among the negative outcomes of anaemia. The most popular and sensitive initial diagnostic test for IDA is serum ferritin. The most effective methods of treating iron deficiency anaemia include dietary variety, supplementation, fortification of staple foods, and nutrition education. Keywords: Anaemia, iron deficiency, micronutrient deficiency, nutritional anaemia
... Garden cress seeds are categorised under oilseeds and are enriched with macro and micronutrients. The seeds are high in calories (454 kcal) having 25 gm protein, 24 gm fat, 3 gm dietary fibre and 33gm of carbohydrates per 100gm and also has significant amount of minerals viz., 377 mg of calcium, 430 mg magnesium and 723 mg of phosphorous and sufficient amount of vitamins, mainly niacin (14.3 mg), riboflavin (0.61 mg) and thiamine (0.59 mg) and per 100g seeds (Gopalan et al. 2010; Chaudhary and Gupta, 2017) [11,17] . It is the highest iron containing plant source ever known, about 100 mg/100g of iron is present in garden cress seeds having a better bioavailability (Chand et al. 2010).The seeds also act as memory boosters as it contains good amount of essential fatty acids like linolenic (26-34 %), linoleic (7.5-11.8 ...
The aim of this study was to determine the botanical description of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) plant and the physical characteristics of its seeds. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum) is an annual, fast growing edible herbaceous plant that belongs to Brassicaceae family and therefore has properties very much similar to mustard and watercress as information of physical properties of plant and its seeds is very useful in designing equipments for harvesting, storage of grains, sorting, sizing, processing and other post-harvest operations so, Botanical description of garden cress plant was studied this fast-growing plant grow up to a height of 50 cm had small sized, white to pinkish flowers and crop can grow easily using less equipment's facilities. The Physical properties i.e. colour, shape, taste, dimension (length, width, and thickness), bulk density, true density, porosity, sphericity, angle of repose and 1000 grain weight were measured. The seeds were very small in size and shape as evident from their dimensions as length, width and thickness were recorded as 2.60 mm, 1.20 mm and 0.94 mm respectively. Bulk density, true density and porosity were observed as 729.74 kg/m 3 , 1230 kg/m 3 and 40.67 percent respectively.
... Flaxseeds contain 53% -linolenic acid (ALA), 17% linoleic acid (LA), 19% oleic acid, 3% stearic acid and 5% palmitic acid, providing a favourable n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio of around 0.3:1 (Simopoulos, 2002). The nutritional composition of flaxseed consists 20.3% protein, 37.1% fat, 37.1% minerals, 4.8% crude fibre, 24.5% total dietary fibre and 28.9% carbohydrates (Morris, 2007;Gopalan et al., 2021;Payne, 2000). Flaxseed is the richest source of plant lignans (Thompson et al., 1996). ...
Aims: To investigate the proximates of developed flaxseed butter. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Professor Jayashankar Telangana Agricultural University and Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India between January 2024 and August 2024. Methodology: Three developed flaxseed butter with varying proportion of groundnut (75g to 60g) incorporated with groundnut oil and palm oil (1-3ml) was compared with control peanut butter to establish the nutritional profile as well as flaxseed butter made of 100% flaxseed was also compared to establish a baseline of its nutritional profile. Results: The study have shown that there was a significant (P < 0.05) difference on the fat and protein content of the flaxseed butter as compared to control peanut butter whereas no significant difference was observed on the moisture and ash content. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that the developed flaxseed butter improved the nutritional content.
The food ingredient composition of tribals have been changed from organically grown nutrient affluent millets, pulses, underutilized fruits and vegetables to chemically grown less nutritious rice, wheat, hybrid maize, potatoes, modern fruits and vegetables with residual loads of agro-chemicals. The physical working efficiency and health significance of tribal youths were continually deteriorating and they have lost interest in adopting agriculture as occupation and resulted in a significant increase in migration from original habitation to nearby towns or cities. The social reputation of farming and animal production occupation was also reduced among tribal youths due to harsh work environment, well-being of farmers and socio-economic revaluation in tribal areas. For exploring the changes in dietary composition, working efficiency, and interest in agricultural activities of the tribals, a comprehensive analysis of 85 studies available from literature and for factual validity of the results also conducted a wide-ranging field survey of tribal dominated areas. The maximum tribal farmers were found to be physically weakened, had lower immune systems, severely malnourished along with multiple nutrient deficiency disorders due to poor dietary intake because of ignorance of their traditional diets. This critical review emphasises the importance of balanced and adequate nutrition, popularization of traditional food products, adopting organic and traditional farming models for farmers good health and well being. Raising their physical work efficiency and also mental state for adopting agricultural occupation, reduce migration, improve socio-economic status and social reputation among tribal farmers.
Moringa oleifera, often referred to as the "miracle tree", has gained widespread recognition for its exceptional nutritional profile and broad pharmacological potential. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the plant's botanical characteristics, taxon-omy, cultivation practices, and biochemical composition. Special emphasis is placed on its rich content of bioactive secondary metabolites-such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, saponins, isothiocyanates, and glucosinolates-which underlie its diverse therapeutic effects. The paper compiles and analyzes evidence from over 200 peer-reviewed studies , documenting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity effects, among others. For instance, leaf extracts have demonstrated potent antioxidant and antidiabetic effects in both animal models and clinical trials, while seed-derived isothiocyanates have shown significant an-tibacterial and anticancer activity. In addition, clinical and in vivo data support M. oleifera's role in fertility regulation, cardiovascular protection, and neurodegenerative disease mitiga-tion. Beyond its medicinal applications, the review highlights its growing use in functional foods, dietary supplements, and cosmeceutical products, reflecting its commercial and industrial relevance. By consolidating findings across disciplines, this review underscores the multifaceted value of M. oleifera as a nutraceutical and therapeutic resource.
We measure the impact of National Dairy Plan on the nutritional outcome of children. We find that NDP led to gain in height-for-age of children. Results are primarily driven by high milk consumption amongst children due to increased production.
Makhana (Euryale Ferox) is a super functional food with containing phytochemicals such as polyphenols, triterpeniods, alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, glycosides and polysaccharides. The polysachcharides of Makhana help the insulin resistant cells to actively absorb glucose, and also trigger the release of insulin. The purpose of this study is to determine the bioactive role of makhana and to isolate medicinally effective compounds from the library of known molecules. About 49 phytochemicals have been identified in Euryale ferox that are being used in research and surveyed via docking study. The Canonical SMILES of these compounds are retrieved from Pubchem and Marvin sketch. The SMILES are then uploaded on SwissADME database and fed into Stitch database to predict the target proteins found to be interacting with Makhana compounds. The Chem3D Ultra 11.0 program was utilised to construct the ligands' three-dimensional structures for analysis. According to the Docking results, PPARG was found to be most associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Screening results of all the 49 compounds of makhana against PPARG (Uniprot ID: A0A0S2Z4K5) using autodock vina displayed the binding energy of Ferotocotrimer E as -11. Based on the binding affinity it can be concluded that the active compound Ferotocotrimer E of Makhana has higher potential to inhibit the growth of islet auto-antibodies associated with Type I diabetes and preserve the health of pancreatic islet beta cells.
Millet, an ancient whole grain, has a variety of health benefits. Its minerals support bone health. Incorporating millet into a healthy diet can improve overall health and provide a flexible and nutritious grain alternative. Despite its role in providing essential nutrients to the body, millet also has anticancer properties which make it an essential grain for the treatment of different types of cancer. Antioxidants of millets such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, may help prevent oxidative stress and cellular damage, both of which have been associated with cancer formation. Its high fiber content promotes healthy digestion and intestinal regularity, potentially lowering the risk of colorectal cancer. Certain millet varieties also include lignans, which may alter hormone metabolism, potentially lowering the incidence of hormone-related malignancies such as breast cancer. This chapter will explain the role of different natural compounds and phytochemicals from varieties of millet in the treatment of these two main cancers.
Millets, a diverse group of small-seeded grasses, are gaining global attention for their resilience to climate change, nutritional benefits, and sustainability. This paper explores millet production trends, challenges, and future potential, emphasizing their role in food security and sustainable agriculture. Millets have been a staple food in many parts of the world for centuries. Their importance has been witnessed in recent years due to their resilience to harsh climatic conditions, nutritional benefits, and potential role in ensuring food security. This paper delves into the current state of millet production, examines the factors influencing its cultivation, and explores the future scope of millet cultivation in the context of global challenges such as climate change, nutritional security, and sustainable agriculture.
The current study focused on developing gluten-free, low-fat, healthy biscuits using cereals (wheat and corn), pulses (chickpeas and soybeans), and millets (pearl millet and finger millet). Five types of biscuits were prepared: wheat biscuits (control), corn biscuits (Type 1), chickpea biscuits (Type 2), soybean biscuits (Type 3), pearl millet biscuits (Type 4), and finger millet biscuits (Type 5). These samples were assessed for their physical and sensory attributes. The gluten-free, low-fat biscuits had a larger diameter but were thinner compared to the wheat biscuits. The overall acceptability scores indicated that corn biscuits (Type 1) and chickpea biscuits (Type 2) were moderately liked by the panelists, while pearl millet biscuits (Type 4) were liked very much by the panelists. Pearl millet biscuits demonstrated higher mass consumer acceptability compared to corn and chickpea biscuits. Nutritional analysis revealed that pearl millet biscuits are rich in crude fat, crude protein, and crude fiber compared to the wheat biscuits. Therefore, corn, chickpea, and pearl millet can be used as substitutes for wheat flour to produce gluten-free, low-fat, healthy biscuits.
PCOS affects 6 to 18% of women worldwide, affecting their reproductive, metabolic, and psychological wellbeing. Most of the epidemiological studies show that over-nutrition and associated behavioural risk factors plays a significant role in increasing the prevalence of the diseases and related interventions shows significant improvement in the condition of PCOS Patients. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of PCOS and its relation with age and over-nutrition among the reproductive age women of India. In order to evaluate the prevalence rate of PCOS, which was correlated to obesity and age, a cross-sectional study was undertaken among 100 reproductive women in India aged 21-40 by utilizing digital platform. The quantitative data shows that prevalence of obesity was 34% among the selected respondents. Among the behavioural risk factors of the PCOS, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption and sedentary life style shows significant association with prevalence of obesity among the PCOS patients. Furthermore, based on the evidence, it's possible to conclude that there's a link between reproductive age and PCOS, as well as the occurrence of over-nutrition. The data of the study shows a significant association of age with the prevalence of obesity among the PCOS patients.
The okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a warm-season annual herbaceous vegetable grown mainly for its immature fruits. The different parts of the okra plant comprising of its fresh leaves, buds, flowers, seeds, pods, and stems have multiple significant uses. The okra fruit as well as okra pods are an excellent choice to be consumed as a low-calorie veggie with a great source of protein, vitamins, minerals, ingestible dietary fibre and significant bioactive compounds that would be quite beneficial in weight loss. The mucilage content of okra can be found in both fresh and dried pods that are mainly composed of acidic polysaccharides chemically linked to minerals and proteins. The seeds of okra are known to be an excellent source of unsaturated fatty acids. The okra has the potential to treat several health issues, such as leucorrhoea, goitre, ulcers, haemorrhoids, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer and neurological disorders, in addition to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The okra-based nutraceuticals are popular among health-oriented foods because of their inherent nutritional value and other bioactive components that have positive effects on health. Various bioactive compounds extracted from the same have demonstrated therapeutic benefits for human health. Up to now, there is not much information about the nutraceutical potential of different edible parts of okra. In this chapter, light is thrown on the information available till now regarding the role of intact okra plant in nutrition as well as its therapeutic functions on human health.
Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) is a fruit species that falls under the Ebenaceae family. It is one of the lesser-known fruit varieties that grow in India and other parts of Asia. This species mainly grows in the deciduous forests that are present in India. Tendu is a nutritious and medicinal fruit that has been largely neglected and underutilized since modern methods of fruit harvesting and processing were developed. The main components of Tendu are carbohydrates and dietary fibre, and it is also a good source of important vitamins and minerals that are crucial for energy and general well-being. The plant is also used in the formulation of medicines to treat digestive issues, wound healing, and regulation of bile discharge. It has bioactive constituents such as saponin, tannin, terpenoid, and alkaloid, which possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties. Thus, Tendu has significant potential in the area of therapy with positive case study reports in terms of the cure for scabies, blood conditions management, and resistance to malaria. In addition, the Tendu wood is hardy and can act as a clean source of renewable energy for many years to come. However, very few products are available on the market that use Tendu alternatives. This fact is mainly due to the lack of ease and efficiency in the preservation and marketing of the material. Consequently, this article highlights the nutritional, medicinal, and economic value of the Tendu fruit, emphasizing its role in broader objectives aimed at enhancing community health and promoting a healthier population. Raising public awareness of existing technologies and investigating ways to harness Tendu could greatly assist in achieving improvements in food security, as well as fostering environmental and socioeconomic progress.
This study aimed to explore the nutritional value, anti-nutritional factors, mineral content, and in vitro toxicity of ten wild edible plants from the North-Eastern region of India, including Meynia laxiflora, Castanopsis indica, Docynia indica, Flemingia vestita, Bauhinia purpurea, Dillenia pentagyna, Diplazium esculentum, Elaeagnus latifolia, Elaeagnus pyriformis, and Fagopyrum cymosum. The impacts of cooking techniques including boiling and microwaving were also investigated in the study. Nutritional analysis assessed fat, protein, fibre, carbohydrate, and mineral content in both raw and cooked samples. The anti-nutritional properties were evaluated by measuring the content of cyanogenic glycosides, oxalates, tannins, saponins, and phytates. In vitro toxicity was assessed through haemolytic assays on rat erythrocytes, cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay, and genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet assay. The findings revealed that both cooking methods reduced ash, fat, mineral content, anti-nutritional factors, and plant toxicity. At the same time, increasing the relative concentration of fibre and carbohydrates due to water loss or the breakdown of other components, the absolute content of these nutrients remained unchanged. Microwave cooking significantly enhanced the measured protein content (p<0.05), with increases ranging from 9.58% to 33.95%. This effect is likely due to structural modifications in the proteins caused by microwave treatment, which enhance their availability or digestibility rather than increasing the actual protein content, whereas boiling caused a reduction in protein levels, ranging from 9.66-23.25%. Additionally, microwave cooking resulted in lower mineral losses than boiling and was more effective in reducing anti-nutritional factors and toxicity (p<0.05). As a result, microwaving is recommended to improve nutritional quality, reduce fat content, and decrease anti-nutritional components and toxicity. Toxicity studies at the cellular and genomic levels indicated that these plants are safe for consumption.
Background
Bitter gourd requires well-drained sandy to sandy loam soils for optimum growth, development, and germination, while its growth is retarded in extreme saline conditions. It is very sensitive to salinity stress, which imposes devastating limits on its productivity. Thus, the impact of soil salinization on the economics of bitter gourd yield deserves scientific inquiry.
Methods
The present study was designed to evaluate the various morphological attributes (mean germination time, germination index, final emergence percentage, measurements of root length, measurement of shoot length, measurement of plant dry biomass, and measurement of plant fresh biomass), physiological attributes (leaf chlorophyll content and electrolyte leakage), biochemical attributes (proline contents, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase Q9 , and peroxidase), leaf water relations (leaf osmotic potential, leaf water potential, leaf turgor potential, and leaf relative water content), and ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca +, and Cl-) that can be used for the evaluation of salt stress tolerance potential in bitter gourd. The research was conducted in the field area of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Results
In this experiment, bitter gourd seeds were sowed either without treatment or with hydropriming, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, and 0.05% chitosan, respectively, under 50mM soil salinity under the climatic conditions of Lahore. This research was designed to find the role of chitosan in inducing salt stress tolerance in bitter gourd plants and also find the best chitosan dose that is useful for higher salinity conditions. Different attributes of bitter gourd were recorded. Results revealed that chitosan application at 0.04% is best for enhancing the salt stress tolerance potential of bitter gourd. Different morphological attributes, physiological attributes, water relation attributes, and biochemical parameters were also recorded. It was observed that pre-sowing treatments with an optimized dose of 0.04% chitosan exhibited significant effects on all the bitter gourd plants and improved the germination rate by improving the salt stress tolerance potential of plants under high salinity.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the present research that the optimized dose of 0.04% chitosan has also proved effective in the enzymatic activity of bitter gourd by enhancing the salt stress potential under increasing salt stress.
India is home to the world’s largest tribal population (8.63%), a large number of whom live in concentrated areas on rugged forest terrain. These Indigenous peoples used to live in a customary socioecological space for their survival. Through major and minor forest resource collection, tribes living along forest buffers have developed sustainable socioecological relationships with their environments. Traditionally, Indigenous people enjoy not only various benefits from living in forest environments but also escalating initiatives to improve the sustainability of those environments. Such interconnections with the environment secure their role as the most influential components of maintaining their ecosystems. Human–ecosystem interconnections happen within complex systems. This study examines the interspace between tribal livability and the socioecological environments in a forest ecosystem. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on Indigenous peoples in Jangalmahal district in West Bengal to monitor ecosystem services and tribal livability. Four ecosystem services in forests are interlinked with multidimensional aspects of tribal livability via the society, environment, livelihood, and food (SELF) method. This study’s results revealed that tribal livability significantly harmonized with environmental quality. Exploring such important connections not only helps to empower tribes but also emerges as a feasible way to improve the management of ecosystems.
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) being a staple food found in different parts of India and abroad is promoted as an extremely healthy food. The nutraceutical importance of this minor millet lies in its content of dietary fiber (soluble & insoluble) and other protective healthy nutrients such as calcium, iron, phytates, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, trypsin inhibitor factors, and moreover sources for thymine, riboflavin, and important amino acids including methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, which are deficient in other starchy meals. It is hence known for several health benefits such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anti-tumorigenic, antiulcer, and atherosclerogenic effects. Regular use of finger millet reduces malnutrition, treats degenerative disorders, and delays the onset of early ageing. Finger millets are extremely nutrient rich and have been shown to be helpful for preserving excellent health. Hence it makes it a component of dietary and nutritionally balanced food which can be consumed regularly in various dishes; and it can be processed through different processing methods like soaking, fermentation, roasting, popping, or malting, and in form of composite flour, instant food mixes, extruded or bakery products, and other value-added products. Its products’ consumption aids in the management of body illnesses and shows positive effects on health. The consumption pattern and popularization of such readily digestible, highly nutritious, and versatile millet is essential in a broader range. Due to its enormous potential benefits enhancing nutritional quality of population act as a tool to halt the global pandemic of lifestyle diseases.
Lentil are used around the world for culinary purposes.They are a good source of vitamins B, Iron and Potassium. They also contain high level of protein and fibre. Lentil contain approximately twice amount of protein as whole-grain cereals like Wheat, Oats, Barley and Rice. Global production of Lentil led by Canada with 34% and India with 27% of the world's total.The Modern agricultural sector faces the challenges of addressing the needs of the fast growing global population. This process should be both high yielding and sustainable, without creating risks to the environment and human health. Therefore natural products are gaining attention in the production of safe and nutritious food. In a systematic efforts to develop affordable and effective bio-stimulants, we examined the impact of botanical extracts on the nutritional parameters of Lentil seeds under field condition. The impact of natural products of Wolffia arrhiza on Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) has studied by 12 hours pre-soaking seed treatment in lab temperature. This observation show that flower per plant, pod length, and weight of 100 seeds is strengthen in seeds treated with 5% water extract.
Millets have been an integral part of our diet for centuries. Millets aid in the prevention of numerous non- communicable lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases and are considered to be potential choice to address the problems of malnutrition and to consequently improve the food and nutritional security of the nation. Recognizing the enormous potential of millets, the Government of India proposed the year 2023 as ‘International Year of Millets (IYM 2023)’ which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). To support production and consumption of millets, coupled with enhanced consumer awareness of their nutritional and health benefits, a two-day National Conference on ‘Need for Sustainable Development in Food, Agriculture & Allied Sciences’ was organized by Department of Home Science at our campus during December 12-13, 2023. We are delighted to present before the readers a compendium of full length papers, titled ‘Shree Dhanya: Conference Proceedings’.
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