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XV. International Conference
of Historical
Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
Book
of Abstracts
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Editors: Pavel Chromý, Zdeněk Kučera, Leoš Jeleček, Dana Fialová
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science
Department of Social Geography and Regional Development
Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czechia, http://www.natur.cuni.cz
Department head: Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Dušan Drbohlav, CSc.
The Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Prosecká 76, 190 00 Praha 9, Czechia, http://hiu.cas.cz
Director: Prof. PhDr. Eva Semotanová, DrSc.
Czech Geographical Society
http://www.geography.cz
President: Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Tadeusz Siwek, CSc.
Publishing of this Book of Abstracts has been supported by the grant project of the Grant
Agency of the Czech Republic No. P410/12/G113 Historical Geography Research Centre
http://www.ichg2012.cz
e-mail: zdenek.kucera@natur.cuni.cz
Typesetter: Lukáš Doležel
Printed by: JPM tisk s.r.o.
ISBN 978-80-904521-8-3
© Czech Geographical Society, 2012
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 1
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
EDITORIAL
With a great pleasure and on behalf of Local Organising Committee of the ICHG 2012 I am
submitting to the scholar community this set of abstracts of panels, round tables, papers
and posters, which will be delivered by the participors of the XV. International Conference
of Historical Geographers taking place in Prague, Czechia, August 6–10, 2012. The set
contains 341 contributions. These contributions have been selected by the Scientifi c
Advisory Board of the conference.
I am convinced that the presented set of abstracts will provide readers with valuable imagery
of methodological and topical orientation in the fi eld of historical geography, its sources
and inspirations in all over the world.
I wish all participants of ICHG 2012 to enjoy their stay in Prague and I fi rmly hope that
the conference discussions will be above all an inspiring contribution to their research.
Pavel Chromý
ICHG 2012 LOC chair
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2 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
THE CONFERENCE IS ORGANIZED UNDER
THE AUSPICES OF
Prof. Dr. Václav Hampl
Rector of Charles University in Prague
Prof. Ing. Dr. Jiří Drahoš
President of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Siwek
President of the Czech Geographical Society
Prof. Dr. Bohuslav Gaš
Dean of the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague
Dr. Tomáš Hudeček
The 1st Deputy Mayor of Prague
Mgr. Jana Černochová
Mayoress of the Prague 2
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
Prof. Dr. Andreas Dix (chairman)
University of Bamberg, Germany
Prof. Felix Driver
Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
Prof. Michael Jones
University of Trondheim, Norway
Dr. Hans Renes
University of Utrecht, Netherlands
Dr. Mimi Urbanc
Scientifi c Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Prof. Dr. Gordon M. Winder
Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 3
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Dr. Pavel Chromý (chairman)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography
and Regional Development
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Leoš Jeleček (vice-chairman)
Head of the Section for Historical Geography and Environmental History,
Czech Geographical Society
Dr. Zdeněk Kučera (secretary)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography
and Regional Development
Prof. Dr. Eva Semotanová
Director of the Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
head of the Commission for Historical Geography
Assoc. Prof. Ivan Bičík
IGU-LUCC Commission chair
Prof. Dr. Rudolf Brázdil
Masaryk University, Institute of Geography, Brno
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dušan Drbohlav
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography
and Regional Development, department head
Dr. Dana Fialová
Charles University in Prague, Czech Geographical Society
Mgr. Eva Chodějovská
The Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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4 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
CONTENT
EDITORIAL 1
I. PANEL SESSIONS
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF SCIENCE 23–25
GEOGRAPHICAL PHOTOGRAPHY 26–28
GETTING HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY ACROSS 29–32
EXTENDING ‘AMERICA’: 33–35
CRITICAL HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF EMPIRE AND DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE LIGURIAN APENNINES 36–38
LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN TRANSITION: 39–42
CASE OF THE BORDERLAND BETWEEN SWEDEN/FINLAND AND RUSSIA
FROM THE 17TH TO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES AND COMMUNICATION 43–46
RE-EVALUATING MIGRATION MODELS IN THE LIGHT OF BROAD SCALE 47–50
TRANSATLANTIC RECORD LINKAGE
MOBILE NATURES: MOBILE IDEAS 51–53
HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS AND SOCIAL ADAPTATIONS 55–57
GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION: 58–60
INVESTIGATING THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF A CONNECTION I:
GEOGRAPHY IN THE SERVICE OF RELIGION
GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION: 61–63
INVESTIGATING THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF A CONNECTION II:
CONFESSIONAL DIVIDES AND CONFLICTUAL GEOGRAPHIES
GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION: 64–66
INVESTIGATING THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF A CONNECTION III:
RELIGION, ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORICAL REGIONS
GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION: 67–69
INVESTIGATING THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF A CONNECTION IV:
GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 70–72
MEDIEVAL SOURCES
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 73–75
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 5
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 76–78
EARLY INSTRUMENTAL RECORDS I
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 79–81
EARLY INSTRUMENTAL RECORDS II – CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS I
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 82–84
CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS II
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 85–87
CLIMATE RECONSTRUCIONS III
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 88–90
STORMS AND STRONG WINDS
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 91–93
DROUGHTS AND FLOODS I
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 94–96
DROUGHTS AND FLOODS II
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 97–99
CLIMATE AND SOCIETY I
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 100–102
CLIMATE AND SOCIETY II
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 103–105
CLIMATE AND SOCIETY III
HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE HISTORY: 106–108
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY
II. ROUNDTABLES
CHGIS AND THE STUDY OF CHINESE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY 109
USING GIS IN REWRITING THE TERRITORIAL HISTORY OF EUROPE 110
III. INDIVIDUAL PAPERS
Mika ABE 111
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSCAPE REPRESENTATION AND THE WAY
OF THINKING ABOUT LANDSCAPES FROM ANALYSING THE WORK OF HIROSHIGE
UTAGAWA
Andrzej AFFEK 111
LAND USE DYNAMICS IN THE MARGINAL HILLY LANDSCAPE OVER THE LAST 230
YEARS (A CASE STUDY OF FORMER POLISH – UKRAINIAN ETHNIC BORDERLAND)
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6 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Miguel AGUILAR-ROBLEDO, Valente VÁZQUEZ-SOLÍS 112
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY IN MEXICO FROM THE MID-20th CENTURY TO 2010
Takashi AMIJIMA 113
CONTINUOUS REINVENTION OF THE MODERN INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION:
THE CASE OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT IN OSAKA, JAPAN,
1868–1914
Jie-sheng AN 113
THE GREAT CANAL AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM OF CULTURAL
LANDSCAPES AT JIANG-NAN REGION IN ANCIENT CHINA
Timothy G. ANDERSON 114
ORGANIZED HABSBURG COLONIZATION IN THE ROMANIAN BANAT, 1718–1787:
THE PLANNED RECTILINEAR VILLAGES OF THE “DONAUSCHWABEN”
Alessandro ANTONELLO 115
COMPETING GEOGRAPHIES OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN, 1968−1980
Miyo ARAMATA 115
COLONIAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM: RESTRUCTURING MEMORIES OF FRENCH
RULE IN CASABLANCA
Angela ASHWORTH 116
VOICES FROM THE PERIPHERY: THE NEWFOUNDLAND NOVEL AS NATION BUILDER
Gregory J. ASHWORTH 116
WHAT DO YOU DO WITH A WORLD HERITAGE SITE THAT NOBODY WANTS?
PARAMARIBO, SURINAME
José Antonio ÁVALOS-LOZANO, Miguel AGUILAR-ROBLEDO, 117
Pedro MEDELLÍN-MILÁN, Juan Carlos RODRÍGUEZ-ORTÍZ
INDUSTRIAL METABOLISM AND LANDSCAPE (TRANS)FORMATION IN THE MINING
DISTRICT OF CATORCE, NORTHERN SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, NEW SPAIN/MEXICO,
1772–1827
Maoz AZARYAHU, Arnon GOLAN 118
RENAMING THE COLONIAL PAST IN POST-INDEPENDENCE ISRAEL
Alan BAKER 118
HAIL AS HAZARD: CHANGING ATTITUDES TO PROTECTING CROPS AGAINST HAIL
DAMAGE IN FRANCE 1815−1914
Yaron Jørgen BALSLEV 119
THE POLLUTION AND PURIFICATION OF TEL AVIV SEA SHORE, 1909–1982
Joanna BARNARD 119
THE CHALLENGE OF BERIBERI: EXAMINING PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN COLONIAL
BURMA
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 7
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
Teresa BATISTA, José Manuel DE MASCARENHAS, Paula MENDES 120
RELATIONS BETWEEN ÉVORA OLD CADASTRAL NETWORKS AND ACTUAL
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE
Stephen BELL 121
INVISIBLE RESEARCH: HENRY BRUMAN’S WORK ON BRAZILIAN COLONIZATION
Yossi BEN-ARTZI 121
AN ISLAND OF HOPE – JEWISH RURAL SETTLEMENT IN CYPRUS, 1882–1935
Oliver BENDER 122
A GIS METHODOLOGY FOR HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHANGE ANALYSIS IN CENTRAL
EUROPE
Santa BENEŽA, Ineta GRĪNE, Ivars STRAUTNIEKS 122
THE IMPACT OF A FORMER BOMBING RANGE ON SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE
IN ZVĀRDE PARISH (LATVIA)
Mojmír BENŽA, Dagmar KUSENDOVÁ, Juraj MAJO, Milena SOKOLOVÁ 123
HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL PRECONDITIONS FOR TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION
FORMATION OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH IN SLOVAKIA IN 1919
Ivan BIČÍK et al. 123
LONG-TERM LAND USE CHANGES: CASE STUDY CZECHIA 1845–2010
Gideon BIGER 125
AN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY MODEL OF THE RELATION BETWEEN NATIONS
AND INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES
Jan D. BLÁHA 125
MANIFESTATIONS OF CULTURE IN EARLY MAPS
Ionel BOAMFĂ, Raluca-Ioana HORIA-ŞERBAN, Gabriel CAMARĂ, Iosif CAMARĂ 126
FEATURES OF THE PASTORAL ACTIVITIES IN THE EUROPEAN ROMANIC SPACE
AS REFLECTED BY ANTROPONOMY
Madeleine BONOW, Tiina PEIL 126
HISTORICAL AQUACULTURE IN SWEDEN AND ESTONIA IN THE 17th
TO 19th CENTURIES
Barbara BOŻĘTKA 127
MANOR ENSEMBLES IN POLAND AFTER 1944. COMPLEXITY OF CHANGES
OF THE RURAL LANDSCAPE
Elizabeth BRABEC, Kristina MOLNAROVA 127
ANALYZING CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: A MULTIPLE METHODS APPROACH
Philip BROWN 128
THE GREAT TOCHIO FLOOD OF 1926: LIMITS TO MODERNIZATION IN FLOOD
AMELIORATION IN JAPAN
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8 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Dariusz BRYKALA, Zbigniew PODGORSKI, Lukasz SARNOWSKI 129
WIND AND WATER POWER UTILIZATION DURING THE LAST 200 YEARS IN THE AREA
OF THE KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE REGION (POLAND)
Dariusz BRYKALA, Marina TSVETKOVA, Alexander TSVETKOV 129
WATERMILLS AS MAIN ELEMENT OF SMALL RIVERS DEVELOPMENT – EXAMPLES
FROM POLAND AND RUSSIA
Robin BUTLIN 130
REFLECTIONS ON THE ORIGINS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIALIST
RESEARCH GROUP: THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH GROUP
OF THE INSTITUTE OF BRITISH GEOGRAPHERS/ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
C. 1960−2000
Constantin CANAVAS 131
QANĀT, KĀRĪZ (KĀHREZ), KĂNÉRJĬNG: REVISITING THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
OF A SURVIVAL TECHNOLOGY
Thomas S. CARHART 131
REAL-ESTATE NATIONALIZATION DURING THE PERIOD OF THE GERMAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND POST REUNION RESTITUTION IN SELECTED PRE-1949
URBAN HISTORICAL DISTRICTS IN THURINGIA AND SAXONY
Thomas CARTER 132
MUSEUMS AND ENGLISHNESS: THE MUSEUM OF BRITISH HISTORY 1996–1999
Alessandra Izabel de CARVALHO 133
ARAUCARIA FOREST: DEFORESTATION AND CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION IN THE
STATE OF PARANÁ – SOUTHERN BRAZIL
John CHAPMAN 133
WINNERS AND LOSERS: WHO GAINED FROM LAND AUCTIONS AT PARLIAMENTARY
ENCLOSURES IN ENGLAND?
Suzuki CHIHEI 134
FROM PROTECTION TO UTILIZATION: THE EFFICIENCY OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
PROTECTION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL POLICY
Pavel CHROMÝ 134
CHANGING REGIONS, CHANGING IDENTITIES: CZECHIA DURING THE 20th CENTURY
Olga CHUVORKINA 135
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE REGIONAL SCHOOLS OF ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE IN FRANCE
Shaphan COX 136
WHO DECIDES ON HERITAGE? THE POLITICS OF RE-IMAGINING VICTORIA QUAY,
FREMANTLE, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 9
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
Florina COZEA, Armela-Linda RAHOVAN, Adina-Maria PUŞCAŞU, 136
Leonard BRUCKNER
THE HISTORICAL CITY EVOLUTION: BETWEEN KEEPING THE HISTORICAL IDENTITY
AND ADAPTING TO THE XXIth CENTURY SOCIETY DEMANDS. CASE STUDY CLUJ
NAPOCA CITY
Niall CUNNINGHAM 137
“FRIGHTFULLY HARD TO EXPLAIN…”: DEPRIVATION, RELIGIOUS GEOGRAPHY
AND POLITICAL DEATHS DURING THE NORTHERN IRELAND TROUBLES
Jaroslav DAVID 138
STREET NAMES – BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
James DAVIS, J. Matthew SHUMWAY 138
GOD FORSAKEN PLACES: LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE
INTERNMENT CAMPS
Jody F. DECKER 139
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INEXPEDIENT EVIDENCE:
CASES FROM HISTORICAL EPIDEMICS IN THE WESTERN INTERIOR OF CANADA
Dydia DELYSER, Paul GREENSTEIN 139
TATRA PREVAILS: TWO CONTINENTS, TWO WARS, AND TWO PEOPLE’S QUEST —
A RARE CAR’S RESTORATION GEOGRAPHY
Richard DENNIS 140
MORE HASTE, LESS SPEED: ON THE NATURE OF MOBILITY IN NINETEENTH
AND EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY LONDON
Branislav DJURDJEV, Ljubica IVANOVIC, Tanja ARMENSKI, 140
Rastislav STOJSAVLJEVIC
SEASONALITY OF MARRIAGES IN THE SAJKASKA REGION
Vedran DUANČIĆ 141
CONSTRUCTING YUGOSLAV CULTURAL SPACE, 1918−1941
Beverley DUGUID 141
A JAMAICAN ODYSSEY: NANCY PRINCE’S TRAVELS TO JAMAICA IN 1840
Lawrence ESTAVILLE 142
MYTHS AND MAPS: THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY CAJUNS
James FENNER 142
BRITISH SMALL CRAFT: THE CULTURAL GEOGRAPHIES OF A SCIENCE MUSEUM
DISPLAY
Weththige FERNANDO 143
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY IN SRI LANKA
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PUTTLAM DISTRICT
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10 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Dana FIALOVÁ, Jiří VÁGNER et al. 143
REGIONAL IDENTITY OF SECOND HOME TOURISTS IN PERIPHERAL AREAS
WITH DIFFERENT HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Dace FOGELE, Oļģerts NIKODEMUS 144
MANOR CENTRES IN THE NORTH VIDZEME (LATVIA) RURAL LANDSCAPE −
PAST AND PRESENT
Alexey FROLOV 145
THE GENERAL SURVEY OF THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES AS A SOURCE OF RUSSIAN
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY: THE MICRO-REGIONAL ASPECT
Stephan FUCHS 145
THE VALUE OF PLACE NAMES AS ETHNIC INDICATORS
Hirotsugu FUJITA 146
INTERPRETATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF THE GRAND MAP OF SAKAI
DATED 1689 IN THE EDO PERIOD
Emir GALILEE, Ruth KARK 146
BURIAL PATTERNS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN NEGEV BEDOUIN AND MONGOLIAN
SEDENTARIZING NOMADS
Anastasia GLEBOVA, Kirill CHISTYAKOV 147
THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE LANDSCAPES OF SOUTH SIBERIA
Haim GOREN, Bruno SCHELHAAS 148
PETERMANN’S PHYSICAL MAP OF PALESTINE. CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
OF SACRED LANDSCAPE
Róbert GYŐRI 148
COLONIZING THE SCIENCE − THE STALINIZATION OF HUNGARIAN GEOGRAPHY
1945−1960
Gaëlle HALLAIR 149
VISUALIZATION OF THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS IN THE NOTEBOOK
OF EMMANUEL DE MARTONNE (1911)
David HARVEY, Paul BRASSLEY, Matt LOBLEY, Michael WINTER 149
FARMERS FEEDING THE NATION: PROCESSES OF TECHNICAL CHANGE
AND AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION IN SOUTH WEST ENGLAND (1937–1985)
Tomáš HAVLÍČEK, Martina HUPKOVÁ 150
SECULARIZATION AND CHURCH PROPERTY: THE CASE OF CZECHIA
Michael HEFFERNAN 150
THE SCALE OF TWO CITIES: THE DISPUTE ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS
OF PARIS AND LONDON IN THE 1720s
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 11
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
Jake HODDER 151
TOWARDS A BLACK CHRISTIAN INTERNATIONALISM: AFRICAN AMERICANS
AND INDIA IN THE LIFE AND WORK OF WILLIAM STUART NELSON (1895−1977)
Göran HOPPE 151
POST-SOVIET LANDED PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT IN ESTONIA: MARKET EFFECTS
OR RETURN TO HERITAGE?
Dian Novia INDRIANTI 152
USING HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY TO IDENTIFY WESTERLING’S TRACES
FOR POTENTIAL DARK TOURISM IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Thierry ISSARTEL 153
POLITICAL THEOLOGY AND NOTIONS OF BORDER AND FRONTIER IN EARLY
MODERN EUROPE
Zita IZAKOVIČOVÁ 153
REPRESENTATIVE, RARE AND UNIQUE LANDSCAPE TYPES OF THE SLOVAKIA
Tomáš JANATA 155
RESEARCH ON HISTORICAL ENGRAVINGS OF BATTLEFIELDS USING METHODS
OF DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY
Vít JANČÁK, Pavel CHROMÝ, Tomáš HAVLÍČEK, Miroslav MARADA 155
SOCIETAL DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE PROCESS OF THE POLARIZATION
OF SPACE: THE INNER PERIPHERIES OF CZECHIA AND AUSTRIA IN THE INDUSTRIAL
AND POST-INDUSTRIAL ERAS
Petr JEHLIČKA, Matthew KURTZ 156
EVERYDAY RESISTANCE IN THE CZECH LANDSCAPE: THE WOODCRAFT CULTURE
FROM THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE TO THE COMMUNIST REGIME
Michael JONES 157
TYCHO BRAHE, JOHANNES KEPLER AND CARTOGRAPHY: THE PRAGUE
CONNECTION
Roy JONES, Joseph CHRISTENSEN 157
LOCAL HISTORY AND WORLD HERITAGE: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN SHARK
BAY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Heike JÖNS 158
ACADEMIC TRAVEL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN RESEARCH CULTURES
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 1885–1955
Kristofer JUPITER 158
REGULATED AND UNREGULATED STRIP-FIELD SYSTEMS IN CENTRAL SWEDEN
BEFORE THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION. DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION
OF ARABLE PARCELS USING CONCENTRIC CIRCLES IN GIS
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12 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Jan KABRDA 159
BEER? WINE! CHANGING AREA AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOP-GARDENS
AND VINEYARDS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC 1960–2010
Jan KALENDA 159
THEORIES OF EUROPEAN STATE-FORMATION: THE SEARCH FOR A NEW SYNTHESIS
Junichi KANZAKA 160
MANORIALIZATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC PRESSURE IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY
ENGLAND
Olof KARSVALL 160
THE ISLAND OF ÖLAND DURING THE 1600’s – A FAVOURABLE BUT EXPOSED
LOCATION IN THE BALTIC SEA
Hiroshi KAWAGUCHI 161
THREE PHASES OF THE SMALLPOX MORTALITY IN JAPAN IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Eun Jung KIM 162
RECONSTRUCTION OF PRIMITIVE LANDSCAPE OF ULLEUNG ISLAND IN 1882 BASED
ON THE INSPECTION DIARY BY MR. KYU WON RII
Akihiro KINDA 162
DISASTERS ON ANTIQUE MAPS IN JAPAN: EARTHQUAKE, LANDSLIDE AND FLOOD
Viktor KISHLJARUK 163
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
OF ANCIENT SOCIETY IN THE LOWER DNIESTER REGION
Marti KLEIN 163
TEMPORARY MOBILITY, TRAVEL NARRATIVES, AND THE “PULL” OF THE SEA
Tomáš KLIMEK 164
CHANGING MEDIEVAL ROAD NET AND IMPACT ON THE LANDSCAPE
Anne Kelly KNOWLES, Paul B. JASKOT 164
AUSCHWITZ HISTORICAL GIS: VISUALIZING THE ARCHIVE
Bo Nissen KNUDSEN 165
DIGDAG – A DIGITAL ATLAS OF THE DANISH HISTORICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE
GEOGRAPHY
En KO 165
LANDSCAPE AND IMPERIAL POWER: THE MODERN CHERRY BLOSSOM PARK
IN COLONIAL MANCHURIA (1906–1945)
Thomas KOLNBERGER 166
THE “TYRANNY OF THE LINE“: CITY PLANNING IN COLONIAL PHNOM PENH,
1860s – 1940s
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 13
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
Irina KONOVALOVA 166
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE 10th CENTURY: REPRESENTATION OF WORLD
EMPIRES IN ARAB GEOGRAPHY
Leszek KOZŁOWSKI 167
RE-READING BAVARIAN GEOGRAPHER. A QUESTION OF IDENTIFICATION
AND LOCALIZATION OF „POLISH” TRIBES IN DESCRIPTIO CIVITATUM ET REGIONUM
AD SEPTENTRIONALEM PLAGAM DANUBII
Georgios KRITIKOS 168
ATHENS AS A SPACE OF MIGRATION: MENTAL MAPS CREATED BY IMMIGRANTS
FROM THE EX-SOVIET UNION COUNTRIES
Zdeněk KUČERA 168
THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PERSISTENCE, DESTRUCTION AND CREATION:
THE ROLE OF SETTLEMENT DESERTION IN LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATIONS
IN CZECHIA’S RESETTLED BORDERLAND
Silvie KUČEROVÁ, Michal ŠIMÁNĚ 169
BIRTH AND DEATH OF CZECH ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS DURING THE 20th CENTURY
IN BORDER REGION – THE COMMON FEATURES OF TWO STAGES OF EVOLUTIONAL
CONTINUUM
Yamachika KUMIKO 169
A STUDY OF HILL FORTRESSES AND GRID PLANS IN ANCIENT JAPAN: THE CASE
OF DAZAIFU
Lucie KUPKOVÁ, Ivan BIČÍK et al. 170
170 YEARS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN CZECHIA IN THE LAND REGISTRY
Anaïs LAMESA, Aude Aylin de TAPIA 171
CAPPADOCIA FROM BYZANTINES TO OTTOMANS: LANDSCAPE AS A BASIS
FOR IDENTITY
Olga LAVRENOVA 172
NICHOLAS ROERICH’S MANCHURIAN EXPEDITION (1934–1935)
Keith D. LILLEY, Catherine PORTER, Christopher LLOYD 172
UNRAVELLING HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
CARTOGRAPHY: THE USES OF GIS IN QUANTIFYING AND COMPARING CHANGES
IN EUROPEAN MAPS AND MAP-MAKING, 1350−1600
Denis J. LINEHAN 173
BECOMING TROPICAL: PRODUCING GEOGRAPHIES OF ENCOUNTER IN 20th CENTURY
IRELAND
W. George LOVELL 173
THE ARCHIVE THAT NEVER WAS: STATE TERROR AND HISTORICAL MEMORY
IN GUATEMALA
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14 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Dorin LOZOVANU, Ionel MUNTELE 174
CRONO-SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN THE SOUTHERN
BESSARABIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES
Tamara LUKIĆ, Branislav DJURDJEV, Bojan DJERCAN, 175
Vanja DRAGIĆEVIĆ, Rastislav STOJSAVLJEVIĆ
THE SIZE AND AGE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY
Jian MA, Lin SUN 175
PENETRATING INTO THE CLOSED REGION: RESEARCH ON THE UPPER YANGTZE
EXPEDITION OF 1861
Peeter MAANDI 176
THE SPATIAL INTEGRATION OF CONFLICTING HISTORICAL LEGACIES.
ON THE INCLUSIVE ASPECT OF ESTONIA’S POST-SOVIET LAND REFORM
Phillip G. MACKINTOSH 176
THE FARMLIKE CITY? THE GLOBE, HISTORIOGRAPHY AND TORONTO, 1860−1900
Amrita MALHI 177
LAW AND POLITICS IN THE ‘BENIGHTED LANDS’: FRONTIERS OF COLONIALISM
ON THE MALAY PENINSULA
Bertie MANDELBLATT 178
SLAVE SUBSISTENCE AND FAMINE ON FRENCH CARIBBEAN PLANTATIONS,
1660−1700
Markéta MARKOVÁ 178
BORDERS IN THE MEDIEVAL CENTRAL EUROPE
Jean MARTIN 179
SOLDIERS FROM THE NORTH: THE ODD GEOGRAPHY OF CANADIAN MILITARY
DEPLOYMENT
José Manuel de MASCARENHAS, Filipe Themudo BARATA, Sofi a CAPELO 179
ESTIMATING THE HERITAGE VALUE OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: A COMPARATIVE
STUDY
Kent MATHEWSON 180
ÉLISÉE RECLUS AND FRIEDRICH RATZEL IN AND ON LATIN AMERICA: CONTRASTING
ACCOUNTS, CONFLICTING VISIONS
Václav MATOUŠEK 181
DEVELOPMENT OF SUMMER VILLAS AND RESORTS OF PRAGUE DURING
19th AND FIRST DECADES OF 20th CENTURY
Kaoru MATSUYAMA 181
LAND USE HISTORY OF THE SITE OF FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT:
FROM A MILITARY AIRFIELD TO THE NUCLEAR POWER STATION
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 15
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
Kent MCNEIL 182
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL BOUNDARIES FOR PRESENT-DAY INDIGENOUS
RIGHTS: A CANADIAN CASE STUDY
Robyn METCALFE 183
NINETEENTH CENTURY FOOD FLOW, VISUALIZED
Sarah Louise MILLAR 183
THE FROZEN DEEP: MEASUREMENT AND REPRESENTATION IN THE POLAR SEAS,
1810–1850
Tsunetoshi MIZOGUCHI 184
CHANGE OF PERIODIC MARKETS IN RURAL BANGLADESH, 1986–2011
Dinah MOLLOY 184
WILLIAM SCORESBY JR.: THE BENCHMARK FOR VALIDATING HISTORICAL ARCTIC
WHALING DATA FOR USE IN MODERN CLIMATE RESEARCH
Christian MONTÈS 185
THE SKYLINE AT STAKE: PLANNING REGULATION AND CIVIC IDEAL IN AMERICAN
STATE CAPITALS
Masato MORI 186
NATIONHOOD AND BIOPOLITICS IN THE POST WAR JAPAN
Karen M. MORIN 186
SPATIAL VIOLENCE: AN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF USP LEWISBURG
FROM MODERN TO LATE MODERN PRISON
Milena MOYZEOVÁ 187
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH TO THE HISTORIC LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES
IN SLOVAKIA
Satoshi MURAYAMA, Josef GRULICH 187
“INDUSTRIOUSNESS” IN SOUTH BOHEMIA AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR.
A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO “ORPHAN BOOKS”
Monica MUREŞAN 188
CRISIS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. CASE STUDY:
POST-COMMUNIST ROMANIA
Richard L. NOSTRAND 189
AMERICA’S CHANGING GEOGRAPHY
Aleš NOVÁČEK 189
DUALITY OF EUROPE: HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS DELIMITATION
Masaaki OKADA 190
TECHNOSCAPE – INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AS SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC HERITAGE
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16 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Samuel M. OTTERSTROM 190
ANALYZING THE MULTIGENERATIONAL MIGRATION OF EUROPEANS TO THE UNITED
STATES DURING THE 19th CENTURY
José Augusto PÁDUA 191
THE LOGIC OF DEFORESTATION IN BRAZIL: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Mhairi PATERSON 191
MATTERS OF STYLE AND SUBSTANCE: BRITISH REGIONAL LANDSCAPES
AND THE PLACE OF THE DRY-STONE WALL
Eric PAWSON 192
CREATING TASTE AT A DISTANCE: THE ‘HOME’ MARKET AND NEW ZEALAND FOOD
AND FIBRE EXPORTS BEFORE 1930
Tiina PEIL 192
CITY ON WATER: HARNESSING A RIVER IN TALLINN, ESTONIA
Jonnathan Stivel PÉREZ SANTAMARÍA 193
LOCAL TERRITORIAL AND REGIONAL SETTINGS, THROUGH POPULATION DYNAMICS
AND SETTLEMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF “EL COCUY”, AS A RESULT
OF VIOLENCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Hrvoje PETRIĆ 193
19th CENTURY LAND REGISTRY OF TODAY’S REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, A SOURCE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY
Janez PIRNAT 194
VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE FOREST LANDSCAPE ACCESSIBILITY OF KOČEVSKO,
SLOVENIA
Zbigniew PODGORSKI, Andrzej ZIELSKI, Dariusz BRYKALA 194
VERTICAL-WHEELED WATERMILLS IN TURZNICE (POLAND) IN THE LIGHT
OF DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES
Jiří POSLT 195
EMERGENCE OF THE CITY: ZLÍN 1900−1938
Armela-Linda RAHOVAN, Florina COZEA, Adina-Maria PUŞCAŞU, 195
Leonard BRUCKNER
THE 18th–19th CENTURY HOTELS FROM TRANSYLVANIA: RESOURCES OF TODAY’S
CULTURAL TOURISM
Sergei RASSKASOV 196
THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL IMAGE
Daniel REEVES, Tomáš HAVLÍČEK 196
THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF RELIGION IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN NATIONAL
IDENTITIES
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 17
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
María Sanjuana REYNA-ZAVALA, Valente VÁZQUEZ-SOLÍS, 197
Miguel AGUILAR-ROBLEDO
TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN THE GUADALCÁZAR MUNICIPALITY, SAN LUIS POTOSI,
MEXICO, 1613–2010
Hae Un RII 197
THE IMPORTANCE OF ULLEUNG ISLAND FOR THE PEOPLE IN CHOLLA PROVINCE
IN TERMS OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION
Iain ROBERTSON, Carl GRIFFIN 198
MORAL ECOLOGIES AND SOCIAL PROTEST
Michael ROCHE 198
SEEING SCENIC NEW ZEALAND: W.W. SMITH AND THE SCENERY PRESERVATION
COMMISSION 1904−1906
Kim ROSS 199
THE LOCATIONAL HISTORY OF LUNATIC ASYLUMS IN MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY
SCOTLAND, AS VIEWED THROUGH REPORTS FROM THE SCOTTISH LUNACY
COMMISSIONERS, 1857–1872
Stephen A. ROYLE 199
SETTING ‘OTHER NATIONS THE EXAMPLE OF OCCUPYING PLACES TO WHICH GREAT
BRITAIN HAS NO TITLE’: PORT HAMILTON, KOREA AS AN IMPERIAL OUTPOST,
1885–87
Markéta ŠANTRŮČKOVÁ 200
CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANDSCAPE PARKS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
AND ITS HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY
Emilia SARNO 200
THE FRENCH DECADE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF URBAN SPACE
IN THE ITALIAN SOUTH
Henk SCHMAL 201
CITY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORT: THE OPERATION OF A PRIVATE TRAMWAY
WITHIN THE POLITICAL CONTEXT OF AMSTERDAM
Martin SEGER 202
A HABSBURG-MONARCHY-ATLAS BY THE CENSUS 1910
Eva SEMOTANOVÁ 202
PRAGUE, THE CITY AND THE SPACE. FROM CONFINED TO THE OPEN
Adam SENETRA, Agnieszka SZCZEPAŃSKA 203
CHANGES IN POLAND’S SUBURBAN ZONES – THE EXAMPLE OF THE CAPITAL CITY
OF THE REGION OF WARMIA AND MAZURY
Tatyana SHESTOVA 204
THE CENTRES OF URBANIZATION ON THE MAP OF GLOBAL HISTORY
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18 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Gil Carlos SILVEIRA PORTO, Ralfo Edmundo da SILVA MATOS 204
BEYOND SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER: NOTES ON A NETWORK OF CITIES OF BAHIA –
BRAZIL - BETWEEN 1872 AND 1950
Mehmet SOMUNCU, Ashfaq Ahmad KHAN 205
RAISING AWARENESS FOR PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN HISTORIC
TOWNS AND CITIES OF TURKEY: A MODEL OF SAFRANBOLU HISTORICAL CITY
Eugene STEVELBERG 205
THE GEOMETRY OF GEOGRAPHY: THE UNIVERSALITY OF SPATIAL PERCEPTION
AND TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION
Mairi STEWART 206
NATURE AND SOCIETY AS COMPETING OR COMPLEMENTARY ENGINES
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE FORTH ESTUARY, SCOTLAND
Marc ST-HILAIRE 206
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBAN SOCIAL NETWORKS: FAMILIAL RESIDENTIAL
PROPINQUITY IN QUEBEC CITY, 1871–1911
Inese STŪRE 207
CROSS SECTION OF CULTURE BY STORM: THE CASE OF TWO BIGGEST STORMS
IN LATVIA
Robert SUMMERBY-MURRAY 208
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL MARSH: RE-INTERPRETING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
IN THE BAY OF FUNDY, CANADA
Grete SWENSEN 208
FROM MONUMENTS OF JUSTICE TO SITES OF ADVENTURE
Setsu TACHIBANA 209
CREATING MODERN HOMES AND GARDENS IN JAPAN: YAEZO HASHIMOTO’S
HORTICULTURAL CHALLENGES, ENTERPRISES AND DREAMS IN JAPANESE KANSAI-
AREA URBAN MODERNITY
Minna TANSKANEN 209
THE FUTURE OF THE UNDERPRODUCTIVE MIRE FIELDS IN FINLAND
Duncan TAYLOR 210
CIRCULATING TROPICAL NATURE
Nicola THOMAS, Doreen JAKOB 210
MODERNITY, CRAFTS AND GUILDED PRACTICES: LOCATING THE HISTORICAL
GEOGRAPHIES OF 20th CENTURY CRAFT ORGANIZATIONS
Sergey TKACHEV 211
THE AGRICULTURAL COLONIZATION OF THE SOUTH USSURI REGION (RUSSIA)
AND HOKKAIDO (JAPAN) FROM THE LATE 19th TO EARLY 20th CENTURIES
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 19
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
Clas TOLLIN 211
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR IMPACT ON SWEDEN’S AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE.
AN EXAMPLE FROM CENTRAL UPPLAND
Natalia TORMOSOVA 212
EVOLUTION OF NORTH RUSSIAN VOLOST. CASE STUDY OF KARGOPOL DISTRICT
Olga TRAPEZNIKOVA 213
WHAT DETERMINES CHANGES OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES, NATURE OR MAN?
Jun TSUCHIYA 213
JEWELRY INDUSTRIES IN BANGLADESH
Elizaveta M. TYUMENTSEVA 214
FORMATION HISTORY OF THE CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF STEPPE
ISLANDS IN SOUTHERN SIBERIA
Kazuhiro UESUGI 216
LANDSCAPE OF “RED-BRICKS”: COMMEMORATIONS OF NAVAL PORT CITIES IN JAPAN
Lisa VAN DE VELDE, Marc ANTROP, Veerle VAN EETVELDE 216
ASSESSING THE ACTUALITY OF HISTORICAL MAPS IN RURAL LANDSCAPES, CASE
STUDIES OF SETTLEMENTS IN BELGIUM
Andrés VÉLEZ-POSADA 217
THE VOLCANIC LANDSCAPE OF POZZUOLI: NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
AND GEOGRAPHICAL TRADITION IN RENAISSANCE CULTURE
Mirčeta VEMIĆ, Suzana LOVIĆ 217
OLD SERBIA (KOSOVO, METOHIJA AND ADJACENT AREAS) ON THE EUROPEAN MAPS
FROM 1513 TO 1918
James WALLIS 218
‘OH! WHAT A LOVELY EXHIBITION!’ EXPLORING THE IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM’S FIRST
WORLD WAR 50th ANNIVERSARY DISPLAYS, 1964–1968
Ute WARDENGA, Dirk HÄNSGEN 219
THE DIGITAL ATLAS OF GEOPOLITICAL IMAGINARIES IN EASTERN CENTRAL EUROPE
– AN INTERDISCIPLINARY WORK IN PROGRESS
Anders WÄSTFELT 219
LAND TENURE IN SWEDEN, THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN NORDIC USER RIGHTS
AND PROPERTY RIGHTS INHERITED FROM ROMAN LAW
Hiroka WATARAI 220
DAILY LIFE OF A TIMBER RAFTING FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN JAPAN
Ana Maria WEGMANN 220
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY: APPRECIATION OF A HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE. PIRQUE
DISTRICT, SANTIAGO DE CHILE
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20 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Que WEIMIN 221
ON PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION
Huang WENCHUAN 221
LANDSCAPE CHANGE, LOCAL PERSPECTIVES AND CULTURAL GOVERNANCE –
A CASE STUDY OF DONGSHAN RIVER IN TAIWAN
Philip WHALEN 222
THE GEOGRAPHY OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM IN MODERN BURGUNDY
Randy William WIDDIS 222
ABORIGINAL HERITAGE TOURISM AND “THE TOURIST GAZE”: THE CASE
OF WANUSKEWIN HERITAGE PARK
Matthias WINKLER 223
SYMBOLIC TOPOGRAPHIES OF AN URBAN REVOLUTION: THE CASES OF PRAGUE
AND PEST-BUDA 1848
Jiří WOITSCH 224
ETHNOGRAPHICAL ATLAS OF BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SILESIA – A RESEARCH
OVERVIEW
J. David WOOD 224
NEW WORLD CONSERVATION: AN INNOVATIVE RESPONSE TO MID-TWENTIETH
CENTURY ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES IN ONTARIO, CANADA
Aki YAMAMURA 225
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PORT TOWNS FROM MEDIEVAL TO EARLY MODERN
TIMES IN JAPAN
Hiroshi YAMANE 226
LOCAL INFLUENTIAL MERCHANT AS MAIN ACTOR IN THE MAKING OF MODERN
JAPANESE PORT, TSURUGA
Turgut YIGIT 226
AN ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF HITTITE PERIOD ROCK
MONUMENTS IN ANATOLIA WITH REGARDS TO HITTITE POLITICAL AND CULTURAL
HISTORY
Peiyao ZHANG, David W. WONG, Billy K. L. SO, Hui LIN 227
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES OF MEDICAL SERVICES IN REPUBLICAN BEIJING:
BETWEEN EAST AND WEST
Xiaohong ZHANG 227
THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND MISSION
BEYOND THE GREAT WALL IN NORTHERN CHINA
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 21
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
IV. POSTERS
Tereza BLAŽKOVÁ 229
HISTORICAL MAPS AS A SOURCE FOR LANDSCAPE ANTHROPOLOGY ON THE EXAMPLE
OF INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE
Geoffrey L. BUCKLEY, Ali WHITMER, J. Morgan GROVE 229
PARKS, TREES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: FIELD NOTES FROM WASHINGTON, DC, USA
Eva CHODĚJOVSKÁ 230
IMAGE OF THE 18th-CENTURY LANDSCAPE OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
THE 1st MILITARY SURVEY OF BOHEMIA AND ITS ON-LINE ACCESSIBLE SCIENTIFIC
EDITION
Ildiko CSERNUS-MOLNÁR, Andrea KISS 230
WEATHER-RELATED INFORMATION IN ANNUAL REPORTS OF COUNTY PHYSICIANS
IN LATE 18th CENTURY HUNGARY
Jan DANIEL, Jindřich FRAJER, Pavel KLAPKA, Petra SÁDOVSKÁ, 231
Michaela HRUDOVÁ
HOW THE VILLAGE BECAME THE TOWN. SPATIO-TEMPORAL TRANSFORMATIONS
OF THE POPULATION SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SUBURB OF THE FORTRESS
TOWN OF OLOMOUC (CZECH REPUBLIC)
Jan DOSTALÍK 231
GREEN IDEAS IN CZECHOSLOVAK LAND USE PLANNING: EXPLORING THEORIES
OF SPATIAL PLANNING WITH FOCUS ON 40s AND 60s
Jindřich FRAJER, Renata PAVELKOVÁ CHMELOVÁ, Jan GELETIČ 232
DEFUNCT PONDS IN MORAVIA AND SILESIA
Shogo HASEGAWA 232
ON ‘MEISHO’ (NOTED PLACES) IN KYOTO REPRESENTED IN GUIDEBOOKS IN MEIJI KYOTO
Andrea KISS 233
FLOODS IN THE MEDIEVAL CARPATHIAN BASIN
Jiří MARTÍNEK 234
WILHELM FRIEDRICH – FOUNDER OF CZECH HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY (?)
Gábor MÁTÉ 234
“FOOTPRINTS OF SOCIETY”. RESEARCH OF LAND USE DYNAMISM THROUGH
DEFINING DIRT-ROAD NETWORKS FROM THE MIDDLE AGES UP TO NOWADAYS −
A HUNGARIAN EXAMPLE
Eva NOVOTNÁ, Jan KALVODA 235
ANTONÍN STRNAD (1746–1799) – THE FIRST PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
AT CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE
M. F. NUNES, Maria J. ALCOFORADO, J. SANTOS 236
A NEW PROJECT ON HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY IN PORTUGAL
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22 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Nicholas ORSILLO 236
NATURE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION FROM A HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE – THE CASE OF THE LEDNICE-VALTICE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Pavel RAŠKA, Vilém ZÁBRANSKÝ 237
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE FOR HISTORICAL GEOMORPHIC RISKS IN THE CZECH
REPUBLIC
Linnéa ROWLATT 237
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Fernando SALAZAR-HOLGUÍN, Alberto GÓMEZ-GUTIÉRREZ 238
GEOÁTICO: VIRTUAL PLATFORM FOR INFORMATION ON SCIENTIFIC TRAVELS
Miloslav ŠERÝ, Petr ŠIMÁČEK 239
BORDERS AS A PART OF REGIONAL IDENTITY OF POPULATION LIVING WITHIN
TERRITORY WITH INTERRUPTED AND UNINTERRUPTED TRADITION
Michał SOBALA 239
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONINGS OF DISTRIBUTION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE’S
ELEMENTS IN WESTERN BESKID (POLISH CARPATHIANS)
Robert C. STOICULESCU, Mariana RADU, Alina E. HUZUI, 240
Ileana G. PATRU-STUPARIU
A HISTORY OF TERRITORIAL POLICY REFLECTED IN THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF LAND
COVER CHANGE COVERING 150 YEARS IN SOUTHERN ROMANIA
Rastislav STOJSAVLJEVIC, Branislav DJURDJEV, Bojan DJERCAN 240
CONSTRUCTION OF THE MEDIEVAL TOWN OF SMEDEREVO: 1428–1430
Taiko SUZUKI 241
AN OVERVIEW OF THE ‘COLORS IN LANDSCAPES’ STUDIES: ITS PROGRESS IN JAPAN
AND THE INPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
Mimi URBANC, Jerneja FRIDL, Marko JUVAN 242
SPACE OF SLOVENIAN LITERARY CULTURE. THE PERIOD 1780–1940
Sophie J. VISSER 242
SELECTIVE INFORMATION FROM HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHERS: THE CASE
OF THE DUTCH AREA OF PIKSEN
Aleš VYSKOČIL 243
NATIONALISM AND LANDSCAPE
Petr ŽABIČKA, Petr PŘIDAL, Milan KONEČNÝ, Eva NOVOTNÁ 243
TEMAP – TECHNOLOGY FOR DISCOVERING OF MAP COLLECTIONS
INDEX 245
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 23
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
I. PANEL SESSIONS
● Historical geographies of science
ORGANIZER: Simon Naylor
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ,
United Kingdom
CHAIR: Felix Driver
Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
The historical geography of science is a relatively new although already well-established and vibrant
fi eld of inquiry in the sub-discipline of historical geography. Since the 1990s an albeit small group
of historical geographers have contributed to and sometimes collaborated with their colleagues
in history and sociology to demonstrate the profoundly spatial nature of the scientifi c enterprise.
Opposed to the general perception that science is placeless, their work has sought to expose science
as something utterly grounded in its social and spatial, not to mention temporal, political and
economic contexts. Their contributions have grown in number and confi dence, to the extent that
it is not uncommon to see historical geographers publishing important books in history series and
papers in history and sociology of science journals, which set out historiographical positions that
argue for greater sensitivity to the places and spaces of scientifi c activity. All that said, the relative
youth of the historical geography of science means that its empirical and theoretical breadth
remains limited. This session encourages the discussion of a wide range of scientifi c enterprises
and the further exploration of a set of useful and innovative theories and historiographies pertinent
to the historical geographer of science. The individual papers in this session consider a diverse
set of scientifi c institutions and geographies, including prime meridians, botanical gardens,
meteorological observatories and archaeological excavations. Whilst all of the papers place
science into its local settings, they also all consider the operations of science in relation to wider
geographical arenas. The individual authors therefore ask us to consider not only how science has
endeavoured to write itself across space but also what geographical terms are most appropriate to
understand those processes. There are considerations of practices of scientifi c representation and
replication that allow scientifi c knowledge to move from place to place; of networks of exchange and
communication, whether of information or objects; and of the political negotiations over the setting
of scientifi c standards and the policing of practice.
Nuala JOHNSON
DRAWING ON NATURE: BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATORS AND THE CIRCULATION OF PLANT
KNOWLEDGE
Charles WITHERS
DIFFERENTLY RULING THE WORLD: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF THE PRIME
MERIDIAN
Polina NIKOLAOU
THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN CYPRUS, 1860–1900
Simon NAYLOR
ATMOSPHERIC EMPIRES: EXPEDITIONARY METEOROLOGY IN THE EARLY
NINETEENTH CENTURY
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24 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗DRAWING ON NATURE: BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATORS AND THE CIRCULATION
OF PLANT KNOWLEDGE
Nuala Johnson
School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast
BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
There are over 3,500 original botanical illustrations held in the collections of the National
Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin, Dublin, dating primarily from the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. Not only do hand-drawn illustrations persist in being superior to
photographic reproduction for the scientifi c identifi cation of plant species, they also form
part of a wider suite of artistic objects that have circulated to stimulate interest in the
acquisition and practice of natural history. While not always readily acknowledged within
the scientifi c community botanical illustrators produced a corpus of work that transported
knowledge materially and intellectually across diverse circuits of exchange. From working
in the fi eld during major expeditions to studio work at botanic gardens these illustrators
provided a rich visual archive that connected the written text (botanical books), the dead
specimen (herbarium), the living plant (botanic gardens, nurseries) and the original drawing
itself in a myriad of complex ways. Women were particularly at the forefront of this expertise
in the nineteenth century and this paper will focus on the works of two women artists: Lydia
Shackleton (1828–1914) who produced over 1,000 orchid portraits for Frederick Moore, the
curator of the Dublin botanic garden and Lady Charlotte Wheeler Cuffe (1867–1967) who
spent 24 years in Burma and painted watercolours of the local fl ora which she donated to the
botanic gardens when she returned to Ireland.
◗DIFFERENTLY RULING THE WORLD: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES
OF THE PRIME MERIDIAN
Charles Withers
Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP,
United Kingdom
The Prime Meridian question is conventionally understood to have been solved at the
Washington Conference of 1884 at which, after a month’s debate, delegates recognised
Greenwich in Great Britain as the world’s 0 degrees for the purposes of global longitude
and as the base point for reckoning universal time. This paper examines the intellectual
precursors to the Washington 1884 Conference including the role of international
geographical meetings. Attention will be paid to the different appeals made to alternative
prime meridians and to the importance placed upon national meridians by scientifi c and
commercial bodies. Whilst confi rming that Washington 1884 and the Greenwich Prime
Meridian was not the moment of global metrology it has been taken for, the paper will focus
on geographies of national difference, the rhetoric of international consensus and differences
within the category ‘science’ in contributing to further understanding of the historical
geographies of science.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 25
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN CYPRUS, 1860–1900
Polina Nikolaou
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ,
United Kingdom
The island of Cyprus in the latter half of nineteenth century underwent a signifi cant
alteration of the local colonial regime, with its civil and military administration ceded to
the British Empire by the Ottoman Empire. This transition was accompanied by a more
regulated governance of the island with the enforcement of the already existing Ottoman
Laws combined with new British bills. The new colonial regime had a great impact on the
excavations of Cypriot antiquities, which in this period comprised the greatest part of
local trade. From the 1860s onwards the excavation and exportation of Cypriot antiquities
gradually developed into a scientifi c archaeological practice, where digging for antiquities
by private antiquarians seeking valuable objects was gradually replaced by scientifi c
archaeological excavations carried out by Europe’s major museums, such as the British
Museum. Using records held in the Cyprus State Archives, the British Museum and
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, this paper traces this shift from treasure hunting to
scientifi c archaeology and argues that this particular historical geography of science offers
insights into wider processes of European archaeology. This paper also addresses wider
historical-geographical issues, such as the relations between the colonial regime and its local
policies and the development and practice of archaeology in Cyprus.
◗ATMOSPHERIC EMPIRES: EXPEDITIONARY METEOROLOGY IN THE EARLY
NINETEENTH CENTURY
Simon Naylor
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ,
United Kingdom
It is common to think of the institutional history of meteorology in Britain as beginning in
1854 with the establishment of the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade. This
paper considers a longer history of institutional meteorology in Britain and asks why and
how various arms of the British state, alongside joint-stock companies, became involved in
the study of meteorology from the beginning of the nineteenth century. Focusing on the work
of a variety of institutions, such as the Hydrographic Offi ce, the Greenwich Observatory
and the British East India Company, the paper examines in particular the development
of a culture of expeditionary meteorology, whereby travellers overseas – such as medics,
surveyors or sailors – were encouraged to collect information about the world’s weather. The
paper demonstrates the considerable resources that were invested in this endeavour, with
key individuals labouring to sustain tenuous networks across huge distances through which
instruments, advice and information could be moved. As well as considering the work that
went on in institutional hubs, it also follows the actions of those at the far reaches of Britain’s
empire, whether on board an Admiralty surveying ship, conducting a survey of a portion
of colonial territory or running an observatory. The paper argues that the development of
expeditionary meteorology was by no means well coordinated and was as much the result of
other scientifi c agendas – most obviously the magnetic crusade – and colonial priorities as it
was the outcome of a concerted campaign by leading exponents of the new science.
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26 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Geographical photography
ORGANIZER AND CHAIR: Felix Driver
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20
0EX, United Kingdom
The parallel histories of geography and photography have intersected at many points: for
example, in the development of the modern idea of landscape, in technologies of mapping
and survey, in the programmes of geographical pedagogy, in the imaginative geographies
of national and imperial projection, and within the diverse and unsettled realms of public
geography. In recent years, historical geographers have learned much from the literature on
the theory and history of visual culture, especially as regards the need for a critical approach
to the photographic archive: historians of photography, meanwhile, have drawn increasingly
on research by geographers on the role of the photograph and the photographic archive in the
making of various forms of ‘geographical’ knowledge. The ICHG presents an opportunity to
take stock of the actual and potential contribution of historical geographers to understanding
the relations between photography and geography.
This session will consider various modalities of geographical photography, focusing
especially on questions of presentational form. The papers will explore the ways in which
the technologies of photography have been involved in the production and circulation of
geographical knowledge, and will consider in particular the signifi cance of different visual
formats in the process. The papers examine various forms of photographic imagery in
circulation during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including stereoscopic views,
panoramas, aerial photographs, photographic postcards, lantern-slides and illustrations in
popular geographical magazines.
Joan M. SCHWARTZ
SEEING FAR AND WIDE: PANORAMAS, STEREOVIEWS, AND THE ILLUSION OF
GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
James RYAN
EVIDENCE, EMOTION AND EMPIRE: LANTERN SLIDE SHOWS AND THE CONGO
REFORM ASSOCIATION IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Felix DRIVER
BETWEEN NATIONAL PROJECTION AND DOCUMENTARY STYLE: PHOTOGRAPHY IN
THE GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE, 1935−1959
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 27
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗SEEING FAR AND WIDE: PANORAMAS, STEREOVIEWS, AND THE ILLUSION
OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
Joan M. Schwartz
Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
In the nineteenth century, the circulation of geographical knowledge through photographs
was not simply as matter of their visual content; it was also a function of their presentational
form. This paper will examine nineteenth-century stereoscopic views and panoramic
photographs as vehicles for ‘seeing far and wide’. Through the heightened sense of expanse
and depth, these presentational forms enhanced the vaunted sense of ‘on-the-spot’
observation to produce more convincing images of place. Drawing upon prevailing faith in the
legibility of appearances and the desire for geographical knowledge, they fi red the popular
imagination in similar ways. The linear coherence in the panoramic view, created from two
or more contiguous glass-plate negatives, produced a visually ordered synthesis which
exceeded the topographical detail of its component parts. The stereoscopic view not only
presented visual facts in glorious three-dimensional detail but also, issued in series, carried
an implicit geographical narrative about place. While the panoramic view, because of its size
and shape, had great appeal but limited circulation, the stereoscopic view was an immensely
popular form of armchair engagement with the physical and human world. However, neither
presented a simple window on the world beyond one’s doorstep. A comparison of two mass-
produced and widely marketed series of stereoscopic views of Canada, issued on either side
of the Atlantic at the time of the fi rst Royal Tour of North America in 1860, will demonstrate
competing visual geographies of the New World.
◗EVIDENCE, EMOTION AND EMPIRE: LANTERN SLIDE SHOWS AND THE CONGO
REFORM ASSOCIATION IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
James Ryan
University of Exeter, United Kingdom
By 1900 lantern slide shows widely employed in visual instruction and entertainment. In
this paper I consider the use of lantern slide lectures in the activities of the Congo Reform
Association, a highly signifi cant international campaign against the rule of King Leopold II
in the Congo in the early twentieth century, led by the humanitarian and journalist Edmund
Dene Morel. Protestant Christian missionaries, notably the English couple John and Alice
Harris, joined forces with humanitarians such as Morel, and supplied the campaign with
photographs of atrocities committed against Africans in the Congo by the brutal colonial
regime of King Leopold. It was also Christian missionaries who adopted the vehicle of lantern
slide shows to disseminate photographic evidence of atrocities. The thousands of lantern
slide shows that took place in chapels, town halls and other spaces in Britain and beyond,
were crucial in raising funds and disseminating Congo Reform Association propaganda.
Indeed, atrocity photographs of mutilated African men, women and children, became the
visual icon of the terror of the Congo regime and of the pain and suffering of its African
subjects. In the paper I examine how particular photographic evidence was put to use in such
lantern slide lectures, how missionaries sought to establish their credibility as trustworthy
witnesses, and how the evidential truth and emotional horror of atrocity images depended on
more than simply the verisimilitude and evidential currency of photographic images.
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28 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗BETWEEN NATIONAL PROJECTION AND DOCUMENTARY STYLE:
PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE, 1935−1959
Felix Driver
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
This paper will provide an account of the role of photography within the Geographical
Magazine under the editorship of Michael Huxley, focusing especially on its articulation
of a distinctive visual culture of geography. In arguing his case for the establishment of
a popular geographical magazine in Britain, Huxley highlighted the success of the National
Geographic, winning the cautious support of the Royal Geographical Society and capitalizing
on contemporary interest in ideas of national projection originally associated with the work
of the Empire Marketing Board. Huxley’s extensive contacts within infl uential cultural and
political networks, together with those of literary publishers Chatto & Windus, enabled
him to recruit a remarkable variety of writers, whose work appeared alongside that of
adventurers, colonial administrators, military offi cers, and the occasional academic.
The Geographical Magazine also provided an outlet for the work of some well-known
photographers during its fi rst twenty-fi ve years, including Wolf Suschitzky, Cecil Beaton,
Humphrey Spender, Frances Hubbard Flaherty and Henri Cartier-Bresson. A notable
feature of the Magazine’s style during the Huxley years was its photogravure supplements,
especially printed on high-quality paper, which aligned the Magazine with a particular form
of documentary aesthetic somewhat in contrast with that of the National Geographic where
colour photography was much more prominent. The paper will consider the context and
wider signifi cance of the Magazine’s photographic style during its fi rst 25 years.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 29
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Getting Historical Geography Across
ORGANIZER AND CHAIR: Ute Wardenga
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Department “Theory, methodology and history of
geography”, Schongauerstr. 9, 04328, Leipzig, Germany
This panel is going to deal with methodological questions. How to communicate the latest
research in historical geography to the general public? And how to do this user-friendly? The
panel will focus on three media of knowledge transfer: the book, the museum, and the world
wide web.
The book is the classic way of getting historical geography across to a wide audience.
In Germany, there are two regional and one nation-wide project(s) that compile and
communicate information on complex phenomena of cultural landscapes. They have been
publishing their research in three different series for three decades now. Comparing the
current issues of the three series, methodological differences become evident, as their focus
and way of presentation varies greatly. Consequently the question arises if the difference in
target audience makes for a difference in presentation.
Museums worldwide have adjusted to modern consumerism today. A current comparative
study on archeology museums shows that the classic archaeological exhibition, committed
to scholarly principles, is on the decline. Today, museums rather present science as a staged
event; some are even part of shopping malls. These fi ndings raise the question whether
museums dedicated to historical landscapes, such as open-air and agricultural museums, are
part of this current trend in museum design and didactic approach.
Over the last twenty years, the world wide web has massively changed the way cultural
landscapes and their elements are being documented and presented. In Germany, two
different ways of presentation have emerged: open systems like wikis, and information
platforms by regional or provincial authorities. While the latter assure a quality check of data
provided online, the wiki system heavily relies on its contributors for knowledge supply and
quality control. To work successfully, a wiki thus needs a wide variety of contributors with
suffi cient knowledge on the origin and history of cultural landscapes.
Comparing the different media mentioned above, the panel is going to outline current and
future trends of knowledge transfer in historical geography. The ultimate aim is to help re-
defi ne a historical geography cognizant of its great potential for communicating research to
the general public.
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30 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Klaus-Dieter KLEEFELD
KULADIG – CULTURAL LANDSCAPE DIGITAL – A WEB-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM
Haik Thomas PORADA
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY GOES SERIAL – CURRENT TRENDS IN PROVIDING REGIONAL
GEOGRAPHY TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN GERMANY
Georg WALDEMER
FROM REGION TO FUNCTION? CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN
OPEN-AIR MUSEUMS
Winfried SCHENK
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY IN GERMANY: BETWEEN BASIC RESEARCH AND
PRACTICAL ORIENTATION
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 31
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗KULADIG – CULTURAL LANDSCAPE DIGITAL – A WEB-BASED INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Klaus-Dieter Kleefeld
Landschaftsverband Rheinland Köln, LVR-Dezernat Kultur und Umwelt / Redaktion
KuLaDig, Bachstraße 5-11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
KuLaDig provides information about cultural landscapes in digital format. This includes
the various geometries, that is cultural landscape elements and structures are positioned in
the landscape as well as on the map. References to the cultural landscape information are
generated both among themselves as well as with data from different special service offi ces.
Information on changes in the cultural landscape is provided along with questions and query
options via Internet. In addition, the project is linked to the common geodata infrastructures
at state, federal, and EU levels. The standardization specifi cations of ISO will be observed
and incorporated consistently. KuLaDig has been online since the beginning of 2011 (www.
kuladig.de) and is currently being supplemented by various other projects.
◗REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY GOES SERIAL – CURRENT TRENDS IN PROVIDING
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN GERMANY
Haik Thomas Porada
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Schongauerstr. 9, 04328, Leipzig, Germany
After more than hundred years of regional studies in Germany, three projects have survived
today that cannot be compared to similar endeavors elsewhere. The longest standing of these
is – or rather was – a series of volumes each portraying a Baden Württemberg administrative
district – the “Kreisbeschreibungen des Landes Baden-Württemberg”. Administered by the
state archives and edited by geographers, the series comprehensively depicted the entire
federal state, district by district, with frequently updated volumes. The offi cial character of
these volumes appealed to a wide range of the educated class. A few years ago, the federal
state government of Baden-Württemberg decided to discontinue the project.
Unlike this southern German example, another long-standing project still thrives and
prospers: the publication series “Städte und Gemeinden in Westfalen” – Cities and Towns in
Westphalia –, edited by the Geographical Commission for Westphalia. The series’ scientifi c
board is supported by the regional municipalities (Kommunalverband) and strives at
constantly adapting its ways of presentation to current needs. Pupils are one of its main
target groups.
The third long-term project is a regional inventory and portrait of select cultural landscapes
from all over Germany. The project, initiated by geography teachers in Saxony, dates back to
the early 20th century. In the past 55 years, more than seventy volumes have been published
and more than a million copies sold – making it the most successful publication series of its
kind in the German-speaking countries. The presentation is going to describe the current
target group of the series and will outline the ongoing efforts to further develop its concept.
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32 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗FROM REGION TO FUNCTION? CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL
EUROPEAN OPEN-AIR MUSEUMS
Georg Waldemer
Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen Museen in Bayern, Abteilung Freilichtmuseen, agrar-,
industrie- und technikgeschichtliche Museen, Alter Hof 2 , 80331, München, Germany
Open-air museums traditionally provide life-size copies of historically distinct landscape
types, especially of rural architecture. The ICOM declarations of both 1957 and 1982
explicitly name this as their function. Many open-air museums in Germany have done so
by building “villages” representing various types of old cultural landscapes. Recently, they
have tried to include also the 20th century into their exhibitions – a trend that has lead to
a decline of the typically regional in the museums’ displays, as this era of mass-production
characteristically reduced regional differences all over Germany. Thus the presentation
of contemporary building types focuses rather on functional aspects than on regional
peculiarities. Yet even the 20th century holds local phenomena that cannot be found
elsewhere, such as the community freezing plants in Lower Franconia. The question remains
if this current museum trend will continue and to what extend it will modify traditional and
current concepts of open-air museums in Germany.
◗HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY IN GERMANY: BETWEEN BASIC RESEARCH
AND PRACTICAL ORIENTATION
Winfried Schenk
Geographisches Institut der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn,
Historische Geographie, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53115, Bonn, Germany
The historical-genetic approach was a major subject in German geographical research
until the 1960s. With the scientifi c turn in geography in the 1970s, some of its questions
were considered as not problem-oriented enough, sometimes even as socially irrelevant.
To preserve the historical-genetic approach, two strategies were pursued in Germany, an
interdisciplinary approach and an adaption to applied working fi elds. The interdisciplinary
strategy implies a slight separation of the continuing historical and geographical work to
common geography in Germany, both in working fi elds and in research organizations. The
establishment of the “Arbeitskreis für genetische Siedlungsforschung in Mitteleuropa”
(Working Group for genetic settlement research in Central Europe) in 1974 is the best
example of that special way. Here the concept of cultural landscape persisted and was
brought together in annual meetings by researchers from archeology, historical studies
and historical geography. The results of this cooperation have been published in the journal
“Siedlungsforschung” since 1983. The strategy to adapt to applied fi elds aimed to secure
especially the historical-genetic approach within a modernized geography. As opposed to
Anglo-American geography, which focused on social geography, the German understanding
of the material substance of cultural landscapes persisted and became the basis of applied
historical geography in combination with heritage preservation. Issues of environmental
education take a central place within this approach. Nowadays the work of historical
geographers in Germany is shaped by a wide spectrum of research in basic and applied fi elds.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 33
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Extending ‘America’: Critical Historical Geographies
of Empire and Development
ORGANIZER: Scott Kirsch
Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Saunders Hall, Campus Box 3220,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599-3220
CHAIR: Matthew Farish
Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Canada
Through close engagements with the routes and routines of imperialist practices, critical
historical geography has more fully recovered how the imperial was built and contested in
lived spaces and social encounters. In Anglophone geography, these encounters have been
studied chiefl y through the lens of the British colonial experience. In this set of papers we
examine the role of “agents of empire” in the making of American hegemony. In the fi rst
half of the 20th century, United States government agencies and corporations dispatched
engineers, bankers, architects, statisticians, bureaucrats (to name a few) to create new
markets, to guide new consumers, and to transform “underdeveloped” regions through novel
technologies and institutions. These “agents of empire” contributed to an emerging American
dominance in global geopolitics and trade, but in ways that were rarely clearly utilitarian,
and always messy. The experiences of these individuals – their travels in and engagements
with different places and peoples (with difference) – constitute an important perspective on
the consolidation of American imperial visions that occurred alongside, and contributed to,
the geographical extension of “America” during the fi rst half of the 20th century.
Scott KIRSCH
SUMMER CAPITAL: THE BURNHAM PLANS AND THE AMERICAN LANDSCAPE VISION
OF EMPIRE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Mona DOMOSH
IN THE SPACE OF REVOLUTION: AMERICAN CAPITALIST EXPERIMENTS IN RUSSIA
Matthew FARISH
‘SO NATURE-DEFYING IN CONCEPT’: TECHNICIANS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF
THE COLD WAR ARCTIC
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34 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗SUMMER CAPITAL: THE BURNHAM PLANS AND THE AMERICAN LANDSCAPE
VISION OF EMPIRE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Scott Kirsch
Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, USA
In 1903, the mountain village of Baguio, where a Jesuit observatory and new American
colonial resort and sanitarium were situated amid tropical pine forests, was named the
Summer Capital of the Philippines. When, the following year, the Chicago architect Daniel
Burnham visited the archipelago to develop a major plan of improvements for the colonial
capital at Manila, he would also produce a plan of improvements for Baguio, where the
government was to move seasonally for up to four months each year as a retreat, it was
argued, from Manila’s oppressive summer climate. The colonial state would pay dearly to
create this particular vision of empire, which was centered on landscapes of recreation,
sublime scenic views, and orderly separation from all but the elite lowland Filipinos. Taking
the Burnham Plans as a starting point, this paper explores the work of a powerful clique
of colonial bureaucrats bent on extending American empire into the Philippines through
landscape. It explores how the ideological contradictions of this imperial moment – between
empire and democracy, liberator and enslaver – were built into new American colonial
spaces, sometimes brutally, and sometimes through aesthetic means premised on the
formation of setting and landscape. While the Burnham Plans were designed to mark the
emergence, and perhaps to ensure the survival, of an American Pacifi c empire on the rim-
lands of Asia, I argue that they also illustrate the precariousness of landscape as a spatial
strategy of power.
◗IN THE SPACE OF REVOLUTION: AMERICAN CAPITALIST EXPERIMENTS
IN RUSSIA
Mona Domosh
Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, USA
In this paper I document one particular moment in the making of the United Statesʼ
hegemony by tracking the lives of two American businessmen in revolutionary-era Russia.
By providing an empirical accounting of how capitalists began to expand outside the United
States in the fi rst decades of the 20th century, I highlight the ways in which American
hegemony was formed out of an incredibly messy set of practices and processes that led to
mixed results. I do so in order to begin to disturb a dominant narrative that posits capital
moving seamlessly through a universal space. Drawing on a diverse array of archival
sources (letters, diaries, photo albums, memoir), I show how these two menʼs experiences
were mediated through economic geography training, local knowledge of place, degrees of
embeddedness, and personal encounters with people, places and networks, encounters that
engendered and in turn were shaped by early 20th century ideals of manliness, and feelings of
trust, anxiety, and fear.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 35
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗‘SO NATURE-DEFYING IN CONCEPT’: TECHNICIANS
AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE COLD WAR ARCTIC
Matthew Farish
Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Canada
In 1952, the U.S. Air Force contracted with the Western Electric Company to design and test
prototypes for radar stations that could be established in the northern reaches of Canada and
Alaska. Western Electric also surveyed the Arctic, recommending sites for what became the
Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, the chain of radar sites built from Alaska to Greenland
later in the decade. Along with other arms of the ‘Bell System’, Western Electric was heavily
involved in the building, supply and staffi ng of DEW Line stations, and was thus a key
industrial participant in the militarization of the Arctic. This paper uses archival reports,
company publications, and interviews to reconstruct the role of Western Electric engineers
and contractors in a ‘hot spot’ of the Cold War. These individuals were critical to the
monumental transformation of Arctic landscapes and lives, but they were also part of a huge
cohort of American technicians who worked alongside soldiers and bureaucrats as the United
States consolidated its military presence around the globe. These technicians, I argue, were
crucial participants in the northward extension of state power, but their actions also point
to the limits of techno-political schemes like the DEW Line, and suggest instead a more
uncertain, embodied set of imperial histories and geographies.
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36 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Historical Geography of the Ligurian Apennines
ORGANIZER AND CHAIR: Charles Watkins
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
This panel examines recent historical geographical research in north western Italy carried
out by geographers based in the Universities of Genova and Piemonte Orientale in Italy and
Nottingham in the UK. The focus of the research is to understand the changing landscapes
of the Ligurian Apennines. These were characterised in the twentieth century by large scale
depopulation, land abandonment, the cessation of grazing by domestic animals and the
rapid spread of woodland through natural regeneration over former agricultural land. In
the eighteenth and nineteenth century, by contrast, the high level of population encouraged
the intensive cultivation of steep slopes, through the use of terracing, and a complicated
mix of farming and tree management techniques which included heavy cropping of trees
for leaf fodder, temporary arable cultivation, and carefully controlled grazing of the higher
slopes. Research developed at the University of Genoa has concentrated on the detailed
examination of individual sites using a range of methods including historical maps, historical
ecology and archaeology (Moreno, 1990). Roberta Cevasco (2007) has used a wide variety of
botanical information in conjunction with oral histories and maps to reconstruct former land
management regimes and activities and understand the formation of the present landscape.
Geographers and historians for the University of Nottingham have used a similar approach
to examine the landscape history of the Val di Vara (Balzaretti, Pearce and Watkins, 2004).
This panel examines the value of these approaches for current geographical problems
including the assessment of ecosystems and habitats in Mediterranean mountains and the
conservation and management of rural landscapes.
Diego MORENO
FIELD STUDIES IN LIGURIA (NW ITALY). FROM THEORETICAL HISTORICAL
GEOGRAPHY TO THE HISTORICAL APPROACH TO GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS
(1990–2012)
Roberta CEVASCO
A GEOGRAPHICAL HERITAGE: THE LANDSCAPES OF QUERCUS CERRIS IN THE
NORTHERN APENNINES (NW ITALY)
Pietro PIANA, Ross BALZARETTI, Charles WATKINS
TOPOGRAPHICAL ART AND LANDSCAPE HISTORY IN EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
LIGURIA: ELIZABETH FANSHAWE (1779–1856)
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 37
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗FIELD STUDIES IN LIGURIA (NW ITALY). FROM THEORETICAL HISTORICAL
GEOGRAPHY TO THE HISTORICAL APPROACH TO GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS
(1990–2012)
Diego Moreno
Laboratorio di Archeologia e Storia Ambientale- LASA – (DAFIST-DIPTERIS) University of
Genoa, Italy
The paper explores the development of interdisciplinary research in historical geography
in Liguria 1990–2012 emphasising the important role of fi eldwork undertaken collectively
by a team of geographers, historians, archaeologists and ecologists. Although historical
geography has a long tradition within Italian geography, a signifi cant shift in emphasis
which brought about a new type of historical geography fi eldwork can be dated back to the
infl uential publication of Massimo Quaini’s Marxismo e geografi a in 1974. This opened up
a dialogue with the geographer Lucio Gambi (1920–2006) and in subsequent years research
projects, often jointly with history and archaeology, material culture, deserted villages,
vernacular architecture, woodland history and archaeology. A second seminal step – helping
to defi ne new approaches to geographical fi eld studies – was brought about by the social
historian Edoardo Grendi (1932–1999) who specialised on the convergence of microhistory
and local history. He launched with a multi-disciplinary team the Permanent Seminar on
Local History at the University of Genoa which has been running since 1991. Geographers,
using a site study approach, have contributed to studies in environmental archaeology and
historical ecology and developed a geographical microanalytical approach to fi eld and archive
evidence. We have applied this approach to current geographical problems including the
assessment of ecosystems and habitats in Mediterranean mountains and the conservation
and management of rural landscapes. An interdisciplinary laboratory is specifi cally devoted
to this subject (Laboratorio di Archeologia e Storia Ambientale-LASA). At the didactic level
we have developed the geographical micro-analytical approach during the annual Field
Courses in Ligurian Landscapes held with the University of Nottingham since 1994.
◗A GEOGRAPHICAL HERITAGE: THE LANDSCAPES OF QUERCUS CERRIS
IN THE NORTHERN APENNINES (NW ITALY)
Roberta Cevasco
CAST Centro per l’analisi storica del territorio, dipartimento POLIS, Università degli Studi
del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Italy
The oldest trees in the valleys of the Trebbia, Aveto, Taro and Vara rivers are often Turkey
oaks (Quercus cerris L.). Many of these were formerly managed by ‘shredding’. They are
found growing along mule tracks, fi eld boundaries or scattered in the last remaining wooded
meadow pastures. This paper uses a micro-analytical approach to study the management
of these trees using fi eld and archive evidence. The aim is to test different kind of sources at
the local scale to identify and to date specifi c management practices that involved this tree
and the ecology of the sites on which they grow. The making of hay and sowing temporary
crops among the oaks, for example, were common practices during the fi rst half of the
nineteenth century in the historical forests of the Monte Penna and Monte Gottero and some
of the documented land parcels still survive. A sixteenth century map made for a border
dispute between the village of Coli and the Abbey of Bobbio indicates the existence of many
individual shredded Quercus cerris. Pollen diagrams, dendrochronology and the historical
ecology approach can provide high resolution data to match documentary sources for the
reconstruction of historical landscapes. Evidence includes the surviving trees which are
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38 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
still shredded for leaf fodder and to improve the herb layer for cows. The applied aspect
of the research lies in recognizing these material features of the present landscape as
a geographical heritage.
◗TOPOGRAPHICAL ART AND LANDSCAPE HISTORY IN EARLY NINETEENTH
CENTURY LIGURIA: ELIZABETH FANSHAWE (1779–1856)
Pietro Piana1, Ross Balzaretti1, Charles Watkins1
1School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
This paper considers the value of amateur topographical art of the early nineteenth century
as a source, combined with fi eldwork, for the understanding of past landscapes and
environments of the Ligurian Apennines. Political and social changes following the Congress
of Vienna (1815) enabled the number of English travelling to Italy to increase dramatically.
The enormous popularity of artists and poets such as W.M. Turner and Lord Byron further
encouraged the growth of visitors. In this paper we consider the work of a recently re-
discovered amateur artist Elizabeth Fanshawe (1779–1856) who travelled to Italy 1829–31
with her two sisters Catherine and Penelope. We focus on six of Elizabeth Fanshawe’s
topographical drawings and identify problems around the identifi cation of the views depicted
and the potential value of the drawings as sources for the reconstruction of the historical
landscape. Other sources used include fi eldwork, oral history, local archives and historical
maps. The paper demonstrates that the drawings have considerable value in identifying
and locating past management practices, including grazing, the cultivation of olives and
chestnuts and the rapid development network of new roads which helped to establish the
Kingdom of Sardinia after 1815. The paper indicates the value of amateur topographical art
as a source for historical geography.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 39
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Local Communities in Transition: Case of the Borderland
between Sweden/Finland and Russia from the 17th
to the Early 20th Century
ORGANIZER AND CHAIR: Maria Lähteenmäki
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Historical and Geographical Studies, Joensuu
Campus, Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
The borderline between Russia and Finland – ca. 1200 km – has been very fl exible during
the centuries. The fi rst border treaty between Russia and Sweden was signed in 1323. After
that many smaller border demarcations were made until the year 1809, when Finland – the
easternmost county of Sweden – was separated from the Kingdom. During the years 1809–
1917 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire. After the Revolution
of Russia (1917), Finland declared independence. Numerous historical wars and peace
negotiations have transposed the borderline between the states and affected a lot of political,
economic, cultural and social transformations in the border region of Karelia, which has been
called “a land of quarrels”.
The subject of this session is to present and analyse the varying socio-political circumstances
of the Karelian border region from the 17th century to the early 20th century from the
community’s point of view. In this connection we have focused only on one part of Karelia,
the Karelian Isthmus. It was strategically the most important Finnish border area near
St. Petersburg, which was found in 1703. Geographically the Karelian Isthmus is located
between the Gulf of Finland and the Ladoga Lake. From the year 1323 to 1721 the area
was a part of Sweden, from the year 1721 to 1812 a part of Russia and from 1812 to 1944
a part of Finland. From historical viewpoint, the region has been a multicultural with many
languages, religions and ethnic groups – like Finns, Swedes, Russians, Karelians and
Germans.
In our session we will analyse the life of local communities of the Karelian Isthmus through
geographically fi xed places. Two of the presentations are dealing with the 17th–18th century
histories of the former Swedish merchants’ and craftsmen’s city Vyborg, which under
the Russian rule was transformed to a military community. The key concepts of these
presentations are urban places and spaces, social interaction and economic hierarchy. The
third paper of the session will open the outlook to the confl icts of the agrarian communities
in the eastern Karelian Isthmus during the Finnish autonomous period. The presentation
will focus on the resistance of Finnish peasants against the Russian land-holding system. The
fourth paper will handle the border area after the revolutionary events of the 1910s–1920s
and fi nd answers to the questions how the Finnish government harnessed domestic tourism
for its xenophobic ideological and political work, and which way the border region was
remapped. The issue of our session is to identify the long historical transformation processes
of the borderland.
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40 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Katri ISSAKAINEN
SOCIAL SEGREGATION OF SPACE IN SWEDISH TOWN IN THE 17th CENTURY
Maria PROSKURIAKOVA
SOCIAL SPACE OF RUSSIAN GARRISON EMPLOYEES FROM THE 1710s TO THE 1730s
Riikka MYLLYS
RESISTANCE OF FINNISH PEASANTS IN THE EASTERN BORDERLAND IN THE 1830s
Maria LÄHTEENMÄKI
PLACES OF TOURISM IN THE BORDERLAND BETWEEN FINLAND AND THE SOVIET
UNION IN THE 1920s
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 41
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗SOCIAL SEGREGATION OF SPACE IN SWEDISH TOWN IN THE 17TH CENTURY
Katri Issakainen
University of Eastern Finland, Finland
According to Edward Soja there has always been injustice in urban space. Through the
discourse of urban social network towns are places of everyday life and interaction. Human
geographer Doreen Massey has argued that different aspects of rural and urban spaces
are aspects of density of space. There exist four main aspects of intensity in town: number
of people, density of settlement, heterogeneity of cities and the economic structure.
Heterogeneity is a part of social patterns of urban space. Higher town density means more
connections between inhabitants. Town development as a modern social space is a political,
sexual and economical question of justice. The historian Fernand Braudel has in his famous
study of the Mediterranean world drawn a basic idea of urban space. He has argued that
harbours, roads and market places were channels of interaction.
The focus of my paper is to analyze the Swedish urban policy of the 17th century. My case
study concerns Vyborg, the artisans town of which was in the Swedish eastern periphery.
In the 17th century bourgeoisie of the city was partly Swedish, partly German and partly
Finnish. The ethnic background of those people was strongly connected with their social
status. The lower bourgeoisie was Finnish and Swedish and higher German and Swedish.
The lower bourgeoisie, like artisans, had not same possibilities, for instance, to use market
places, harbors and other public places than the bourgeoisie with higher status. This
situation affected a social tensions, poverty and marginality.
◗SOCIAL SPACE OF RUSSIAN GARRISON EMPLOYEES FROM THE 1710S
TO THE 1730S
Maria Proskuriakova
University of Eastern Finland, Finland
My presentation deals with an investigation of the Russian garrison communities of Vyborg
and Kexholm from the 1710s to the 1730s. The Russian military contingents entered these
border fortresses immediately after their capture of Swedish troops in 1710. The garrison
employees represented the unique social group. The members of the community were united
by the social origin, economic position and common values that defi ned their behaviour
patterns.
The purpose of the presentation is to examine how garrisons’ employees used the space of
the offi cial duties execution to establish new informal social connections. The main question
of this research is to reveal the perceiving and using of the surrounding space by the garrison
community. I am applying the micro historical approach to analyse the social network which
was created by the garrison military men during the fi rst years of the Russian presence in
this borderland.
In my paper I will report the results of the study of the cases where the employees used
the surrounding space for the satisfaction of their personal needs and requirements of the
companions and chiefs. Thus, I consider the formation of the garrison employees’ social
space which occurrence was promoted by two main tendencies: the offi cial duties fulfi lment
and establishment of the informal interaction with local inhabitants.
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42 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗RESISTANCE OF FINNISH PEASANTS IN THE EASTERN BORDERLAND IN THE 1830S
Riikka Myllys
University of Eastern Finland, Finland
It has been claimed that the geographical location has impact on violence. For example,
peasant resistance has been characteristic of border districts. The preceding account
suggests that the political culture of the border districts have been susceptible to confl ict and
the peasants have been prepared to take illegal courses of action to achieve their goals. The
peasant rebellions have often been explained through loose governmental authority over
border districts, which situation has given to peasants plenty of room to act in the way they
chose to. This has in many cases meant aggressive, collective activity.
In this presentation I will concentrate on peasant resistance in the Finnish parishes Salmi,
Sakkola and Valkjärvi near the Russian border in the 1830s. The peasants of the area protested
against the Russian noble land-holding system which was common in the region in the 18th
and 19th centuries. A major part of the estates was ‘eternal and inheritable’ which means that
the whole property – land, buildings and peasants – were included in the grant. The owners of
estates were allowed to collect taxes from the peasants who didn’t accept Russian landowners
or their ways to govern and expressed their discontent by resistance. The aim of this paper is to
clarify what kind of impact geographical location of the parishes had on peasant resistance. The
presentation will pay attention especially to violent forms of resistance.
◗PLACES OF TOURISM IN THE BORDERLAND BETWEEN FINLAND
AND THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1920S
Maria Lähteenmäki
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Historical and Geographical Studies,
Joensuu, Finland
After the Revolution of Russia (1917), the declaration of independence and the Civil War of
Finland (1917–18) the border region of the Karelian Isthmus between these two countries
politicized very rapidly. The Finnish border villages were only 32 km from the heart of the
revolutionaries, St. Petersburg. On both sides of the borderline politicians were very worried
about the”wrong” political infl uences which agitators and smugglers relayed across the
border. This kind of charged political situation shaped landscape of border communities:
some people were forced to move from their homes which were too close to the border,
a military garrison was opened, a closed region was built and local people had to carry
passports with them all the time.
In my presentation I will analyse the political situation of the area after the state of
emergency, from the middle of the 1920s onward. My main questions are: in which way
the new livelihood – Finnish domestic tourism – remapped the border places as tourist
destinations and what kind of discourses on the border region travel books introduced,
created and promoted.
Tourism has commonly been considered an apolitical, harmless source of livelihood to which
has been connected very positive and tolerant connotations. In my presentation, however, the
domestic tourism in the border region seems to have a strong ideological message and purpose:
to make the border region both ethnically and culturally more Finnish. Through this action the
people behind the tourist journeys reshaped the political landscape of the borderland.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 43
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Historical Geographies and Communication
ORGANIZER: Benjamin Oldcorn
PGR, Peter Lanyon Building, Geography Department, Tremough Campus, Treliever Road,
Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
CHAIR: Nicola Thomas
Geography, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ,
United Kingdom
This session will examine, through diverse case studies ranging from the early postal service
to the diplomatic cable, the historical geographies of communication, with a slight emphasis
on telecommunications. Communication takes many forms and the geographies that are
created and reinforced range from the geopolitics of waging war and international commerce,
to the every day connectivity of using the telephone. Communication has a fundamentally
geographical aspect, which historical geographers have thus far overlooked. This session is
intended to be a platform for open conversation and discussion of ideas on this diverse fi eld,
with the hope that we can begin a diolgue on the historical geographies of communications.
Jenny LEE
VISUAL COMMUNICATION IN THE MAKING OF CABLE & WIRELESS’ CORPORATE
IDENTITY
Zef SEGAL
“THE EXTENSIONS OF MAN” – THE STATE AND THE POSTAL SYSTEM: GERMAN
MEDIUM SIZED STATES 1815–1866
Ken WEISBRODE
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE DIPLOMATIC CABLE
Gordon M. WINDER
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND IMAGINED GEOGRAPHIES: EARTHQUAKE REPORTING IN
THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, 1917–1939
Benjamin OLDCORN
CABLE AND WIRELESS, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR
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44 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗VISUAL COMMUNICATION IN THE MAKING OF CABLE & WIRELESS’
CORPORATE IDENTITY
Jenny Lee
PGR, Peter Lanyon Building, Geography Department, Tremough Campus, Treliever Road,
Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
In 1934 Cable & Wireless was formed after a series of mergers between companies including
the Eastern Telegraph Company and Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company. These mergers
created a need for a unifi ed and coherent corporate identity as once rival companies were
now operating under the same aegis. An investigation of the various strands of corporate
identities present before and after these mergers can be used to assess the resilience of each,
which in turn provides an understanding of the dynamics between the various factions of
the company. Cable & Wireless, operating in an era of mass communication, had a large
variety of visual technologies at their disposal and, by their very nature as a communication
company, the mechanisms to disseminate their message. This paper will examine the
role played by various visual media, including photography, advertising and ephemera, in
articulating and communicating this corporate identity to the public. Investigations into
corporate communications are too often the preserve of business studies, dealing only with
present day case studies. This paper will seek to place this important form of communication
within a broader historical context, tracing the development of both the company’s
institutional narrative and the corporate uses of visual technologies.
◗“THE EXTENSIONS OF MAN” – THE STATE AND THE POSTAL SYSTEM: GERMAN
MEDIUM SIZED STATES 1815–1866
Zef Segal
Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Communication changed from being merely verbal exchange between people into huge
amounts of information transported across long distances. The postal system transformed
society dramatically by emphasizing spatial movement in human communication. By the
early 19th century, rising literacy levels and growing commerce turned the postal service into
a public facility, used by large parts of the society.
One of the fi rst professional postal systems was created by the house of Thurn und Taxis
in the Holy Roman Empire during the early 16th century. In the early 19th century, after
the Napoleonic conquests and the breakup of the empire, the united German post was
disassembled, while each of the newly formed German states created an independent offi cial
postal service. The formation of these state postal systems was based on a combination of
the past institutions, and newer ones aimed at unifying the state and supporting commerce.
Consequently, this cannot be seen as rigidly planned with the sole purpose of nationalizing
the society, but a mixture of action and reaction to the social context of each state.
Nevertheless, these postal systems, as a means of spatial and social ties between regions,
played an important role in creating society and the territorialization of the state. I will
show different spatial deployments of state postal systems in the states of Bavaria, Hanover,
Württemberg, Saxony and Baden, which led to different futures for the internal integration
of these states. The post will be seen as an integral part of the success of state construction
and nationalization.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 45
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE DIPLOMATIC CABLE
Ken Weisbrode
Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
From the invention of the telegraph to the ongoing WikiLeaks affair, new technologies
of communication have brought about dramatic changes in the tone, scope, conduct and
substance of international diplomacy. How do most diplomats adapt to them? How much
or how little do they alter diplomatic norms, customs and practices? Is there a pattern to
these alternations that is both historically signifi cant and geographically non-specifi c? Or
do different diplomatic cultures simply adapt differently to them in time? This paper will
address such questions through a comparison of a selection of American and European
diplomatic cables at the turn of the 20th century to those a century later, with particular
emphasis on the language of ‘geopolitics’ and its distinct yet variable notions of proximity,
interconnection and distance. As communication among diplomats gains in speed and
frequency, it does not necessarily bring about greater familiarity, or shorten political and
linguistic distances, even between members of a relatively small, elite subculture.
◗TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND IMAGINED GEOGRAPHIES: EARTHQUAKE
REPORTING IN THE LOS ANGELES TIMES, 1917–1939
Gordon M. Winder
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich,
Germany
This paper investigates the imagined geographies produced by news reporting of earthquakes
in one major US newspaper. Analysis of coverage of major Pacifi c Rim earthquake disasters
during the inter-war years reveals not only that The Los Angeles Times claimed to use the
latest telecommunications technology to produce the news, and celebrated its superior
access to the world’s latest stories, but that how news of earthquakes was recorded and
transmitted was often the main story when an earthquake struck a distant land. This led to
rather different framings of earthquakes in The Los Angeles Times depending upon where,
in relation to telegraph and news agency services, the quake occurred, and what other news
stories were being featured that week. In turn, news of earthquakes helped to shape ideas
about the changing entity ‘the modern world’ and its others, the place of Los Angeles in
the world and the relation of telecommunications technology to civilization discourse. The
paper analyses media fascination with telegraph, radio and air transport in the interwar
years, and the implications of this fascination for the ways that earthquake disasters were
understood. It shows how, for readers in Los Angeles, the geography of telecommunications
infrastructure helped to divide the world into imagined geographic regions.
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46 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗CABLE AND WIRELESS, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE SECOND WORLD
WAR
Benjamin Oldcorn
PGR, Peter Lanyon Building, Geography Department, Tremough Campus, Treliever Road,
Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
During the Second World War, Cable and Wireless owned and operated the communications
network of the British Empire. The relationship between a technically private company
and the British Government is one of co-operation and compromise, and the network of the
Company was essential to the conduct of the war. In this paper I intend to examine the role
the Company played in intelligence gathering activities, and the mobilization of the domestic
and overseas network. This will be examined through the geopolitical context, the archival
holdings of the Company and the oral histories of former Cable and Wireless employees.
These three elements will be drawn together into a vignette that is representative of the
activities of the Company during the war. A further consideration is the way in which the
Cable and Wireless network was utilized by the British Government in the dissemination and
maintenance of its power and control during the Second World War, through the control of
information through censorship and scrutiny.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 47
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Re-evaluating Migration Models in the Light of Broad
Scale Transatlantic Record Linkage
ORGANIZER: Walter Kamphoefner
Texas A&M University, Department of History, 4236 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4236,
USA
CHAIR: Timothy G. Anderson
Ohio University, Department of Geography, Athens, OH 45701, USA
At a 1960 international forum similar to the ICHG, Frank Thistlethwaite issued his famous
challenge to scholars of migration to penetrate the “salt-water curtain” obscuring the two
halves of the migration experience, also entreating researchers to pay greater attention to
return migration. Dozens of scholars responded in the next two decades, producing case-
studies linking North American immigrants with their sending communities all across
Europe: from Italy to Scandinavia, from Wales to Slovakia. In the process, “chain migration”
became a household word, and “transplanted” replaced “uprooted” as the reigning
immigration paradigm. While these studies documented many cross-cultural commonalities,
they also exhibited a common weakness: nearly all were case-studies of homogeneous
communities. Already in 1991, economic historian Dudley Baines raised cautions about
generalizing from these studies: “The number of emigrants moving in chains was large but it
is diffi cult to tell precisely how large. We can never know as much about the emigrants who
did not move along chains. We may be in danger of overestimating the importance of chain
migration.” Given the existing state of technology, transatlantic tracing was feasible only on
a community basis. But even as Baines was writing, a revolution in data accessibility was
brewing.
These papers present the fruits of this data revolution and re-evaluate the paradigms
generated by this fi rst generation of transatlantic studies, above all the chain migration
model. The proliferation of genealogical data bases and nationwide census indexes has
facilitated an entirely new chapter of linkage studies that give deeper insight into the
migration paths and settlement patterns of Europeans in 19th century North America. The
fi rst two papers follow similar approaches, each taking the recorded emigration from a whole
German district and tracing individuals to census records throughout the United States.
Whether viewed forward from Europe or backward from America, community migration
fi elds prove to be broader than earlier studies indicated. While confi rming an optimistic
picture of transatlantic social mobility, both papers suggest that the “diaspora” advanced
more slowly than chain migrants. They also provide considerable insight into the role of
life-cycle stage in immigrant urbanization, regardless of occupational background. The third
paper examines Norwegian-wide return migration with the help of transatlantic linkage,
focusing particularly on which American occupational experiences proved most valuable to
those who returned. All three papers, although not totally overturning the chain migration
paradigm, compel serious revisions of the conventional wisdom on the contours and
consequences of transatlantic migration.
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48 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
Jochen KREBBER
NEW PERSPECTIVES ON CHAIN MIGRATION: TRANSATLANTIC SOCIAL MOBILITY
AND THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GERMAN MIGRANTS IN 19th CENTURY NORTH
AMERICA
Walter KAMPHOEFNER
CHAIN MIGRATION, LOCATIONAL FACTORS, AND TRANSATLANTIC SOCIAL MOBILITY
OF GERMAN IMMIGRANTS: A NATIONWIDE PERSPECTIVE
Gunnar THORVALDSEN
TRANSATLANTIC TRACING OF NORWEGIAN EMIGRANTS AND RETURNEE EMIGRANTS
IN THE CENSUSES 1866 TO 1910
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 49
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗NEW PERSPECTIVES ON CHAIN MIGRATION: TRANSATLANTIC SOCIAL
MOBILITY AND THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GERMAN MIGRANTS
IN 19TH CENTURY NORTH AMERICA
Jochen Krebber
Universität Trier, FB III - Internationale Geschichte, A-Gebäude Raum 235, D-54286 Trier,
Germany
Since the concept of chain migration had been introduced into scholarly research on
migration and ethnicity some forty years ago, it has become an enormously popular and
widely used explanation for migration, community formation, and cultural change. Due to its
appeal, it became a metaphor and then a paradigm, widely documented but unverifi ed with
respect to the proportion of migrants it encompassed. In this paper, based on my doctoral
dissertation, chain migration is brought back onto a conceptual level that allows for testing
its validity and scope against a whole variety and combination of methods and sources with
respect to nineteenth century transatlantic migration. This test was applied to an entire
emigrant population of 3,000 people stemming from a local area of Southwest Germany, an
emigration prone region of partible inheritance. These emigrants were traced and located
in more than 1,000 different destinations in North America, including Canada, between
1850 and 1880. Chain migration, however visible, is shown here to have a lesser scope
and a more narrow impact on migration processes than previously thought. The migrants’
socioeconomic background, occupational skills and religious creed prove to be the variables
with the greatest potential to limit chain migration and to infl uence the degree of dispersion
or concentration of the migrants under investigation in the North American host societies.
◗CHAIN MIGRATION, LOCATIONAL FACTORS, AND TRANSATLANTIC SOCIAL
MOBILITY OF GERMAN IMMIGRANTS: A NATIONWIDE PERSPECTIVE
Walter Kamphoefner
Texas A&M University, Department of History, 4236 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-
4236, USA
This paper draws upon ongoing research on transatlantic social mobility and chain migration
of German immigrants to the United States. Utilizing nationwide census indexes, it extends
this investigation from (possibly atypical) individual chain migration communities, where
large numbers of immigrants of the same origins can be found in one locality, to encompass
a national cross-section, and thus to compare a scattered “diaspora“ of immigrants with those
who settled in homogeneous clusters. It also encompasses urban as well as rural settlers.
From the German side, it draws upon some 28,000 computerized emigration records from
the Osnabrück District, a region of impartible inheritance near the Dutch border in Northwest
Germany. Using nationwide census indexes for 1860, and 1870, roughly 2000 census entries
have been linked up with emigrants from the data of the Osnabrück District across the
United States, though concentrated mostly in the Midwest. This paper looks at the patterns
of settlement and concentration of these linked immigrants. Although evidence for chain
migration is present, recruitment fi elds for American settlements were broader, and the
various destinations from a given European community more numerous, that previous, more
limited studies have indicated. Although coming from a confessionally mixed area, Osnabrück
immigrants tended to form religiously homogeneous settlements. Life-cycle stage proves to be
as infl uential as occupational background in urban location. But with respect to social mobility,
the mutual solidarity of chain migration communities appears to have benefi tted all, whereas
the diaspora showed less progress in wealth accumulation.
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50 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗TRANSATLANTIC TRACING OF NORWEGIAN EMIGRANTS AND RETURNEE
EMIGRANTS IN THE CENSUSES 1866 TO 1910
Gunnar Thorvaldsen
University of Tromsø, Norwegian Historical Data Centre, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
Nearly one million Norwegians emigrated to America during the century of mass migration
before 1930, placing Norway second only to Ireland in terms of high emigration rates.
About one-fourth of these emigrants returned to Norway. From ca. 1867 most emigrants
were listed in the harbor protocols kept by the police, which have now been transcribed to
digital formats. Also the 1866, 1900 and 1910 censuses are fully computerized, which is
also the case for the preserved U.S. censuses 1880 through 1930, and for most of the U.S.
passenger arrival lists. Immigration lists were not kept in Norway, but the 1910 census
includes a special enumeration providing individual level data on more than 18,000 returned
emigrants. As a preparation to building a population register, this paper will explore the
possibilities of following the migration of individuals moving westwards and eastwards
across the Atlantic in the electronically available source material. The 1910 Norwegian forms
list the overseas location of returnees, which facilitates record linkage. In particular, this
material provides excellent measures of transatlantic occupational continuity, and reveals
which occupational experiences proved to be especially valuable for return migrants.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 51
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Mobile Natures: Mobile Ideas
ORGANIZERS: Laura Cameron1, Kirsten Greer2
1Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Mackintosh-Corry Hall, Room D201,
Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
2Department of History, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
CHAIR: Simon Naylor
Department of Geography, Exeter University, United Kingdom
Nature moves: so does environmental knowledge. As translocal or transimperial, natures
are often mobile across all sorts of boundaries: imperial, national, and political, but also
economic, social and religious. Environmental knowledge circulates through networks,
people and objects, often changing in different places, times and scales. This session brings
together scholars working on mobile natures in different contexts but with a shared interest
in exploring the ways in which ideas and things have moved historically and geographically,
as well as how natural knowledge is produced, consumed and circulated. It pays particular
attention to theoretical, methodological and pedagogical engagements with mobile natures
in historical geography, including the role of nonhuman actors in shaping environmental
knowledge and ideas of place, and the types of primary source materials and objects used in
such enquiries.
Laura CAMERON, Kirsten GREER
WATER, FISH & FOWL: THE TRANSLOCAL ECOLOGIES MOBILE WORKSHIP
Jamie LINTON
AN IDEA FLOWS THROUGH SPACE AND TIME: THE FATE OF THE GLOBAL WATER
BALANCE
Sinead EARLEY
FOREST KNOWLEDGE (RE)ROOTED: THE SOPRON SCHOOL OF FORESTRY,
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA (1956–1961)
David LAMBERT
ENCOUNTERING THE NATURE OF CARIBBEAN SLAVERY: BEASTS, BRUTES AND
MONSTERS
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52 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗WATER, FISH & FOWL: THE TRANSLOCAL ECOLOGIES MOBILE WORKSHIP
Laura Cameron1, Kirsten Greer2
1Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Canada
2Department of History, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
Transnational Ecologies, a sub-group of the Network in Canadian History and Environment
(NiCHE) has been working to deepen communication concerning migrations of both non-
human species and environmental knowledge. On the 30th of October, our mobile ‘workship’
brought together a group of historical geographers, historians and local experts to discuss
common interests in mobility, nature & knowledge. Participants were asked to bring an
object that connected to their particular way of thinking about mobility/materiality, and/
or the concept of the translocal/transnational in the context of our journey. These objects
& their associated stories form the basis of a Translocal Ecology Compendium. This paper
refl ects on the ‘workship’ that cruised Lake Ontario and the entrance to the 1000 Islands
in terms of its insights and lessons regarding mobility, place, pedagogy and the practice of
historical geography. As a baseline for comparison we invoke a few lively debates of the 1975
British-Canadian Symposium on Historical Geography held in Kingston – the forerunner to
the ICHG.
◗AN IDEA FLOWS THROUGH SPACE AND TIME: THE FATE OF THE GLOBAL
WATER BALANCE
Jamie Linton
Unité ART-Dev UMR 5281, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
To paraphrase a quote by Levi-Strauss, water is good to think with. The hydrologic cycle is
a concept that describes the life of a molecule of water in its encounters with the energy of
the sun, changing atmospheric conditions, the lithosphere, the biosphere, and the force of
gravity over space and time. In this paper, I draw on the concept of the hydrologic cycle to
trace one stream of its own history. It begins with a method for calculating water balances
that occurred in late-nineteenth-century Russia and matured in the 20th-century Soviet
Union under political conditions that demanded the production of hydrological knowledge
in circumstances where relatively few data were available. This method was readily adapted
to calculating water balances at the global scale, which enterprise fell on fertile ground
in the West beginning in the 1960s. The paper describes the fl ow of these methods to the
international community of hydrologists via Raymond L. Nace, a staff hydrologist with the
US Geological Survey who read Russian and who became a leading proponent of efforts
to quantify the global hydrologic cycle. Nace’s work came to fruition in the International
Hydrological Decade (1964–1975), a program that Nace himself was instrumental in
founding, and which established the scientifi c credibility of the global water balance concept
in the West. The paper concludes by describing how, with changes in political and cultural
conditions in the 1990s, methods to calculate volumes of water on the global scale were
taken up by and helped nourish discourses of water crisis and water security that continue to
thrive.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 53
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗FOREST KNOWLEDGE (RE)ROOTED: THE SOPRON SCHOOL OF FORESTRY,
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA (1956–1961)
Sinead Earley
Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Canada
On November 4th, 1956, in wake of the Soviet repression of the Hungarian revolution, 359
students and 50 staff members of the Faculty of Forest Engineering crossed the border from
the university town of Sopron into Austria. Constrained attempts to resume lectures and
studies in various refugee encampments in Austria led Kálmán Roller (Director of Forestry) to
seek asylum, and the continuation of the School’s curriculum, elsewhere. Of twenty countries
appealed to, the Canadian government offered the University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
as a most ideal hosting institution. From among 141 graduating students, 44 went on to obtain
postgraduate degrees, and their contribution to the state of research and forest knowledge in
British Columbia is highly signifi cant. The Sopron graduates also earned important positions
professionally, both within the private sector and the provincial Forest Service.
The Sopron School of Forestry has shaped the historical-geographical ‘terrain’ of forest
management in British Columbia, in ways that express the mobility of ecological ideas and
forest knowledge. Upon relocation, the Sopron Foresters encountered not only a very different
socio-cultural context; they found themselves in the midst of a drastically different nature. The
differing (and limited) spatial dimension of forestry in a Hungarian homeland, as compared to
Canada’s vast and coastal rainforest, had fostered managerial perspectives of a more silvicultural-
and conservationist-orientation. This paper explores the dynamic relationship between material
environments, philosophies of nature and managerial discourses, and asks how forest practices
are translated and transformed during the event of transnational migration.
◗ENCOUNTERING THE NATURE OF CARIBBEAN SLAVERY: BEASTS, BRUTES
AND MONSTERS
David Lambert
Department of History, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
This paper is concerned with how different forms of human and non-human mobility and
immobility were implicated in the articulation of human subjectivity, racial identities and
contests over power and liberty in Caribbean societies during and after slavery. In recent
years, ‘mobility’ has become a central concept across the humanities and social sciences.
It encompasses large-scale movements of people, animals, plants, objects, capital and
information, and everyday micro-practices. Although the use of concepts of mobility to
illuminate histories of slavery has been limited, much scholarship on Caribbean and wider
American slavery has been implicitly concerned with movement, most notably the transport
of enslaved people across the Atlantic. Such macro-level and quantitative work has also
been supplemented by more ‘human histories’ of slavery and transatlantic movement. This
paper extends such concerns to the Caribbean slave societies and those that replaced them
after emancipation. It also brings attention to the ‘non-human histories’ of slavery that were
evident in that troubling space where encounters with non-humans were entangled with
contests over a racialised, human/non-human boundary.
The paper’s particular focus is the Euro-American encounter with the late eighteenth and
early nineteenth-century Caribbean. Focusing on such recurrent images as the ‘animal-like’
black slave, the ‘brutish’ white master, the beast-of-burden and the agency of the sugarcane,
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54 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
it considers how the nature of Caribbean slavery was not only encountered as a political
structure, system of labour or fi eld infra-human metaphors, but encompassed a series of
fraught meetings with monstrous natures and even more monstrous humanity.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 55
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Hydrological Hazards and Social Adaptations
ORGANIZER AND CHAIR: Craig E. Colten
Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe-Russell-Kniffen, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Water hazards present society with a range of challenges at multiple scales. Flash fl oods
and torrents in small basins are highly localized but can have profound impacts on the
communities that they touch. Lower basin fl oods in highly urbanized regions and coastal
storms can produce extensive damage that demands fundamentally different strategies for
mitigation from inundation. Case studies from two sides of the Atlantic clearly illustrate
the geographic scale of fl ood impacts and the different social adaptations to water hazards.
This session will include case studies from Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, and the
United States to explore the social responses to the fl ood risks at different scales in order to
illustrate the range of adaptation to risk and how societies reworked their relationship with
waterways. This session proposal explicitly addresses the conference themes of “historical
natural hazards and climate change” and “nature, society, and environmental change.”
Andreas DIX
TORRENTS AND TORRENT CONTROL IN THE EUROPEAN ALPS, 18th–20th CENTURIES
Michael NEUNDLINGER
ROBUST CONTROL AND HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS – A COMMON HISTORY OF DANUBE
FLOODS AND THE CITY OF VIENNA, 1744–1875
Craig E. COLTEN
WATER HAZARDS IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: NATIONALIZING A SOUTHERN AGENDA
Greg Bankoff
THE “ENGLISH LOWLANDS” AND THE NORTH SEA BASIN SYSTEM: A HISTORY OF
SHARED RISK
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56 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗TORRENTS AND TORRENT CONTROL IN THE EUROPEAN ALPS, 18TH–20TH
CENTURIES
Andreas Dix
Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Kapuzinerstraße 16, 96047 Bamberg, Germany
Torrents represent a major natural risk in alpine regions. Especially in small valleys with
steep slopes small brooks could become huge torrents which are able to transport large
amounts of debris and destroy arable land and settlements. Until early modern times, people
avoided endangered areas. From the 18th century onwards it became more and more usual to
dam the small valleys. This paper gives an overview about how the administrations and local
people tried to deal with this specifi c natural risk and how torrent protection changed alpine
landscapes intensively until today. The one major question is, whether these protection
structures created special landscapes and cultures of risk awareness in alpine regions in
a historical perspective.
◗ROBUST CONTROL AND HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS – A COMMON HISTORY
OF DANUBE FLOODS AND THE CITY OF VIENNA, 1744–1875
Michael Neundlinger
Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria Universitaet, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070
Vienna, Austria
Looking at the Environmental History of the Austrian Danube offers fruitful insights into
a plethora of extreme hydrological events and correspondent management practices. In the
18th and 19th centuries fl oods hitting Vienna, a Habsburg residence and the most important
city of the monarchy, regularly swept over lower parts of the city centre and expanding
suburbs. High fl oods such as the “Allerheiligengieß” in 1787 or the great fl oods of 1830
and 1847 arrived without warning and caused massive damage to urban infrastructure
and shocked residents. Flood protection measures were only local in scale and the force of
the swollen stream regularly swept away dykes and other built structures along the river
course. Hydrological management practices were by no means able to deal with the kinetic
energy of the river. The advancing fossil fuel era of the late 19th century enabled urban
planners and civil engineers to establish robust control over Danube fl oods. After the Great
Regulation of the Viennese Danube in the 1870s city dwellers were no longer at the mercy of
the river. Taking a long-term perspective on river-city-relations in Early Modern Times allows
an in-depth comparison of different stages in the evolution of transformational responses
along the Danube. To account for this perspective, the Viennese stretches of the Danube
get conceptualized as a socio-natural site. The conceptual approach helps reconstructing
a common history of the river and the city in which social practices, biophysical
arrangements and energetic confi gurations were transformative to each other.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 57
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗WATER HAZARDS IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: NATIONALIZING A SOUTHERN
AGENDA
Craig E. Colten
Department of Geography and Anthropology, 227 Howe-Russell-Kniffen, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Floods in the United States are hardly restricted to the Southern states, but dramatic
fl oods in this region have provided the political impetus to formulate national schemes for
expanding the level of federal fl ood protection. This paper will review the political response
to fl oods on the lower Mississippi in the 1920s, hurricanes and associated river fl ooding
along the southeastern seaboard during the 1950s, and gulf coast hurricanes in the 1960s.
This series of events that occurred within the South ultimately impelled congress to pass
legislation that shifted fl ood protection from a local to a national responsibility. The various
programs that emerged from three stages of legislative reaction addressed a Southern
problem and transformed it into a national agenda refl ecting a restricted set of adaptations.
◗THE “ENGLISH LOWLANDS” AND THE NORTH SEA BASIN SYSTEM: A HISTORY
OF SHARED RISK
Greg Bankoff
Department of History, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
The history of much of England is written in water. The country’s prosperity and wealth,
trade and empire have long been recognised as intimately bound up with its maritime
tradition and the power of the sea. But water has not only shaped England’s external
relations; it has also been a signifi cant factor in fashioning its internal fabric. In particular,
large areas of the eastern coastline and its hinterland from Flamborough Head in East
Yorkshire to the Pevensey Levels in Kent are close to or even below sea-level and represent
an “English Lowlands” comparable in many respects to the more aptly named region on
the opposite mainland. Indeed, the Netherlands, the north-west coast of Germany and the
western coast of Denmark form together with eastern England one vast North Sea Basin
system continually shaped and reshaped by the processes of storm, fl ood and erosion. Over
time, the people living along its shores have had to fi nd ways of accommodating to this
dynamic world by adapting to its rhythms, learning to live with its risks, taming the worst
of its excesses and exploiting its resources for their own wellbeing and prosperity. In the
process, they, too, have become equal partners in the construction of a very particular type of
landscape – in many ways, more a waterscape composed of sea dykes, river embankments,
drained marshes and reclaimed fi elds. In turn, the ceaseless activity required to maintain,
repair and extend such works have given rise to their own variations of social cohesion,
economic cooperation and political governance.
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58 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Geography and Religion: Investigating the Historical
Geographies of a Connection I: Geography in the Service
of Religion
ORGANIZERS: Dean Bond1, Luise Fischer2
1Department of Geography & Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall,
100 St. George Street, Room 5012, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
2Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street,
Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom
CHAIR: Dean Bond
Department of Geography & Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall,
100 St. George Street, Room 5012, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
Geographical thought and religion have long been intertwined, and scholars from various
disciplines, including anthropology, geography, sociology and history have investigated the
linkages between them. Like geography, religion has been thoroughly located and practised in
different ways in different places, despite various religions’ claims to universality. Historians
of geography and historical geographers have, however, often neglected religion and its
interconnections with local geographical thought and practice, or have only treated religion
in passing. The four sessions that comprise this panel revisit religion and geography’s
enduring ties from an historical perspective. The sessions consider (1) geographical
knowledge’s use in the service of religion; (2) the geography and signifi cance of confessional
divides; (3) the relationship between religion, the environment and historical regions; and
(4) religion’s importance for how individual geographers shaped geographical knowledge.
Teodora Shek BRNARDIĆ
GEOGRAPHY IN THE SERVICE OF FAITH: JESUIT GEOGRAPHICAL TEXTBOOKS IN
EARLY MODERN CENTRAL EUROPE
Elena Yu. KAZAKOVA-APKARIMOVA
THE RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL TRADITION IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Sabine von LÖWIS
RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOSITY IN UKRAINE TODAY – EVIDENCE FOR THE
CONNECTION OF HISTORIC REGIONS AND RELIGION
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 59
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗GEOGRAPHY IN THE SERVICE OF FAITH: JESUIT GEOGRAPHICAL TEXTBOOKS
IN EARLY MODERN CENTRAL EUROPE
Teodora Shek Brnardić
Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb, Croatia
The Jesuit Catholic order was one of the most important cultural mediators in the early
modern world: they mediated between secular and ecclesiastical politics, between Europe
and the East, between Catholics and non-Catholics, etc. As missionaries they were in the
position to travel worldwide and to produce, in passing, global scientifi c knowledge. This
was then distributed and disseminated in the Jesuit colleges and universities at their local
branches in the whole of Catholic Europe. Christian humanism, as promoted by the Jesuits,
put forward the view that the path to the love and knowledge of God was the way of action
rather than contemplation. In this way the connection was established between knowledge
and action. This in turn prepared the way for accepting practical knowledge as relevant and
for putting human reality at the centre of interest. One way this happened was by bringing
together religion and civility, which became the hallmark of Jesuit educational philosophy.
In this framework the promulgation of geographical culture played a prominent role, since it
served political and religious purposes by furnishing the elite with useful information from
the terrain. In my paper I will analyze different aspects of the Jesuit geographical discourse
in the early modern textbooks intended for college students in the Kingdom of Hungary-
Croatia and in the Austrian provinces.
◗THE RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL TRADITION IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH
CENTURY
Elena Yu. Kazakova-Apkarimova
Institute of History and Archaeology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Russia
The English-language literature has paid relatively little attention to research by geographers
at the beginning of the twentieth century in the non-English-speaking (particularly
Russian) world. The aim of my report is to address that gap by examining the problem of
the connection between geography and religion in geographical works of the Urals scientist
Ivan Yakovlevich Krivoschekov, an active member of the Ural Society of Naturalists and
the author of works on history, geography and statistics of the Urals. One of the famous
Russian historians, V.O. Klyuchevsky, at the end of the nineteenth century described
Russia as a country that constantly colonized. The Ural region was one of the main areas
of colonization. Geographers contributed to the study of the problem of the colonization of
the Ural region and the emergence of local history in the Urals. Krivoschekov highlighted
the problem of the colonization of the Urals and the spread of Orthodoxy, and showed the
number and location of churches and monasteries in the region. Analyzing these data we can
trace the spread and strengthening of Orthodoxy in the region. The church-historical aspect
of his geographical description of the region and some settlements deserves special scientifi c
attention, as it serves as a good example for microhistorical analysis of the problem. The
research papers of Krivoschekov are valuable historical sources. The report evaluates their
informational value, representativeness, and distinctive features.
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60 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOSITY IN UKRAINE TODAY – EVIDENCE
FOR THE CONNECTION OF HISTORIC REGIONS AND RELIGION
Sabine von Löwis
Centre Marc Bloch, Berlin, Germany
Looking at electoral maps of Ukraine, one sees an East-West divide. But looking at it in more
detail more differences can be observed in the West of Ukraine, seeing historic regions as
Transcarpathia, the northern part of Bukovina or the Eastern part of the former Galicia.
In the models to explain election behavior in Western Europe religion is one of the most
stable indicators that can explain why certain regions vote the way they vote. Looking now
at the distribution of religious communities and religiosity in Ukraine nowadays a certain
distribution related to mentioned historic regions can be observed too. The history of the
West of Ukraine has been very dramatic in the past, which is also true for the history of
different religions. A number of different religions such as the Catholic, Greek-Catholic and
the various Orthodox churches reclaim believers and territories in Ukraine. They relate
to certain spaces and Empires in the past. And even though the Soviet Union repressed all
religions, a certain pattern in the distribution of, for instance, the Greek-Catholic Church
in Transcarpathia and the regions of the former Eastern part of Galicia is persistent. The
paper asks why and in what way religions and religiosity is transformed and transported
over time in certain regions being either under pressure to not perform or only under diffi cult
conditions or being supported as maybe strategic resource against other religions. What role
do certain places and spaces play contributing to the existence and persistence of diverse
religions in Western Ukraine.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 61
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Geography and Religion: Investigating the Historical
Geographies of a Connection II: Confessional Divides
and Confl ictual Geographies
ORGANIZERS: Dean Bond1, Luise Fischer2
1Department of Geography & Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall,
100 St. George Street, Room 5012, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
2Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street,
Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom
CHAIR: Luise Fischer
Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street,
Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom
Geographical thought and religion have long been intertwined, and scholars from various
disciplines, including anthropology, geography, sociology and history have investigated the
linkages between them. Like geography, religion has been thoroughly located and practised in
different ways in different places, despite various religions’ claims to universality. Historians
of geography and historical geographers have, however, often neglected religion and its
interconnections with local geographical thought and practice, or have only treated religion
in passing. The four sessions that comprise this panel revisit religion and geography’s
enduring ties from an historical perspective. The sessions consider (1) geographical
knowledge’s use in the service of religion; (2) the geography and signifi cance of confessional
divides; (3) the relationship between religion, the environment and historical regions; and
(4) religion’s importance for how individual geographers shaped geographical knowledge.
John C. LEHR, Yossi KATZ
WORLDS IN COLLISION: TIME, SPACE AND THE ROLES OF WOMEN IN HUTTERITE
SOCIETY
Bogumil SZADY
RELIGIOUS AND CONFESSIONAL BORDERLANDS IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN
COMMONWEALTH IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18th CENTURY
Roland CERNY-WERNER
BORDERS IN TERMS OF A BATTLEGROUND OF IDENTITY. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
AND THE VATICAN IN A STRUGGLE FOR CIRCUMSCRIPTION IN THE FORMER
EASTERN TERRITORIES OF THE GERMAN REICH AND THE GDR
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62 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗WORLDS IN COLLISION: TIME, SPACE AND THE ROLES OF WOMEN
IN HUTTERITE SOCIETY
John C. Lehr1, Yossi Katz2
1Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg
2Department of Geography, Bar Ilan University, Israel
Hutterites are pacifi st Anabaptist Christians who practise communal living as an expression
of their faith. The Hutterite church was founded in 16th century Europe, organised in
accordance with the patriarchal social mores of the day. Today there are almost 500
Hutterite colonies scattered over the Canadian prairies and the northern plains of the United
States. Hutterites seek separation from the world and resist social change, although they
eagerly embrace technological innovation in agriculture. Colony organization and gender
roles within Hutterite society have changed little since the sixteenth century. Women exert
infl uence in colony governance in traditional informal ways, founded in conceptions of
women as the subordinate sex. Recent penetration of the secular values of the outside into
the colonies has rendered Hutterite attitudes to the role and rights of women increasingly
anachronistic. Time, economics, and spatial separation from the outside are crucial factors
in driving reappraisal of power and gender in this deeply traditional society.
◗RELIGIOUS AND CONFESSIONAL BORDERLANDS IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN
COMMONWEALTH IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY
Bogumil Szady
John Paul II Catholic University, Lublin, Poland
The historical territory of the Republic of Poland, covering the areas of almost all today’s
Poland as well as Byelorussia, Lithuania, Latvia and Ukraine, is characterized by the
religious and ethnic diversity. The main and direct object of this study is to determine and
analyze the denominational borderlands in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth just before
the fi rst partition in 1772. Because of the lack of systematic demographic sources for that
period, the investigation is based on the distribution of the churches and temples pertaining
to the confessional structures like dioceses, eparchies, etc. It seems to be the best method
to study the actual quantitative (statistical) and spatial (geographical) relations between
the followers of all confessions existing in the Polish-Lithuanian state: Catholic churches of
three liturgies (Latin, Greek and Armenian), Orthodox, Lutheran (Evangelical-Augsburg),
Mennonite, Calvinist (Reformed Evangelical) and the Unity of the Brethren. Among non-
Christian religions, the most space and attention was given to Jewish temples. The number
of Muslim mosques and Karaite kenesas was small. While formulating the main conclusions,
a signifi cant role was played by the methods of geostatistic and geospatial analysis. The
present work made use of both the spatial databases and geographic information systems as
a set of instruments for a special analysis of the collected data. Both the method itself and the
instruments to use it create a chance to make a step further towards the classic methods of
cartographic presentations which are applied in historical geography.
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◗BORDERS IN TERMS OF A BATTLEGROUND OF IDENTITY. THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH AND THE VATICAN IN A STRUGGLE FOR CIRCUMSCRIPTION
IN THE FORMER EASTERN TERRITORIES OF THE GERMAN REICH
AND THE GDR
Roland Cerny-Werner
Fachbereich Bibelwissenschaft und Kirchengeschichte, Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg,
Austria
The eastern and western Church leaders’ struggle over the retention of diocesan boundaries,
set prior to 1989, as well as the recurrent and relentless demand made by the head of the
SED to amend this status, presented a most diffi cult task for the deciding authority – the
Vatican – when handling this issue. The protagonists were fully aware of the fact that no
other level of action involved a greater political, explosive force for the Eastern Politics of the
Vatican. The evidence of a European policy, as well as a policy of détente, characterized the
area of confl ict in which the players were located. Depending on the acting persons’ point of
view, the boundaries created between the dioceses in Central Germany acted as a sort of ‘all-
German clamp’ (‘Gesamtdeutsche Klammer’), or rather a provocation stemming from the
negation of ‘real post-war political conditions’.
The GDR and the territories of former East Germany posed a single, great area of border
issues for the Vatican. An examination of this issue points out that, aside from state,
territorial and cultural borders, parochial demarcation might also evolve as an effective
power, with primarily the purpose of being a unifying factor, rather than a dividing factor.
However the persistence in wanting to retain traditional borders, which hindered the
pastoral and administrative governing of dioceses, demonstrates the will of the persons
involved – that of wanting to give an expression to the hope of overcoming ideological
borders through the retention of parochial borders, thereby assisting in the renewed
breakthrough of increasing political-cultural structures. Through the analysis of this
problem area, the attempt of making effective the politically forced conservation, or
rather the elimination of borders as a meaningful instant in a divided Europe, is distinctly
recognizable.
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64 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Geography and Religion: Investigating the Historical
Geographies of a Connection III: Religion, Environment
and Historical Regions
ORGANIZERS: Dean Bond1, Luise Fischer2
1Department of Geography & Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall,
100 St. George Street, Room 5012, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
2Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street,
Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom
CHAIR: Dean Bond
Department of Geography & Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall,
100 St. George Street, Room 5012, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
Geographical thought and religion have long been intertwined, and scholars from various
disciplines, including anthropology, geography, sociology and history have investigated the
linkages between them. Like geography, religion has been thoroughly located and practised in
different ways in different places, despite various religions’ claims to universality. Historians
of geography and historical geographers have, however, often neglected religion and its
interconnections with local geographical thought and practice, or have only treated religion
in passing. The four sessions that comprise this panel revisit religion and geography’s
enduring ties from an historical perspective. The sessions consider (1) geographical
knowledge’s use in the service of religion; (2) the geography and signifi cance of confessional
divides; (3) the relationship between religion, the environment and historical regions; and
(4) religion’s importance for how individual geographers shaped geographical knowledge.
Mélanie LOZAT
GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION IN THE WORK OF THE GEOGRAPHER STRABO
Brian CATLOS
GEOGRAPHY, RELIGION AND CULTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL MEDITERRANEAN
Brice GRUET
SAN GENNARO AN NAPLES: HOW CAN A SAINT PROTECT FROM (NATURAL)
DISASTERS?
Núria SILLERAS-FERNÁNDEZ
PATHWAYS OF PATRONAGE: EIXIMENIS’S MORALIZING AS A PENINSULAR
PHENOMENON
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◗GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION IN THE WORK OF THE GEOGRAPHER STRABO
Mélanie Lozat
Département des Sciences de l’Antiquité, Université de Genève
The aim of this paper is to comment, by means of Strabo’s Geography, on the articulation in
Antiquity of geography and religion. The colossal work of the geographer Strabo, composed
in the beginning of the fi rst century CE, is a very rich source for whoever is interested
in ancient Greek geography. Indeed, it is a receptacle of works now lost, or preserved in
fragmentary form only, such as the works of Artemidorus, Eratosthenes and Posidonius.
In his introduction, Strabo outlines the usefulness of his work, and his aims, in particular
the correction of his predecessors’ mistakes. He also offers a defi nition of geography in his
time. Geography is, for Strabo, a combination of travel (periplus), cartography, history,
physical geography (the study of the landscape, and of remarkable natural phenomena),
mathematical geography (calculation of latitudes and longitudes), human geography
(territorial and political organization), as well as the study of barbarian customs, nomoi,
including what we defi ne as religion. Strabo’s purpose is to establish a map of the world
for the use of Roman power, hence his lengthy topographic and ethnographic descriptions.
Religious customs are an important marker of identity in the Geography. Strabo constructs
the identity of the barbarian peoples he describes (that is, all who are neither Greek nor
Roman) according to the Greek ethnographic standards already encountered in Herodotus.
The various barbarian peoples are thus compared to the Greeks using models of opposition or
inversion, or they are classifi ed through the use of analogies and comparison. In this paper,
I will especially emphasize this last point, and describe how Strabo links the geographical
position of the barbarian peoples he describes – eschatia, highlands, fl atlands, oceanic or
Mediterranean coastlines – to the variety of their religious customs.
◗GEOGRAPHY, RELIGION AND CULTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL MEDITERRANEAN
Brian Catlos1,2
1Religious Studies, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
2Department of History, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
The Medieval Mediterranean’s most salient characteristic is that it was a zone of encounter
and interpenetration for Latin and Byzantine Christianity, Islam and Judaism and the
African, West Asian and European peoples who formed these religio-cultural communities.
The result was confl ict and competition, but also collaboration and acculturation – processes
crucial for the emergence of modern Christianity, Islam and Judaism. This paper builds
on the environmentalhistorical methodology of Horden and Purcell (viz.: The Corrupting
Sea) to suggest the particular dynamic by which these religious cultures interacted – one
that cannot be separated from the geographical features and environmental characteristics
of the Mediterranean. This region consists of an aggregate of compact and highly varied
microclimates, linked by a shallow and narrow sea, which facilitated navigation and trade
(cabotage) and incremental processes of emigration and colonization since the Neolithic. As
a consequence, by the seventh century the Mediterranean emerged as a complex network
of economically interdependent micro-regions whose prosperity and viability depended
on relationships with other micro-regions. This also contributed to the establishment
of a common cultural base, rooted in Helleno-Persian, Roman, and Hebraeo-Egyptian
antecedents, together with a folk traditions and survival strategies emerging out of this
particular regional environment. These latter provided the region’s peoples with a level of
‘mutual intelligibility’ which functioned despite formal religious and cultural difference,
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66 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
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while the former, meant that conquest and conversion could only occur gradually. It was
these two factors that provided the environment for the incredible religio-cultural exchanges
and cultural innovations of the poly- confessional Medieval Mediterranean.
◗SAN GENNARO AN NAPLES: HOW CAN A SAINT PROTECT FROM (NATURAL)
DISASTERS?
Brice Gruet
Université Paris Est Créteil/École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
In this paper, I shall discuss the case of the city of Naples and its “offi cial” protector san
Gennaro, a 4th century Christian martyr who very early became one of the most prominent
fi gures of Naples’ saints. San Gennaro, through his relics and his cult, suggests a very
strong connection between him, the neapolitan people and the territory of Campania. I will
emphasize on how processions, masses and prayers had been used for centuries to fi ght
disasters or adapt to disasters.
◗PATHWAYS OF PATRONAGE: EIXIMENIS’S MORALIZING AS A PENINSULAR
PHENOMENON
Núria Silleras-Fernández
Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
The late fourteenth-century Catalan polymath Francesc Eiximenis was one of the leading
political theorists and moralists of his age. His treatises on rulership, Christian devotion
and feminine virtue were very infl uential in the royal and aristocratic circles of the Crown of
Aragon – one of the two major political powers in the medieval Iberian Peninsula. Moreover,
his writings had a tremendous impact on later rulers and thinkers across Iberia and Europe.
Despite this, he is an obscure fi gure, little known outside Catalonia and largely excluded from
the literary-historical canon. My present project, Imagined Virtues: Books of Women and
Court Culture in Late Medieval and Early Modern Iberia traces the evolution of Eiximenis’s
work on female morality as it was adapted, translated and transformed across the Iberian
Peninsula and beyond in the fi fteenth and sixteenth centuries. This is a process profoundly
linked to the networks of patronage and political alliance that developed in late-medieval
and early Modern Iberia, which were constrained and channeled by the geographical
environment in which regional aristocratic elites pursued their agendas. The rise of the
Trastamara dynasty, the subsequent merging of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile, as Spain,
and the abortive incorporation of Portugal into this union are all rooted in the fact that their
locus was the peninsula. It was these same factors that determined the path that Eiximenis’s
infl uence would follow, as the members of the elite, who read and shared his works and
thoughts, conveyed them across Iberia.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 67
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Geography and Religion: Investigating the Historical
Geographies of a Connection IV: Geographical Knowledge
and Religious Belief
ORGANIZERS: Dean Bond1, Luise Fischer2
1Department of Geography & Program in Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall,
100 St. George Street, Room 5012, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
2Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street,
Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United Kingdom
CHAIR: Teodora Shek Brnardić
Croatian Institute of History, Zagreb, Croatia
Geographical thought and religion have long been intertwined, and scholars from various
disciplines, including anthropology, geography, sociology and history have investigated the
linkages between them. Like geography, religion has been thoroughly located and practised in
different ways in different places, despite various religions’ claims to universality. Historians
of geography and historical geographers have, however, often neglected religion and its
interconnections with local geographical thought and practice, or have only treated religion
in passing. The four sessions that comprise this panel revisit religion and geography’s
enduring ties from an historical perspective. The sessions consider (1) geographical
knowledge’s use in the service of religion; (2) the geography and signifi cance of confessional
divides; (3) the relationship between religion, the environment and historical regions; and
(4) religion’s importance for how individual geographers shaped geographical knowledge.
Halla KIM
THE RELIGIOUS-COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TWO PRE-MODERN MAPS FROM
KOREA: GANGNIDO AND DAEDONG YŎJIDO
Luise FISCHER
GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF
Dean BOND
ENLIGHTENED GEOGRAPHY AND THEOLOGICAL REASON: PLACING RELIGION IN
THE LIVES AND WORK OF A. F. BÜSCHING AND J. D. MICHAELIS
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68 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
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◗THE RELIGIOUS-COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TWO PRE-MODERN MAPS
FROM KOREA: GANGNIDO AND DAEDONG YŎJIDO
Halla Kim
Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
What is in a map? Traditional maps in Korea typically reveal a remarkable set of
cartographers’ insights and refl ections about the underlying structure of the world. In this
paper, I consider two such maps, inter alia, i.e., Kwŏn Kŭn and Yi Hoe’s Gangnido (1402) and
Kim Jŏngho’s Daedong Yŏjido (1861) (hereafter DY). While Gangnido is the most impressive
map of the world in the beginning of the fi fteenth century, DY is the most accurate map
of Korea in the pre-modern period. Drawing on various sources including the Mongol and
Islamic maps, the scope of Gangnido is quite impressive. It not only includes all of Korea,
China and Japan but also India, the Middle East, Africa as well as Europe. The map includes
about 100 place-names for Europe and about 35 for Africa. In the utmost northwest,
Germany and France are marked phonetically, ‘A-lu-mang-ni-a’ and ‘Fa-li-si-na.’ The whole
world is encircled by a large ring of water, which is in turn enclosed by an imaginary outer
continent. DY on the other hand most dramatically refl ects the underlying geomantic theory,
in particular, shapes and forces theory based on the concept of Qi. Just as the human body is
an organic whole of Qi energy, the whole landmass of Korea is so conceived. The single line of
mountain spine (Sanmaek) stretching from Paektu Moutain in the north forms the basis of
the map as the reservoir of Qi energy.
◗GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF
Luise Fischer
Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
This paper explores connections between the making of German Enlightenment geographical
knowledge and religious belief. The paper argues that geography and religion were closely
connected in the eighteenth-century German states, and suggests that the nature and form
of German Enlightenment geographical engagement was related to questions of religious
politics. More precisely, German eighteenth-century geography books, periodicals, and
correspondence show that the locally attributed purpose of geographical knowledge was
related to the territorial dominance of certain religions and their political enforcement.
Religious geopolitics affected the spatial differences of Enlightenment understanding and
geographical knowledge production, circulation, and consumption. The paper examines
spatial variations on a regional and a local level: to point to differences between the
dominantly Protestant regions (the ‘German north’) and the dominantly Catholic regions
(the ‘German south’), and to reveal differences within the Protestant and Catholic areas.
The paper further shows how temporal changes in religious politics affected the creation and
practice of geographical knowledge in different places and spaces in the eighteenth-century
German states.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 69
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗ENLIGHTENED GEOGRAPHY AND THEOLOGICAL REASON: PLACING RELIGION
IN THE LIVES AND WORK OF A. F. BÜSCHING AND J. D. MICHAELIS
Dean Bond
Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Canada
This paper explores religion’s salience for two eighteenth century authors of geographical
works, namely Anton Friedrich Büsching (1724–1793) and Johann David Michaelis
(1717–1791). Büsching represented one of the most important eighteenth century
geographers, yet historians of geography have devoted little attention to his life and work.
Michaelis’s Orientalist and theological credentials and his lack of published engagement with
geography texts have likewise left him beyond geographers’ disciplinary purview. Drawing
on their correspondence and published works, this paper explores how both scholars strove
to balance a desire for accuracy and systematic investigation with the Holy Scripture’s
revealed truths. In so doing, the paper foregrounds the importance that Büsching’s and
Michaelis’s theological training had for their geographical studies. More broadly, the paper
argues that religion and systematic geographical scholarship were intertwined and part of
a broader Enlightenment project wherein tradition still mattered, even as it lost ground
with geography’s increased systemization. The paper also highlights the ways in which
confessional divides indelibly marked the eighteenth century German states’ geography of
knowledge creation and Büsching’s and Michaelis’s position within it.
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70 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Historical Climatology and Climate History:
Medieval Sources
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Rudolf Brázdil
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Various sources of documentary data (narrative sources, newspapers, economic
sources, letters, broad-sheets, log-books, epigraphic sources etc.) may be used for the study
of past climate fl uctuations. The analysis is usually temporally limited to the past millennium
covering spatially various parts of the world with generally increasing data sources from the
16th century. Before AD 1500 data are more temporally and spatially scarce and they request
critical evaluations before their using. Presentations in this panel discuss following topics:
medieval Russian chronicles from point of view of climatological information, medieval
sources related to the eruption of the submarine volcano Kuwae and its possible impacts, and
Medieval Climate Anomaly in Japan.
Ursula BIEBER
THE RUSSIAN CHRONICLES AS A MEDIEVAL ‘DATABASE’ FOR CLIMATE INFORMATION
Martin BAUCH
REDATING KUWAE – MEDIEVAL SOURCES ON A MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN
THE 15th CENTURY
Yoshio TAGAMI
CLIMATE VARIATION DURING MEDIEVAL CLIMATE ANOMALY IN JAPAN
– RECONSTRUCTION FROM HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
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PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗THE RUSSIAN CHRONICLES AS A MEDIEVAL ‘DATABASE’ FOR CLIMATE
INFORMATION
Ursula Bieber
University of Salzburg, Faculty of Cultural & Social Sciences, Department of Slavonic
Studies/IZMS, Erzabt-Klotz-Strasse 1, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
The ancient Russian chronicles are not only historical monuments but also literary
documents of high artistic value. The 11th century Kievan chronicle, known under the
conventional title “Nestor’s Chronicle” is one of the most famous documents of Old
Russia, followed by a second annalistic monument of about the same time, the “Novgorod
Chronicle”, on which we will focus mainly in this paper. Both chronicles are extant only in
later transcriptions, beginning from the 13th century. The basic characteristic of the style of
these documents is roughly identical. There are running entries, brief sentences without any
stylistic adornments and therefore their reports are written in a sober narrative style being
sometimes amplifi ed by some notes of religious and moral didacticism. The attentive reading
of the Chronicles allows us to consider this genre as a sort of “Climate report” or – even as
some kind of a “Disaster Report”. Natural or climate phenomena appear in multifarious
ways: we fi nd incessant droughts, thunderstorms, hail, cold summers, intolerably hot
seasons, mild and warm winters, continuous rainfall and fl oods drowning man and valuable
cultural assets.
◗REDATING KUWAE – MEDIEVAL SOURCES ON A MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION
IN THE 15TH CENTURY
Martin Bauch
Darmstadt University of Technology, Department of History, Chair for Medieval History,
Residenzschloss, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
The eruption of the submarine volcano Kuwae (Vanuatu), one of the largest eruptions in the
last 1000 years, has been connected for some time now by geoscientists to specifi c sulfuric
acid spikes in polar ice cores from both hemispheres. Though there have been articulated
serious doubts about the eurption’s location recently, no one ever questioned the dating of
the event to 1452/53. The paper points to the weaknesses when ice cores are calibrated
by geoscientists using written data. These ‘historical facts’ prove to be based on complete
misinterpretation of historical sources mainly connected to the fall of Constantinople in
May 1354. Instead there can be shown a collection of detailed sources from all over Europe
for the year 1465, covering Northern and Southern Germany, Switzerland, all of Italy and
even the Eastern Mediterranean. The Medieval observers clearly described the atmospheric
effects of a volcanic dust veil crossing Europe in the autumn of 1465. Thereby they remained
astonishingly sober in their description and avoided any metaphysical explanations for what
they saw. This example gives new insight into the density and reliability of Medieval sources
on meteorological and atmospheric phenomena. Therefore the paper encourages a more
active interdisciplinary cooperation of science and humanities in general and a more detailed
climate reconstruction for the late Middle Ages in particular.
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72 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
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◗CLIMATE VARIATION DURING MEDIEVAL CLIMATE ANOMALY IN JAPAN –
RECONSTRUCTION FROM HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
Yoshio Tagami
University of Toyama, Faculty of Human Development, Department of Geography, Gofuku
3190, 930-8555 Toyama, Japan
Climate variation during Medieval Climate Anomaly in Japan has not been clear. However,
according to former studies, it seems that the climate change during the period was not so
small. It may be thought that such climate variation had infl uenced to the society of Japan
and its surrounding area. In Japan, the daily occurrence and weather was recorded in detail
on many old documents. For example, “Rikkokushi” which is fundamental history books
record detail the weather, such as wind, rain, snow, and thunder. Furthermore, they record
disasters, such as strong winds and fl oods. Also they record the ceremony which pray the
prevention of rain, or pray for rain. Based on those document records, climate variation in
Japan during Medieval Climate Anomaly was reconstructed. As the result, these are clarifi ed.
The climate had become cool from the 8th century to the 9th century. Especially at the end of
the 9th century, it appeared as the cool peak. This cool climate brought a lot of rain and fl ood
disasters. However, the cool climate turned at the beginning of the 10th century, and warm
climate had come. This has appeared in the increase in drought damage, etc. As the most
remarkable feature, the wet and cool climate of the 9th century turned to the state of warm
dryness in the 10th century. This climate variation should be examined from the relation
between the climate of Japan and that of other areas.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 73
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Historical Climatology and Climate History:
Documentary Evidence
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Dennis Wheeler
University of Sunderland, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, United Kingdom
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Various sources of documentary data (narrative sources, newspapers, economic
sources, letters, broad-sheets, log-books, epigraphic sources etc.), their critics and basic
analysis are of particular importance. Presentations in the panel present the use of several
data sources for climate analyses: a Damascene 15th century diary, offi cial letters in Iceland
from the 18th–19th centuries, and Premonstratensian diaries from Olomouc (Czech
Republic).
Ghazi al DYAB, Steffen VOGT, Rüdiger GLASER, Johannes SCHÖNBEIN
A DAMASCENE 15th CENTURY DIARY AS SOURCE FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS
Astrid E. J. OGILVIE
CLIMATE DATA FROM OFFICIAL LETTERS FROM ICELAND C. AD 1700–1894
Rudolf BRÁZDIL, Ladislava ŘEZNÍČKOVÁ, Tomáš ČERNUŠÁK
WEATHER PATTERNS OF THE OLOMOUC REGION (CZECH REPUBLIC) IN A.D. 1693–
1783 BASED ON RECORDS FROM DIARIES OF THE PREMONSTRATENSIAN ORDER
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74 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗A DAMASCENE 15TH CENTURY DIARY AS SOURCE FOR CLIMATE
RECONSTRUCTIONS
Ghazi al Dyab1, Steffen Vogt1, Rüdiger Glaser1, Johannes Schönbein1
1Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Physische Geographie, Werthmannstraße
4, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
Between December 1480 and July 1501 the academic and member of high society from
Damascus, Syria Shihab ad-Din Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad, known as Ibn Tawq,
jotted down a variety of observations from his daily live in a diary. The scope of the
observations noted in his diary spread from political incidents, religious celebrations, legal
practice or simply what the sheik did or how the prices for food developed. However, Ibn
Tawq also noted the current weather over Damascus. Especially during the winter month
he added several meteorological observations a day, resulting in up to 200 weather related
entries per year, which allow for a high resolution reconstruction of the weather conditions.
Furthermore Ibn Tawq’s diaries contain details about climatologic extreme events, which
occurred in the Damascus area or in other parts of the Middle East, from where information
had been received. Together with comparison to earlier extreme events, mitigation strategies
are often noted. The diaries of Ibn Tawq will be presented and a climate reconstruction based
on those diaries for at least the winter month of the respective years will be presented.
◗CLIMATE DATA FROM OFFICIAL LETTERS FROM ICELAND C. AD 1700–1894
Astrid E. J. Ogilvie
INSTAAR Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder and
CICERO (Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo)
Iceland may be said to have become part of the Danish kingdom in 1536, although it was
not formally subject to Danish laws until 1662. In 1904, the union with Denmark began
to dissolve when home rule was granted, and since 1944 Iceland has been a self-governing
republic. For the period ca. 1700 to 1894, a valuable historical legacy from Danish rule
exists in the form of offi cial reports describing conditions in Iceland. These reports or letters
were written by Icelandic offi cials known as Sýslumenn (Sheriffs) and Amtmenn (District
Governors) and sent to the Stiftamtmaður or Landshöfðingja (Governors of Iceland). The
letters were produced for all of the counties of Iceland (23) thus enabling comparison of
conditions in different areas. These letters form a goldmine of climatic, environmental,
and social data. The reports contain information on climate (especially temperature and
precipitation), sea-ice variations, comments on glacial phenomena, environmental impacts
such as the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and avalanches, as well as information on
fi sheries, livestock, grass-growth and hay yield, and human health. From the early 1700s,
these reports were usually written annually. From around 1780, they were written more
frequently, often two to three times per year. The different Sheriffs interpreted their duties
in various ways; some wrote comparatively briefl y, others gave fuller accounts. On the whole,
the letters from the nineteenth century contain far more detail than those of the eighteenth.
These letters written by the Sheriffs were usually in Danish, occasionally in Icelandic, often
in Gothic script, and they are all in manuscript form. There are in existence approximately
4000 letters, in other words, some 8000 pages. The letters are unpublished, and are located
in the National Archives of Iceland (Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands) in Reykjavík. This presentation
will show how the data from these letters may be used to reconstruct indices of climate and
sea-ice changes as well as other social information.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 75
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗WEATHER PATTERNS OF THE OLOMOUC REGION (CZECH REPUBLIC) IN A.D.
1693–1783 BASED ON RECORDS FROM DIARIES OF THE PREMONSTRATENSIAN
ORDER
Rudolf Brázdil1,2, Ladislava Řezníčková1,2, Tomáš Černušák3
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2Global Change Research Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
3Moravian Land Archives, Brno, Czech Republic
The paper presents results of analysis of weather records coming from diaries of
Premonstratensian abbey Hradisko (Olomouc, Czech Republic) and priory at Svatý
Kopeček (near Olomouc) for the period 1693–1783. The diaries (a total of 39 diaries
survived), written in Latin, largely concerned of everyday life where also daily information
about weather and weather phenomena were included. They cover 50 years of the above
mentioned period and allow characterisation of temperature, precipitation and wind
patterns, cloudiness, meteorological (e.g. thunderstorm, hailstorm) and hydrological
(fl oods) events. Moreover, observations can be compared and completed by records of
Jesuits from Olomouc and Piarists from Stará Voda. Information from diaries was used for
creation of monthly temperature and precipitation indices in the 7-degree scale (from -3 very
cold/very dry to +3 very warm/very wet). Series of these indices were further compared
with similar series coming from Germany and Switzerland from the point of view of their
temporal and spatial consistency. Besides, data of different hydrometeorological extremes
(fl oods, windstorms, hailstorms, damaging spring frosts, thunderstorms) were studied with
respect to existing past and recent series of such phenomena in Olomouc or in the Czech
Lands.
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76 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Early
Instrumental Records I
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Petr Dobrovolný
Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Early instrumental meteorological measurements are important source for
description of past climate patterns. Presentations in this panel discuss following topics:
early Portuguese instrumental meteorological records (the 18th century), meteorological
observations from Żagań, Poland (1781–1792), and the role of scientifi c and economic
societies played in meteorological observations in the Czech Lands (the fi rst part of the 19th
century).
Maria J. ALCOFORADO, J. M. VAQUERO, R. M. TRIGO, J. P.TABORDA
EARLY PORTUGUESE METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS (18th CENTURY)
Rajmund PRZYBYLAK, Aleksandra POSPIESZYŃSKA, Maciej NOWAKOWSKI
AIR TEMPERATURE IN ŻAGAŃ FROM 1781 TO 1792
Monika BĚLÍNOVÁ, Rudolf BRÁZDIL, Hubert VALÁŠEK, Jarmila BURIANOVÁ,
Jaroslav ROŽNOVSKÝ
THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC SOCIETIES IN METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY IN THE CZECH LANDS
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 77
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗EARLY PORTUGUESE METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS (18TH CENTURY)
Maria J. Alcoforado1, J. M. Vaquero2,3, R. M. Trigo3,4, J. P. Taborda5
1Centro de Estudos Geográfi cos, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
2Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Mérida, Spain
3CGUL, Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Lisbon, Portugal
4Departamento de Eng. Civil da Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
5Escola Secundária Gabriel Pereira, Évora, Portugal
Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the main sources used
to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we will present the 18th century meteorologists
(either Portuguese or foreigners), who made the fi rst observations at several sites in
Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802.
Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period,
methodologies and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data
usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in continental Portugal
(1781–93) was reconstructed allowing to extend towards the mid 18th century the well
known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore,
previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 has allowed analysing the consequences of the
Laki eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike
the hot summer observed in northern and central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were
lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the
Laki consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although
the series are short, the data will be used for climate reconstruction studies focused in
Southern Portugal and are also useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction
datasets.
◗AIR TEMPERATURE IN ŻAGAŃ FROM 1781 TO 1792
Rajmund Przybylak1, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska1, Maciej Nowakowski1
1Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Department of
Climatology, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Data series from Żagań (Poland) was the second (after Warsaw series, the Florentine
network) which was gathered within an organised network of meteorological stations (the
Mannheim network). All measurements methods and instruments were standardized
within this network. The measurements in Żagań in the period 1781–1792 were conducted
three times a day, using mercury thermometer with the Reaumure scale. Annual mean of
air temperature for the study period (8.0°C) was about 0.2°C higher than air temperature
from the contemporary period 1971–2000. Out of all seasons, air temperatures observed
in spring and autumn show the greatest range of changes in the study period. Spring was
slightly colder than autumn (by about 0.1°C). The coldest year occurred in 1785 (6.4°C),
while the warmest one in 1781 (9.6°C). Within the analysed period signifi cantly colder sub-
period was observed from 1784 to 1788 when mean annual temperatures were lower by
about 1.0-1.5°C from the average value for the whole period. On average, the annual mean
temperatures were mainly infl uenced by spring and summer temperatures, except years
1788–1792 when winter was a main driver. The temperature series from Żagań is strongly
correlated with other 18th century temperature series from Poland and Central Europe
(correlation coeffi cient higher than 0.90).
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78 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC SOCIETIES IN METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE CZECH
LANDS
Monika Bělínová1, Rudolf Brázdil1,2, Hubert Valášek3, Jarmila Burianová1, Jaroslav
Rožnovský4
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
3Moravian Land Archives, Brno, Czech Republic
4Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
Scientifi c and economic societies played an important role in beginnings of meteorological
observations in Central Europe. Also in the Czech Lands were established such societies,
which were aimed at the development of better agricultural and forestry practices and were
responsible for spreading new scientifi c knowledge to various areas. Meteorology was one of
such areas which found the practical application and became the subject of increased general
interest. The beginnings of meteorological observations in Moravia were connected with I. R.
Moravian-Silesian Economic Society, which established its Meteorological Section in 1815.
In Bohemia it was I. R. Bohemian Patriotic-Economic Society which organised a network
of meteorological and phenological stations and published results of observations from
1817–1847. Some of its stations continued then in the network of the Central Institute for
Meteorology and Geomagnetisms (established in Vienna in 1851) which took responsibility
for observation in the Czech Lands and published their results up to 1918. The analysis of
these observations allows study of temporal and spatial patterns of climate in the Czech
Lands as well as phenological responses in Bohemia during the fi rst half of the 19th century.
These observations are comparable with those from the modern times (1961–1990) and
may be used for extension of several meteorological series of secular stations.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 79
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Early
Instrumental Records II – Climate Reconstructions I
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Maria J. Alcoforado
Centro de Estudos Geográfi cos, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Reach documentary evidence allow to create series of (bio)physical indicators or
temperature/precipitation indices which can be used for climate reconstructions spanning
over past centuries, mainly before beginnings of systematic meteorological measurements.
For their calibration and verifi cation long-term instrumental meteorological series are of key
importance. Presentations in this panel discuss following topics: the use of documentary
evidence and instrumental data for climate of Toruń (Poland), the history of Oslo (Norway)
temperature series, and climate changes in Japan from the 18th century.
Aleksandra POSPIESZYŃSKA, Rajmund PRZYBYLAK
THE CLIMATE OF TORUŃ (POLAND) BASED ON DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND
INSTRUMENTAL DATA
Øyvind NORDLI
THE HISTORY OF THE OSLO TEMPERATURE SERIES STARTING IN 1837
Takehiko MIKAMI, Masumi ZAIKI, Junpei HIRANO
CLIMATIC CHANGES IN JAPAN SINCE THE 18th CENTURY
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80 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗THE CLIMATE OF TORUŃ (POLAND) BASED ON DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
AND INSTRUMENTAL DATA
Aleksandra Pospieszyńska1, Rajmund Przybylak1
1Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Department of
Climatology, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Toruń is situated in the central part of northern Poland which has a temperate transitional
climate. Early instrumental measurements and observations were undertaken there in 1740.
Regular meteorological observations, however, were started by German meteorological
service in the second part of the 19th century and were conducted till 1920. After the First
World War, meteorological observations were continued by the Polish meteorological service.
Quality control data sets were published for many years in yearbooks. Monthly series of air
temperature and precipitation in Toruń in the period from 1871 to 2010 were standardized
using Alexandersson’s and Moberg’s methods. The mean annual air temperature in the
period from 1871 to 2010 reached 7.7°C. The warmest month in the analysed period was
July with the mean temperature of 18.2°C and the coldest was January (-2.5°C). The mean
air temperature in spring (7.3oC) was lower than in autumn (7.9°C). The coldest year was
1940 (5.6°C) and the warmest was 2000 (9.7°C). The mean annual sum of precipitation in
the period reached 517.6 mm. The highest monthly total of precipitation was observed in
July (76.8 mm), while the lowest occurred in February (24.6 mm). In the whole analysed
period, the most humid year was 1980 (844.0 mm) and the driest was 1900 (304.2 mm).
In the period from 1871 to 2010, a statistically signifi cant trend in the air temperature was
noted (0.1°C/decade). On the other hand, the precipitation revealed no signifi cant changes.
◗THE HISTORY OF THE OSLO TEMPERATURE SERIES STARTING IN 1837
Øyvind Nordli
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Department of Research, Box 43 Blindern, N-0313
Oslo, Norway
The Oslo series (60oN – 11oE) is not as well known as the Swedish series Stockholm and
Uppsala, which are situated approximately at the same latitude as Oslo. This may be due to
the shorter length of the Oslo series. However, the Oslo series is remarkable in the sense that
two different observation systems were in use on the same site (Astronomical Observatory)
for 57 years, 1877–1933. The astronomers were in charge of one of the series, with
observation 5 times a day in wall cages, whereas the meteorologists were in charge the other
one, with observations 3 times a day in a screen of type Wild, named after its constructor
Heinrich Wild. This screen was a gift from the Russian institute in St. Petersburg. The
parallel measurements show that the Wild screen was much overheated compared to the
wall cage except in mid winter. In clear weather in summer the difference amounted to 2oC.
In 1937 all observations at the Astronomical Observatory were stopped and resumed at
a fi eld near the new premises of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute at Blindern outside
the city centre. A composite Oslo series based on the observations at the Astronomical
Observatory and Blindern was established trough a homogenisation process. No urban
infl uence was detected in the series as the observations were from outskirts of the city.
However, ongoing construction works near the present site may lead to an urban infl uence
in the future. The linear warming trend during the 175 years of the composite Oslo series
amounts to 1.4oC.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 81
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗CLIMATIC CHANGES IN JAPAN SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY
Takehiko Mikami1, Masumi Zaiki2, Junpei Hirano3
1Teikyo University, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Geography, 359 Ohtsuka,
Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
2Seikei University, Faculty of Economics, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo,
Japan
3National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3-1 Tennodai,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
In Japan, we have several kinds of documentary sources for reconstructing climatic
variations in historical times: (1) Cherry-tree fl owering date records since the 11th century;
(2) lake-freezing date records since the 16th century; and (3) weather diary records since
the 18th century. Also we have recovered historical instrumental temperature and pressure
observations from 1825 (50 years prior to the offi cial observations) to 1888 at several places
in Japan including Tokyo, Yokohama, Mito, Osaka, Nagasaki, etc. We will introduce the
characteristics of these valuable proxy and instrumental data and will describe long-term
climatic variations in Japan reconstructed and recovered from these records. As most of
these proxy records were available since 18th century, we discuss climatic changes in Japan
for the last 300 years (1700–2000), during which several climatic episodes, such as severe
famines and natural disasters, were included. The methods for reconstructing climatic
changes from historical documentary records (e.g., weather diaries, lake freezing date
records, etc.) will be discussed.
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82 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Climate
Reconstructions II
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Takehiko Mikami
Teikyo University, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Geography, 359 Ohtsuka, Hachioji-
shi, Tokyo, Japan
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Reach documentary evidence allow to create series of (bio)physical indicators
(such as dates about grain harvests) or temperature/precipitation indices which can be
used for climate reconstructions spanning over past centuries, mainly before beginnings
of systematic meteorological measurements. For their calibration and verifi cation long-
term instrumental meteorological series are of key importance. Presentations in this panel
discuss topics related to the use of cultural proxies for the rainfall reconstruction in Iberian
Peninsula, of agricultural and phenological data as proxies for temperature reconstruction,
and of documentary data in reconstruction temperature and precipitation of the 15th century
in Burgundian Low Countries.
Mariano BARRIENDOS, Oscar COLLADOS
QUANTIFICATION AND CALIBRATION OF CULTURAL PROXIES FOR RAINFALL
RECONSTRUCTION IN IBERIAN PENINSULA CONTEXT
Oliver WETTER, Christian PFISTER
BEGINNING OF AGRICULTURAL WORKINGS AS PROXIES FOR MEAN SPRING-
SUMMER TEMPERATURES (!) AND FINE WEATHER CONDITIONS (?). CREATION OF
LONG MULTI PROXY “AGRO-PHENOLOGICAL” SERIES STARTING FROM 1444 AD –
2012 AD
Chantal CAMENISCH
SEASONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF TEMPERATURES AND PRECIPITATION BASED ON
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE IN THE BURGUNDIAN LOW COUNTRIES DURING THE 15th
CENTURY
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 83
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
◗QUANTIFICATION AND CALIBRATION OF CULTURAL PROXIES FOR RAINFALL
RECONSTRUCTION IN IBERIAN PENINSULA CONTEXT
Mariano Barriendos1, Oscar Collados2
1Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Spain
2Department of Medieval History, Palaeography and Diplomatics, University of Barcelona
(DHM/UB), Spain
Climatic reconstruction from historical documentary sources on Iberian Peninsula is a recent
activity with short number of groups involved. Documentary sources on iberian are very
rich by quantity, diversity and continuity. Administrative sources are effi cient to collect
information related to environmental processes, with reliability, exact dates, continuity
and homogeneity. Historical climatology shows specifi c problems. Preliminar evaluations
identify 100 localities on Spain and Portugal with c. 2000 km. of book-shelters of documents
interesting for research. At present, no more than 4 % is collected and analyzed. A general
overview of problems and possible solutions:
– 19th century is a critical period with very short and weak overlapping periods between
proxy and instrumental series.
– Densifi cation of available historical data. To obtain good reconstructions, an important
effort must be done.
– New proxies. At present, only direct descriptions and rogation ceremonies by
environmental factors have been worked. Economic data (statistics of harvest production,
taxes over harvests, market’s prices...) would be a positive contribution.
– Multi proxy approach. New methodology would be required to integrate different proxies
generating new climatic indices. Historical proxies integrated with dendroclimatological
records would be better than simple comparative analysis between them because both
proxies detect different climatic signals.
– If global change produces impacts in a next future, documentary sources could provide
reconstructions focused on impacts and how human communities confront them along
time. Study of past situations could improve policies and strategies for next future
scenarios (new epidemics, increasing climatic hazards, deterioration of natural resources,
like water...).
◗BEGINNING OF AGRICULTURAL WORKINGS AS PROXIES FOR MEAN
SPRING-SUMMER TEMPERATURES (!) AND FINE WEATHER CONDITIONS (?).
CREATION OF LONG MULTI PROXY “AGRO-PHENOLOGICAL” SERIES STARTING
FROM 1444 AD – 2012 AD
Oliver Wetter1,2, Christian Pfi ster1,2
1Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
2Section of Economic, Social and Environmental History, Institute of History, University of
Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Year by year thousands of dated entries for day labourer wage expenses are found in the
annual accounting books of the hospital of Basel beginning in 1444. These workmen
were paid at the end of each working day which allows to reconstruct the start of various
agricultural workings throughout the year. Even more than fi fteen different workings could
be reconstructed for labour intensive viticulture, covering each month in the period of
March to November (except August). All in all about forty agricultural workings could be
found. Some of them do have good potential to serve as climate proxies even though there
is still an unsolved problem of calibration for most of them, as the Basel hospital series ends
ICHG2012_Abstrakta_vnit.indd 83ICHG2012_Abstrakta_vnit.indd 83 25.7.12 15:0225.7.12 15:02
84 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
in 1705, right before the outset of the instrumental period. This problem can be solved
with subsequent series from other sources. But so far only subsequent hay-, after grass-,
grain- and grape harvest series could be made available. Grape harvest dates as well as
grain harvest dates have already been proven to be valid proxies for mean spring-summer
temperatures. Two temperature reconstructions basing on these proxies shall thus be
presented at the conference. First fi ndings suggest that hay- as well as after grass harvest
dates are more sensitive to (a temporarily lack of) precipitation than to temperature as
phases of fair weather, especially Central European anticyclones strikingly correlate with
these workings.
◗SEASONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF TEMPERATURES AND PRECIPITATION
BASED ON DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE IN THE BURGUNDIAN LOW COUNTRIES
DURING THE 15TH CENTURY
Chantal Camenisch
University of Berne, Institute of History, Section of Economic, Social and Environmental
History (WSU), Erlachstrasse 9a, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
Within the historical climatology researchers have become more and more interested in
medieval periods in recent years. Reconstructions made by this discipline are based on
historical sources. A suffi cient source density and reliability is therefore crucial in order to be
able to reconstruct climate data for this period. The area of the Burgundian Low Countries
(modern Belgium, the Netherlands and parts of Northern France) during the 15th century
offers a satisfactory number of sources.
For this paper, mainly narrative documents like chronicles, annals, journals or memoirs
which provide descriptions of weather and climate will be used. Almost a hundred medieval
texts have been examined and about 1500 weather related descriptions have been collected.
In order to classify the collected descriptions, indices established by Christian Pfi ster und
Rudolph Brazdil will be used to make a comparison of the results between the different years
possible. As the source density is suffi cient, it was possible to choose a seasonal solution of
temperature and precipitation indices. As will become clear from the presentation proposed
here, the results of my research show remarkable weather conditions during 1430s and later
in the century, during the 1480s and 1490s. In some years like 1408/09 (winter, extremely
cold) and 1473 (summer, autumn, extremely dry) the weather was so extraordinary that
just a few comparable examples are known during the last millennium.
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XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers 85
PRAGUE, CZECHIA | 6.–10. 8. 2012
●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Climate
Reconstrucions III
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Astrid E. J. Ogilvie
INSTAAR Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder and
CICERO (Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo)
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Reach documentary evidence allow to create series of (bio)physical indicators or
temperature/precipitation indices which can be used for climate reconstructions spanning
over past centuries, mainly before beginnings of systematic meteorological measurements.
For their calibration and verifi cation long-term instrumental meteorological series are of key
importance. Presentations in this panel discuss following topics: the use of documentary
data and instrumental records for 500-year reconstructions in the Czech Lands, climate
reconstruction on Belize in the 19th century, and the study of Sahel climate in the 16th–18th
centuries based on documentary data.
Petr DOBROVOLNÝ, Rudolf BRÁZDIL, Oldřich KOTYZA, Hubert VALÁŠEK
THE 500-YEAR PRECIPITATION FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CZECH LANDS DERIVED
FROM DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Elizabeth A. C. RUSHTON
“UNDER THE SHADE WE FLOURISH”: EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF RECONSTRUCTING A CLIMATE HISTORY FOR 19th CENTURY
BELIZE
V. MILLÁN, Fernando S. RODRIGO
THE CLIMATE OF SAHEL DURING THE 16th–18th CENTURIES FROM DOCUMENTARY
SOURCES.
ICHG2012_Abstrakta_vnit.indd 85ICHG2012_Abstrakta_vnit.indd 85 25.7.12 15:0225.7.12 15:02
86 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
6.–10. 8. 2012 | PRAGUE, CZECHIA
◗THE 500-YEAR PRECIPITATION FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CZECH LANDS DERIVED
FROM DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Petr Dobrovolný1,2, Rudolf Brázdil1,2, Oldřich Kotyza3, Hubert Valášek4
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2Global Change Research Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
3Regional Museum, Litoměřice, Czech Republic
4Moravian Land Archives, Brno, Czech Republic
Various sources of documentary data (e.g. narrative written reports, visual daily weather
records, personal correspondence, special prints, offi cial economic records, etc.) were
collected and interpreted to series of precipitation indices. These indices are used for
quantitative reconstruction of seasonal precipitation totals for the Czech Lands from A.D.
1500. Long instrumental measurements from 1805 are used as a target values to calibrate
and verify documentary-based index series. Reconstruction is based on linear regression
with variance and mean adjustments. This reconstruction provides the best results for
summer precipitation. Reconstructed series were analyzed with respect to trends on
different time-scales and occurrence of extreme values. We discuss uncertainties typical
for documentary evidence from historical archives. Reconstructed precipitation series are
compared with similar Central European documentary-based reconstructions as well as with
reconstructions based on different natural proxies such as tree-rings.
◗“UNDER THE SHADE WE FLOURISH”: EXPLORING THE CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES OF RECONSTRUCTING A CLIMATE HISTORY
FOR 19TH CENTURY BELIZE
Elizabeth A. C. Rushton
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
There is a rich body of climate history research available for Central America and particularly
Spanish colonial Mexico. Belize (formally British Honduras) has faced less scrutiny in
this respect but offers an opportunity to extend this body of research to a region that is
distinct, both in terms of its climate, and due to British colonial interaction and governance
of the country - the only example from Central America. This study is focused on a 19th
century climate history for this region, and utilises multiple British documentary archives
that emanated from both British Colonial rule, and the interaction of a network of British
missionary societies working in Belize. This paper seeks to explore some of the key
challenges and opportunities presented to a researcher when working in a country without
substantive national archives, and where research has to be imaginatively collated from
often fragmentary sources, held in diverse archives. With sources as varied as Governmental
statistics, instrumental data, traveller journals and missionary reports, the challenges and
opportunities of combining materials will be examined. Finally, this paper will highlight the
possibilities of integrating palaeoclimate and environmental datasets, such as palynology
and charcoal analysis with documentary archives to enable the reconstruction of a climate
history which encompasses both a record of climate and its socio-economic consequences.
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◗THE CLIMATE OF SAHEL DURING THE 16TH–18TH CENTURIES
FROM DOCUMENTARY SOURCES.
V. Millán1, Fernando S. Rodrigo1
1Department of Applied Physics, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, s/n,
Almería, 04120, Spain
The Sahel is the semi-arid transition zone between arid Sahara and humid tropical Africa,
extending approximately 10-20ºN from Mauritania in the west to Sudan in the east. The
African continent, one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, is subject to
frequent droughts and famine. One challenge of the climate research is to isolate those
aspects of climate variability that are natural from those that are related to human
infl uences. Therefore, the study of climatic conditions before mid-19th century, when
anthropogenic infl uence was of minor importance, is very interesting. In this work the
frequency of extreme events, such as droughts and fl oods, in the Sahel from the 16th to 18th
centuries is investigated using documentary data. Original manuscripts with historical
chronicles from Walata and Nema (Mauritania), Timbuktu and Arawan (Mali), and Agadez
(Niger) have been analyzed. Information on droughts, intense rainfall, storms and fl oods,
as well as socioeconomic aspects (famines, pests, scarcity, prosperity) has been codifi ed in
an ordinal scale ranging from -2 (drought and famines) to +2 (fl oods) to obtain a numerical
index of the annual rainfall in the region. This index is compared with the standardized
anomalies of annual rainfall during the modern period 1922–1995. Results show that
similar droughts to that of the 20th century occurred in the past centuries, but the general
behavior seems indicate wetter conditions than during the last decades of the 20th century.
Therefore, it is inferred a slightly different climatic behavior in the area during the Little Ice
Age.
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●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Storms and
Strong Winds
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Rajmund Przybylak
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Department of
Climatology, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Strong winds represented by storms, tornadoes or hurricanes belong to the
most important weather phenomena with great material damage and loss of human lives.
Information about such past extreme events is important for development of their frequency
and severity in the past, study of their impacts and developing of possible future scenarios
and human responses in the future climatic change. Presentations in this panel discuss
following topics: storminess in the Low Countries in AD 1390–1725, tornadoes in the Czech
Lands in AD 1119–2010, and impacts of hurricanes and droughts to the society in colonial
Antigua and Barbuda.
Adriaan M. J. de KRAKER
HISTORIC STORMS, STORM PATTERNS AND CLUSTERING OF STORMINESS, 1390–
1725
Kateřina CHROMÁ, Rudolf BRÁZDIL, Petr DOBROVOLNÝ, Zbyněk ČERNOCH
TORNADOES IN THE CZECH LANDS BASED ON DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE: AD 1119–
2010
Alexander Jorge BERLAND
EXTREME WEATHER AND SOCIETY IN COLONIAL ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
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◗HISTORIC STORMS, STORM PATTERNS AND CLUSTERING OF STORMINESS,
1390–1725
Adriaan M. J. de Kraker
Institute for Geoarchaeology and Bioarchaeology, VU-University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
The main goal of researching historic storms is to reconstruct temporal and spatial patterns.
But how can these goals be achieved if there is no high quality data base of historic storm
prior to 1950 in the Netherlands and Belgium? Ongoing research of historic storms in the
SW-Netherlands and coastal Flanders has led to the extension of information on historic
storm events both in time and space. Because the storms of the 17th and early 18th century
have also been reconstructed, a time period of more than 3 centuries of historic storms of the
pre-instrumental period can be studied now. Using high quality documentary information,
mainly extracted from archives of water boards a picture of fl uctuating storminess
throughout the time period emerges of which short periods of clustering of storms
need special attention. One being the second decade of the 18th century of which storm
information can be combined with additional information on wind and temperature allowing
us to reconstruct storm patterns in the North Sea area. In this presentation the State of the
Art of historic storm research in the Low Countries will be presented along with the focus on
some special periods of storminess. Finally an outlook will be given to future research and
how it can contribute to our understanding of present climate change.
◗TORNADOES IN THE CZECH LANDS BASED ON DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE:
AD 1119–2010
Kateřina Chromá1, Rudolf Brázdil1,2, Petr Dobrovolný1,2, Zbyněk Černoch3
1Global Change Research Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
3Větřkovice, Czech Republic
Tornadoes belong to the most important small-scale severe weather phenomena causing
damage in the local/regional scale. Interest in their study in the Czech Republic increased
signifi cantly in the 1990s–2000s thanks to activities of several colleagues from the Czech
Hydrometeorological Institute (http://old.chmi.cz/torn). Based on documentary evidence it
was possible to create a long-term chronology of tornadoes in the Czech Lands starting with
the fi rst such case recorded for 30 July 1119 in Prague. All analysed events were classifi ed
with respect to their type (tornado – proved occurrence, tornado – probable occurrence),
damage extent and character (victims, damage in forest etc.) and intensity according to the
Fujita’s scale (F0 to F5). Number of studied cases increases from the past to the present
being dependent on existence of different documentary sources (e.g., newspapers belong
to the most important sources). Distribution of tornadoes during the year (maximum in
June–August) and according to their intensity (mainly F1) and damage (mainly considerably
damaged and destroyed buildings) is presented. Spatial distribution of tornadoes is shown on
maps for every century. Results obtained are compared with those from other papers related
to Central Europe.
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◗EXTREME WEATHER AND SOCIETY IN COLONIAL ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
Alexander Jorge Berland
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Hurricanes and droughts are recurrent threats throughout the Lesser Antilles and have
disrupted socio-economic wellbeing on numerous occasions in both the recent and distant
past. Nonetheless, to date there has been limited research into the region’s climate history
and little in the way of work exploring the island specifi c repercussions of extreme weather
for human society. The colonial archives of Antigua represent a valuable yet little studied
resource for investigating such themes; with a history of virtually uninterrupted British
rule and dual importance as a major sugar producer and seat of regional governance, the
island’s documentary legacy is both extensive and diverse. It includes plantation papers,
governmental records, missionary correspondence, newspapers and early scholarly
publications. This paper presents the fi ndings of on-going research which employs these
sources to investigate the timing and societal implications of hurricanes and drought in the
eighteenth and nineteenth century Antigua. Particular attention is given to the recurrent
diffi culties that accompanied these meteorological phenomena, such as agricultural decline,
resource scarcity and the emergence of disease epidemics, and the way in which changing
political and socioeconomic contexts infl uenced levels of human vulnerability to these
problems over time. I also explore the possible links between extreme climate events and
unrest among the slave population – a subject which has been highlighted, but received little
thorough scrutiny in previous scholarship on West Indian slave societies.
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●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Droughts
and Floods I
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Gerardo Benito
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Serrano 115bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Climate related documentary evidence is important sources of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Information about past extreme events as droughts and fl oods is important
for development of their frequency and severity in the past, study of their impacts and
developing of possible future scenarios in the future climatic change. Presentations in this
panel discuss following topics: the study of social responses to two severe drought events
(1812–1824 and 1998–2009) in the Barcelona metropolitan area, fl oods of the River Morava
(Czech Republic) in AD 1691–2010, and causes and consequences of historical fl oods in
Norway.
Oscar COLLADOS, Mariano BARRIENDOS
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOCIAL ANSWERS IN FRONT OF NATURAL DISASTERS:
BARCELONA METROPOLITAN AREA (NE SPAIN) DURING SEVERE DROUGHT EVENTS
OF 1812–1824 AND 1998–2009
Ladislava ŘEZNÍČKOVÁ, Rudolf BRÁZDIL, Hubert VALÁŠEK, Marek HAVLÍČEK, Petr
DOBROVOLNÝ, Eva SOUKALOVÁ, Tomáš ŘEHÁNEK, Hana SKOKANOVÁ
FLOODS OF THE RIVER MORAVA (CZECH REPUBLIC) IN THE 1691–2010 PERIOD
Lars Andreas ROALD
HISTORICAL FLOODS IN NORWAY – CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
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◗COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOCIAL ANSWERS IN FRONT OF NATURAL
DISASTERS: BARCELONA METROPOLITAN AREA (NE SPAIN) DURING SEVERE
DROUGHT EVENTS OF 1812–1824 AND 1998–2009
Oscar Collados1, Mariano Barriendos2
1Department of Medieval History, Palaeography and Diplomatics, University of Barcelona
(DHM/UB). Spain
2Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Spain
This work focuses on two faces of natural disasters: climatic hazards and human impacts
and answers. Global change modelling suggests strong increase of frequency and magnitude
of several climatic hazards related to water resources (fl oods, droughts) on Mediterranean
areas. On the other hand, these areas are largely populated but not excessively developed.
Then, next future seems to be problematic for human communities promoting confl ict
between natural resources and human needs. A fi rst approach to research this situation from
point of view of environmental history can be a comparative study between pre-industrial
and modern societies. Drought events are frequent on Mediterranean areas, characterized by
long periods of pluviometric defi cit. Human impacts by drought have complex and changing
interactions. For a better knowledge, study of human society vulnerabilities and impacts
along historical time can be made. Barcelona area is an old populated site with typical
Mediterranean climate with moderate temperatures but strong variability patterns for
rainfall, producing severe problems on water resources management. Fortunately, historical
context of Barcelona allow us large documentary sources from different private, ecclesiastic
and civil institutions. Information to be obtained can be rich, diverse, dense and continuous
in time (13th–20th centuries). Primary objective would be construction of two different
models (pre-industrial and modern) to evaluate answers for strong droughts, arriving to
higher level of quantifi cation of fl uxes (economics, energy, demography, water resources...).
Secondly, historical testimonies obtained during research could be applied for environmental
divulgation as examples to arrive a sustainable adaptation and convivence with climatic
risks.
◗FLOODS OF THE RIVER MORAVA (CZECH REPUBLIC) IN THE 1691–2010
PERIOD
Ladislava Řezníčková1,2, Rudolf Brázdil1,2, Hubert Valášek3, Marek Havlíček4, Petr
Dobrovolný1,2, Eva Soukalová5, Tomáš Řehánek6, Hana Skokanová4
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
3Moravian Land Archives, Brno, Czech Republic
4Silva Tarouca Research Institute for the Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Brno,
Czech, Republic
5Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
6Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Floods from the middle part of the River Morava (the eastern part of the Czech Republic) are
considered over the course of the past three centuries. The study is based on data derived
from documentary evidence (1691–1880) and systematic hydrological measurements, i.e.
peak water stages (1881–1920) and peak discharges (1916–2009), evaluated with respect
to their N-year return period. Changes in land use and water management are discussed, as
they are factors infl uencing runoff conditions in the Morava catchment. From the synthesis
of fl ood series it was found out, that fl ood activity in the middle Morava culminated largely
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in 1821–1840, 1891–1920, 1931–1950 and 1961–1980. Uncertainty in this series is
related to some incompleteness of documentary data in the pre-1881 period. Flood frequency
decreased signifi cantly in the 1990s–2000s, although the most disastrous fl oods occurred in
this period (July 1997, March/April 2006). Changes in fl ood frequency correspond partly to
long-term changes in temperature and precipitation patterns.
◗HISTORICAL FLOODS IN NORWAY – CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Lars Andreas Roald
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Box 5091 Majorstua, 0301 Oslo,
Norway
The earliest fl oods in Norway known from historical sources occurred in the 1340s. There
are preserved no documentation of fl oods from the next two centuries. From 1603 some
damage reports have been preserved, and from the 1680s a wealth of reports are available
at Riksarkivet in Oslo. The fl ood levels of some large fl oods have been transferred to fl ood
stones; the earliest fl ood documented this way occurred in 1675. The earliest observations
started 1846 at a few locations, and the network was gradually expanded from 1916. Floods
in Norway are caused by snowmelt in the spring or early summer often in combination with
rainfall. Local summer rainstorms occur occasionally in the inland districts. Large rainfall
fl oods are also common, especially in the late summer and early winter in some districts.
The Norwegian topography causes differences in the occurrence of fl oods in various districts
because of different exposure to weather systems moving in from the Atlantic or from
the European mainland. The paper will discuss the causes of some large fl oods and the
consequences of these fl oods in terms of fl ood damages and landslides.
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94 XV. International Conference of Historical Geographers
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●Historical Climatology and Climate History: Droughts
and Floods II
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Gaston R. Demarée
Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
Climate related documentary evidence is important source of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Information about past extreme events as droughts and fl oods is important
for development of their frequency and severity in the past, study of their impacts and
developing of possible future scenarios in the future climatic change (fl ood risk, fl ood
hazard). Presentations in this panel discuss following topics: the study of fl ood stationarity
and fl ood hazard based on historical fl oods of the River Tagus, causes and consequences of
the major 18th century Danube fl oods in Budapest, and comparison of different approaches to
reconstruct fl oods of the River Vltava in Prague (Czech Republic).
Gerardo BENITO, Blanca BOTERO, Maria J. MACHADO
HISTORICAL FLOOD RECORDS OF THE TAGUS RIVER: STATIONARITY AND FLOOD
HAZARD ANALYSIS
Andrea KISS
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MAJOR 18th-CENTURY DANUBE FLOODS AT PEST-
BUDA (PRESENT BUDAPEST AREA)
Libor ELLEDER
HISTORICAL FLOODS IN PRAGUE – A COMPARISON OF RECONSTRUCTION
APPROACHES
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◗HISTORICAL FLOOD RECORDS OF THE TAGUS RIVER: STATIONARITY
AND FLOOD HAZARD ANALYSIS
Gerardo Benito1, Blanca Botero2, Maria J. Machado1
1Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Serrano 115bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
2Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
The Tagus river drains the central Spanish Plateau (Meseta) and fl ows east-west into the
Atlantic Ocean at Lisbon. It is the longest river of the Iberian Peninsula (1,200 km) and its
fl ood regime is mainly related to persistent rainfalls associated to successive passage of cold
fronts during winter months. Historical fl ood records at four major locations (Aranjuez,
Toledo, Talavera and Alcantara) were derived both from historical documents (Proceedings
of the City Council, diaries, chronicles, memoirs, etc.), and indirect sources used at locations
where the original documents are non accessible or destroyed. These water levels associated
with the different fl oods (derived from descriptions or epigraphic marks) were converted
into discharge values using step-backwater calculations, namely the HEC-RAS software.
Flood record stationarity from these censored fl ood records were checked using Lang’s
test. Some records (e.g. Aranjuez and Toledo) showed problems of stationarity over specifi c
periods. Over the stationary periods, fl ood frequency analysis using the Maximum Likelihood
method was carried out combining historical fl ood discharges and gauged fl oods. Because
documentary fl oods are large by defi nition, their introduction into a fl ood frequency analysis
improved the estimates of the probabilities of rare fl oods (return periods of 100 years
and higher). This was particularly true when 3-parameter distributions were considered.
Flood frequency results were compared with other methods (e.g. probably maximum fl ood;
PMF) used for design of high risk structures. The PMF results were unreasonably large in
comparison to the documentary fl ood record.
◗CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MAJOR 18TH-CENTURY DANUBE FLOODS
AT PEST-BUDA (PRESENT BUDAPEST AREA)
Andrea Kiss1,2
1University of Szeged, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Department of Physical
Geography and Geoinformatics, Egyetem u. 2, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
2University of Szeged, Faculty of Arts, Department of Historical Auxiliary Sciences, Egyetem
u. 2, 6722, Szeged, Hungary
In the presentation the physical and social aspects (events, background conditions,
magnitude, impacts and human response) of 18th-century fl oods at Pest-Buda are discussed.
Both published and unpublished archival documentation were applied in the investigation.
Amongst others, contemporary newspapers, administrative evidence both on local, regional
(e.g. town council protocols) and supra-regional (i.e. royal administration) level, the
numerous petitions and tax release information, offi cial and private chronicles, diaries,
correspondence as well as literary tradition (i.e. poems), pamphlets, documentation of
engineering and protection works provide testimony of the importance of fl oods in the
18th-century life of the twin-city. The fi rst part of the presentation is concentrated on
the frequency and magnitude of fl ood events: mainly due to its hydrological and hydro-
morphological conditions, the Pest-Buda area was especially prone to ice fl oods. The great,
particularly destructive fl ood events of the century (e.g. 1709, 1712, 1732, 1775, 1789,
1799) were ice fl oods. Concerning magnitude, highest fl ood levels and their maximum
discharge can be detected, and a four-scale index system of the 18th-century fl oods was
initiated and will be provided in the presentation. Beyond discussing material damages,
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impacts of great fl ood events are presented with consideration to the short- and long-term
response and defence strategies of society. Detailed documentation makes it possible to
provide numerical analysis of material damages and information on main fl ood protection
and prevention issues in the (late) 18th-century towns of the present-day Budapest area, with
special emphasis on the greatest fl ood of the century, the 1775 fl ood event.
◗HISTORICAL FLOODS IN PRAGUE – A COMPARISON OF RECONSTRUCTION
APPROACHES
Libor Elleder
Czech Hydrometerorological Institute Prague, CPP-OHP, 143 06 Prague 4, Czech Republic
The presentation aims to compare the different approaches for estimation of peak discharges
of historical fl oods in an urbanised area of historical city of Prague based on documentary
sources. About 150 fl oods in Prague have been mentioned by documentary sources since
1118. About half of these are described in a qualitative way, i.e. regarding the damages
and impacts. The level of the important cases is recorded more exactly, mostly as fl ooding
of different buildings in the Old town of Prague. Approximately 20–30 maximum water
levels since 1481 are denoted by fl ood marks, or marked at the Bearded Man, a gothic relief
at a wall near Charles Bridge, or by early instrumental measurements. A paper brings
information on man-made fl oodplain modifi cations, which should be limiting for a hydraulic
oriented reconstruction. In order to overcome this problem, a simple approach to estimate
peak discharges of historic fl oods has been developed and applied to the River Vltava in the
city of Prague. The presentation of this approach includes the procedure of reconstructing
the hydraulic parameters of the river channel and the inundated fl oodplain as well as a fi nal
verifi cation of the reliability of estimated peak discharges. This approach was used only for
17 summer fl oods. The estimations of other fl ood magnitudes have been done using relations
between water stages and fl ood impacts, damages and evidences of fl ooded area. The early
instrumental fl ood peaks were completed by the corrected Klementinum records of the
water levels. The paper shows that the fl ood event of 2002 was conspicuously greater than
calculated fl ood events between 1481 and 1825, but comparable with fl ood in July 1432.
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●Historical Climatology and Climate History:
Climate and Society I
ORGANIZERS: Rudolf Brázdil1, Franz Mauelshagen2
1Institute of Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities, Goethestraße 31, 45128 Essen, Germany
CHAIR: Georgina Endfi eld
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Climate related documentary evidence is important sources of data for historical climatology,
historical hydrology and the study of climate impacts on man and human society (climate
history). Societies and various human activities were infl uenced by climate variability and
mainly by the occurrence of some weather or climatological extremes. Recent documentary
evidence allows the study of climate impacts on nature and society in various time scales
and parts of the world. Presentations in this panel discuss following topics: importance of
Moravian missionary records from Labrador for the study of climate, sea ice and phenological
changes, the infl uence of weather on grain production in late medieval England, and climate
impacts of the last phase of Little Ice Age in Hungary.
Gaston R. DEMARÉE, Astrid E. J. OGILVIE
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE, SEA ICE AND PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABRADOR/
NUNATSIAVUT: EVIDENCE FROM MORAVIAN MISSIONARY RECORDS
Kathleen PRIBYL
WEATHER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE GRAIN PRODUCTION IN LATE MEDIEVAL
ENGLAND, C. 1250–1430
Lajos RÁCZ
THE CLIMATIC EFFECTS OF THE LAST COLD PERIOD OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE IN
HUNGARY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY
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◗IMPACTS OF CLIMATE, SEA ICE AND PHENOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABRADOR/
NUNATSIAVUT: EVIDENCE FROM MORAVIAN MISSIONARY RECORDS
Gaston R. Demarée1 Astrid E. J. Ogilvie2
1Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
2INSTAAR Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder and
CICERO (Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo)
This presentation will focus on the documentary records and meteorological observations
which resulted from the activity of the Moravian missionaries in Labrador, Canada (now the
province of Nunatsiavut, meaning, in the Inuit Inuktitut language “Our Beautiful Land”).
The value of the Moravian records lies in the fact that they have the potential to provide
a wealth of information on climate, sea ice, and general phenological changes. The history
of instrumental meteorological observations in Labrador may be said to have begun in the
month of August in 1771 when the Moravians established a mission among the Inuit peoples
on the Labrador coast. The missionaries included learned men, trained in the fi eld of natural
sciences, and in October of 1771 they began to undertake instrumental meteorological
observations. These observations have been continued, in one form or another, to the
present day. For this presentation, the authors will discuss information regarding climate
impacts, sea-ice changes, and phenological records related to periodic plant and animal life-
cycle events, as evidenced in the observations of the Moravian missionaries in a number
of locations in Labrador/Nunatsiavut. The presentation will elucidate knowledge of these
extremely valuable records by placing them in the context of the research fi elds of historical
climatology and climate change and, at the same time, honour the Moravian missionary
observers for their valuable contribution to knowledge of climate change.
◗WEATHER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE GRAIN PRODUCTION IN LATE
MEDIEVAL ENGLAND, C. 1250–1430
Kathleen Pribyl
University of Brighton, School of Environment and Technology, Cockroft Building, Lewes
Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
The infl uence of weather on the grain production is analysed in this paper for late medieval
England. For this purpose new regional climate data in the form of an April–July mean
temperature reconstruction for East Anglia and a precipitation index for the months July–
September for the same area are used. Crises in grain production resulting in dearth or
famine are detected with the help of a wheat price series. In most cases, when the wheat
price reached extremely high levels, ‘bad weather’ during the growing season played
a decisive roll. Cold springs and early summers in combination with a wet July–September
period resulted in more severe food crises, than springs and summers characterised by high
temperatures and drought. The infl uence of spring and summer weather upon the wheat
price formation is stronger before the demographic collapse in the Black Death 1348–49.
In the post-1350 period the weather signal in the wheat price is weakened due to a lower
demand for grain. This indicates that the demographic decline caused by the Black Death
and later epidemics reduced the vulnerability to extreme weather of the remaining English
population, because after 1350 more arable land was available per capita.
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