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Pink and blue: Telling the boys from the girls in America
Abstract
Jo B. Paoletti's journey through the history of children's clothing began when she posed the question, "When did we start dressing girls in pink and boys in blue?" To uncover the answer, she looks at advertising, catalogs, dolls, baby books, mommy blogs and discussion forums, and other popular media to examine the surprising shifts in attitudes toward color as a mark of gender in American children's clothing. She chronicles the decline of the white dress for both boys and girls, the introduction of rompers in the early 20th century, the gendering of pink and blue, the resurgence of unisex fashions, and the origins of today's highly gender-specific baby and toddler clothing.
... Gender nonconformity has been conceptualized as a divergence from enforced, hierarchical, standardized, and heteronormative gender norms (Butler, 1990;Ward & Schneider, 2009) and is used as an umbrella term for those identities, representations, and material, behavioral and social practices that deviate from the gender binary (Connell, 1987). Previous research on the effects of standardized role-based beliefs has found that attitudes towards gender nonconformity and related heteronormative beliefs, reproduced through social institutions, such as schools or the media, may increase prejudicial attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people (Kane, 2006;Paoletti, 2012), thus enabling discrimination with multiple risks for the nonconforming communities (Hatzenbuehler & Pachankis, 2016). Media and journalistic representations can influence people's beliefs and behaviors towards gender nonconforming individuals and thus impact the public conversations around the role of genders in contemporary societies. ...
... In the mid-1980s, gendered diapers were introduced, with the packaging divided into 'his' and 'hers' versions (Paoletti, 2012). Today, families host gender reveal parties for their soon-to-be born babies and decorate their nurseries with an abundance of pink and blue. ...
... As a matter of fact, they would dress their babies in long white dresses, no matter their sex. The infant's sex did not matter because all babies looked the same, and at the age of four years old boys would wear their first pair of trousers and a distinction would be made (Paoletti, 2012). When modern people see pictures from that era, they "usually describe Victorian babies as being dressed like girls; this is an error," Paoletti (2012) says. ...
Gender nonconformity has been conceptualized as a divergence from enforced, hierarchical, standardized, and heteronormative gender norms (Butler 1990; Ward & Schneider 2009) and is used as an umbrella term for those identities, representations, and material, behavioral and social practices that deviate from the gender binary (Connell 1987). Previous research on the effects of standardized role-based beliefs has found that attitudes towards gender non-conformity and related heteronormative beliefs, reproduced
through social institutions such as schools or the media, may increase prejudicial attitudes towards homosexual people (Kane 2006; Paoletti 2012), thus producing discrimination with multiple risks for the nonconforming communities (Hatzenbuehler & Pachankis 2016).
Media and journalistic representations can influence people’s beliefs and behaviors to-
wards gender non-conforming individuals and thus impacts the public conversations around the role of genders in contemporary societies. This paper argues that in today's changing gender landscape, where a shift towards gender non-conforming and non-binary identities is being increasingly represented in the media, public opinion, popular resistance, and political advocacy (Flores 2021; Gosling 2018), it is worth studying how gender-conforming or non-conforming representations are articulated in public discourse. More specifically, this study examines how gender nonconformity is portrayed in journalistic discourse, as the subject gradually shifts from primarily scholarly interpretation to mass media and the public. To explore how gender nonconformity is portrayed in journalistic discourse, a corpus of 61 gender-related articles published in 20
prominent online publications were thematically analyzed. The results identify six major
themes through which the authors portray gender nonconformity: emotion, support, violence, polarization, identity, and mental health. It is also observed that liberal outlets place more emphasis on discussing how to support gender non-conforming individuals, whereas conservative outlets focus on the social and political polarization between liberals and conservatives regarding the topic of gender nonconformity. Interestingly, most articles are written by women who support gender nonconformity and who frame their articles around pop culture trends. Finally, it is noted that only one of every three articles directly gives gender-nonconforming people a voice.
This research aims to empirically contribute to the discussion on the potential for non-con-
forming gender discourses, giving insight into how gender is articulated in journalistic dis-
course.
... Sources from the early twentieth century prove that there was little agreement among manufacturers, retailers, or consumers on which color was feminine and which was masculine or whether they denoted gender at all. (Paoletti 2012: xviii) In the beginning of the 1900s, "blue" was accepted girly, while "pink" was a boyish color (Paoletti 2012). The best explanation we have found as to why blue was seen as a "girly" color is that it was so strongly associated with Virgin Mary (Frassanito and Pettorini 2008). ...
... In the 1940s, boys and girls had started to be dressed with sex-specific clothing and pink became the girls' color, blue the boys' color (Grannan 2021). Thus, by the 1950s, the color pink had come to be strongly associated with femininity (Paoletti 2012). We have failed to find any rational explanation of the "gender-switch" between these two colors or for why pink came to be connected with femininity and blue with masculinity. ...
This chapter acknowledges color metaphors in organization studies, and focuses on one group of color metaphors that may be the most frequently used—the variety of color-coded versions of the collar metaphor, such as blue- and white-collar workers. The chapter is based on an unsystematic literature review, and identifies and discusses a set of fairly common color metaphors that have occurred in both more academic and more practitioner-oriented writings. The authors make efforts to trace how certain colors have been given certain meanings, as they have been used as metaphors in combination with “collar.” The authors give examples of the many different meanings that there are of any single color, discuss the universality of meaning of any particular color, and suggest that caution is exercised by any organizational researcher who wants to include color metaphors in their research.
... Gender performances shift over time as people imperfectly recreate these scripts (Butler, 1993;Westbrook & Schilt, 2014), police the boundaries of gender (Smith & Smith, 2016) or resist them (Bickmore, 2012). The tensions which emerge in the maintenance of gender shift over time and cultural context (Paoletti, 2012;Slootmaeckers, 2019). Jo Paoletti's (2012) 3 I reject the understanding of gender as reflecting binary sex. ...
... The tensions which emerge in the maintenance of gender shift over time and cultural context (Paoletti, 2012;Slootmaeckers, 2019). Jo Paoletti's (2012) 3 I reject the understanding of gender as reflecting binary sex. Biological research points to the trouble with defining sex by asking what is sex (Hyde et al, 2019)? ...
Numerous scholars and activists have contested white men’s attempts at allyship, noting this group’s propensity to dominate discussions, assume positions of leadership, create emotional burdens for the groups they seek to support, and disengage when faced with adversity. The literature on white men’s allyship focuses largely on men’s experiences of engaging in allyship, but there are few studies that demonstrate how white men’s allyship is experienced in anti-racist, anti-colonial, and gender justice movements. Also lacking is knowledge on how white men come to engage in critical reflection and personal transformation as they aspire to trustworthy allyship. In this dissertation, I investigated the tensions and burdens imposed by white male allies on progressive social movements, and the commitments and actions necessary for white men to contribute to social change. My inquiry was guided by a theoretical framework drawing on critical race feminism, masculinities, and whiteness. I adapted a critical ethnographic methodology (Carspecken, 1996; Madison, 2019) to develop a five stage research approach in which I began by interrogating my positionality, and my own aspirations to allyship. Throughout the study, I continued to reflect on my decisions in research and allyship journals. I engaged in relationship building with two social justice organizations. I presented the study plans and recruited an Advisory Group of seven community leaders who identified as Indigenous, Black, and racialized, with whom I participated in a process of inter-relational reflexivity (Gilbert & Sliep, 2009). These members nominated six white men they identified as their allies and I conducted life history interviews and go-along interviews with these men. All participants came together to confirm the findings and plan the dissemination of results after the study. The Advisory Group guided me to centre social justice, histories of resistance, and to decenter white men’s allyship. They defined whiteness and masculinities, and outlined their expectations of would-be allies. The white men shared the starting points of their allyship, the change process they engaged in to prepare for allyship, and contoured allyship practice in five relationships they engage in. I concluded the study with a suggested praxis model for allyship.
... Products like razor blades, watches, pursesalmost any object we can think of -are available in a baseline, neutral, usually dark coloured version aimed at men, and also in a smaller, more rounded, prettier and typically pink version for women. In marketing, this strategy is known as "pinking and shrinking" and makes it possible for companies to sell the same object twice over thereby boosting sales and hence making higher profits (Paoletti 2011). ...
The number of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is still limited compared to men, and one of the reasons for this is the lack of women’s sense of inclusion and belonging within engineering contexts. It has been argued that such a sense of inclusion and belonging might be developed by exposing girls to STEM with specific activities, games, and toys from a young age. This case study explores how the US toy manufacturer GoldieBlox Inc. addresses and includes young children, specifically girls, in the promotion of their products. GoldieBlox is a company that specifically targets girls to encourage their interest in STEM subjects, namely science, technology, and mathematics. Through a close reading and a qualitative analysis of the company’s webpages, this paper explores the links between consumerism, gender, belonging, and promotional language. Under the linguistic lens of dialogicity, I analyse how girls are addressed and included in STEM through the promotion of specific products.
... Marco Del Giudice (2017) investigates how blue came to be associated with boys and pink with girls. The author engages in a debate with a previous publication (Paoletti 2012), which claimed that this happened only after 1940. Del Giudice claims that blue was previously associated with boys and provides GBN data to support his claim. ...
This article briefly summarizes primary publications that use Google Books Ngram (GBN) to study societal change. GBN is the most extensive tagged diachronic corpus available. Trends in societal evolution can be studied using year-by-year word frequency statistics. The development of individualism, changes in emotions and happiness, social psychology, and some other topics are among those examined in this article as research areas that have attracted the most interest. This paper discusses the specific findings and the research methodology, particularly its limitations. There are some examples of how GBN can be used to test existing scientific theories. New, unexpected, and scientifically significant findings are possible with GBN that would not be possible with other approaches.
... Estas creencias dicotómicas están naturalizadas y reforzadas, asuntos tan sencillos como el color utilizados el marketing a partir de la década de los setenta como la asociación del azul a los hombres y el rosa para las mujeres (Paoletti, 2012), terminan convirtiéndose en elementos performativos y actos de contenido semántico con los que se construye culturalmente el género y tiene carácter identitario (Butler, 2016). Estas características asociadas a hombres y mujeres dan lugar estereotipos de género, entendidos como "creencias o convicciones que se forjan en el seno de una comunidad y conforme a las cuales se otorga cierta característica a un grupo o a una persona, generando una diferenciación entre ella y los demás" (Ministerio de Justicia, 2014, p 36) que asocian el azul con la masculinidad (fuerza, independencia) y el rosa con la feminidad (dulzura, delicadeza). ...
Las complejidades de las realidades actuales se presentan desafiantes para la importancia de un futuro sostenible -a modo eco poiético, utilizando el sentido planteado por Lavanderos y Malpartida (2023). Nuestras producciones culturales, científicas y tecnológicas, crean paradójicamente, incertidumbre para las vidas. En este con texto, es fundamental reflexionar sobre cómo estas producciones pueden integrarse de manera efectiva y éticas en un mundo dinámico e impetuoso.
... For decades, clothing has clearly reflected society's gender norms (Kaiser, 1997). Distinct male and female clothing lines have often perpetuated stereotypes, such as associating pink with girls and blue with boys or females expecting to be immersed in fashion and beauty culture, whereas males are not (Kaiser, 1997;Paoletti, 2012). According to Gould and Stern (1989), the portrayal of gender in advertising frequently reflects existing societal norms. ...
Women have always fulfilled a central role in fashion and have been the principal focus of those who create apparel. Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), which seeks to promote gender equality and empower women, is therefore well-ingrained in the traditional makeup of the clothing and textile industry. Yet, this industry is evolving, and a gender-neutral approach is increasingly advocated. With gender-fluid fashion set to gain more traction in years to come, the future of gender-based marketing and, more specifically, gender differentiation in clothing retailers’ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) campaigns is questioned. The debates become even more pronounced in emerging markets where traditional views of gender may still prevail. By definition, CSR entails business-specific initiatives and practices aligned with social, environmental, and economic dimensions based on the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) assumptions. Consumers’ perceptions of CSR and their support for CSR initiatives are critical in pursuing a sustainable clothing and textile industry. Research has shown that gender is an essential determinant of environmental and socially responsible clothing consumption behaviors and, by implication, engagement in clothing retailers’ CSR initiatives. This chapter explores topics surrounding SDG 5 and its intersection with the fashion industry, particularly within emerging markets, gender differentiation, and gender neutrality in apparel consumption, as well as differences in male and female consumers’ perceptions of CSR. The chapter concludes with a theoretical framework and research propositions for future investigations. The social-cognitive theoretical assumptions that underlie gender influence and the implications for gender-based marketing, segmentation, and differentiation in CSR campaigns, particularly in emerging market contexts, are discussed.
... Como recoge el aforismo lampedusiano: "que todo cambie, para que todo siga igual". Es por este motivo que los conceptos de feminidad y masculinidad pueden ser aparentemente muy diferentes de una sociedad a otra o de una época a otra (por poner solo un ejemplo curioso: hasta comienzos del siglo XX el rosa fue un color asociado a la masculinidad, Paoletti, 2012). Los "contenidos" de la masculinidad y la feminidad se adaptan a los cambios sociales para mantener el núcleo del sistema de construcción cultural intacto: "los hombres tienen mayor valía que las mujeres". ...
Las sociedades formalmente igualitarias recogen en su marco jurídico la plena igualdad en derechos y deberes para mujeres y hombres. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances logrados, la desigualdad sigue siendo una realidad incluso en estas sociedades. La tradición feminista cuenta con una larga historia y, especialmente desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, ha desarrollado una sólida teoría que ayuda, entre otras muchas cosas, a comprender el impacto de la desigualdad en la subjetividad de mujeres y hombres. El concepto de género, entendido como la construcción social atribuida a cada uno de los sexos, resulta profundamente útil para comprender la perpetuación de la desigualdad en las sociedades formalmente igualitarias y para conocer el impacto que tiene lo social en lo personal. A pesar de su utilidad, estos conocimientos se han mantenido al margen en la mayoría de los desarrollos teórico-prácticos en psicoterapia. Dadas sus características, la Teoría de Constructos Personales (TCP) de George Kelly, resulta especialmente útil para incorporar los conceptos de la tradición feminista a la teoría y práctica psicoterapéutica. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo articular teóricamente la integración de algunos de los conceptos fundamentales de la tradición feminista con la TCP.
... These are contingent, social connections which require no basis in the phenomena themselves. They are community-relative and may change over time: pink is currently feminine, but used to be masculine (Paoletti 2012;Fine 2011, 208-9), and computing is now masculine but used to be feminine. (Hayes 2014) The fact that philosophy is coded masculine is no bar to the subfield of ethics being coded feminine; within an area, subareas can form a further spectrum-metaethics is masculine, applied ethics femininewith higher status versions of the same activity often attracting a masculine coding and lower status ones, feminine. ...
Anti-exceptionalists about formal logic think that logic is continuous with the sciences. Many philosophers of science think that there is feminist science. Putting these together: can anti-exceptionalism make space for feminist logic ? The answer depends on the details of the ways logic is like science and the ways science can be feminist. This paper wades into these details, examines five different approaches, and ultimately argues that anti-exceptionalism makes space for feminist logic in several different ways.
... Neutral gender juga dikenali sebagai neutralisme gender atau gerakan neutraliti jantina, ialah idea bahawa dasar, bahasa dan institusi sosial lain (struktur sosial atau peranan jantina) harus mengelak daripada membezakan peranan mengikut jantina atau gender orang (Udry, 1994). Ini adalah untuk mengelakkan diskriminasi yang timbul daripada tanggapan bahawa terdapat peranan sosial yang mana satu gender lebih sesuai daripada yang lain (Paoletti, 2012). Neutral gender merujuk kepada perkara, konsep, bahasa atau amalan yang tidak khusus untuk mana-mana gender tertentu. ...
Pembangunan gender merujuk kepada proses di mana individu memperoleh pemahaman tentang identiti gender mereka sendiri dan norma dan peranan masyarakat yang dikaitkan dengan gender yang berbeza. Ia merupakan suatu bentuk interaksi kompleks di antara faktor biologi, psikologi dan sosiobudaya. "Pembangunan gender" sebagai konsep yang merujuk kepada proses di mana individu memahami, menghayati dan menyatakan identiti gender mereka. Ia merangkumi aspek kognitif, emosi dan sosial tentang cara orang melihat diri mereka dari segi gender mereka dan cara mereka berhubung dengan norma dan peranan gender yang ditetapkan oleh masyarakat mereka. Keperluan dalam merekodkan kesemua konsep-konsep pembangunan gender dalam membolehkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam. Kepelbagaian konsep pembangunan gender yang wujud memerlukan penulisan sebuah kertas konsep dalam merekodkan kesemua konsep yang wujud secara bersama. Penulisan ini merupakan sebuah kertas konsep yang akan menyenaraikan konsep-konsep pembangunan gender yang wujud menerusi gabungan pelbagai kajian luar dan tempatan. Kertas konsep sebegini dapat menyumbang kepada ilmu pengetahuan terutama dalam menjadi panduan kepada pelajar, para akademik, pembuat polisi, untuk mengetahui tentang konsep-konsep pembangunan gender yang wujud.
... The colour pink, as a recent attribute to women in Western history and later on reinforced by consumerism (Paoletti 2012), is clearly associated with a certain idea of femininity based on biological arguments, and embedded in a dichotomy with masculinity. Because of this association, it is often considered as a lesser colour that must not be worn by men. ...
Focusing on Vivian Qu’s Angels Wear White (2017), this paper uses Judith Butler’s discussion of vulnerability, resistance, and performativity as a theoretical framework to analyse the film’s narrative and directing choices when addressing issues of sexual assault on minors and genders norms in contemporary China. The film’s depiction of social inequalities, economic precariousness, corruption, and the construction and performance of femininity demonstrates the way Chinese women are vulnerable to violence – sexual or not – and to gender norms they are expected to conform to, without falling into the trap of paternalism and victimisation.
... Avaliamos que esses aspectos visuais foram selecionados de maneiras planejadas e intencionais para distanciar, de certa forma, as experiências vividas pela protagonista mulher e por seus companheiros homens. Nesse caso, remete-nos aos estudos de Jo Paoletti (2012), quem, em Pink and Blue: telling the boys from the girls in America, sinaliza que, historicamente, as roupas, as cores e os cortes de cabelos têm sido uns dos principais artefatos visuais utilizados para distinguir homens de mulheres. Em análises de brinquedos estadunidense do tipo bonecas de papel, a autora verifica que as cores, penteados e trajes disponíveis às representações de meninos e meninas foram sendo modificados conforme os valores vigentes no país. ...
Desde seus primeiros dias de vida, ainda quando bebês, os sujeitos convivem em espaços físicos e simbólicos atravessados de imagens advindas de diversos tipos de mídias, as quais, para além de decorar e tematizar os ambientes, acabam por perpetuam paradigmas. Tais artefatos costumam ser semelhantemente eficientes em apresentar e caracterizar as crianças a partir do gênero que lhe fora atribuído: ou se é menina ou se é menino. Neste texto, especificamente, importamo-nos com um artefato que, ao invés de reforçar os estereótipos de gênero, naturalizando-os, coloca-os em xeque. Referimo-nos, neste caso, à animação Purl (2019): um curta-metragem produzido pela empresa Pixar e dirigido e escrito por Kristen Lester, e que tematiza a noção de masculinidade tóxica. De que modos que a masculinidade tóxica e demais temas afetos às relações de gênero são apresentados no curta-metragem Purl (2019)? Para responder a esse problema de pesquisa, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre artefatos da cultura visual infantil que prestam dissidência aos estereótipos de gênero. A fundamentação teórica advém dos Estudos Culturais e Estudos da Cultura Visual, em interfaces com os Estudos de Masculinidades, dando ênfase à Educação e mais especificamente ao Ensino de Artes Visuais. Estruturalmente, a discussão fora organizada em dois momentos. Primeiro destacamos conceitos a partir dos Estudos das Masculinidades e explicamos, metodologicamente, a extração de screenshots de Purl (2019), e depois, compartilhamos a análise confrontando e/ou aproximando imagens do curta-metragem com reflexões advindas do campo de investigação já mencionado. Na análise, contemplamos 27 screenshots extraídos do curta-metragem. Sublinha-se, por fim, a necessidade de experiências dissidentes de Ensino de Arte que sublinhem o caráter pedagógico e político da cultura visual endereçada às crianças.
... To promote his massproduced, monochromatic, 1909 Model T, Henry Ford declared, "the customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black" (1922,72). 6 Origins of the "pink is for girls" stereotype, its persistence throughout the twenty-first century, and its often detrimental effect on young girls is examined by Zalis (2019), Maglaty (2001), and Paoletti (2012). contributor to the awareness and appreciation of automobility in young girls. ...
Because automotive knowledge has been traditionally associated with men and masculinity, young girls rarely grow up with an understanding or appreciation of the automobile. Unless introduced to cars by a male family member at a young age, girls have very few opportunities to gain automotive experience or knowledge. This absence of auto awareness in young girls can have significant repercussions in adulthood. However, one of the unexpected routes to a girl’s automotive education is the Barbie car. With over 100 models in a variety of categories, the Barbie car plays an important role in opening up the automotive world to those traditionally excluded from it.
As this examination of six generations of Barbie vehicles argues, not only can the Barbie car encourage automotive interest in young girls, but as a source of “pink power” has the ability promote independence, imagination, identity, and empowerment in the future female driver.
Keywords: Barbie, automobile, toys, femininity, gender
... Moreover, research has shown that the gender-color association is not static and can vary across time and cultures. For example, in the early 20th century, pink was considered a masculine color and blue was seen as feminine (Paoletti, 2012). This association changed during the mid-20th century, with the emergence of a gendered marketing strategy in the United States that assigned pink to girls and blue to boys (Bem, 1981). ...
The present study aims at investigating a discursive role of colors in the construction of gender identities in the selected corpus of English novels by Pakistani females. It focuses on understanding the mechanism which contributes to construe, challenge or reinforce the traditional gender images in Pakistani society. A corpus-based critical approach was employed to demystify the constructed gender structures in the web of texts selected for this study. The research finds a significant relationship between color association and the constitution of gender images. Some colors are presented as permanent features of one gender which cannot be seen otherwise. Some bright colors like pink, yellow, purple, green, orange have been predominantly associated with females and sober and decent ones like brown, gray, khaki have been associated with males. These color connotations are employed to create and reinforce gender identities of the characters, their traits, and their behaviors. The whole process of construction is executed by employing language as discursive and strategic tool in a specific sociopolitical context of Pakistani society.
... The products whose prices are compared are considered to belong to the same brand, be sold by the same seller, have the same dimensions and weights, and the products have been examined on a specific day to prevent price variation between days. In addition to this situation, as stated in Paoletti (2012), pink products are considered to belong to women and blue products to men. Accordingly, the products are matched with women if they are pink and with men if they are blue. ...
In this study, it is aimed to determine the problems related to the tax crimes and penalties in the context of the opinions of the participants consisting of members of the accounting profession (Sworn- in Certified Public Accountants and Certified Public Accountants) in Turkey in its natural environment, the qualitative research method has been used. One of the patterns of this method is the case study. In a case study, the researcher focuses on a case or cases to thoroughly understand and investigate the phenomenon. In this study, snowball sampling, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods, was applied. A total of 11 participants; 3 of Sworn-in Certified Public Accountants and 8 of Certified Public Accountants, participated in this study. Content analysis was used in the interpretation of the data obtained in this research. In this study, as a result of interviews conducted with participants and content analysis on data obtained through other data collection techniques, it is observed that the research findings are gathered under the three themes. These themes are the proportionality between tax crimes and penalties, the effectiveness of tax penalties and the power of sanction, situations affecting tax crimes and penalties.
... En segundo lugar, no solo se considera que la masculinidad y la feminidad son categorías sin continuidad, sino que, además, ser trans o cis se interpreta como dos realidades diferentes y opuestas, sin posibilidad de encuentro (Spade en Stryker y Whittle 2006). Según esta lógica, el papel de las personas adultas ante un comportamiento 70 Para saber más sobre la historia del uso de los colores rosa y azul, como símbolos por excelencia del mundo femenino y masculino, respectivamente, véase el trabajo de Jo Paoletti (2012). Según esta autora, el color rosa, hasta la década de 1940, se consideraba el color preferido de los chicos, en contraposición al azul, que se asociaba a las chicas como un color frío y 'tranquilo'. ...
Until recently, talking about transgender children was only accepted and described in medical terms as a pathology to be prevented and treated. Although this interpretative framework still prevails today, we are witnessing an important epistemological change that fosters the recognition of this experience as an expression of human diversity to be claimed first and foremost by families. From the sociological point of view, we are dealing with a new phenomenon. This is the first generation of parents who choose to support and accompany their transgender not just at home but in public, thus facing unexplored paths and heading to unknown destinations. This thesis aims to describe how parenting a transgender child takes shape from the voices of those directly involved: the families. My research takes place in the Catalan and the Italian contexts, which are very close in cultural, historical, and economic terms, but show remarkable differences when it comes to the object of this study. The world of associations, the current medical model, and the legislative instruments designed to protect young gender variant people are organized differently in Catalonia and in Italy and can deeply affect the way families attribute meaning to their children's experience and the way they accompany them. Ethnography is the method chosen to develop this work because it gives researchers closer access to the reality they want to describe and the opportunity to show the reality based on the meanings, language, and relationships of the social actors that constitute the subject of study. The analysis of the interviews, which is the central part of the thesis, highlights such elements as the emotions felt by the parents, their ethical reflections when confronted with the breaking of the gender norm by their children, the social meanings attributed to them by the available discourses and the practical strategies activated to create legitimate and socially recognized possibilities of existence.
Hasta hace unos años, hablar de infancia trans* era concebible únicamente dentro de un marco médico, que consideraba este tipo de experiencias una patología que había que prevenir y tratar. Aunque este sigue siendo hoy el principal campo de conocimiento desde el que se desarrolla el discurso sobre lo trans* en la infancia, estamos asistiendo a un importante cambio epistemológico que lleva a reconocer estas experiencias como una mera expresión de la diversidad humana que debe ser afirmada, ante todo, por las familias. Desde el punto de vista sociológico, estamos ante un fenómeno nuevo. Se trata de la primera generación de progenitores que opta por apoyar y acompañar a sus hijes trans* y que lo hace de forma pública, navegando por caminos hasta ahora inexplorados y de destinos inciertos. Esta tesis pretende describir cómo toma forma la crianza de criaturas trans* a partir de las voces de las personas directamente implicadas, las familias. He situado la investigación en dos contextos, el catalán y el italiano, muy próximos entre sí en cuanto a cultura, historia y economía, pero que presentan importantes diferencias por lo que se refiere al objeto de estudio de esta tesis. El mundo asociativo, el modelo médico actual y los instrumentos legislativos destinados a proteger a las pequeñas personas trans* se organizan de forma diferente en Catalunya y en Italia, y contribuyen a determinar el modo en que las familias atribuyen un significado a la experiencia de su prole, así como el modo en que la acompañan. La etnografía es el método elegido para desarrollar este trabajo por su capacidad de acercar a la persona investigadora a la realidad que desea describir, permitiéndole emerger a través de los significados, el lenguaje y las relaciones de los actores sociales que conforman el objeto de estudio. El análisis de las entrevistas, que constituye la parte principal de esta tesis, pone de relieve las emociones que sienten madres y padres, las reflexiones éticas que surgen cuando se enfrentan a la ruptura de la norma de género por parte de sus criaturas, los significados sociales que los discursos disponibles les atribuyen y las estrategias prácticas.
... Sociologist Rose-Greenland (2016), in her approach to a sociological theory of color perception, sees color perception also as both socially patterned and socially sanctioned, with material conservation being inherently political (2016,85). As Rose-Greenland and others note, color can signal adherence-or resistance-to gender norms, political or sport alliances, and even gender, age, religion and marital status (Miller 2010;Paoletti 2012;Banerjee & Miller 2003). Color has long-lasting cultural meanings, its use can demonstrate allegiance to ideologies and social values, such as the values of peace and of war. ...
Interpretative encounters between people and cultural artifacts are of increasing interest in civic education efforts, especially within Cultural Heritage (CH) institutions whose missions include the collection and stimulation of knowledge surrounding the artifacts they house. While the importance of documenting, representing, and triggering interpretations of cultural artifacts is increasingly championed, methodologies and infrastructures to do so with state-of-the-art technology are still lacking.
Firstly, more widespread representation of historical interpretations of the artifacts is needed, especially in formal ways that allow for visualization and exchange of such knowledge. Secondly, institutions interested in civic education surrounding their artifacts need to create spaces—mental and physical—for new interpretations to arise. Digital technologies can play a crucial role in advancing both of these goals.
This dissertation examines two digital technology fields—Semantic Web technologies and interactive multimedia—to develop frameworks for representing, communicating, and motivating novel interpretative encounters with cultural artifacts. Ancient classical sculptures are chosen as a case study, since they are a locus for alternative, emotional, and sometimes counter-factual interpretations, especially when it comes to their relationship to color. The recent appropriation of purportedly white classical sculptures by white supremacist propaganda indicates that there is a need for re-examination of the power of interpretative processes surrounding cultural heritage, and its connection to processes of identity-formation.
Reflecting on state-of-the-art models of civic education surrounding cultural artifacts, this work treats cultural objects as social beings, as information objects, and as sites of interaction. As such, it investigates lessons from the humanities, the social sciences, the digital humanities, museology and computer science, including the power of emotion and the ludic in interaction design, trends in digitization, ontology-driven approaches to knowledge representation, 3D semantic objects, and interactive frameworks.
... Other evidence, however, suggests that gender/sex differences in color preferences may be culturally determined. Ideas of what colors are for boys and girls may have been inconsistent during the late 19th and early 20th century (Del Giudice, 2012;Paoletti, 2012). Historical analyses of magazine and newspaper content suggest that pink was linked to boys vs. girls relatively equally from the 1880s to 1920s but subsequently became more consistently associated with girls (Del Giudice, 2017). ...
Human males and females show average gender/sex differences for certain psychological phenomena. Multiple factors may contribute to these differences, including sex chromosomes, exposure to gonadal hormones, and socialization or learning. This study investigated potential hormonal and socialization/learning influences on gender/sex differences in childhood preferences for color, specifically pink and red vs. blues, and for toys. Children (aged 4 to 11 years) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, n = 43 girls and 37 boys), marked by elevated prenatal adrenal androgen exposure, and without CAH (n = 41 girls and 31 boys) were studied. Prior research indicates girls with CAH are masculinized for certain behaviors, such as toy choices, while boys with CAH generally do not differ from boys without CAH. In the current study, children indicated preferences for stereotyped hues of pink vs. blue as well as two control color pairs. They also indicated their preference between gender/sex-typed toys (doll vs. car) presented in black and white, in gender/sex-congruent colors (pink doll vs. blue car) and in gender/sex-incongruent colors (pink car vs. blue doll). Color findings: Control girls preferred stereotyped pink over blue more than boys or girls with CAH did; the latter two groups did not differ in their color preferences. No preference differences occurred for other color pairs. Toy findings: In black/white or gender/sex-congruent colors, boys preferred the car more than control girls or girls with CAH did, while girls with CAH preferred the car more than control girls did. In gender/sex-incongruent colors (pink car vs. blue doll), boys still preferred the car, while girls with CAH showed reduced and control girls showed increased preferences for the pink car compared to the car preferences in black/white. Results support learning theories of color preferences, perhaps also influenced by pre-existing toy preferences which may occur for other reasons, including early androgen exposure. Specifically, girls with CAH may have learned they do not enjoy stereotypical toys for girls, often colored pink, and pink coloring may subsequently diminish their preference for a car. Our results highlight the importance of gonadal hormones and learning in the development of childhood toy and color preferences.
... Clothing colour could be related to children's age as much as their gender. The colour white, for example, was considered the most appropriate colour for babies: it had no gendered significance but only an age-based meaning [30]. Racialised and colonial views about bodies have also heavily influenced White western culture's gendered norms. ...
Gender is dynamic across the life-course for all people. This is true for you, me and the collective ‘us’. In this perspective paper, we invite you to reflect on how changes in the experience and expression of gender can be most appropriately viewed as a normal part of human development, diversity, and growth. We can find gender’s dynamism in at least three areas: that the meaning of gender has changed over time; that there are significant cultural differences in the meaning of gender; and that one’s own gender and relationship to it can change, evolve, weaken, and galvanise across a lifetime. From our position as interdisciplinary scientists, artists, and community advocates, each of us informed by distinctive and dynamic lived experiences of gender, we examine how the foundations of psychology may be limiting the capacity for the discipline to accurately reflect dynamic experiences of gender in the real world. We encourage you to ponder how we can address points of resistance to change in thought and practice and embed a more deliberately dynamic understanding of gender within our knowledge systems and structures. Ultimately, we seek to empower you, the reader, to take up the challenge of new ways of thinking and behaving in relation to gender.
... The products whose prices are compared are considered to belong to the same brand, be sold by the same seller, have the same dimensions and weights, and the products have been examined on a specific day to prevent price variation between days. In addition to this situation, as stated in Paoletti (2012), pink products are considered to belong to women and blue products to men. Accordingly, the products are matched with women if they are pink and with men if they are blue. ...
Despite the existence of computer and video games for more than 30 years, there has been a great
explosion in the development of the concept of e-sports, especially in the last few years. In particular,
the COVID-19 pandemic process, in which the length of stay at home forcibly, has caused the traditional
sports, where physical activity is used more intensively, to be replaced by computer and video games.
E-sports, which does not have a clear agreed definition, is basically the use of appropriate video and
computer games on different devices and digital platforms under predefined rules. There are e-sports
players who are professionally involved in e-sports, which is especially popular among young people,
and whose "athlete" status is controversial in the literature. In addition to individual players, e-sports,
which has become a sector that includes the teams that include e-sport players and the tournaments in
which they compete with their organizers, is also a subject of study when the value created for these
stakeholders is taken into account. Professional esports players have the opportunity to earn income
through lucrative sponsorship contracts, as well as high-stakes cash prizes. This has led to the
transformation of e-sports from a social phenomenon into a real sector, and in parallel, complex legal
and tax issues become current issues.
In terms of taxation, important questions remain as to whether current international tax rules are
appropriate to address this phenomenon or whether changes are necessary.
This study aims to examine the international tax issues related to e-sports from the players' point of
view, especially focusing on the revenues that are closely related to performance, such as the cash
prizes of esports players who are qualified as professionals.
... The products whose prices are compared are considered to belong to the same brand, be sold by the same seller, have the same dimensions and weights, and the products have been examined on a specific day to prevent price variation between days. In addition to this situation, as stated in Paoletti (2012), pink products are considered to belong to women and blue products to men. Accordingly, the products are matched with women if they are pink and with men if they are blue. ...
The Belt and Road Initiative project of China has been receiving some criticisms on both economic and geopolitical manners. According to them, China aims to dominate debtor countries by giving huge loans that they cannot handle and outmaneuver its rivals economically and geopolitically. Yet, on the other hand, some advocate that China is pursuing its economic interests and blooming economic ties among member countries within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. We, therefore, investigate whether China aims to ensnare countries and seize debtor countries’ assets by driving them into higher debt repayments. In doing this, we benefited from The China Global Investment Tracker showing approximately 3,500 transactions along with different sectors, as well as the extant literature including a two-way approach to understand how China managed the process of Belt and Road projects. However, China does not properly report the terms and conditions of credits provided under the Belt and Road Initiative. This requires further data collection and matching puzzle pieces of both literature and data extracted from the tracker and other available sources. Overall, it is possible to identify one key finding: claims regarding China’s Belt and Road project seem futile, that is, no “economic statecraft” has been detected, but should be tracked in the medium- and long-term period as the concept of Belt and Road Initiative is rather new and remains tentative.
... The products whose prices are compared are considered to belong to the same brand, be sold by the same seller, have the same dimensions and weights, and the products have been examined on a specific day to prevent price variation between days. In addition to this situation, as stated in Paoletti (2012), pink products are considered to belong to women and blue products to men. Accordingly, the products are matched with women if they are pink and with men if they are blue. ...
The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, we aim to examine the conceptual and theoretical framework of the pink tax. In this context, we also observed trends in the literature regarding the pink tax. Secondly, we compared the prices of men's and women's products that we collected from various shopping sites in order to analyze the aforementioned trend in Turkey. Data obtained from various shopping sites, including 300 products, comprising 150 female products and 150 male products, which are priced differently for male and female consumers in Turkey, have been categorized and a price comparison has been made among genders. In 17 of the 21 categories reserved by us, while the prices of products for women's consumption are higher than men's, adult trousers, adult t-shirts, and adult and children's socks have higher prices for men's products. According to the results obtained within the scope of the research, it is found that women's products are put on the market at prices 7.4% higher than men's, on average. Therefore, we have determined pricing that may be to the disadvantage of women in Turkey as well as in the literature.
... The products whose prices are compared are considered to belong to the same brand, be sold by the same seller, have the same dimensions and weights, and the products have been examined on a specific day to prevent price variation between days. In addition to this situation, as stated in Paoletti (2012), pink products are considered to belong to women and blue products to men. Accordingly, the products are matched with women if they are pink and with men if they are blue. ...
At the present time, information is spreading quickly via different channels like smartphones, electronic mails, so on. Accesing to information has become easir than previous centuries. In the literature there has not reached a consensus whether information is accepted as a public good. Nevertheless, information shows some public goods characteristics in the way of impossibility of the deprivation of its consumption from time to time, and not having competition in its consumption. In this research, the information sharing of 270 public finance scientists analysed by requesting some information about their current studies or a general subject related to the academy, via electronic mail. The information requested and evaluated according to the scoring criteria which is prepared by ourselves. Information sharing was rated between 0 and 100, depending on the answer obtained. When scoring, two criteria; the time period of the requested information, and whether information was shared or not, was taken into consideration As a result of the research, the group who is most willing to share information, and has the highest scoret of 51.4 are teaching assistants; and the group that is least willing to share information, and thus has the lowest score average are professors with the score of 26.
ABSTRACT
Sabarimala Sree Ayyappan Temple, the temple dedicated to lord Ayyappa, has a long history of having banned women's entry into the temple – these are associated with many myths. In the past, women devotees of menstruating age were not permitted to enter inside the temple so as to protect the celibate nature of the deity. Many legends exist about the temple and according to one of them, when lord Ayyappa (an abandoned son born to Shiva) and Mohini (who was an incarnation of Vishnu) kill the demoness Mahushasuri, she turns into a beautiful woman and asks lord Ayyappa to marry her. He however refused the proposal saying that he is ordained to be in the forest as a brahmachari and answer prayers of devotees. When the woman persisted, he told her that he would marry her when there are no Kanni Swami’s (new devotees) to the temple. Since the temple witnesses new devotees every year, Mahushasuri could never marry him. She is now worshiped as goddess Malikappurthamma in the neighbourhood. Thus, to protect the celibate nature of lord Ayyappa women between 10 years and 50 years were not allowed entry inside the temple.
Este estudo investiga as representações da infância na série de quadrinhos Akissi, da marfinense Marguerite Abouet e do francês Mathieu Sapin. A série narra, com um forte tom humorístico, as travessuras e aventuras de uma menina chamada Akissi, que reside em um cenário urbano de Abidjan, a maior cidade e centro econômico da Costa do Marfim. A análise problematiza a questão das figurações em torno de criança fora dos moldes ocidentais, discutindo como as vivências infantis africanas são moldadas por contextos culturais e sociais específicos. O artigo também foca nas interações sociais, brincadeiras e dinâmicas comunitárias locais, de modo a refletir sobre as diversas maneiras pelas quais a infância é experienciada em um contexto africano, contrapondo-se às narrativas frequentemente encontradas na produção cultural ocidental.
In 2014, a group of women and agender video game developers created games with diverse storylines, such as dealing with depression, and representative of diverse characters, such as women of different races and ethnicities with various body types, playing different roles. These storylines and characters did not fit with the “traditional” mold of the mainstream gaming world (i.e., guns, fast cars, violence, and sexualization and objectification of women) and represented women in more diverse ways. Men1 gamers, game developers, and critics who felt the “traditional” gaming world was being threatened attacked this group through a loosely organized misogynistic harassment campaign with the hashtag #Gamergate.
The scientific work investigates the peculiarities of color perception in young people with different gender identities. It is established whether there is a interrelation between gender identification and color preferences and associations that evoke certain colors. The third section of the paper examines whether certain colors are perceived differently by people with different gender identities.
O presente artigo discute normatividade de gênero a partir da investigação de um casaco de montaria da coleção Eufrásia Teixeira Leite, pertencente ao acervo do Museu Casa da Hera, em Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro. Os redingotes eram casacos masculinos de origem inglesa usados para viajar a cavalo, foram incorporados na moda através da alfaiataria masculina, e adaptados ao vestuário feminino nos séculos XVIII e XIX. O referido casaco, catalogado no acervo como T1140, é do final do século XIX, apresenta uma estrutura tradicional de redingote, embora tenha adornos que referem aos trajes aristocráticos franceses do Antigo Regime. Este estudo busca identificar o traje como uma peça que desmistifica as noções binárias típicas da categorização de objetos ditos masculinos ou femininos. Reconhece a pesquisa histórica como ferramenta de revisão das crenças pessoais sobre papéis de gênero que tendem a considerá-las como normativas. Nem todas os trajes correspondiam à moda de sua época, e poderiam ser criados para os inúmeros bailes e festas a fantasia que faziam parte da classe alta no século XIX.
Socialmente, é comum que se recorram às cores para caracterizar e distinguir meninos e meninas. Isso ocorre, inclusive, em espaços escolares, onde a educação está em disputa e as cruzadas e resistências desse tema perpassam, dentre tantos elementos, as cores. Quem tem medo do rosa, e por que o tem? Este artigo, metodologicamente bibliográfico, tem como objetivo investigar as relações de gênero propostas aos meninos e meninas, em âmbitos educativos e escolares, a partir da cor rosa. Para alcançá-lo, apresentam-se dois tópicos. No primeiro, debruça-se sobre pesquisas dos Estudos Culturais que verificam como, em contextos escolares da Educação Infantil e do Ensino Fundamental, meninos e meninas se relacionam com a cor rosa. No segundo, explica-se a relação pejorativa que se tem feito entre cor rosa e homossexualidade, referindo-se ao sistema de identificação adotado pelo nazismo alemão, e exemplificando como ele ainda aparece em situações cotidianas. Por fim, analisa-se que há uma associação duplamente negativa em relação a cor rosa e sublinho os prejuízos que, desde a educação, isso acarreta ao desenvolvimento das crianças.
Even though the concept of advertising has assumed a dynamic form in terms of quality, creativity, and coverage in India in the 21st century, Indian commercials commit the fallacy of being politically incorrect and exhibit a regressive mindset. Most of them adhere to a similar kind of setting and theme in their portrayal of established gender stereotypes and taboos. Many product categories on Indian television primarily depict women as alluring femme fatale, as gentle homemakers, and objects of desire, whereas men have been portrayed as sexually virile, authoritarian figures, outdoorsy, and career-driven. However, the craft has started understanding its audience and respecting their sensibilities and preferences. A number of brands have undertaken the challenge to do away with formulaic representations and rewrite previously unimagined scripts to reframe the dominant gender discourse. Starting from Raymond's “The Complete Man”, Havells’ “Hawa Badlegi” campaign, Ariel's “Share the Load,” male grooming brand The Man Company's “Gentleman in You,” Gillette's “The Best a Man can be” drive, Pamper's “It Takes Two,” Brooke Bond's “Unstereotype,” Axe's “Is it Okay for Guys?” campaign, Indian commercials are straddling a thin line between stereotypes and archetypes by depicting a well-adjusted environment which is inclusive and empathetic irrespective of genders. Millennials no longer identify with the hoary stereotype of “macho.” These brands are unmaking the idea of manhood by talking about male insecurities and anxieties- bringing to fore their struggle with the notion of masculinity, not merely as a tokenism. In a continuously changing cultural milieu, it is noteworthy that a section of the advertising industry is challenging and also reversing the conventionally prevailing personas that Indian fathers, sons, and husbands don in their everyday lives. Amid the prevalence of “femvertising,” the paper proposes to delve into the other aspect of the equation where socially sensitive ad-makers are reinventing and repackaging the idea of the new-age man by deconstructing the idea of manhood.
Her şey Destek Medya Grubu başkanı Yelda Cumalıoğlu’nun 5 Nisan 2023 tarihinde birkaç arkadaşıyla ofislerinde çektiği bir videoyu instagram üzerinden paylaşmasıyla başladı. Videoda bulunan altı kadından dördü siyah-beyaz yatay çizgili kazak giymiş, biri siyah giyinmiş, arkadaki biri de yine siyah-beyaz desenli bir şemsiye ile poz veriyordu. Bu videonun fotoğrafını burada paylaşmak isterdim ancak şahsın kendisinden bu konuda bir olur alamadığımdan paylaşamıyorum. Ancak dileyenler, bu videoya şahsın instagram sayfasından erişilebilir.
Eve gittiğimde ilginç bir şekilde ablamın da benzer çizgilerde bir kazak giydiğini gördüm. Bu ilginç durumun resmini çekip Yelda hanıma attım ve çizgili desenin anlamını, tarihçesini, özelliklerini bilip bilmediğini sordum. Bilmediğini söylediğinde de “bir gün size anlatayım” dedim. Aradan bir iki ay geçmişti ve bir vesile ile tekrar görüştüğümüzde kendisine bu konu hakkındaki bildirdiklerimi paylaştım. O da “Keşke bu konuda bir kitap yazsanız “dedi.
İşte bu kitabın oluşma ve yazılma hikâyesi böyle başladı. Bu, benim için gerçek manada bir karşı koymadır. Akademik çalışma alanımla direkt hiçbir ilgisi yok bu konunun ancak 1997 yılında Doktora sonrası çalışması için ABD, Ohio State Üniversitesinde bulunduğum sırada kendi bölümümde beni heyecanlandıran ve akademik olarak bana bir şey katacağına inandığım pek ders olmadığından, bir dönem psikoloji bölümünde doktora seviyesinde kişilik analizleri dersine devam ettim. Bu dersler esnasında çok ciddi, bir o kadar da ilginç ve faydalı şeyler öğrendim. Kişilik analizleri konusunda dünyada en çok kullanılan “Myers Briggs Personality Type Indicator/Myers-Briggs Kişilik Tipi Göstergesi”ni öğrendim. Envanterin en kapsamlı hâlini de kullanarak kendi kişiliğimi test ettim ve kişiliğimle ilgili detaylara vâkıf oldum. Dersler esnasında da kişilikle ilgili olarak renkler, desenler, burçlar (Çin astrolojisi de) kan grupları gibi değişik konulara değinilmişti. Kan gruplarıyla ilgili öğrendiğim bazı gerçekleri, Biyoloji ve Teknoloji Terörü adlı kitabımda irdelemiştim.
Derslerimizden birine desenler ve renklerin kişilikle ilişkisini anlatmak için bir modacı ve renk psikoloğu gelmiş ve bizlere ilginç bilgiler paylaşmışlardı. İşte Yelda Hanım’a giydikleri çizgili desenler hakkında paylaştıklarım da bu derslerden öğrendiklerimdi.
Ayrıca uzun yıllar “Yabancı Dil Öğretiminde Bireysel Farklılıklar” adlı tamamen şahsıma ait bir ders verdim. Bu dersin içeriği de benim 2015’te yılında yılın en iyi eğitim araştırması ödülü alan Türkiye’nin Eğitim Çıkmazı Girişimci Öğretim Girişimci Öğretmen adlı kitabımda yer almaktadır. Bireysel farklılıklar kısmında: beyin baskınlığından, genele zekâya; çoklu zekâ kuramından, motivasyona; yaştan, cinsiyete: tutumdan, kendine güvene; risk almadan, öğrenme stratejilerine; öğrenme biçemlerinden, alan bağımlı/alan bağımsızlığına; kişilikten, belirsizliği tolere etmeye; kaygı düzeyinden öğrenmeye dair inançlara kadar çok geniş bir yelpazede konular ülkemizdeki eğitim anlayışı açısından bir ilk olarak irdelenmektedir.
Rahmetli babam çok temiz ve şık giyinen birisiydi. Gömlekleri, takım elbiseleri hatta ayakkabıları özel yapılırdı. Renklerini kendisi belirler ve ustalara sipariş verirdi. Onun gibi olabilmek hem maddi hem de manevi olarak imkânsız ancak ben de giyimime dikkat eden ancak hep kendi istediğim gibi giyinen biriyim. Bu arada otuz yıldan fazladır derslerimde performans tabanlı değerlendirme sistemleri kullandığımdan, performans sergileyen öğrencilerime de performansları sırasında ufak tüyolar da veririm. Öğrencilerin verilen tüyolar sonrası değişimlerini görünce de açıkçası çok mutlu oluyorum. Mevcut ve mezun öğrencilerim bu durumu hatırlayacaktır.
Yani açıkçası, konular, her ne kadar direkt akademik çalışma alanım olmasa da bana çok da yabancı değildi, doğrusu.
Kitap yazmaya karar verdiğimde de eski notlarıma ve o sırada edindiğim ancak okuyamadığım makale ve kitaplara döndüm. Kitapta Kişilik, Kişilik Değerlendirme Araçları ve MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/Myers-Briggs Tip Göstergesi), MBTI Nedir ve MBTI Değerlendirmesinin Amacı Nedir? Kişilik Testleri/Envanterleri Nerelerde Kullanır ve Ne işe Yarar? Kişilik Özellikleri ve Toplumdaki Genel oranları, Kişilik Tipleri ve Özellikleri, Kişilik Tipleri ve Cinsiyet, Kişilik Tipleri, Olası Meslekleri ve İş Yerinde Daha Verimli Olma Önerileri, MBTI Kişilik Tipleri ve İdeal Eşleşmeleri , MBTI Kişilik Tipleri ve Duaları, Kişilik Tipleri ve Yunan Tanrıları ve Tanrıçaları, Renklerin Ortaya Çıkışı, Renkler ve Anlamları, Renkler ve İnsan Psikolojisi, Pembe/Mavi İkilemi, Renkler ve Temsil Ettikleri Kişilik, Renkler, Pazarlama ve Tüketim İlişkisi, Desenler, Tarihçeleri ve Anlamları, MBTI Kişilik Tipleri ve Favori Renkleri, Desenler ve Kişilikler, Batı Astrolojisi: Burçlar, Özellikleri ve Şanslı Renkleri, Burçlar ve MBTI Kişilik Tipleri, Çin Astrolojisi ve Burçları, Çin Burçları ve MBTI Kişilik Tipleri, Çin Astrolojisi ve Renkler, Beyin Baskınlığı ve Kişilik Arasındaki İlişki gibi bir çok başlık ve bunlara dair pek çok ilginç bilgi bulacaksınız.
Kitap içeriğindeki hemen her bölüm ve başlık başlı başına bir kitap konusudur, aslında. Burada yapılmak istenen ise bir lezzet, bir merak ve farkındalık oluşturmaktır. Bu bakımdan kitap bir referans kitabı olmaktan ziyade bir kaynak ve tam bir farkındalık eseri olarak görülmelidir.
Her insanın okumasını kolaylaştırmak adına da akademik yazım formatı yerine düz anlatım tercih edilmiş ve yararlanılan kaynaklar, kaynakça bölümünde paylaşılmıştır.
Kitaptaki bilgilerin; kendi kişiliğinizi tespit etmenize, kendinizi daha iyi tanımanıza, başkalarını anlama ve ilişkilerinizi daha düzenli hâle getirmenize, renk ve desen tercihlerinizi anlamanıza ve kişiliğinize uygun tercihlerde bulunmanıza, burçlarınızın özelliklerini, ister genel ister Çin astrolojisi ve bunların kişiliğinizle olan ilişkisini, beyin baskınlığınızı ve bunun kişiliğinizle olan bağlantısını anlamlandırmak gibi çok geniş bir alanda sizlere yol göstererek hem farkındalık yaratacağına hem de kişisel gelişiminize ciddi katkı sağlayacağına inanıyorum. Bir tür genel kültür bombardımanına hazır olun derim. Şimdiden keyifli okumalar dilerim.
The work aims at a reconnaissance of the current teaching material used in classes of Italian as a foreign language, bearing in mind the perspective of gender inclusive language and gender stereotypes.
A detailed linguistic analysis of copiuous textbooks – which was carried out upholding the approach of Italian linguist Alma Sabatini - highlights how the female world is still shaped through a male-dominant point of view. As a matter of fact, linguistic inclusivity often fails to be achieved, falling the Italian language into the grammatical gender languages type. The purpose of the analysis present in Chapter 3 is to show how a gender sensitive linguistic approach can be obtained and integrated into foreing language teaching material of Italian language, catering to all six level of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) through degendering and engendering strategies.
On the other hand, the ambition of shaping multicultural beings across the world calls for the analysis of the socio-cultural aspects representing Italy in the aforementioned textbooks. This analysis (Chapter 4) recognizes five areas in which gender stereotypes, regarding the female sphere, are strongly pervasive and fail to represent the actual nuaces of life and personal identity - childhood, labour, family care, housekeeping, and physical appearence.
Lastly, Chapter 5 argues the outcomes of both the linguistic and socio-culultural analysis, in view of a future improvement of such teaching materials.
Unlike Greek, where a word for the color green, if not absent, is certainly inconspicuous, the Latin language possesses a basic term: viridis (connected to virere “to be vigorous”, vis “strength”, and vir “man/male”, cf. n. 24). Like Greek χλωρός, galbinus corresponds to a hue between yellow and green. Unlike viridis, galbinus, when referring to persons, is utilized mainly to describe women and cinaedi. Because of the lack of effective mordants and the difficulty of mixing yellow and blue, the color green did not enter the Roman wardrobe until the early empire. Even then it became a color not for the objects encountered in everyday life, but for those witnessed at unusual occasions and events. Furthermore, ancient medical lore describes the hue on the color spectrum between green and yellow as typical of a variety of gynecological pathologies, which were eventually grouped by early modern doctors under the heading of “χλώροσις”. Whether cinaedi purposefully elected galbinus as their hue of choice, or such representation stemmed merely from the imaginations of caustic Roman satirists, this otherwise exclusively feminine element of ancient fashion suggests that its connection with cinaedi involves a more public dimension to their identity than the passive role ascribed to them during the sexual act, at least as they are defined by constructivist scholarship. Rather, the link with this color seems to be part of their identity, which is not limited to the moment of sexual submission; indeed, it defines cinaedi as figures also identified with constructions of women, their esthetics and sensitivity, and more crucially their physiology. The galbinus attire, while reinforcing the interpretation of cinaedi as a gender-deviant marginal group, simultaneously invites a more complex assessment of these individuals: one that possibly involves the notion of identity.
How do stereotypes play a part in the construction of characters? Specifically female characters? This thesis attempts to make an analysis of female stereotypes in animated french short-films; most of them made by students, thus having more creative freedom to imagine characters and narratives.
French animation, or european animation in general, is an often overlooked media. American animation, most specifically Disney, has always taken precedence over any other, with the exception of Japan. However, the history of French animation suggests otherwise, as their creators and animators, while not as succesfull as Disney, have made quite a number of artistical contributions and inspired many artists from all around the world, like Isao Takahata.
Moreover, animation as a medium and a subject of study in the last few decades has seen an increase of interest. As such, intersectionalism with gender studies in visual media also need to be adressed in these newly opened discussions. My hope is for this dissertation to open up new ways to approach gender representation in animation.
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¿Cómo influyen los estereotipos en la construcción de personajes? O en este caso, ¿en personajes específicamente femeninos? Esta tesis pretende realizar un análisis de los estereotipos femeninos en cuatro cortometrajes de animación franceses; realizados por estudiantes, lo que permite una mayor libertad creativa para crear personajes y narrativas.
La animación francesa, o la animación europea en general, es un medio que a menudo se pasa por alto. La animación estadounidense, más concretamente la de Disney, siempre ha tenido prioridad sobre cualquier otra, con excepción de la japonesa. Sin embargo, la historia de la animación francesa sugiere lo contrario, ya que sus creadores y animadores, aunque no tuvieron tanto éxito como Disney, han realizado numerosas contribuciones artísticas e inspirado a muchos animadores de todo el mundo, como es el caso de Isao Takahata.
Además, la animación como medio y tema de estudio en las últimas décadas ha experimentado un aumento de interés. Como tal, la interseccionalidad con los estudios de género en los medios visuales también debe abordarse en estos debates tan recientemente abiertos. Mi esperanza es que este trabajo forme parte de la discusión de nuevas maneras de abordar la representación de género en la animación.
Despite an increase in the number of women in the labour market, gender inequalities and gender segregation persist. This chapter explores how gender is practised and performed in the workplace. It first outlines the key concepts of gender, performance, and culture before discussing dominant cultural stereotypes on how we “do” gender in the workplace. Two case studies on women in computing and female entrepreneurs illustrate how people negotiate, (re)produce, and challenge gendered cultures. You will thus gain insights into how workplaces and organisational culture(s) are shaped by socially accepted gender roles and can, in turn, reinforce and contest these.
The Pink Tax is an additional sum of money that is paid daily by women for comparable or comparable-in-value edible products. Specifically, the Pink Tax is a tax on pink products. There are a lot of people who either don't comprehend the justification for the presence of this tax in society or have a limited awareness of it. It is often referred to by the name “hidden tax.” While the Pink Tax is not a legitimate form of taxation, it does still exist. The regulations that prevent price discrimination based on gender are only present in a select number of state and municipal governments, but the federal government does not have any such laws. The objective of this study is to bring attention to a tax that frequently isn't focused on within the day-to-day activities of women, to investigate the price differences between commodities in which women pay a higher amount compared to men for the same product, and to investigate the reason why female products are so expensive.
Roupas, filmes, desenhos animados, materiais escolares, brinquedos e outros artefatos da cultura visual indicam, aos meninos e meninas, maneiras específicas de experimentarem suas identidades e vivências. Neste artigo, temos como objetivo debater sobre artefatos da cultura visual relacionados às infâncias, investigando o que eles sugerem em relação à construção de masculinidades e feminilidades. Para tanto, utilizamo-nos de uma abordagem qualitativa e estruturamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica, dividida em dois tópicos. No primeiro, refletimos sobre as identidades infantis e as práticas culturais que se articulam, ao redor delas, distinguindo-as e constituindo-as a partir do gênero. Demos ênfase às práticas de Chá de Revelação para exemplificar a artificialidade com a qual, desde a cultura e as visualidades, produzem-se masculinidades e feminilidades. No segundo, o foco de análise fora conduzido aos brinquedos, percebendo-os como artefatos cujos significados ofertam referências aos meninos e meninas para que percebam, dentre outras coisas, o que é adequado ou não ao seu gênero.
Introduction to Design Theory introduces a comprehensive, systematic, and didactic outline of the discourse of design. Designed both as a course book and a source for research, this textbook methodically covers the central concepts of design theory, definitions of design, its historical milestones, and its relations to culture, industry, body, and ecology, language, society, gender, and ideology.
Demonstrated by a shift towards the importance of the socio-cultural context in which products are manufactured and embedded, this textbook showcases design theory as an emerging sub-discipline of design, unique in its practice-based approach and its broad perception of design. It offers an in-depth understanding of the central concepts, such as "form" and "function", "theory" and "practice", through a discussion of key case studies and historical examples, such as the advent of the view of design in antiquity, the introduction of mass production to modernist design, or the ideological shifts in design in the mid-20th century, as well as analytical tools for further dissection and learning in practice. With a focus on a combination of several theoretical knowledge bases: aesthetics and philosophy, critical theories, cultural studies, design history and design anthropology, the reader is enabled to approach design as a central pivot around which contemporary culture revolves, reflecting, reaffirming or challenging social and cultural structures.
Aimed towards undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as teachers and scholars, from across the design disciplines, Introduction to Design Theory invites readers to engage with design from an interdisciplinary perspective, departing from the traditional academic compartmentalization of practice, history and philosophy.
As research has well established, the fashion industry has a significant and growing waste problem. In response, experts argue that our clothing needs to have a longer life. However, not all items of clothing can be used for a long period of time. Children’s clothing, for example, can quickly become obsolete, creating a waste issue. To explore this issue further, we examine the Swedish childrenswear market and how designing for the circular economy can address this market segment’s unique sustainability challenges. Rather than centering on a consumer perspective, we investigate the role of design in supporting the transition to a more circular children’s clothing industry. As a key contribution, this article demonstrates that there are more circular design strategies available than prior research has explicitly mentioned. In particular, we show how design for longevity and design for neutrality can help to overcome some of the sustainability challenges facing the industry.
Kinderbücher erzählen in unüberschaubarer Anzahl Geschichten mit tierlichen Protagonist*innen. Bei deren oft anthropomorphisierten Repräsentationen werden nicht nur anthropozentrische Vorstellungen von ‚Animalität‘, sondern, damit verbunden, auch von Geschlechtern und deren (Macht‐)Verhältnissen konstruiert. Der Beitrag beleuchtet diese Verbindung von Tierfiguren und Genderrollen am Beispiel der Kinderbuchreihe Der kleine Drache Kokosnuss von Ingo Siegner. Dabei rücken nicht nur die textuellen, sondern mit Blick auf die Illustrationen auch die visuellen Konstruktionen von Animalität und Geschlecht in den Mittelpunkt der Analyse. Untersucht werden unter anderem die Genderimplikationen in Bezug auf die phantastische Tierart ‚Drache‘, vergeschlechtlichte Inszenierungen humaner und animalischer Körper, gegenderte Wissensformen sowie Vorstellungen von männlicher und weiblicher bzw. menschlicher und tierlicher agency.
Grooming and dress style have both been found to influence the probability of a job applicant being hired. We argue that as these two elements take effect simultaneously during a job application, it is necessary to simultaneously examine the interaction of these two elements of appearance. Based on cue consistency theory, we propose that grooming and a gender‐inconsistent dress style weaken the effects of each other, especially when the evaluators are men. We used three samples to progressively test our hypotheses. With Sample 1 ( n = 142), we found that masculine dress weakened the positive effect of grooming on the hirability of female applicants. Furthermore, the interaction effect of grooming and dress style was stronger for male than for female evaluators. With Sample 2 ( n = 152), we found that perceived competence mediated the two‐way interaction effect of grooming and dress style on hirability. We used Sample 3 ( n = 155) to further examine whether these findings could be generalized to male applicants and found that the interaction effect of grooming and masculine dress was stronger for male than for female evaluators.
Bu çalışmanın amacı iki yönlüdür. İlk olarak pembe verginin kavramsal ve
teorik çerçevesi incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda pembe vergi ile ilgili
literatürdeki eğilimler de gözlemlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, Türkiye'deki söz
konusu pembe vergi trendini analiz edebilmek için çeşitli alışveriş
sitelerinden toplanılan kadın ve erkek ürünlerinin fiyatları
karşılaştırılmıştır. Türkiye'de erkek ve kadın tüketiciler için farklı
fiyatlandırılmış 150'si kadın, 150'si erkek ürününden oluşan 300 ürün,
çeşitli alışveriş sitelerinden elde edilen veriler kategorilere ayrılmış ve
cinsiyetler arasında fiyat karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Belirlenen 21
kategorinin 17'sinde kadın tüketimine yönelik ürünlerin fiyatları erkeklere
göre daha yüksek iken, yetişkin pantolonları, yetişkin tişörtleri, yetişkin ve
çocuk çoraplarında erkek ürünleri kadın ürünlerine göre daha yüksek
fiyatlara sahiptir.
Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kadın ürünlerinin
erkeklere göre ortalama %7,4 daha yüksek fiyatlarla piyasaya sürüldüğü
tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle Türkiye'de literatürde olduğu gibi kadınların
aleyhine olabilecek fiyatlandırmalar, incelenen ürünlere göre
gözlemlenmiştir.
The present study investigated adult behavior while interacting with a three-month-old infant under conditions in which the child was introduced as a boy, as a girl, or with no gender information given. Gender labels did not elicit simple effects, but rather interacted significantly with the sex of the subject on both toy usage and physical contact measures. There was a stronger tendency for both male and female adults to utilize sex-stereotyped toys when the child was introduced as a girl. Most of the findings, however, reflected a differential response of men and women to the absence of gender information. In this condition, male subjects employed a neutral toy most frequently and handled the child least; in contrast, females used more stereotyped toys and handled the child more. All subjects attempted to guess the gender of the child (with boy guesses more frequent, although the child was actually female) and all justified their guess on the basis of stereotyped behavioral or physical cues like strength or softness.
Accuracy in sequencing gender scripts, use of the gender-role and temporal components of gender scripts, and taxonomic gender-role knowledge were assessed in 3- to 6-year-old children. Older children exhibited significantly more accurate sequencing of masculine and feminine gender-scripts than younger children. Boys demonstrated significantly more accurate sequencing of own-sex than other-sex gender scripts. With the effect of gender-script understanding controlled for statistically, younger children based significantly more script follow-up judgments on the gender-role component of gender scripts than older children. Taxonomic gender-role knowledge by children was not significantly associated with their accuracy at sequencing gender scripts. Results substantiate and expand our understanding of early social cognitive development.
This essay charts the changing definitions and experiences of sissy boys in early twentieth century America. At this time the term sissy, which had emerged out of the boy culture of mid nineteenth century America, evolved to encompass not only social but familial and clinical opprobium. In the nineteenth century, sissies might be castigated by their peers but celebrated by their families. Little boys were considered to be the province of their mothers and were not expected to adhere to strict gender boundaries. By the turn of the century, both little and older boys were held to a higher gender standard due to major transformations in child rearing, peer culture, and adult masculinity.The behaviors of little boys were closely monitored for signs of gender nonconformity as the twentieth century progressed. Even preschoolers were expected to dress in appropriately boyish clothing, to play with gender-specific toys, and to display personality traits associated with the masculine gender. "Real" or normal boys, as defined by boy culture, were postulated as ideal boys. Increasingly parents and professionals identified little boys who strayed from this ideal as in need of parental and professional intervention. The newly emerging sciences of the human psyche, which sought to explain the development of gender identity and sexual orientation, provided professionals with a framework for assessing and treating sissy boys. Together, parents, peers, and professionals worked to ensure that male children become "real boys" and not sissies.
Interactions of 16 adults (eight married couples whose youngest child was less than 2 1/2 years old) with a single actor infant, dressed as either a male or a female, were recorded and analyzed in four categories: direction of gaze, facial expression, physical contact with the infant, and toy used. After the interaction period, a 45-minute interview on child rearing was conducted with each member of the couple. Observed interactions were then compared with interview data. The results support previous studies which show that both male and female parents behave differently toward unfamiliar infants on the basis of perceived sex. However, parents, especially mothers, appeared unaware of their differential treatment of male and female infants. These results suggest subtle sex-typing of infants by adults.
A new direct-to-consumer genetic test purports to detect fetal gender as early as five weeks of pregnancy. The availability of this test highlights the consequences of the current system of oversight for genetic tests and underscores the need for an enhanced regulatory framework to ensure the accuracy, reliability, and validity of genetic tests.