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Masturbation as a marker of sexual development
... In retrospectief onderzoek wordt zelden naar solitair seksueel gedrag gevraagd. De vijf studies die dit wel deden, vroegen over het algemeen aan adolescenten of jongvolwassenen of ze tijdens de kindertijd masturbeerden en zo ja, op welke leeftijd dit dan voor het eerst gebeurde (Bancroft et al., 2003; Goldman & Goldman, 1988; Larsson & Svedin, 2002a; Lopez Sanchez et al., 2002; Smith, Rosenthal & Reichler, 1996). Door het grote verschil in onderzoeksmethoden Het is daarom moeilijk om op basis van deze retrospectieve studies te zeggen hoeveel kinderen precies masturberen, maar het is duidelijk dat dit geen zeldzaamheid is. ...
... Door het grote verschil in onderzoeksmethoden Het is daarom moeilijk om op basis van deze retrospectieve studies te zeggen hoeveel kinderen precies masturberen, maar het is duidelijk dat dit geen zeldzaamheid is. Van een Amerikaanse groep studenten zei 40% van de vrouwen en 38% van de mannen dat ze voor de puberteit gemasturbeerd hadden (Bancroft et al., 2003). Van een groep Spaanse scholieren en studenten gaf 35% aan voor het 11 e jaar gemasturbeerd te hebben (Lopez Sanchez et al., 2002). ...
... Voor vrouwen die voor de puberteit masturbeerden was de gemiddelde leeftijd waarop dit voor het eerst gebeurde 8,3, voor mannen 10,1. Voor mannen lijkt de eerste masturbatie sterk gekoppeld te zijn aan het begin van de puberteit, terwijl de leeftijd waarop vrouwen beginnen te masturberen veel variabeler is (Bancroft et al., 2003 ). In tegenstelling tot de resultaten uit de observatiestudies onder ouders, lijkt op basis van retrospectief onderzoek solitair seksueel gedrag juist toe te nemen met het ouder worden (Larsson & Svedin, 2002a). ...
Er bestaat maar weinig onderzoek naar seksueel gedrag van prepuberale kinderen en de studies die er zijn, richten zich over het algemeen op ervaringen met seksueel misbruik. Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van wat er uit empirisch onderzoek bekend is over seksueel gedrag en seksuele gevoelens van kinderen voor de puberteit. Op elke leeftijd kunnen kinderen gedrag vertonen en gevoelens hebben die volwassenen als 'seksueel' zouden benoemen of die later als zodanig worden herinnerd. In de conclusies worden de witte plekken in het onderzoek naar seksueel gedrag van kinderen beschreven. Het meeste onderzoek richt zich op seksueel gedrag (solitair dan wel interpersoonlijk) en is observerend dan wel retrospectief van aard. De voor- en nadelen van verschillende onderzoeksmethoden op dit terrein worden genoemd. De bevindingen uit deze studie kunnen richting geven aan toekomstig onderzoek.
... In contrast to informant ratings altogether, studies that utilize retrospective reports often find an increase in self-stimulating behavior in the years preceding puberty, particularly among boys Lopez-Sanchez et al., 2002). It is likely that these conflicting results reflect the fact that older children are more aware of the "sexual taboo," and exercise restraint in where and when they engage in these behaviors ( Bancroft et al., 2003). ...
... Finally, as noted above, older children may exercise more restraint and conceal these behaviors from adult view ( Bancroft et al, 2003). ...
... As noted earlier, some parents may have limited opportunity to observe their child engage in sexual behaviors (Larsson & Svedin, 2002a), particularly those that may involve other children. Older children may exercise more restraint and conceal these behaviors from adult view ( Bancroft et al., 2003). ...
In order to adequately and appropriately intervene with children exhibiting problematic sexual behaviors, a comprehensive understanding of etiology is imperative. Although sexually abused children are observed engaging in more problematic sexual behaviors than their normative or psychiatric counterparts, it is clear that such behaviors may be the result of factors other than, or in addition to, sexual abuse. The goal of the present study was utilize a developmental psychopathology perspective in broadening our understanding of mechanisms associated with the development of problematic sexual behaviors in childhood. Participants for the study include 1, 149 children (51.8% female) drawn from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), a large multi-site consortium investigating child health and development. Both variable-centered and person-centered approaches were used to examine factors across a number of developmental-ecological domains (e.g., child, parent, immediate interactional context, and broader social context) associated with the development of problematic sexual behaviors in middle childhood. Overall, results suggest that although sexual abuse constitutes a risk factor for sexualized behaviors, other factors – particularly those in the maternal domain and immediate interactional context – also contribute to the display of subsequent sexualized behaviors. Furthermore, subgroups of children appear to demonstrate sexualized behaviors for different constellations of reasons, consistent with the concept of equifinality. Finally, results of both the variable-centered and person-centered analyses indicated that sexual abuse appears to be a more important etiological mechanism associated with the development of sexualized behavior for girls, versus boys. The present study fills an important void in both the child psychopathology and child maltreatment literatures and contributes to the ongoing discourse regarding treatment of children exhibiting problematic sexualized behaviors.
... Recalled experiences, in general, did not go back beyond the age of six, but all extended into late childhood, and some even into adolescence. In 10 of these studies, participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their childhood sexual experiences (Bancroft et al., 2003; Finkelhor, 1981; Goldman & Goldman, 1988; Haugaard, 1996; Haugaard & Tilly, 1988; Lamb & Coakley, 1993; Larsson & Svedin, 2002a; Lopez Sanchez et al., 2002; Nelson, 1986;). Most of these studies used paper-andpencil questionnaires; only Bancroft et al. and Reynolds et al. used computerassisted self-interviews. ...
... Behaviors that are retrospectively more frequently reported for late childhood, compared to middle childhood, are thinking, talking, and dreaming about sex; watching sexually explicit material; and fondling oneself or masturbation to orgasm (Larsson & Svedin, 2002a). Based on retrospective studies, it is evident that some children experience their first sexual arousal or orgasm before puberty, but due to different samples and definitions of key concepts, it is impossible to say how many children this applies to (Ballester & Gil, 2006; Bancroft et al., 2003; Goldman & Goldman, 1988; Larsson & Svedin, 2002b; Lopez Sanchez et al., 2002). The observation that stands out most in the reports of parents of 10-to 12-year-olds is that their child is ''very interested in the opposite sex'' (Friedrich et al., 1998). ...
... Recalled experiences, in general, did not go back beyond the age of six, but all extended into late childhood, and some even into adolescence. In 10 of these studies, participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their childhood sexual experiences (Bancroft et al., 2003; Finkelhor, 1981; Goldman & Goldman, 1988; Haugaard, 1996; Haugaard & Tilly, 1988; Lamb & Coakley, 1993; Larsson & Svedin, 2002a; Lopez Sanchez et al., 2002; Nelson, 1986; Reynolds, Herbenick, & Bancroft, 2003). Most of these studies used paper-andpencil questionnaires; only Bancroft et al. and Reynolds et al. used computerassisted self-interviews. ...
Children can display sexual behavior or have sexual experiences. Different psychological research methods are available for studying these kinds of behaviors and feelings, such as interviewing or observing children (direct methods), asking adolescents or adults to retrospectively report their childhood memories or using intermediaries to observe children (indirect methods). Each of these methods has its own advantages and limitations. Based on a review of the literature, this work answers three questions: (a) What research methods are generally used to study childhood sexual development? (b) What insight do these methods give into the sexual behaviors or feelings of children? and (c) What are the advantages and limitations of each of these research methods in this research domain? Almost all studies on childhood sexual behavior and feelings use either observational or retrospective methods. In both types of studies, only behavior that is considered to be sexual from an adult perspective is reported. To gain insight into the child's perspective, one has to rely on methods other than observations or retrospective research, such as interviews with children that match their developmental limitations and competencies.
... Das Alter der ersten Masturbation liegt laut einer Studie aus den USA (n = 303, Alter 18 -22, Bancroft et al. 2003) um die Pubertät herum und weist bei Mädchen eine stärkere Varianz als bei Jungen auf (SD = 4,6 vs. SD = 2,6). Vor Eintreten der Pubertät masturbieren ca. ...
... B. Atwood und Gagnon 1992). Das Alter der ersten Masturbation ist laut der Untersuchung von Bancroft et al. (2003) nicht unwesentlich: Die Mädchen mit präpubertärem Masturbationsbeginn gaben eine größere sexuelle Zufriedenheit im Collegealter an. Bei den Jungen hingegen ging frühes Masturbieren mit sexueller Isoliertheit im jungen Erwachsenenalter einher. ...
ubersicht Spatestens seit den 1970er-Jahren wird Masturbation in der Sexualwissenschaft, -therapie und -padagogik als wichtige Komponente sexueller Gesundheit angesehen. Allerdings gibt es nur wenige differenzierte Befunde zu moglichen Wirkungen von Masturbation auf sexuelle Erfahrungen und sexuelles Erleben. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt den aktuellen Forschungsstand vor und diskutiert Methodik, Reichweite und zentrale Ergebnisse wichtiger quantitativer und qualitativer Studien. Die meisten Studien erheben Masturbationsvorkommen und Masturbationsfrequenzen. Diese variieren deutlich nach Geschlecht, Bildungsstand, Religiositat sowie Kulturzugehorigkeit. Einige Studien finden sowohl fur Erwachsene als auch fur Jugendliche einen Zusammenhang zwischen hohen Masturbationsfrequenzen und sexueller Fantasietatigkeit, sexueller Aktivitat und einem gro ss eren sexuellen Repertoire. Auch Zusammenhange mit positiven Einstellungen zu Sexualitat, einem positiven Korperselbstbild und einer hoheren allgemeinen sexuellen Aktivitat wurden vereinzelt berichtet. Unklar bleibt beim gegenwartigen Forschungsstand der Zusammenhang von Masturbationsaktivitat und Partnersexualitat. Es ware wunschenswert, zukunftig auch Motive, Einstellungen und das subjektive Erleben bei der Masturbation zu erheben.
... Following his theoretical overview of the developmental systems approach, Li reviews the evidence relating to solitary sexual behaviour in children (including masturbation to orgasm), partnered behaviour, sexual desire and sexual orientation. Some professionals continue to voice scepticism over prepubertal children's capacity for orgasm but there have been many self-report and observational studies in confirmation [29][30][31][32][33]. ...
... The study of SOE in the context of solitary masturbation is of interest considering that this behavior can be a means to achieve sexual health (Coleman, 2003), and is important for a healthy sexual development (Bancroft et al., 2003;Das, 2007;Langfeldt, 1981). Although evidence shows an inverse relationship between masturbation and sexual relationships, supporting a compensatory purpose for solitary masturbation (Dekker & Schmidt, 2003;Kontula & Haavio-Mannila, 2002), there is also proof that solitary masturbation and sexual relationships are complementary and mutually reinforcing behaviors (Pinkerton et al., 2003). ...
The subjective orgasm experience (SOE) is the psychological perception of orgasm sensations and closely related to sexual health. Here, SOE was studied through the context in which it is experienced (sexual relationships and solitary masturbation), gender, and sexual orientation. For this purpose, data were collected from 4255 people (1927 men and 2328 women) of different sexual orientations (heterosexual = 1545; bisexual = 1202; and gay = 1508) who completed two versions of the Orgasm Rating Scale (ORS) for both contexts (i.e., sexual relationships and solitary masturbation) along with a socio-demographic questionnaire. Results showed that the ORS in the context of solitary masturbation is an instrument invariant by gender and sexual orientation. Significant differences in SOE were found by context: it was more intense in the context of sexual relationships (vs. solitary masturbation); by gender: women (vs. men) reported greater intensity; and by sexual orientation, with heterosexual people (vs. gay and bisexual people) having a more intense experience.
... Following in the steps of Kinsey and his associates (Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin 1948), research has documented the prevalence of masturbation among both men and women (Arafat and Cotton 1974;Bowman 2014;Carvalheira and Leal 2013;Gerressu et al. 2008;Kinsey 1953;Mark 2011) and this has served to challenge traditional beliefs associating this sexual practice with sin, deviance and sickness (Coleman 2013). Furthermore, masturbation has increasingly been treated as an essential marker of an individual's healthy sexual development (Bancroft, Herbenick, and Reynolds 2002); a safe alternative to intercourse in the face of HIV and AIDS (Shelton 2010); a cure for married women with orgasmic dysfunction (Annon 1974;Lobitz and LoPiccolo 1972) and men with pre-mature ejaculation (Zamboni and Crawford 2003); a facilitator for women's marital satisfaction (Hurlbert and Whitaker 1991); and a critical means of improved sexual health (Coleman 2013). Additionally, masturbation for women is claimed to be directly linked to pleasure and thus their overall wellbeing (Bowman 2014) and, furthermore, expressive of an act of rebellion and autonomy in a male supremacist culture (Kaestle and Allen 2011;Laqueur 2003;Pei and Ho 2009;Rich 1996;Tiefer 1998). ...
This paper investigates how masturbation, as one form of non-coital sexual practice, is interpreted and experienced by young married women in contemporary Vietnam. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 professional women aged 25–40 living in Hanoi. Thematic analysis suggests that by embracing the pursuit of pleasure and aspiring to achieve this goal, many women stake a claim for modernity by promoting the idea that they are no longer traditional in this particular domain of social life. However, wider social forces associated with traditional Vietnamese gender ideology and sexual values remain firmly rooted, impacting on their everyday lives as working wives and mothers, and stalling their pursuit of pleasure and thus ‘wellbeing’ in its fullest sense. Indeed, among participants in this study, sex was interpreted as being almost exclusively organised around penile-vaginal intercourse. Even when sex was conceptualised as involving more than penetration, penile-vaginal intercourse was still viewed as its most essential component, without which a sexual transaction could not be seen as complete. The normality of penetrative sex was sometimes coupled with the stigma and discrimination associated with other non-coital sexual practices, positioning women firmly within conventional discourses of naturalness and health in regard to sex.
... The rhythmic manipulation that we associate with masturbation is noted around 2.5 years of age (Martinson, 1994), and orgasms are possible from such stimulation at these early ages (Conn & Kanner, 1940;Ford & Beach, 1951;Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953;Levine, 1957). From adult reports, 40% of women and 38% of men reported masturbating prepubertally, the remainder began to masturbate postpubertally (43% and 61% of women and men, respectively) or not at all (Bancroft, Herbenick, & Reynolds, 2003). Genital manipulation and masturbatory behavior in general are more common among boys than girls (Thigpen & Fortenberry, 2009). ...
... Of all the topics assessed, the smallest percentage of mothers had discussed masturbation with their adolescent, and the largest percentage of inactive mothers did not intend to discuss this topic. Yet, many young adolescents experiment with masturbation (Bancroft, Herbenick, & Reynolds, 2003). Thus, interventions need to provide mothers with information on how to discuss sensitive topics, particularly masturbation. ...
This study distinguished two groups of mothers who have not communicated with their young adolescents about sexual health based on their intentions of having these discussions. We also compared these 2 groups to mothers who have had such communications. Overall, 29% of mothers had engaged in sexual discussions with their adolescent in some detail (active group), 22% intended to do so in the next 6 months (intender group), and 49% did not intend to do so in the next 6 months (nonintender group). Higher scores on variables consistent with the integrative model of behavioral prediction (parent knowledge, comfort, attitudes, perceptions of social norms, and self-efficacy for sexual communication) differentiated the 3 groups: The active group had the highest scores, the nonintender group had the lowest scores, and the scores of the intender group fell in between. Group membership varied by sexual topic. Suggestions for enhancing parent-adolescent sexual communication are discussed.
... Adolescent boys consistently report higher rates of masturbation and more frequent masturba- tion than do adolescent girls (Robbins et al., 2011). One retrospective survey of adults indicated that 40% of women and 38% of men masturbated prepu- bertally, whereas the remainder recalled masturbat- ing only postpubertally (43% and 61% of women and men, respectively) or not at all (Bancroft, Herbenick, & Reynolds, 2003). Masturbation appears to build on a foundation of touching or fondling one's genitals in childhood ( Friedrich et al., 1992). ...
... It is very probable that such experiences leave largely unconscious traces in the procedural memory. Some studies investigated the relationship between childhood sexual experience with peers and more frequent or more enjoyable sexual experiences during teenage years (Reynolds et al., 2003;Bancroft et al., 2003a). However, unfavourable effects of early sexual stimulation (especially if adults are the source of such stimulation or over-stimulation) have been discussed much further in scientific literature: for instance, Finkelhor's (1988) hypothesis that experiences of child sexual abuse (CSA) result in a traumatic sexualisation which still needs further clarification. ...
In modern psychiatric classifications the term paraphilia has replaced the term perversion by changing the scope of the definitions from avoided procreation to failures of relationship-aspects of sexuality. Contemporary psychoanalysts also seem less interested in pleasure seeking aspects, which were so important within original Freudian thought, and instead concentrate interpretation on hostility and the history of the representation of objects. This paper discusses the connection between distinct object representations in perversions and attachment theory and neurobiological representations. It will discuss the observation that the neglect of pleasure seeking in perversion often results in a failure to recognise the addiction-like aspects of perversion, which seem to be particularly relevant to modern psychiatric and psychological thinking. The SEEKING-system (Panksepp, 1998) is used to conceptualise a neurobiological basis for pleasure seeking. This SEEKING-system may be "hijacked" by rewards in different forms of addiction as well as in sexual obsessions. The polarity between "drive representation" and "object representation," as created by Freud (1933, 1940a), may correspond to the polarity identified in contemporary thinking between the addictive or compulsive characteristics of sexual gratification (drive representation) and the influence of early object representation on the later ability to integrate instinctual wishes into relationships (object representation).
... A woman's first experience of orgasm can occur any time from the prepubertal period to well into adulthood (Bancroft, Herbenick, & Reynolds, 2003a). While in boys the age of first orgasm is closely tied to puberty, girls show a much more variable pattern (Kinsey et al., 1953). ...
This article reviews the DSM diagnostic criteria for Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD). Following an overview of the concept of female orgasm, research on the prevalence and associated features of FOD is briefly reviewed. Specific aspects of the DSM-IV-TR criteria for FOD are critically reviewed and key issues that should be considered for DSM-V are discussed. The DSM-IV-TR text on FOD focused on the physiological changes that may (or may not) accompany orgasm in women; one of the major recommendations here is that greater emphasis be given to the subjective aspects of the experience of orgasm. Additional specific recommendations are made for revision of diagnostic criteria, including the use of minimum severity and duration criteria, and better acknowledgment of the crucial role of relationship factors in FOD.
... Whereas puberty, with its associated changes in brain structure and function and in hormonal status, are obviously crucial factors, evidence of variability exists also in prepubertal children, some starting to masturbate and to experience orgasm before the onset of puberty (for a review, see Bancroft, 2009). It is interesting to note that a much more variable age of masturbatory onset has been found in girls, whereas age of onset in boys is predictably closer to onset of puberty (Bancroft, Herbenick, & Reynolds, 2003). There is some evidence that boys are capable of experiencing repeated orgasms before they start ejaculating (Kinsey et al., 1948). ...
The Dual Control Model proposes that sexual responses involve an interaction between sexual excitatory and sexual inhibitory processes. The model further postulates that individuals vary in their propensity for both sexual excitation and sexual inhibition, and that such variations help us to understand much of the variability in human sexuality. The development of psychometrically validated instruments for measuring such propensities for men (Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales) and for women (Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women) is described. These measures show close to normal variability in both men and women, supporting the concept that "normal" levels of inhibition proneness are adaptive. The relevance of the model to sexual development, sexual desire, the effects of aging, sexual identity, and the relation between mood and sexuality are discussed, and the available evidence is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to gender differences and similarities in propensities for sexual excitation and inhibition. Research findings related to sexual problems, high-risk sexual behavior, and the relevance of this model to clinical management of such problems are also summarized. Last, ideas for future use and further development of the Dual Control Model are considered.
Objectives
Sexual health includes the state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality. Masturbation is an important sexual activity with many potential benefits which has gained considerable interest in sexuality research in the past twenty years; however, this research is the first of its kind within the Aotearoa/New Zealand context. In this in-depth investigation, we examined frequencies of, reasons for, and activities during masturbation as well as the relationship between masturbation and other factors.
Methods
Participants were 698 New Zealand women at least 18 years of age participating in a 42-item anonymous online survey collecting comprehensive information about sexual practices and related factors.
Results
The results indicated that female masturbation has high prevalence in the New Zealand population.
Conclusion
The pattern of results enabled us to identify the positive effects of masturbation, masturbation practices commonly used by New Zealand women and the differences between New Zealand women who masturbate frequently and less frequently.
This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientation identity development milestones among people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual minority identity (LGB+). Common milestones measured in the 30 studies reviewed were becoming aware of queer attractions, questioning one’s sexual orientation, self-identifying as LGB+, coming out to others, engaging in sexual activity, and initiating a romantic relationship. Milestones occurred in different sequences, although attraction was almost always first, often followed by self-identification and/or sexual activity; coming out and initiating a romantic relationship often followed these milestones. Meta-analysis results showed that the mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals varied by milestone: attraction [M age=12.7 (10.1, 15.3)], questioning one’s orientation [M age=13.2 [12.8, 13.6]), self-identifying [M age=17.8 (11.6, 24.0)], sexual activity [M age=18.1 (17.6, 18.6)], coming out [M age=19.6 (17.2, 22.0)], and romantic relationship [M age=20.9 (13.2, 28.6)]. Nonetheless, results also showed substantial heterogeneity in the mean effect sizes. Additional meta-analyses showed that milestone timing varied by sex, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and birth cohort. Although patterns were found in LGB+ identity development, there was considerable diversity in milestone trajectories.
Human sexual response is covered in this chapter, including the male and female genitalia, the biological and psychological influences on our sexual response, theories of sexual response, sexual arousal, and sexual desire.
This dissertation discusses the intersection between religious identity development and sexual development beginning in childhood to create a parent program. It specifically focuses on Modern Orthodox Judaism which is characterized here by the combination of adherence to religious laws while simultaneously being open to scientific and secular information. Many parents generally feel anxiety and discomfort with topics related to sexual development and Modern Orthodox Jewish parents may arguably experience more challenges as the religion has particular laws related to sexuality. For this reason, a clinician-led psychoeducational program for Modern Orthodox Jewish parents was developed to provide clinicians with culturally/religiously sensitive information to promote better outcomes for children’s sexual development. The goal was to identify relevant factors for fostering healthy sexual development in children and use the data to inform the creation of the program. The program was developed and informed based on a thorough review of the literature on childhood sexual development, religious identity development, the parental role, and Modern Orthodox Jewish laws. Field consultants, such as rabbis and clinicians who work with Modern Orthodox Jews were also interviewed. Additionally, the product was evaluated by an expert in the field, finding the program to be needed and useful. The following factors are highlighted in the program: open communication, dissemination of accurate information, and recognizing direct and indirect influences on children.
Children may display behaviors and have feelings of a sexual nature. However, due to the paucity of research, society often fails to acknowledge developmentally-appropriate sexual experiences in childhood, and there is no consensus on which behaviors are normative. This review aims to describe the main conclusions of studies in this field and to analyze the gaps in knowledge, the existing methodological shortcomings, and the resulting recommendations for future research. According to findings, studies should pay more attention to thoughts and feelings related to sexuality, the children’s perspective; normative, healthy sexual expressions; and the relevant sexual socialization factors. Both direct and indirect methods, quantitative and qualitative techniques, should be combined to enhance the richness and validity of findings. The article also presents ethical tips. In conclusion, there is a need to further examine childhood sexuality from a comprehensive, ecological approach that provides an empirical basis for the development of interventions in children´s sexual health.
Objective:
To establish national guidelines for the assessment of women's sexual health concerns and the provision of sexual health care for women.
Evidence:
Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from May to October 2010, using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., sexuality, "sexual dysfunction," "physiological," dyspareunia) and key words (e.g., sexual dysfunction, sex therapy, anorgasmia). Results were restricted, where possible, to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to December 2010. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. Each article was screened for relevance and the full text acquired if determined to be relevant. The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the members of the Expert Workgroup established by The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
Values:
The quality of evidence was evaluated and recommendations made using the use of criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table).
Résumé
Objectif
Concevoir des lignes directrices nationales en ce qui a trait à l'évaluation des préoccupations des femmes en matière de santé sexuelle et à l'offre de soins de santé sexuelle aux femmes.
Résultats
La littérature publiée a été récupérée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans PubMed, CINAHL et la Cochrane Library entre mai et octobre 2010, au moyen d'un vocabulaire contrôlé (p. ex. « sexuality », « sexual dysfunction », « physiological », « dyspareunia ») et de mots clés appropriés (p. ex. « sexual dysfunction », « sex therapy », « anorgasmia »). Les résultats ont été restreints, dans la mesure du possible, aux analyses systématiques, aux essais comparatifs randomisés / essais cliniques comparatifs et aux études observationnelles. Aucune restriction en matière de langue n'a été mise en œuvre. Les recherches ont été mises à jour de façon régulière et intégrées à la directive clinique jusqu'en décembre 2010. La littérature grise (non publiée) a été identifiée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans les sites Web d'organismes s'intéressant à l'évaluation des technologies dans le domaine de la santé et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, dans des registres d'essais cliniques et auprès de sociétés de spécialité médicale nationales et internationales. Chacun des articles a été analysé en vue d'en déterminer la pertinence; le cas échéant, le texte intégral a été acquis. Les données obtenues ont été analysées et évaluées par les membres du groupe d'experts mis sur pied par la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada.
Valeurs
La qualité des résultats a été évaluée et les recommandations ont été formulées au moyen des critères décrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs (Tableau 1).
Sexual difficulties arising from cancer and its treatment remain a neglected aspect of survivorship within the adolescent and younger adult age group. This life stage is important in the development of sexual identity and orientation, sexual expression and function and intimate relationship formation. Hence, the impact of serious illness and treatment can be highly disruptive, leading to immediate- and longer-term/delayed physical, psychological, interpersonal and thus psychosexual consequences.
This chapter adopts a biopsychosocial model to address the aetiology, assessment and management of commonly encountered sexual difficulties in AYA oncology, including loss of sexual interest (desire), sexual pain, erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory and orgasmic changes.
The chapter concludes with recommendations for improved service provision within cancer centres and a greater focus on intervention research to raise the profile and standards of care for this aspect of people’s recovery and lives after cancer.
Wissen über menschliche Entwicklungsprozesse befähigt im Kontext der Prävention sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs altersentsprechende Präventionsangebote zu entwickeln sowie Verhalten(sveränderungen) von Kindern richtig einzuschätzen. Nach einer einführenden Darstellung über die Inhalte, Methoden und wichtigen Konzepte der Entwicklungspsychologie und Entwicklungspsychopathologie werden speziell die kognitive (Gedächtnis und Begriffsbildung), die sozioemotionale (Bindungstheorie, Emotionsregulation, Temperament) sowie die sexuelle Entwicklung in Kindheit und Jugend behandelt.
Résumé
Objectif
Concevoir des lignes directrices nationales en ce qui a trait à l'évaluation des préoccupations des femmes en matière de santé sexuelle et à l'offre de soins de santé sexuelle aux femmes.
Résultats
La littérature publiée a été récupérée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans PubMed, CINAHL et la Cochrane Library entre mai et octobre 2010, au moyen d'un vocabulaire contrôlé (p. ex. « sexuality », « sexual dysfunction », « physiological », « dyspareunia ») et de mots clés appropriés (p. ex. « sexual dysfunction », « sex therapy », « anorgasmia »). Les résultats ont été restreints, dans la mesure du possible, aux analyses systématiques, aux essais comparatifs randomisés / essais cliniques comparatifs et aux études observationnelles. Aucune restriction en matière de langue n'a été mise en œuvre. Les recherches ont été mises à jour de façon régulière et intégrées à la directive clinique jusqu'en décembre 2010. La littérature grise (non publiée) a été identifiée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans les sites Web d'organismes s'intéressant à l'évaluation des technologies dans le domaine de la santé et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, dans des registres d'essais cliniques et auprès de sociétés de spécialité médicale nationales et internationales. Chacun des articles a été analysé en vue d'en déterminer la pertinence; le cas échéant, le texte intégral a été acquis. Les données obtenues ont été analysées et évaluées par les membres du groupe d'experts mis sur pied par la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada.
Valeurs
La qualité des résultats a été évaluée et les recommandations ont été formulées au moyen des critères décrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs (Tableau 1).
Déclarations sommaires et recommandations
IntroductionDéclarations sommaires
1. Les préoccupations d'ordre sexuel sont courantes au sein de la population. (II-1)
2. En ce qui concerne leurs préoccupations d'ordre sexuel, bon nombre de femmes se voient forcées de chercher à obtenir une aide auprès de praticiens ne faisant pas partie de la profession médicale. (II-1)
3. Bon nombre de fournisseurs de soins sont en mesure d'assurer la prise en charge de questions de santé sexuelle. (II-3)
4. Les fournisseurs de soins se doivent d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension des questions/problèmes associés à la sexualité chez la femme. (II-3)
Chapitre 1 : Sexualité tout au long de la vieDéclarations sommaires
5. La sexualité est présente chez les enfants dès la naissance. L'expression de la sexualité constitue un processus développemental. (II-2)
6. Les discussions entourant la sexualité des adolescentes se centrent, dans la plupart des cas, sur les risques de conséquences indésirables telles que l'exploitation, l'agression sexuelle, la grossesse non souhaitée et les infections transmissibles sexuellement, et omettent généralement de communiquer aux filles que l'expression de la sexualité et l'expérimentation sexuelle sont normales et saines. (II-2)
7. L'expression de la sexualité, adaptée à l'âge, constitue une composante positive du développement des adolescentes. Les expériences négatives, coercitives et discriminatoires peuvent exercer un effet préjudiciable sur le bien-être sexuel. (II-2)
8. Il existe des variations en matière de comportements sexuels entre personnes de même sexe et entre personnes de sexe opposé. L'adoption de comportements sexuels menés entre personnes de même sexe et entre personnes de sexe opposé n'équivaut pas à l'autodéfinition à titre de personne hétérosexuelle, homosexuelle ou bisexuelle. Certaines femmes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des femmes pourraient hésiter à se définir en tant qu'homosexuelles, puisque les femmes qui s'identifient ou qui sont identifiées par d'autres comme étant homosexuelles ou bisexuelles peuvent être exposées à de la discrimination sur le plan social. (II-2)
9. Les femmes expriment leur sexualité de différentes façons et dans diverses situations, y compris avec un ou une partenaire et par l'intermédiaire de la masturbation. (II-2)
10. La masturbation et l'autostimulation peuvent constituer d'importantes façons d'approfondir la connaissance de soi et d'exprimer sa sexualité pour les femmes qui ont un ou une partenaire, ainsi que pour celles qui n'en ont pas. (III)
11. Les facteurs relationnels exercent une influence majeure sur le bien-être sexuel de la femme. (II-2)
12. La grossesse et l'allaitement, ainsi que le fait de devoir affronter l'infertilité, peuvent affecter la fonction sexuelle. (II-2)
13. La baisse de la fréquence de l'activité sexuelle au moment de la ménopause ne modifie pas le potentiel de la femme en matière de libido, d'excitation, d'orgasme, de plaisir sexuel ou de satisfaction sexuelle. (II-2)
14. Des facteurs psychologiques, relationnels, sociaux, culturels et biologiques affectent le bien-être sexuel de la femme au fur et à mesure du vieillissement et au moment de la ménopause. (II-2)
15. La plupart des femmes qui comptent un ou une partenaire continuent à participer à des activités sexuelles. Les femmes qui abandonnent leurs activités sexuelles ne le font souvent pas en raison d'un manque d'intérêt, mais bien en raison du fait qu'elles ne disposent pas d'un ou d'une partenaire. (II-2)
16. La sexualité des femmes peut être affectée par des événements biologiques (p. ex. puberté, accouchement, ménopause et vieillissement), par leur santé psychologique, par leur ethnicité et leur culture, ainsi que par leur orientation sexuelle. (III)
17. Le maintien de la libido et des activités sexuelles de la femme au cours de la grossesse, de l'éducation des enfants, de la ménopause et du vieillissement pourrait dépendre de la présence d'un ou d'une partenaire, de l'état de la fonction sexuelle de ce dernier ou de cette dernière, de la qualité de la relation et de la santé générale des deux partenaires. (III)
18. Les formes d'expression et d'expérience sexuelles des filles et des femmes varient de façon considérable. (II-2)
Recommandations
1. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient inciter les adolescentes à utiliser des condoms de façon systématique et à adopter d'autres mesures en vue de promouvoir la santé sexuelle et de prévenir les infections transmissibles sexuellement (p. ex. vaccin contre le virus du papillome humain), et ce, même lorsqu'elles sont en couple. (II-3A)
2. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient être bien renseignés au sujet de la variabilité des formes normales de développement sexuel avant de procéder à l'évaluation de préoccupations d'ordre sexuel concernant des enfants et des adolescentes. (II-3A)
3. Dans leurs interventions auprès des adolescentes, les fournisseurs de soins devraient établir un juste équilibre entre les préoccupations au sujet des conséquences sexuelles indésirables et les messages positifs quant à l'expression de la sexualité. (II-3A)
4. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient prendre en considération l'effet de la relation avec le ou la partenaire au moment d'évaluer le bien-être sexuel d'une femme. (III-A)
5. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient faire en sorte que leurs bureaux constituent des milieux ouverts et accueillants pour toutes les femmes, quelles que soient leurs préférences et leurs pratiques sexuelles. (III-A)
6. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient discuter de sexualité au cours de la première consultation prénatale, avant la sortie de l'hôpital à la suite de l'accouchement et au moment du suivi postnatal. (III-A)
7. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient :
• faire savoir à leurs patientes qu'ils sont disposés à discuter de préoccupations d'ordre sexuel;
• sensibiliser leurs patientes quant aux fluctuations normales qui ponctuent la libido et la fréquence des relations sexuelles;
• discuter de la gamme des activités sexuelles non coïtales avec les patientes pour lesquelles la pénétration s'avère difficile, douloureuse ou prohibée pour des raisons médicales; et
• souligner que la qualité des relations sexuelles est plus importante que la fréquence du coït en matière de satisfaction sexuelle. (III-A)
8. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient offrir des conseils visant à soutenir l'adaptation sexuelle et à surmonter les difficultés en matière de fonction sexuelle au cours de la grossesse et à la suite de l'accouchement (p. ex. suggérer l'adaptation de la position coïtale en fonction des modifications corporelles, suggérer l'utilisation d'un lubrifiant topique afin d'atténuer la dyspareunie postpartum). (III-A)
9. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient aider les femmes à résoudre leurs préoccupations liées à l'allaitement et aux activités sexuelles. Cette aide devrait comprendre le fait de les rassurer en leur soulignant les causes hormonales à l'origine des sensations érotiques ressenties au cours de l'allaitement, ainsi que le fait de les aviser que l'excrétion de lait au cours de l'orgasme peut, lorsqu'elle s'avère gênante, être atténuée en s'assurant d'extraire le lait mammaire avant de s'adonner à des relations sexuelles. (III-A)
10. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient, au moment d'évaluer les modifications qu'imposent la ménopause et le vieillissement aux activités sexuelles, chercher à en apprendre davantage tant au sujet du fonctionnement de la patiente qu'au sujet de celui de son ou de sa partenaire. (II-1A)
11. Les modifications affectant la fonction sexuelle ne devraient être prises en charge que lorsque la patiente exprime des inquiétudes à leur sujet. (II-3B)
12. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient recommander l'utilisation d'un lubrifiant oul'administration d'œstrogènes (par voie locale ou générale) pour contrer les problèmes qu'occasionne la sécheresse vaginale. (II-1A)
13. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient discuter de la réduction des risques associés à la sexualité, particulièrement avec leurs patientes nouvellement célibataires. (II-2A)
14. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient comprendre que la sexualité est présente chez toutes les femmes et reconnaître que celles-ci ont des besoins en matière de sexualité. (III-A)
15. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient comprendre et respecter les diverses formes personnalisées que prennent l'orientation et les comportements sexuels au cours de la vie. (III-A)
16. Les couples devraient être incités à inclure des activités sexuelles sans pénétration à leur répertoire, lorsque la pénétration s'avère impossible. (III-A)
17. Au moment d'évaluer les préoccupations en matière de santé sexuelle d'une patiente, les fournisseurs de soins devraient reconnaître la nécessité d'être sensible au stade de vie auquel elle en est rendue, à sa situation personnelle et à son orientation sexuelle. (III-A)
Chapitre 2 : Classification, causes et évaluation de la dysfonction sexuelle chez la femme Recommandations
18. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient considérer l'identification et la prise en charge des problèmes de santé sexuelle d'une patiente comme étant des éléments importants et légitimes des soins cliniques qu'ils leur offrent. (II-2A)
19. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient s'assurer d'avoir et d'utiliser les compétences et les connaissances nécessaires pour évaluer et prendre en charge les problèmes de santé sexuelle d'une patiente. (III-A)
20. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient offrir un milieu clinique au sein duquel les femmes ont le sentiment de pouvoir discuter de leurs préoccupations d'ordre sexuel. (III-A)
21. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient rédiger une liste de ressources cliniques communautaires œuvrant dans le domaine de la santé sexuelle vers lesquelles ils pourraient, au besoin, orienter leurs patientes. (III-A)
Chapitre 3 : Prise en charge des préoccupations d'ordre sexuel Déclarations sommaires
19. La prise en charge efficace des préoccupations d'ordre sexuel nécessite une approche biopsychosociale faisant appel à des compétences qui relèvent tant du domaine de la médecine que de celui du counseling. (II-3)
20. Une approche limitée et axée sur le problème, parfois connue sous le nom de « heure de 20 minutes », peut être utilisée pour évaluer et prendre en charge les préoccupations d'ordre sexuel de façon efficace, sans perturber l'horaire du bureau. (II-3)
21. L'approche PLISSIT (permission [permission], limited information [renseignements limités], specific suggestions [suggestions précises], intensive therapy [thérapie intensive]) peut être utilisée pour déterminer le degré d'intervention requis. (II-3)
22. La participation du ou de la partenaire peut souvent mener à l'amélioration des issues dans le cadre de la prise en charge des préoccupations d'ordre sexuel. (II-3)
Recommandations
22. Tous les fournisseurs de soins devraient considérer les questions de dépistage portant sur le bien-être sexuel comme faisant partie des normes de pratique. (II-3A)
23. Les fournisseurs de soins qui ne disposent pas de la confiance nécessaire à la mise en œuvre d'une approche biopsychosociale, en matière de counseling portant sur des préoccupations d'ordre sexuel, devraient chercher à obtenir une formation complémentaire. (III-B)
24. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient, lorsque cela s'avère sûr et approprié, solliciter la participation du ou de la partenaire de la patiente à l'évaluation et à la prise en charge des préoccupations d'ordre sexuel. (III-A)
Chapitre 4 : Problèmes de santé affectant la sexualité chez la femme Déclarations sommaires
23. Malgré les nombreux types de chirurgies gynécologiques, notre compréhension des modifications physiologiques sexuelles postopératoires et de leurs effets subséquents sur la fonction sexuelle n'est, au mieux, que rudimentaire. (II-2)
24. Les fournisseurs de soins se doivent de tenir compte des effets que peuvent exercer les composantes physiques et psychologiques du cancer sur la sexualité. La douleur associée à la maladie et/ou le traitement peuvent inhiber la libido; de plus, la maladie et/ou le traitement peuvent rendre les activités sexuelles douloureuses. (III)
25. Les maladies médicales et leurs traitements peuvent exercer des effets sur la sexualité de la patiente et sur celle de son ou de sa partenaire. (II-3)
26. Les maladies chroniques peuvent être à l'origine de modifications physiques et affectives pouvant affecter la sexualité chez la femme. (II-3)
Recommandations
25. Bien que les chirurgies visant des troubles gynécologiques bénins améliorent la fonction sexuelle chez la majorité des femmes, les fournisseurs de soins devraient toutefois aviser leurs patientes que ces chirurgies pourraient en venir à exercer des effets nuisibles sur la sexualité chez un groupe restreint d'entre elles. (II-2A)
26. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient solliciter la participation du ou de la partenaire de la patiente à la résolution des problèmes de nature sexuelle, en mettant l'accent sur des adaptations sexuelles de base (c.-à-d. la chronologie, le positionnement, la lubrification et les relations non coïtales). (III-A)
27. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient tenir compte des implications des troubles médicaux et de leurs traitements en ce qui concerne la sexualité de leurs patientes. (II-3A)
28. Les cliniciens offrant des soins aux femmes qui présentent des maladies chroniques devraient intégrer des renseignements sur les soins sexuels à leurs traitements médicaux. (II-3A)
Chapitre 5 : Douleur coïtale Déclarations sommaires
27. La douleur coïtale est courante et susceptible d'exercer un effet négatif sur la fonction sexuelle chez la femme. (II)
28. Des lésions visibles, visibles de façon intermittente ou non visibles peuvent donner lieu à de la douleur vulvaire. (III)
Recommandations
29. La tenue répétée d'examens rigoureux et la formulation d'une anamnèse ciblée en fonction d'un diagnostic différentiel plausible devraient être prises en considération dans le diagnostic des syndromes de douleur vulvaire. (III-B)
30. Les femmes qui se plaignent de douleur vulvaire devraient être avisées d'éviter les irritants et se voir offrir un traitement symptomatique. (III-A)
31. Un traitement dirigé et empirique devrait être offert lorsque la présence d'un diagnostic particulier est soupçonnée. (III-B)
Chapitre 6 : Troubles affectant la libido Déclarations sommaires
29. La baisse de la libido s'accompagnant de détresse (anaphrodisie) est grandement fréquente; on la constate le plus souvent à partir de la quarantaine. (II-1)
30. La mise en œuvre d'un traitement visant des problèmes médicaux, psychologiques et relationnels, le fait de chercher à résoudre des problèmes socioculturels et l'offre d'une androgénothérapie, au besoin, peuvent être efficaces pour aider les femmes et leurs partenaires à trouver une solution à la baisse de la libido. (I)
31. La baisse de la libido occasionnant des difficultés chez la femme est contextuelle, ce qui doit être pris en considération au moment de planifier le traitement. La qualité du lien unissant la patiente à son ou à sa partenaire et sa santé psychologique et physique sont plus étroitement liées à la libido que les œstrogènes et la testostérone. (II-2)
Recommandations
32. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient offrir à leurs patientes l'occasion de discuter de leurs préoccupations d'ordre sexuel aux débuts du processus thérapeutique. (III-A)
33. Les fournisseurs de soins devraient envisager d'offrir des soins à leurs patientes qui connaissent une baisse de la libido plutôt que de les orienter vers d'autres services, et ce, même s'ils nécessitent l'aide d'une équipe interdisciplinaire pour y parvenir. (III-A)
34. Des études bien conçues et disposant d'une puissance statistique adéquate devraient être menées pour évaluer les avantages pour la santé et les risques à long terme des androgénothérapies offertes aux femmes qui connaissent une baisse de la libido. (III-L)
This chapter introduces and defines sexually harmful behavior versus typical sexual development, as exploration and experimentation can be a very natural part of sexual development. Several different theories of sexual offending are examined and two are specifically highlighted as the most relevant theories for school based practitioners. This chapter is meant to elucidate a conceptual understanding of sexually harmful youth from a theoretical base.
Objective: To establish national guidelines for the assessment of women's sexual health concerns and the provision of sexual heath care for women. Evidence: Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from May to October 2010, using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., sexuality, "sexual dysfunction," "physiological," dyspareunia) and key words (e.g., sexual dysfunction, sex therapy, anorgasmia). Results were restricted, where possible, to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to December 2010. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessmentrelated agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. Each article was screened for relevance and the full text acquired if determined to be relevant. The evidence obtained was reviewed and evaluated by the members of the Expert Workgroup established by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Values: The quality of evidence was evaluated and recommendations made using the criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1).
21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook provides a concise forum through which the vast array of knowledge accumulated, particularly during the past three decades, can be organized into a single definitive resource. The two volumes of this Reference Handbook focus on the corpus of knowledge garnered in traditional areas of sociological inquiry, as well as document the general orientation of the newer and currently emerging areas of sociological inquiry.
Introduction. This article presents issues connected with sexual development of men in early adulthood. The special emphasis was placed on the description of a family as a source of sexual development, on behaviour in adolescence and on explanation of the influence of these factors on present sexual life. The results of the research illustrating the frequency and the course of the essential occurrences in the sexual development of the examined men were also presented in the article. Material and methods. In order to verify the assumption of the research, the anonymous questionnaire method was conducted. Only the results which are statically relevant were chosen to be published in this study. The research group consisted on 123 men in early adulthood, aged 19-34. Results and conclusions. The results of the research indicate the absence of a direct relation between an influence of parents in the sphere of sexual development and investigated forms of sexual activity in early adulthood. The majority of the examined men originate from families, in which there was a disinformation in the area of sexuality. There is a possibility that the studied men sought for patterns of identification outside the family. The conclusion is that between the family - influences and sexual life in adulthood, there is an intermediary variable in the form of occurrences in the period of adolescence. Masturbation plays a particular role in this process. The results of the research not only point at the significance of education in sexual development but also confirm both present opinions about transformations taking place in the frames of the institution of marriage and family, together with the views relating to the preference of extramarital forms of life based on the partnership among young men.
This chapter examines the relationship between mental health and sexuality in humans. It considers sexual development and the psychosomatic interface between psychological processes and physiological sexual response. The chapter outlines how mental illnesses can affect sexuality and detailed specific disorders of sexuality. There are many possible ways for sexual experiences to influence our mental health, but two issues have received particular attention in recent years, homosexuality and child sexual abuse (CSA). The emergence of a homosexual identity during adolescence often leads to vulnerability in personality development. There have been various explanations for the adverse effects of CSA, although most are based on the idea that CSA is sufficiently traumatic that the adverse effects are long lasting. The interface between gender and sexuality is well illustrated by the range of gender identity problems which confront the psychiatrist.
Men's Sexual Health is a breakthrough book about vital and satisfying male sexuality. It presents a new model of male and couple sexuality, which establishes positive, realistic expectations of pleasure and satisfaction, as opposed to the self-defeating traditional demand for perfect intercourse performance. Men and couples who adopt this approach will enjoy sexuality throughout the lifespan. The authors introduce the new "smart thinking," focused on an integration of mind and body, which confronts the myths and misunderstandings which limit male sexual growth. The book will help men and women understand how to pursue sexual and relational health, overcome sexual problems, with the goal of greater acceptance and satisfaction. The book advocates for positive, realistic Good-Enough Sex which will significantly enhance male and couple sexual satisfaction.
Sexual development progresses throughout early childhood and into adolescence. This chapter addresses sexual knowledge and behavior in prepubescent children. Puberty onset and theories on earlier onset are described for context. Research on sexual knowledge and behavior, including sex play, in prepubescent children is reviewed. Cultural context and the influence of media are reviewed, as are special topics of premature and precocious puberty and gender identity.
The role of androgens in the sexual differentiation of male and female anatomical development is relatively clear. The evidence for a role for androgens in the masculin-ization of certain aspects of behavior is persuasive. Androgenic activation of sexual behavior, the subject of this chapter, is relatively clear for males, but much less clear for females. However, the idea that testosterone (T) is the “libido hormone” for women as well as men has been around for some time. There has been an upsurge of interest in the role of androgens in women’s sexuality in the last 2–3 yr, particularly in the United States, fueled by the recent availability of new methods of testosterone administration to women. A careful, critical review of the literature is therefore timely. The male will be considered first, with some consideration of key issues at the end of that section. The evidence on the female will then be reviewed, together with a discussion of the key issues in that field. Finally, androgen effects in males and females will be compared and contrasted, and a number of theoretical and explanatory mechanisms proposed.
Materiał i metody. W celu zweryfikowania założeń badawczych przeprowadzono anonimowe badania kwestionariuszowe. Do publikacji wybrano wyniki, które okazały się istotne statystycznie. Grupę badaną stanowiło 123 mężczyzn w wieku wczesnej dorosłości (19-34 lat). Wyniki i wnioski. Wyniki i wnioski. Wyniki i wnioski. Wyniki i wnioski. Wyniki i wnioski. Wyniki badań wskazują na brak bezpośredniego związku między oddziaływaniami ze strony rodziców w sferze rozwoju psychoseksualnego a badanymi formami aktywności seksualnej w okre- sie wczesnej dorosłości. Wśród badanych mężczyzn dominują osoby pochodzące z rodzin, w których do- chodziło do dezinformacji w obszarze funkcjonowania psychoseksualnego. Dlatego też istnieje możliwość, że badani poszukiwali wzorców do identyfikacji na zewnątrz systemu rodzinnego. Stąd wniosek, że pomię- dzy oddziaływaniami rodzinnymi a przejawami seksualności w życiu dorosłym rolę zmiennych pośredni- czących mogą odgrywać zjawiska zachodzące w okresie dorastania. Szczególne znaczenie ma tu mastur- bacja. Wyniki badań wskazują także na znaczącą rolę wykształcenia w rozwoju seksualności młodych mężczyzn. Badania potwierdzają również współczesne poglądy na temat przemian zachodzących w ra- mach instytucji małżeństwa i rodziny oraz na temat preferowania pozamałżeńskich form życia partner- skiego wśród młodych mężczyzn. Abstract Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. This article presents issues connected with sexual development of men in early adulthood. The special emphasis was placed on the description of a family as a source of sexual development, on behavio- ur in adolescence and on explanation of the influence of these factors on present sexual life. The results of the research illustrating the frequency and the course of the essential occurrences in the sexual development of the examined men were also presented in the article. Material and methods. Material and methods. Material and methods. Material and methods. Material and methods. In order to verify the assumption of the research, the anonymous questionnaire method was conducted. Only the results which are statically relevant were chosen to be published in this study. The research group consisted on 123 men in early adulthood, aged 19-34. Results and conclusions. Results and conclusions. Results and conclusions. Results and conclusions. Results and conclusions. The results of the research indicate the absence of a direct relation between an influence of parents in the sphere of sexual development and investigated forms of sexual activity in early adulthood. The majority of the examined men originate from families, in which there was a disinformation in the area of sexuality. There is a possibility that the studied men sought for patterns of identification outside
Our study provides evidence that the phenomenon of “sexual revictimization”
should be re-conceptualized as: having sex more
often—especially risky sex—simply increases the odds of encountering
a partner who coerces sex. Retrospective data entered anonymously
by 1502 women using computer-assisted self-interview
supported the idea that repeatedly engaging in voluntary sexual
behaviors despite having experienced coerced sex eventually leads
to a re-occurrence before age 18. The score on the Hypersexuality
and Risky Sexual Behavior Scale was the best single predictor of a
participant becoming the victim of coerced sex after she reached
adulthood and also the best predictor for her endorsing being sexually
addicted. The most powerful predictors for the score on the
Hypersexuality and Risky Sexual Behavior Scale were measures of engaging in masturbation and voluntary sex with partners before reaching age 18.
Masturbation is a common sexual practice with significant variations in reported incidence between men and women. The goal of this study was to explore (a) the age at initiation and frequency of masturbation, (b) the associations of masturbation with diverse variables, (c) the reported reasons for masturbating and associated emotions, and (d) the relation between frequency of masturbation and different sexual behavioral factors. Participants were 3,687 women who completed a web-based survey of previously pilot-tested items. The results reveal a high reported incidence of masturbation practices among this convenience sample of women. Among the women in this sample, 91% indicated that they had masturbated at some point in their lives, and 29.3% reported having masturbated within the past month. Masturbation behavior appears to be related to a greater sexual repertoire, more sexual fantasies, and greater reported ease in reaching sexual arousal and orgasm. Women reported many reasons for masturbation and a variety of direct and indirect techniques. A minority of women reported feeling shame and guilt associated with masturbation. Early masturbation experience might be beneficial to sexual arousal and orgasm in adulthood. Further, this study demonstrates that masturbation is a positive component in the structuring of female sexuality.
In dit hoofdstuk beschrijven we seksuele ontwikkeling vanuit een (contextueel) levensloopperspectief. Dit perspectief kent
de volgende uitgangspunten:
–
ontwikkeling is levenslang;
–
ontwikkeling is contextgebonden;
–
ontwikkeling is plastisch;
–
ontwikkeling is multi-directioneel;
–
ontwikkeling is multi-dimensioneel;
–
de studie van de ontwikkeling is multidisciplinair.
Research on masturbation has indicated that, contrary to traditional beliefs, masturbation has been found to be a common sexual behavior and linked to indicators of sexual health. While there are no general indicators of ill health associated with masturbation, it can be powerfully negative or positive for many individuals. As an example, it is widely used in sex therapy as a means of improving the sexual health of the individual and/or relationship. Promoting masturbation as a means of a public health strategy for sexual health is highly controversial; however, there are arguments and evidence that suggest that this may be an important part of any public health approach to improving sexual health. There is a need for more research on the impact of masturbation on self-esteem, body image, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction and methods for using masturbation to promote sexual health. There is also a need for more of a theoretical approach to the formation of hypotheses to be tested.
Studies of childhood sexuality are scarce and often focus on sexual abuse. In this review, an attempt is made to establish what is known, from empirical studies, about sexual behaviors (solitary and interpersonal) and feelings in pre-pubertal boys and girls. In addition, the research methods used will be described and evaluated. The findings of this review can be used to guide future research. In the conclusions, knowledge gaps with respect to sexual behavior and development of children are identified and advantages and disadvantages of different research methods to study childhood sexuality are discussed.
To assess masturbation prevalence, frequency, and associations with partnered sexual behaviors.
Cross-sectional survey.
The United States of America.
Nationally representative samples of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years.
Solo masturbation, partnered sexual behaviors, and condom use.
Across age groups, more males (73.8%) reported masturbation than females (48.1%). Among males, masturbation occurrence increased with age: at age 14 years, 62.6% of males reported at least 1 prior occurrence, whereas 80% of 17-year-old males reported ever having masturbated. Recent masturbation also increased with age in males: 67.6% of 17-year-olds reported masturbation in the past month, compared with 42.9% of 14-year-olds. In females, prior masturbation increased with age (58% at age 17 years compared with 43.3% at age 14 years), but recent masturbation did not. Masturbation was associated with numerous partnered sexual behaviors in both males and females. In males, masturbation was associated with condom use, but in females it was not.
Sexual development is a dynamic process during adolescence, and masturbation is an enduring component of sexuality. Fundamental differences appear to exist between male and female sexual expression. Health care providers should recognize that many teens masturbate and discuss masturbation with patients because masturbation is integral to normal sexual development.
During the 20th century there were clear indications that the socio-cultural suppression of women's sexuality had lessened, revealing a marked variability of women's sexual expression. In this article we review the recent literature to explore explanations for this variability. It is clear that we know little about the nature of sexual desire, and in particular, what it is that is desired. There is also now substantial evidence that vaginal response, as measured by vaginal pulse amplitude, is a relatively automatic response to perception of sexual stimuli, regardless of whether these stimuli are perceived positively or result in subjective arousal. This is considered as a possible mechanism that allows vaginal intercourse without pain, even when the woman is not sexually aroused. The roles of androgens and estrogen in women's sexuality remain uncertain. The evidence is, however, consistent with there being a testosterone-dependent component of women's sexuality that is more important for some women than others. Finally, a new theoretical model is presented that aims to resolve these uncertainties and that proposes different types of women's sexuality. Once we have a better understanding of "normal" female sexuality, in its various forms, our ability to develop effective treatments for women's sexual problems should improve.
Children exhibiting sexual behavior have increasingly gained the attention of child welfare and mental health systems, as well as the scientific community. While a heterogeneous group, children with sexual behavior problems consistently demonstrate a number of problems related to adjustment and overall development. In order to appropriately intervene with these children, a comprehensive understanding of etiology is imperative. The overarching goal of the present paper is to review the extant research on mechanisms associated with the development of problematic sexual behavior in childhood within a developmental psychopathology framework. What is known about normative and nonnormative sexual behavior in childhood is reviewed, highlighting definitional challenges and age-related developmental differences. Further, the relationship between child sexual abuse and child sexual behavior problems is discussed, drawing attention to factors impacting this relationship. Risk factors for child sexual behavior problems, beyond that of sexual abuse, are also reviewed utilizing a transactional-ecological framework. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of implications of a developmental psychopathology perspective on problematic child sexual behaviors to inform future research and intervention efforts. Such implications include the need for attention to normative childhood sexual behavior, developmental sensitivity, and examinations of ecological domain in concert.
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