The Internet of Things (IoT) Applications and Communication Enabling Technology Standards: An Overview

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most promising area which penetrates the advantages of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) and Pervasive Computing domains. Different applications of IoT have been developed and researchers of IoT well identified the opportunities, problems, challenges and the technology standards used in IoT such as Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones, etc. This paper is of two fold, the first fold covers the different applications that adopted smart technologies so far. The second fold of this paper presents the overview of the sensors and its standards.

Full text

The Internet of Things (IoT)
Applications and Communication Enabling
Technology Standards: An Overview
Dr. V. Bhuvaneswari
Department of Computer Applications
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
bhuvna_v@buc.edu.in
Dr. R Porkodi
Department of Computer Science
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
porkodi_r76@yahoo.co.in
Abstract — The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most
promising area which penetrates the advantages of Wireless
Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) and Pervasive
Computing domains. Different applications of IoT have been
developed and researchers of IoT well identified the
opportunities, problems, challenges and the technology
standards used in IoT such as Radio-Frequency
IDentification (RFID) tags, sensors, actuators, mobile
phones, etc. This paper is of two fold; the first fold covers the
different applications that adopted smart technologies so far.
The second fold of this paper presents the overview of the
sensors and its standards.
Keywords: IoT, Sensors, Actuator Networks, RFID
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the
Internet. It makes Objects themselves recognizable, obtain
intelligence, communicate information about themselves
and they can access information that has been aggregated
by other things. The Internet of Things allows people and
things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything
and Anyone, ideally using Any path/network and Any
service as shown in Fig. 1. This implies addressing
elements such as Convergence, Content, Collections,
Computing, Communication, and Connectivity.
The Internet of Things provides interaction among the
real/physical and the digital/virtual worlds. The physical
entities have digital counterparts and virtual representation
and things become context aware and they can sense,
communicate, interact, exchange data, information and
knowledge. Through the use of intelligent decision-
making algorithms in software applications, appropriate
rapid responses can be given to physical entity based on
the very latest information collected about physical
entities and consideration of patterns in the historical data,
either for the same entity or for similar entities. These
paves new dimension of IoT concept in the domains such
as supply chain management, transportation and logistics,
aerospace, and automotive, smart environments (homes,
buildings, infrastructure), energy, defence, agriculture,
retail and more.
The vision of IoT is to use smart technologies to
connect things any-time, any-place for anything. The IoT
was started in the year 1998 and the term Internet of
Things was first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999.
Fig. 1 Internet of Things
The Internet of Things has been evolved in a tremendous
way over the past decade and still IoT is an emerging
trend for researchers in both academia and industry. Many
findings of IoT reported in literature presents meaningful
definitions. According to CASAGRAS project [1]: “A
global network infrastructure linking physical and virtual
objects through the exploitation of data capture and
communication capabilities. This infrastructure includes
existing and evolving Internet and network developments.
It will offer specific object identification, sensor and
connection capability as the basis for the development of
independent cooperative services and applications. CERP
[2], emphasizes the internetworking between
heterogeneous ‘smart’ devices such as sensors, actuators,
computers and smart phones etc., and the use of services
over the internet. Any application development framework
for the IoT, therefore, needs to support these
heterogeneous devices.
According to the IEEE Internet of Things journal, An
IoT system is a network of networks where, typically, a
massive number of objects/things/sensors/devices are
connected through communications and information
infrastructure to provide value-added services via
intelligent data processing and management for different
applications. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing
concept that describes a future where everyday physical
objects will be connected to the Internet and will be able
to identify themselves to other devices. The term is closely
identified with RFID as the method of communication,
although it could also include other sensor technologies,
other wireless technologies, QR codes, etc. According to
The Internet of Things European Research Cluster (IERC)
definition [3] states that IoT is a dynamic global network
infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols
where physical and virtual “things” have identities,
2014 International Conference on Intelligent Computing Applications
978-1-4799-3966-4/14 $31.00 © 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICICA.2014.73
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physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into
the information network.
This paper presents the survey which gives a picture of
the current state of the art on the IoT. More specifically, it
provides clear insight to readers about the different visions
of the Internet of Things paradigm and illustrates the
benefits of this paradigm in everyday-life. This also
provides the application domains of IoT and IT enabled
communication technologies and standards used so far.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes
the application domains of IoT paradigm, which are
available from the literature. Section 3 covers the IoT
main enabling communication technologies used so far.
Section 4 describes the challenges and issues of IoT and
finally the paper is concluded in Section 5.
II. APPLICATION DOMAINS
The Applications of the IoT are numerous and
diversified in all areas of every-day life of people which
broadly covers society, industries, and environment. All
the IoT applications developed so far comes under these
three broad areas as shown in Table 1. According to
Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda (SRA)
during 2010, 6 or more application domains were
identified that are smart energy, smart health, smart
buildings, smart transport, smart living and smart cities.
According to the survey that the IoT-I project ran during
2010 65 IoT application scenarios were identified and
grouped in to 14 domains, which are Transportation,
Smart Home, Smart City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture,
Smart Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Health care,
User interaction, Culture and tourism, Environment and
Energy. Some of the IoT applications are briefly explained
in next coming paragraphs.
Table 1. IoT Application Domains
Domain Description Applications
Society
Activities related to the
betterment and
development of society,
cities and people
Smart Cities, Smart Animal
Farming, Smart Agriculture,
Healthcare, Domestic and
Home automation,
Independent Living,
Telecommunications,
Energy, Defense,
Medical technology,
Ticketing, Smart Buildings
Environ-
ment
Activities related to the
protection, monitoring
and development of all
natural resources
Smart Environment, Smart
Metering, Smart Water
Recycling, Disaster Alerting
Industry
Activities related to
financial, commercial
transactions between
companies,
organizations and
other entities
Retail, Logistics, Supply
Chain Management
Automotive, Industrial
Control, Aerospace and
Aviation
A. Smart Cities
The IoT play a vital role to improve the smartness of
cities includes many applications to monitoring of parking
spaces availability in the city, monitoring of vibrations
and material conditions in buildings and bridges, sound
monitoring in sensitive areas of cities, monitoring of
vehicles and pedestrian levels, intelligent and weather
adaptive lighting in street lights, detection of waste
containers levels and trash collections, smart roads,
intelligent highways with warning messages and
diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected
events like accidents or traffic jams. Some of IoT smart
cities applications are smart parking, structural health,
noise urban maps, traffic congestion, smart lightning,
waste management, intelligent transportation systems and
smart building. These smart cities IoT applications use
RFID, Wireless Sensor Network and Single sensors as IoT
elements and the bandwidth of these applications ranges
from small to large. The already developed IoT
applications reported on the literature are Awarehome[4],
Smart Santander [5] and city sense [6].
B. Smart Agriculture and Smart water
The IoT can help to improve and strengthen the
agriculture work by monitoring soil moisture and trunk
diameter in vineyards to control and maintain the amount
of vitamins in agricultural products, control micro climate
conditions to maximize the production of fruits and
vegetables and its quality, study of weather conditions in
fields to forecast ice information, rail, drought, snow or
wind changes, control of humidity and temperature level
to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants. The
role of IoT in water management includes study of water
suitability in rivers and the sea for agriculture and
drinkable use, detection of liquid presence outside tanks
and pressure variations along pipes and monitoring of
water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs. This
kind of IoT applications use Wireless sensor network and
single sensors as IoT elements and the bandwidth range as
medium. The already reported IoT applications in this
kind are SiSviA[7], GBROOS[8] and SEMAT[9].
C. Retail and Logistics
Implementing the IoT in Retail/Supply Chain
Management has many advantages which include
monitoring of storage conditions along the supply chain
and product tracking for traceability purposes and
payment processing based on location or activity duration
for public transport, gyms, theme park, etc. In the shop
itself, IoT offers many applications like guidance in the
shop according to a preselected shopping list, fast
payment solutions like automatically check-out using
biometrics, detection of potential allergen in a given
product and control of rotation of products in shelves and
warehouses to automate restocking processes. The IoT
elements used in this kind of application are RFID and
WSN and the bandwidth range is small. The example
retail IoT reported in literature is SAP future retail center
[10]. The IoT in logistics includes quality of shipment
conditions, item location, storage incompatibility
detection, fleet tracking, etc. The IoT elements used in the
field of logistics are RFID, WSN and single sensors and
the bandwidth ranges from medium to large. Many
logistics IoT trial implementations are reported in the
literature [11, 12].
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Fig.2 The IoT Application Domains
D. Health Care
Many benefits provided by the IoT technologies to the
healthcare domain are classified into tracking of objects,
staff and patients, identification and authentication of
people, automatic data collection and sensing [13].
Tracking is the function used to identify a person or an
object in motion. This includes the case of patient flow
monitoring to improve workflow in hospitals. The
identification and authentication includes patient
identification to reduce incidents harmful to patients,
comprehensive and current electronic medical record
maintenance, and infant identification in hospitals to
prevent mismatching. The automatic data collection and
transfer is mostly aimed at reducing form processing time,
process automation, automated care and procedure
auditing, and medical inventory management. Sensor
devices enable function centered on patients, and in
particular on diagnosing patient conditions, providing
real-time information on patient health indicators.
Application domains include different telemedicine
solutions, monitoring patient compliance with medication
regiment prescriptions, and alerting for patient well-being.
In this capacity, sensors can be applied both in in-patient
and out-patient care. The elements of IoT in Health Care
are RFID, NFC, WSN, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc. significantly
improve the measurement and monitoring methods of vital
functions such as temperature, blood pressure, heart rate,
cholesterol level, blood glucose, etc.
E. Security & Emergencies
The IoT technologies in the field of security and
emergencies are tremendously increased in which few are
listed; perimeter access control, liquid presence, radiation
levels and explosive and hazardous gases, etc. The
perimeter access control is used to detect and control the
unauthorized people entry to restricted areas. The liquid
presence is used for liquid detection in data centers,
warehouses and sensitive building grounds to prevent
break downs and corrosion. The radiation levels
application used to measure the radiation levels in nuclear
power stations surroundings to generate leakage alerts and
the final IoT application is used to detect the gas levels
and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of
chemical factories and inside mines.
III. IoT COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
The communication enabling technologies of IoT
heavily depends on rapid technical innovation in 4 fields;
technology used to connect everyday objects and devices
to large databases and networks, technology used for data
collection with ability to detect changes in the physical
status of objects, technology to take action through
embedded intelligence in objects, and finally to make
smaller and smaller things will have the ability to interact
and connect. The combination of all these developments
made the effective and efficient communications on IoT
applications.
A. RFID
RFID is not new and it was popular in the early 20th
century. Initially, it was based on radio waves and later
radio waves combined with radar signals. They can be
used to provide P2P connection between objects. RFID
consists of three main components such as a transponder
or tag to carry data, which is located on the object to be
identified, an interrogator or reader, which reads the
transmitted data, and Middleware, which forward the data
to another system, such as a database, a PC or robot
control system. Frequencies currently used for data
transmission by RFID typically include 125 kHz (low
frequency), 13.56 MHz (high frequency), or 800-960 MHz
(ultra high frequency). RFID is set to revolutionize the
retail sector. By 2008, according to IDTechEx, retailers
worldwide are expected to account for over USD 1.3
billion of a global RFID market of USD 7 billion. RFID
standards relate both to frequency protocols (for data
communication) and data format (for data storage on the
tag) [14]. Some of IoT applications reported in literature
using RFID includes smart shopping [15], smart chips
[16], arts and gaming [17], smart environment [18], RFID
combats criminal activities in graveyards and sanctuaries
[19], thwart baby abduction [20], smart waste
management [21] and health care [22].
B. Sensors
Sensors are one of the key building blocks of the
Internet of Things which can be deployed everywhere
from military battlefields to vineyards. A sensor is an
electronic device, which detects senses or measures
physical stimuli and responds to it in a specific way. It
converts signals from stimuli into an analogue or digital
form, so that the raw data about detected parameters are
readable by machines and humans. Sensors can also be
implanted under human skin, in a purse or on a dress.
Some can be as small as four millimeters in size, but the
data they collect can be received hundreds of miles away.
Sensors complement human senses and have become
indispensable in a large number of industries, from health
care to construction. Sensors have the key advantage that
they can anticipate human needs based on information
collected about their context. Common applications of
sensors include military, environment, healthcare,
construction, commercial applications, home applications,
etc.
When a sensor forms part of a sensor network, it is
known as a sensor “node”. While it is now easy to deploy
single sensors, ensuring connectivity between multiple
nodes is a more challenging task. Sensor nodes can be
connected to each other in two ways: wire and wireless. A
sensor node in a wireless sensor network is a small low-
power device with power-supply, data storage,
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microprocessors, low-power radio, analogue-to-digital
converters (ADCs), data transceivers, and controllers.
Wireless sensor networks offer solutions for a number of
sectors, such as health care, security, and agriculture.
C. RFID and Sensors
The progressive combination of communication
technologies and microelectronics gradually removes
boundaries between physical objects and the virtual
networked world. The main function of an RFID tag is to
identify and track what, which and where the object
accurately. Sensor technology provides information about
the external environment and circumstances surrounding
an object. The integration of wireless sensing
technologies with RFID tags on moving objects provides a
fuller picture about their location and status. The main
distinguishing feature of an RFID sensor tag from a
normal RFID tag is that, apart from tracking and
monitoring functions, sensor-enabled RFID can take
action on the basis of data collected by the sensor. These
two technologies, in combination with modern wireless
networks, create opportunities for a myriad of applications
in national security, military field, agriculture, medicine,
retail, food industry and many other sectors of the
economy.
D. Sensors and Mobile Phones
Mobile phones are already an integral part of everyday
life for many people. Due to their widespread use, mobile
networks play a key role in bringing new “ubiquitous”
communication technologies to the masses. Today, mobile
phones are not only a device for making calls, but it
equipped with data, text and video streaming functions.
Currently, the combination of sensors with mobile phones
offers several possible applications such as device for
relaying data collected by sensors, touch sensors,
movement recognition, sensing the status of their
environment through smell sensors, etc.
E. Near Field Communication
Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards
for smart phones and similar mobile devices to establish
communication with each other by touching them together
or bringing them together no more than a few inches. NFC
devices can be used in contactless payment systems,
similar to those currently used in credit cards and
electronic ticket smartcards, and allow mobile payment to
replace or supplement these systems. The mobile OS
Android Beam uses NFC to complete the steps of
enabling, pairing and establishing a Bluetooth connection
when doing a file transfer [23].
F. ZigBee
ZigBee is a specification standard for a suite of high
level communication protocols used to create personal
area networks built from small, low-power digital radios.
ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15 standard. Though
low-powered, ZigBee devices often transmit data over
longer distances by passing data through intermediate
devices to reach more distant ones, creating a mesh
network. They can used in applications that require a low
data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
The table 2 summarizes and compares all
communication technology standards reported in the
literature with respect to network, topology, power
consumption, speed, range and where these technology
standards used. Table 3 provides with the communication
frequency for Wi-Fi and Table 4 Provides with details of
communication parameters for NFC and Bluetooth.
Table 2. Technology Standards
RFID NFC Wi-Fi
ZigB
ee
Blue
tooth WSN
Network PAN PAN LAN LAN PAN LAN
Topology P2P P2P star
Mesh,
star,
tree
star Mesh, star
Power Very
low
Very
low
Low -
high
Very
low low Very low
speed 400
kbs
400
kbs
1
1-10
Mbs
250
kbs
700
kbs
250
kbs
Range (in
meters) <3
<0.1
4-20
m
10-
3
00 m
<
30 m
200
m
Table 3 WiFi Standards and Frequency Range
Aspect Standard
IEEE
Frequency
WiFi
Wireless
Fidelit y
802.11 Channel Number 1 - 14
2401- 2473 MHz – Lower Frequency
2412- 2484 MHz –Middle Frequency
2423- 2495 MHz – Upper Frequency
White-Fi 802.11af 470 - 710MHz
Microwave
Wi-Fi
802.11ad 57.0 - 64.0 GHz ISM band (Regional
variations apply)
Channels: 58,32, 60.48, 62.64, and 64.80
GHz
ZigBee 802.11 -
Table 4. NFC and Bluetooth Parameters
Aspect NFC Bluetooth
RFID compatible ISO 18000-3 active
Standardisation body ISO/IEC Bluetooth SIG
Network Standard ISO 13157 etc. IEEE 802.15.1
Network Type Point-to-point WPAN
Range < 0.2 m ~100 m (class 1)
Frequency 13.56 MHz 2.4–2.5 GHz
Bit rate 424 kbit/s 2.1 Mbit/s
IV. CHALLENGES AND ISSUES OF IoT
Although the IoT enabling technologies have
tremendously increased in the past decade, there are many
issues to be open and addressed. Thus this paves the new
way or dimension for researchers involved in IoT. The
issues and challenges of IoT include architecture, privacy
and security, data intelligence, Quality of Service,
communication protocols, GIS based visualization, etc.
A. Architecture
The different architectures proposed already in the
literature roughly based on which application domain the
IoT used. Most of the works relating to IoT have been
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classified in to four types of architectures ; the wireless
sensor networks perspective [24], European Union
projects of SENSEI [25], Internet of Things Architecture
(IoT-A) [26] and cloud architecture [27] . However, these
may not be the best option for every application domain
particularly for defense where human intelligence is relied
upon. The selection of architecture of IoT itself is the big
challenge and this paves the way to develop new
architecture and modify the existing architecture.
B Privacy and security
Security will be a major concern, wherever network
consists of many devices or things are connected. There
are many ways the system could be attacked; disabling the
network availability, pushing erroneous data into the
network, and accessing personal information. It is
impossible to impose proper privacy and security
mechanism with current already existing techniques [28,
29]. Thus privacy becomes a major concern and need to
incorporate appropriate security measures.
C. Data Intelligence
There are huge volumes of data will be collected from
connected from network of devices. According to a rough
estimate, more than 2.5 trillion bytes of new data every
day will be logged by these systems [30]. Analysis of data
and its context will play a key role and poses significant
challenges. The data collected through IoT devices to be
stored and used intelligently for smart IoT applications.
These leads to develop artificial intelligence algorithms,
and machine learning methods based on evolutionary
algorithms, genetic algorithms, neural networks, and other
artificial intelligence techniques are necessary to achieve
automated decision making.
D. Quality of Service (QoS)
The QoS of IoT applications is measured from the
primary factors such as throughput and bandwidth. It is
easy to provide QoS gurantees in wireless sensor networks
due to resource allocation and management ability
constraints in shared wireless media. Quality of Service in
Cloud computing is another major research area which
will require more and more attention as the data and tools
become available on clouds. This leads to develop a
controlled, optimal approach to serve different network
traffics and better resource allocation and management
[31].
E. Communication Protocols
The protocols for communication of things or devices
will play a key role in complete realization of IoT
applications. The protocols form the backbone for the data
tunnel between sensors and the outer world. Many MAC
protocols have been proposed for various domains with
TDMA, CSMA and FDMA for collision free, low traffic
efficiency and collision free but require additional
circuitry in nodes respectively [32]. Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) is the latest protocol which vastly
increases the number of internet addresses, and the ability
to process and analyze huge volumes of data. This IPv6
would be able to communicate with devices attached to
virtually all human-made objects because of the extremely
large address space (128 bit). Major goals of the transport
layer are to guarantee end-to-end reliability and to perform
end-to-end congestion control. In this aspect, many
protocols may fails to co-operate proper end- to –end
reliability.
F. GIS based Visualization
Visual communication is very much useful and
understandable for any kind of people who works in and
uses IoT applications. With emerging 3D displays, this
area is certainly open more research and development
opportunities. The data communicated by things or
devices are not always ready for use to visualize. It
requires further processing to make ready the data to be
visualized. The data like heterogeneous spatial-temporal
data [33] needs powerful techniques to do processing
before visualization came into picture. New visualization
schemes for the representation of heterogeneous sensors in
a 3D landscape that varies temporally have to be
developed [34].
V. CONCLUSION
The IoT has the capacity to be a transformative force,
positively impacting the lives of millions worldwide, says
Bingmei Wu, Deputy Secretary-General of the China
Communications Standards Association. Not only this is
the view of Chinese Government, all countries have been
started and allotted more funding to carry out researches
in the field of IoT in all these about said issues and
challenges. Many research teams have been initiated from
all over the world to carry out IoT related researches. All
thier aims to add a new dimension to this process by
enabling communications with and among smart objects,
thus leading to the vision of ‘‘anytime, anywhere,
anymedia, anything” communications. To keep this
objective in mind, we carefully surveyed the most
important aspects of IoT, the various applications of IoT,
and the communication enabled technologies or IoT
elements which are used in IoT applications. The last part
of this paper also highlighted the issues and challenges
related to IoT and guide the researchers on future research
directions which are penetrated in IoT field.
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