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GC-MS analysis of Cassia italica leaf methanol extract
Abstract
Plants have been an important source of medicine with qualities for thousands of years. Mainly on traditional remedies such as herbs for their history it has been used as a popular folk medicine. Cassia italica has medicinal values; methanol leaf extract of this plant was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 17 compounds. In GC-MS analysis, some of the phytocomponents screened were Phytol, Squalene and n-Hexadecanoic acid. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. Many of them are used in industry for various applications like flavor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, pesticide and cancer preventive.
... Additionally, the antioxidant activity index (AAI) of the C. indica extract was determined to be 0.911, indicating a moderate level of antioxidant activity, which is approaching the threshold for a strong AAI. As a result, we proposed that the antioxidant activity of C. indica seeds would Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic nematicide, and pesticide [26] Dibutyl phthalate ...
... Tetradecane Antioxidant [23] 1-Heptadecene Antibiotic [24] 1-Nonadecene Anticancer and antifungal [23,25] n-Hexadecanoic acid Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic nematicide, and pesticide [26] Dibutyl phthalate Antimicrobial and antifouling [27] ...
Background: Plant-derived phytochemicals are crucial in fighting bacterial infections and in cancer therapy. Objective: This study investigates the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extract obtained from Caralluma indica (C. indica) seeds and assesses its antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Results: GC-MS analysis found 30 phytochemicals in C. indica seeds, including 5 bioactive compounds that have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties, through in silico evaluation. Phytochemical screening of C. indica identified and measured the phenolic compounds, providing insight into its bioactive potential and therapeutic properties. C. indica exhibited robust antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, and H2O2 radical scavenging) alongside potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogen and cytotoxicity activity on a human oral squamous carcinoma cell line (OECM-1) (EC50 of 169.35 µg/mL) and yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae (215.82 µg/mL), with a selective index of 1.27. The subminimum % MBC/MFC of C. indica significantly reduced biofilm formation against oral pathogens (p < 0.05). Molecular docking studies showed a strong correlation (r = 0.862) between antifungal and anticancer targets, suggesting that the antimicrobial agents in C. indica contribute to cancer prevention mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings propose C. indica seeds as promising candidates for combating oral pathogens, inhibiting biofilm formation, and reducing the risk of oral cancer progression.
... Anti-malaria activity has also been reported (Sermakkani and Thangapadian, 2012). The presence of n-hexadecanoic acid has been reported in Phillanthusamarus [2] and other crude extracts obtain form other plant species (Akpuaka, et al., 2013). ...
... Mass spectra were taken at 70ev, scan event 0.5s and scan range 40-600Da. Total GC running time was 25 minutes.The components of the extract was identified by matching with computer Wiley MS libraries and confirmed by comparing mass spectra of the peaks and those from literature(Mamza, et al.,2012;Sermakkani and Thangapadian, 2012). ...
The GC-MS analysis of extracts obtained from aqueous ethanol solution, purified in chloroform, yielded ten compounds, namely decane; 1, 2, 3-Trimethybenzene; Isooctane (ethynyloxy) ;ethyltridecanoate; n-hexadecanoic acid; 3,7,11,15-tetramethy1-2-hexadecane-1-ol; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid; octadecanoic acid; methyoxy acetic acid; 2-methylphenyl ester and Benzene, 4-ethyl, 1,2-dimethyoxy. The compound 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecene-1-ol, has not been reported in P. amarus leaf crude extract before now. Possible isolation of individual compounds and the toxicity analysis could lead to discovery of valuable drugs for combating diseases.
... Anti-malaria activity has also been reported (Sermakkani and Thangapadian, 2012). The presence of n-hexadecanoic acid has been reported in Phillanthusamarus [2] and other crude extracts obtain form other plant species (Akpuaka, et al., 2013). ...
... Mass spectra were taken at 70ev, scan event 0.5s and scan range 40-600Da. Total GC running time was 25 minutes.The components of the extract was identified by matching with computer Wiley MS libraries and confirmed by comparing mass spectra of the peaks and those from literature(Mamza, et al.,2012;Sermakkani and Thangapadian, 2012). ...
The GC-MS analysis of extracts obtained from aqueous ethanol solution, purified in chloroform, yielded ten compounds, namely decane; 1, 2, 3-Trimethybenzene; Isooctane (ethynyloxy) ;ethyltridecanoate; n-hexadecanoic acid; 3,7,11,15-tetramethy1-2-hexadecane-1-ol; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid; octadecanoic acid; methyoxy acetic acid; 2-methylphenyl ester and Benzene, 4-ethyl, 1,2-dimethyoxy. The compound 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecene-1-ol, has not been reported in P. amarus leaf crude extract before now. Possible isolation of individual compounds and the toxicity analysis could lead to discovery of valuable drugs for combating diseases.
... Oleic acid has demonstrated the ability to prevent cancer and act as an antiandrogenic [55]. Additionally, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester also exhibited anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties [56]. Thus, volatile compounds found in CS possess various biological activities. ...
... In addition, corn silk is rich in phenolic compounds and consists of proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, calcium, potassium, magnesium, volatile oils, sitosterol, stigmasterol, alkaloids, and saponins [15]. The phytochemical composition of CS extracts is mainly due to the flavonoid content: 6,4 -dihydroxy-3 -methoxyflavone-7-O-glycosides ax-5 -methane-3 -methoxymaysin, ax-4 -OH-3 -methoxymaysin, 7,4 -dihydroxy-3 -methoxyflavone-2 -O-α-L-rhamno-syl-6-C-fucoside 3 -methoxymaysin, 2 -O-α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-fuco-syl-3methoxyluteolin, 2 -O-α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-quinovosylluteolin, 2 -O-α-L-rhamno-syl-6-Cfucosylluteolin, and 2 -O-α-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-3 -deoxyglucosyl-3 -methoxyluteolin have been identified [55,56]. Meanwhile, the flavone glycoside content includes isoorientin-2-2 -O-α-L-rhamnoside and 3 -methoxymaysin [16]. ...
Zea mays L. Poaceae stigma (corn silk, CS) is a byproduct of agricultural waste and is used as a traditional herb in many countries. CS is rich in chemical compounds known to benefit human health and is also a remedy for infectious diseases and has anti-proliferative effects on human cancer cell lines. In the present study, CS extract has been evaluated for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-tyrosinase activities and its phytochemical composition. The higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the ethanolic extract of corn silk (CSA), at 28.27 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 4.71 ± 0.79 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant content of CSA was found at 5.22 ± 0.87 and 13.20 ± 0.42 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract using DPPH and reducing power assays. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of corn silk showed tyrosinase inhibition with an IC50 value of 12.45 µg/mL. The bacterial growth inhibition of CSA was tested using agar disc diffusion and broth dilution assays against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It was found that CSA inhibited C. acnes and S. epidermidis with an inhibition zone of 11.7 ± 1.2 and 9.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. Moreover, the CSA showed MIC/MBC of 15.625 mg/mL against C. acnes. The following phytochemical compounds were detected in CSA: cardiac glycosides; n-hexadecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; oleic acid; and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester. After the corn silk cream product was formulated, the product demonstrated stability without phase separation. This research is beneficial for promoting effective ways to use agricultural waste while utilizing the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial activities of corn silk. Moreover, the use of technology and innovation to obtain high-value CS extract will benefit the development of commercial cosmetic products by providing safe, natural, and quality ingredients to the consumer.
... According to investigations, plants provide a source of potent chemotherapeutic agents that are non-phytotoxic, more systemic, and rapidly biodegradable. (5) More than 1000 species were employed in India's traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, which have endured for more than four centuries predominantly by using plant-based medicines (6) . According to books from antiquity, several plants are used as medicines, including the Rigveda (4500-1600 B.C.) and Athrvana Veda. ...
... (26) In qualitative analysis, the use of GCMS allows for the acquisition of more precise information. (5) The compounds with the highest peak is N-[4-Bromo-N-Butyl]-2-Piperidinone (100.00) was reported with high bactericidal inhibitor which can able to treat bladder spams, shrinkage, and ulcer inflammation, (27) Decanal (9.96) were reported as it is used as a perfumes, (28) 11-Tridecen-1-Ol (7.68) were reported, it has antibacterial activity, (29) 4-undecanone (7.09) were reported with antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical preparations (30) . Along with the analysis of mass spectra, the isolated chemicals were identified by contrasting their peak areas and retention times (22) . ...
... Gas chromatrography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS was carried out as previously described by Sermakkani and Thangapandian (29). Identification of the extracts was determined by their molecular structure and the value of their weight. ...
... Identifikasi senyawa fitokimia dikonfirmasi menggunakan luas puncak, waktu retensi, dan rumus molekul. Data yang relevan mencakup waktu retensi (RT), rumus molekul, berat molekul (BM), dan persentase area puncak untuk komponen aktif [17], [18] ...
Indonesia is home to a diversity of herbal plants, particularly in Aceh. Moringa oleifera is traditional medicinal plant utilized by locals in the geothermal area Aceh Besar, recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the bioactive compounds in M. oleifera leaves sourced from Ie Seum have not been documented, making it challenging to explain the roles of the compounds scientifically to anti-inflammatory factors. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds in the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaves (referred to as EDM) and analyze the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in the geothermal area. This study used a qualitative design to identify EDM compounds with GC-MS and soil physicochemistry. The identification of EDM compounds is conducted through gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physicochemical properties of the soil are assessed by examining its texture, pH, organic carbon content, total nitrogen, exchangeable cations, and phosphorus. Sample collection on topsoil (0-20 cm) with an area of 100cmx100cm on one land where M. oleifera plants grow in Ie Seum area in September 2024. A soil sample of 500g was using several methods, namely the hydrometermethod, pH meter, Walkey and Black, ammonium acetate 1M pH 7, Kjeldahl, KCl 1N, Bray 1, HCl 25%, and DTPA extraction. The soil test result showed classified as silty clay. The results GC-MS indicated the presence 11 metabolites, including linolenic acid, phytol, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, neophytadiene, gamma-tocopherol, vitamin E, squalene, icosane, and beta-pinene. EDM from the Ie Seum contains compounds that are beneficial in anti-inflammatory.
... n-hexadecanoic acid (14.79%) and E -11 -hexadecenoic acid (9.89%) as major constituents. From this study, 9, 12 -octadecadienoic acid, 9, 12, 15 -octadecatrienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, oleic acid, and gammasitosterol are among other bioactive constituents which are known anti-inflammatory agents present in Dal, Das, and Dar and may in part be responsible for their topical anti-inflammatory activity [14,15,16,17,19]. ...
Background: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory properties of dichloromethane fractions derived from the leaf, stem, and root of Dracaena arborea. Methods: Plant materials were collected, dried at 40ºC, and powdered. The powders were macerated with 70% ethanol for 72 hours, and the extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure. After defatting with n-hexane, the extracts were partitioned with dichloromethane, yielding fractions for leaf (Dal), stem (Das), and root (Dar). Phytochemical analysis was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using egg albumin-and xylene-induced oedema models in mice. Results: The fractions significantly reduced topical oedema (p≤0.05) in mice compared to dexamethasone (4 mg/kg), a standard anti-inflammatory drug. GC-MS analysis identified bioactive compounds with known anti-inflammatory properties, including 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, oleic acid, and gamma-sitosterol. Conclusion: The presence of these lipophilic compounds in the leaf, stem, and root of D. arborea may account for the observed anti-inflammatory effects, highlighting the plant's potential therapeutic value.
... The soybean leaf samples were extracted according to the method used by Ref. [10]. Dried leaf samples of 25 mg was weighed and extracted in 2 mL (95 %) of methanol (GC-grade) from each dried material in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes. ...
Soybean (Glycinemax L.) serves not only as food for humans, animals, and industrial purposes, but is also a plant that can be used to comprehend molecular mechanisms occurring in stress response to various development techniques. To reveal the effect of applying dicarboxylic acids as stress priming agents on a metabolic level in soybean leaf extracts, the chemical profile of methanolic extracts were collected at different time points (1 h, 2 h, 12 h, 24 h, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks) after spraying were analyzed using ¹H-NMR based metabolomics by way of PCA and OPLS-DA. The OPLS-DA revealed several metabolites, including organic acids (fumarate, citrate and malate) and amino acids (asparagine, alanine and GABA), which accumulated in higher amounts, with fumarate accumulating the highest in Glycinemax L. leaf extracts compared to untreated leaves. Denaturing 1DE gels were prepared for MS-based protein analysis and the presence of fatty acids (linolenic, oleic and α-linolenic acid) were confirmed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which served as jasmonic acid precursors. The MS-based profiling of proteins on the denaturing 1DE gels revealed several proteins that were differentiated between the treated and untreated leaf extracts. These proteins included ferritins, CaM, ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase and chalcone-flavanone isomerase 1A. Following the treatment, fumarate was significantly elevated at 12 h to 3 weeks, compared to other compounds. It is, therefore, proposed that elevated quantities of fumarate could be related to the KEAP1-NRF2 metabolic pathway. This study represents the initial investigation of the effect of dicarboxylic acid application as a stress priming agent on Glycinemax L. using ¹H-NMR metabolomic analysis, GC-MS and proteomic analysis.
... Indeed, FAs are often identified as the active ingredients in ethnic and herbal medicines (McGaw et al., 2002). Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester is an antioxidant, flavour and hypocholesterolemic (Sermakkani and Thangapandian, 2012). n-Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) is the most common saturated fatty acid that occurs in natureand is an antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, nematicide and pesticide. ...
Field trials were conducted during the dry seasons of 2021 and 2022 to identify the phytochemicals and bioactive compounds present in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus. L), as affected by fish guano and abscisic acid under moisture stress conditions. The research was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Bayero University Kano (110 97′ 98.6′′ N 8042′03.7′′ 'E) and the Research Farm of Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology Wudil (11̊ 25′ N and Long 9̊ E). The treatments consisted of moisture stress (vegetative, flowering and grain filling), fish guano (FG) (0, 0.1 and 0.2 kg) and abscisic acid (ABA) (0, 20 and 50 µmol/L) treatments. The plants were laid out in a split-plot design and replicated 3 times. Stress occurred in the main plots, and fish guano and abscisic acid rates occurred in the subplots. Phytochemical screenings were carried out for qualitative and quantitative secondary metabolites. Phytochemical screening of the seed extracts revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, which is an indication that the plant possesses some pharmacological activities that will enhance the nutritional and health status of the populace to support food security. The GC-MS chromatogram of the seed extract revealed a high percentage of fatty acids and their derivatives, which are good sources of therapeutic drugs.
... The major phytochemical compounds identified were mome inositol with peak area % of 47.29% followed by €-1-(tert- italica. [9,10,11,12,13,14]. The presence of various bio active compounds in the ethanolic extract of A calypha indica shown by the GC-MS analysis represented the phytopharmaceutical importance of the present study plant. ...
... The wood parts containing high levels of fatty acids can be used for biological activities. For example, palmitic acid is used as an antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial agent, and anti-inflammatory (Sermakkani and Thangapandian 2012), oleic acid is an antibacterial agent and anti-tumor (Carrillo et al. 2012), and linoleic acid is an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anticoronary, antihistamine, and antiarthritic (Sermakkani et al. 2012). However, it should be noted that detection of even small amounts of long-chain fatty acids (heneicosanoic, docosanoic, tetracosanoic and hexacosanoic acids) can cause pitch problems in the pulp industry. ...
The aim of this study was to analyze the extractive composition of the wood and bark of cajuput (M. cajuputi subsp. cajuputi) to consider the end use material according to the characteristics of the its extractives. Results showed that the extractives properties of M. cajuputi, i.e. the contents of n-hexane, methanol, hot water extractives and total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC) and total polysaccharides (TSP) were 0.84 to 1.05%, 1.00 to 1.03% and 1.43 to 1.46%, and 19.2 to 38.7 and 23.2 to 27.3 mg GAE/g dried extract, 11.8 to 16.0 and 7.55 to 14.0 mg QE/g dried extract and 79.3 to 102.8 and 148.8 to 165.9 mg Glu/g dried extract, respectively. Bark had higher extractive levels than wood. In addition, TPC and TSP in the bark were greater than in the wood parts, whereas the reverse trend was found in TFC. The relatively high contents of TPC and TFC in the wood and bark suggest that their potential antioxidant properties. Based on the GC-MS analysis, the high content of sterols-steroids (31.4%) and triterpenoids (21.9%) in the bark part will have potential in the field of pharmacology.
... Also vitamin E (2.02 %) that found in S. marina might be considered as a promising antibacterial agent particularly in form of an adjuvant for various antibiotic compounds , potential immune-modulatory agent inhancing the host immune responses upon bacterial challenges as well as it rise antimicrobial sensitivity by bacterial lipocalin antibiotic linking [38,39,40]. The biological activity of some active compounds such as palmatic acid has antimicrobial [41] and antioxidant activity [42]. Eicosane exhibits antitumour [43], antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity [44], Dodecane -phenyl has antibacterial activity [45]. ...
... Antibacterial, Antioxidant (Sermakkani and Thangapandian, 2012) Not Reported ...
Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. is an epiphytic orchid of the family Orchidaceae with various medicinal and phytochemical properties. The present study aimed to provide a detailed description and relevant information on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and GC-MS analysis of different parts of Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. The microscopy study revealed the diagnostic features such as the presence of raphides in the stem anatomy, and velamen radicum in root microscopy respectively. Powder microscopy of the leaf showed the paracytic type of stomata, the root showed starch grains with xylary fibres, sieve tubes, and cortical cells, and the stem exhibited the presence of fibre cells, lignified cells, and scalariform vessel cells. Analysis of a methanolic extract by GC-MS from different parts of the plant revealed the major biologically active compounds such as phytol (6.412%) in the leaf extract, benzene acetic acid and alpha-methyl benzyl alcohol (26.967%) in stem extract, and sesquiterpene compound 1, 5, 9, 9-Tetramethyl-2-Oxatricyclo [6.4.0.0(4, 8)] Dodecane (5.937%) in root extract. The micromorphological characters, and identification of different biologically active compounds in the Papilioanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. warrants further biological and pharmacological studies.
... A study was conducted to test neophytadiene compounds anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation rats both in vitro and in vivo conditions and showed that neophytadiene (12.25, 50 mg/kg) administered for seven days prior to induced inflammation significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) [36]. 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid is grouped into fatty acids and esters which are useful as the main energy provider during cell growth and this compound plays a role in anti-melanogenic, antioxidant, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activities [37,38]. Squalene is a compound found in papaya and moringa leaves which functions as an antioxidant [23,39]. ...
Fatigue, a condition of lack of energy and motivation resulting in the feeling of extreme tiredness or exhaustion, is usually prevented and treated with ergogenic aids, such as in the form of nutritional supplements. Papaya (Carica papaya) may be a potential candidate for ergogenic aids, considering its healthy secondary metabolite properties and number of metabolite compounds that could be affected by the location where the plant growing. The aim of this study was to identify the phytochemicals of papaya leaves from three different locations: geothermal, coastal, and urban areas in Aceh province, Indonesia. Concentrations of papaya leaf with the highest number of secondary metabolite compounds were tested in rats to measure blood lactate acid concentrations after strenuous exercise. The number of chemical compounds identified from the three locations was 24 compounds; 23 compounds and 17 compounds, respectively. The highest concentration of chemical compounds that have antifatigue activity contained in all papaya leaf samples were neophytadiene, linolenic acid, gamma tocopherol, hexadecanoic acid, vitamin E, carpaine, octadecatrienoic acid, nor lean-12-ene, squalene, and phytol. Furthermore, most of the compounds' highest concentrations were found in papaya leaves from the coastal area and, therefore, tested on the animal model. Treatment was provided in 12 male rats with different doses of papaya powder supplements for 15 days. The results showed that lactic acid levels of rats received a dose of 400 mg/kg of papaya leaf extract reduced the lactic acid concentration (p=0.014) compared with the control group. This study highlights that papaya leaves from the coastal area have the most potential activities as ergogenic herbal aid and were able to reduce lactic acid levels in rats after strenuous exercise.
... A comparison was made between the spectra of the unknown components and the spectrum of known components kept in the NIST collection. The components of the test materials' names, molecular weights, and structures were determined and listed in Table 1 (Sermakkani and Thangapandian, 2012). ...
Introduction: Natural plant-based medicines have gained popularity recently as a major source of inventive, risk-free, and more potent secondary bioactive compounds with medicinal potential. Catharanthus ovalis is a perennial shrub containing various indole alkaloids cultivated extensively for local medical purposes.
Methods: This research is conducted to identify the phytocompounds present in the leaves of C. ovalis and its central and peripheral analgesic, thrombolytic, and membrane-stabilizing activities through tail immersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, human blood clot lysis, and erythrocyte lysis by heat and hypotonic solution methods, respectively.
Results and discussion: A total of 39 compounds were identified using GC–MS/MS techniques, including hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (56.749%), methyl stearate (29.782%), carvacrol and its TBDMS derivative (12.586%), and 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)-] (9.297%) presented in high quantity. The highest tail immersion latency was observed for the 600 mg/kg extract of C. ovalis crude extract. Both 400 and 600 mg/kg doses of C. ovalis crude extract exhibited prominent peripheral analgesic activity. The maximum thrombolytic effect was observed by DCM soluble fraction extract by inhibiting 54.87% of the clot. However, the aqueous-soluble fraction of this extract manifested an excellent membrane-stabilizing effect by showing 73.98% and 87.51% hemolysis against heat- and hypotonic-induced hemolysis, respectively. Some of the compounds were identified as active agents against different receptors related to these diseases, which supported the findings of in vitro and in vivo tests.
Conclusion: Further investigation needs to be conducted to specify and identify the exact mechanism of action of these compounds.
... The journey of information from prehistoric texts to various indigenous folklores and modern preparations have witnessed the presence of bioactive metabolites with therapeutic potential in these herbs. 1 Although it is a plant parasite and is harmful as it destroys the plant on which it is inhabitant but it has great healing properties as a medicine. Cuscuta accumulates alkaloids and also other active metabolites from the plant that it hosts.It comprises of various alkaloids,glycosides,flavanoides etc. ...
Cuscuta Reflexa, often referred to as Aftimoon in the Unani medical system, is a genus within the convolvolaceace family. Around 170 species of Cuscuta
can be found widely throughout the world’s temperate and subtropical regions. This genus’s species are frequently employed as vital components in
functional diets and conventional medical systems. It has been discovered that some parts of Cuscuta Reflexa are effective against a range of illnesses.
Aftimoon is a parasitic plant that is used to treat a variety of mental ailments such as epilepsy and depression, as well as dermatological conditions such as
vitiligo and pityriasis. A number of biologically active compounds like amarbelin, cuscutin, cuscutalin etc have been isolated and many physiologically
active substances including amarbelin, cuscutin, cuscutalin and others have been identified. Numerous studies have documented the major and noteworthy
pharmacological actions including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-cancerous properties on Aftimoon. The purpose of this work is to
review and summarize the information found in the classical Unani literature as well as in the many scientific studies being done on Cuscuta reflexa.The
goal is to produce data based on evidence that will support future research endeavours.
Keywords: Aftimoon; cuscuta reflexa; Unani system of medicine; Vitiligo
... Due to their therapeutic potential, medicinal plants have been utilized in traditional medicine for eons. The quest for new drug candidates for treating various diseases has been facilitated by the discovery of medicinal plants [1]. In the Unani system of medicine, Cuscuta reflexaRoxb a member of the Cuscutaceae family, is referred to as Aftimoon [2]. ...
... The results demonstrated the existence of many chemicals with diverse biological characteristics. "Compounds such as 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z, Z) shows anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihistaminic, antiarthritic, and nematicide properties" 34 . In previous studies, this compound is found in Tiliacora acuminata hook F & Thomas (85.6%). ...
... For example, in the leaves of Cleistanthus collinus, 17 compounds were identified, and n-hexadecanoic acid was recognized as the major compound. 10,11 Furthermore, heptadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, tricosanoic acid, and stearic acid have been reported in the hexane extract of the leaves of Desmodium elegans. 12 These findings suggest that the compounds identified in A. dichotoma are not unique to this species and are also present in other plants, indicating some level of similarity in their chemical composition. ...
Background: To develop scientific evidence of unexplored traditional plants. Methods: Standardization of leaf powder was done as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, followed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to identify basic phytoconstituents. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and spectroscopic analysis was done to validate the identified phytoconstituents. Molecular docking was done to identify a small molecule, methy beta D-xylopyranoside. Results: The air-dried leaves and barks were powdered and subjected to extraction based on the polarity of solvents through soxhlation, namely, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform, to obtain four different extracts. Further, preliminary phytochemical tests and qualitative determination of the different biologically active compounds from leave powder Aganosma dichotoma using FTIR revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents. And gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of crude extracts revealed different chemical entities with varying quantities and followed by in-silico molecular docking studies of hub genes against the photochemical small molecule. Thus, the identification of different biologically active compounds in the extracts of leaves A. dichotoma warrants further biological and pharmacological studies. Conclusion: Small molecules identified from A. dichotoma have robust activity against myocardial infarction, but need to be validated through in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
... Benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid can accumulate in the body after repeated doses and because neonates have a reduced ability to metabolize benzoic acid, poisoning may develop. Neonatal patients who unintentionally received benzyl alcohol at doses of 100 to 240 mg/kg/day (mostly in bacteriostatic catheter flush solutions) experienced a syndrome known as the "gasping baby syndrome" that included CNS depression, severe metabolic acidosis, gasping respiration, thrombocytopenia, hepatorenal failure, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, bradycardia, cardiovascular collapse, and death (32). Zinc is present in Gomutrasava, which may be due to the honey, which contains several vitamins and minerals. ...
Introduction: Gomutra (Cow's urine) has been described to be the most effective substance of animal origin. It is useful in treating various diseases due to its pharmacological activities. Nevertheless, due to its pungent smell, palatability, shelf life and fresh availability have always remained a problem. So it is very much essential to modify it into different dosage forms. One of its traditional dosage forms is Gomutrasava, an alcoholic fermented product indicated in the management of Shvitra (vitiligo). Aim & objective: The study is planned for Pharmaceutical preparation and quality control assessment of Gomutrasava. Material & Methods: Gomutrasava was prepared according to a reference from AstangaHrudaya. This formulation was tested for organoleptic characters and physicochemical parameters, including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Observation & Results: After fermentation colour of Gomutrasava appeared dark brown with specific cow urine smell. pH, specific gravity at 25ºC, refractiveindex, brix, viscosity, total solid content, alcohol content, reducing sugar,non-reducing sugar of Gomutrasava were 5.41, 1.033wt/ml, 1.394, 37º, 1.38/sec, 37%, 6%, 0.96%, 0.07% respectively and test for methanol and microbial contamination were negative. GC-MS revealed some compounds attributed to antimicrobial, anti-cancerous and antifungal activities. Conclusion Thus this data combined with analytical data will be used for clinical study and treatment of Shvitra (Vitiligo), Kushtha (Leprosy) and various skin diseases.
... Moreover, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis is used for the identification of bioactive components present in plant extracts. According to (Sermakkani and Thangapandian, 2012) in Table 2 Effect of selected plant extracts and fungicides on mycelial growth inhibition of C. capsici in-vitro. recent years, this technique has been widely used for the identification of unknown components present in plant extracts such as fatty acids (Jie, 1989) and alkaloids (Betz et al., 1997) etc. (Ashokkumar andRamaswamy, 2014), reported that Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) provides information related to functional groups of phytochemical components present in plant extracts. ...
... Phytol was observed to have antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus [104] and it was also found to be effective at different stages of arthritis [105]. Phytol is also reported to have anticancer activity, cancer preventive, Diuretic and antiinflammatory activity [106]. ...
Euphorbia hirta of family Euphorbiaceae, locally known as Dudhe Jhar in Nepal,
a monoecious herb found in sub-tropical to temperate region is well known for its
diverse action against various disease. It is very popular herb amongst practitioners
of traditional herbal medicine for its hypotensive, tonic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory,
and sedative action. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the
methanol extract of the plant showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids,
saponins, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, Quinone’s, fats and oils. The FTIR
spectroscopy of the hexane, butanol and ethyl acetate extracts indicated the
presence of OH, CH stretching saturated, C=O, C=C, NO2, C-N, Ar-O, C-O, R-OC-
Cl stretching respectively. The methanol extracts of the plant inhibited the
growth of gram positive (S. aureus) bacteria and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria.
And also the plant extract showed its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties which
was carried out by DPPH assay and Enzyme inhibition assay. Phytoconstituents in
the methanolic extract of E. hirta was studied using GC-MS analysis. Fifteen
compounds were identified from the methanol extract. The major chemical
constituents were glycol aldehyde dimer [Peak area: 41.22%; RT: 3.035; Mol
formula: C4H8O4], 11, 14, 17- Eicosatrienoic acid, Methyl ester [Peak area:
10.92%; RT: 10.731; Mol formula: C21H36O2], Phosphoric acid, bis(trimethylsilyl)
monomethyl ester [Peak area: 6.97%; RT: 5.8; Mol formula: C7H21O4PSi2], 9-
Octadecanoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester [Peak area: 5.83%; RT: 13.343; Mol
formula: C57H104O6 ], Phytol [Peak area: 4.78%; RT: 10.850; Mol formula: C20H40O
], Oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy)propyl ester [Peak area: 4.34%; RT: 11.964; Mol
formula: C39H76O3], Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl ester [Peak area: 4.26%; RT:
9.489; Mol formula: C17H34O2 ]. The bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract
of E. hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological significance and hence could be
beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
... 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid/linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated essential fatty acid which is found to have Anti-inflammatory, Nematicide, Insectifuge, Hypocholesterolemic, Cancer preventive, Hepato-protective, Antihistaminic, Antiacne, Antiarthritic, Antieczematic, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor, Anti-coronary activities [21] . It also has antibacterial effects and inhibits bacterial enoylacyl carrier protein reductase (FabI), an essential component of bacterial fatty acid synthesis, which has served as a promising target for antibacterial drugs [22] . 2-Myristynoylglycinamide is an amino compound which has antimicrobial properties [23] . ...
... Hexadecenoic acid is methyl ester belongs to the class of fatty acids with another name methyl hexadecanoate, palmitic acid. This compound is reported to have associated with antioxidant activity and alpha-reductase inhibitors, hypercholesterolemic and hemolytic agents, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial [42][43][44]. Phytol, encapsulates in terpenes and terpenoids, plays an important role in various biological properties as anti-inflammatory which inhibits hyperalgesia, reduces myeloperoxidase (MPO), releases pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduces the production of interleukin (IL)-6, COX-2, significantly downregulates p38MAPK expression, and increases NFκB activity [45]. Linolenic acid has other names, namely 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; alpha-linolenic acid; all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. ...
Transdermal patches have been used for drug delivery to accelerate the wound healing process with minimum negative effect. This study evaluated the wound healing potential of transdermal patches containing Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, and Averrhoa bilimbi leaves extract on hyperglycemic rat as a diabetic wound model. For this purpose, a total of 40 Wistar rats aged 2 - 3 months were randomly distributed into 10 groups. The first 5 groups (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) consisted of normal rats which received normal dressing, TP Dermafix, TP of C. papaya, TP of C. odorata, and TP of A. bilimbi, respectively. The second 5 groups (P6, P7, P8, P9 and P10) were hyperglycemic rats that received normal dressing, TP Dermafix, TP of C. papaya, TP of C. odorata, and TP of A. bilimbi, respectively. Skin incisions were made perpendicular to the spine in the thickest part of the skin with an incision length of 2 cm and a depth of 0.5 cm. Patches were applied to the incisions according to the test group and replaced every 2 days for a period of 13 days. Wound healing activity was determined by evaluating the Clinical Sign of Inflammation (CSI) score, wound closure, TGF-β1 concentration, and histology of skin tissue. Data were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that for each parameter observed, the rats intervened with transdermal patches loaded with extract leaves had higher healing potential and different from the control group (normal dressing without intervene) both in normal and hyperglycemic rats. This made us concluded that the TP loaded with C. papaya, C. odorata, and A. bilimbi extract leaves have potential as wound healing agents and could be considered as alternate to the synthetic transdermal patches. HIGHLIGHTS The use of drugs-loaded transdermal patches has been widely studied for the treatment of diabetic wounds, however, the potency of one’s containing Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, and Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extracts have not been studied. The present study reports the effectiveness of Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, and Averrhoa bilimbi impregnated transdermal patches in treating diabetic rat wounds based on CSI score, histological feature of rat skin and TGF- β concentration. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... Gas chromatographymass spectrometry has powerful tool to analysis quantitative, qualitative and effectively separate the mixture of multicomponent present at low concentration. The GC-MS has wide field applications such has pollution studies, forensic and purified biocompounds (fatty acid, lipids) from medicinal plants [30]. In the current investigation the GC-MS analysis carbinol extract of H. Enneaspermus plant, the GC-MS result report multiple bio-components such as CMIO, Octadec-9-enoic acid, Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid methyl ester, Pyrimidine,5-ethyl-2-[4-(4-ethylcyclohexyl)phenyl], 3-Methylisoxazolo[4, 5-b]pyridine, Z-13-Octadecen-1-yl acetate, 3-cyclohexen-1-ol,4-methyl-1-[1-methylethyl], i.e. compounds identify from mass spectrometry comparing and matching with data available on PubChem databass, the National institute of standards and technology (NIST) data library as given in Table 2 [31,32]. ...
In the current study, the CMIO molecules synthesised from carbinol crude of the Hybanthus Enneaspermus plant
was identified in GC–MS results. The vibrational frequencies assigned through theoretical and experimental
results are well correlated. The electronic transitions n→π*, n→σ* performed by the TD-DFT approach. The
optimized geometry structure found stability for single bonds (S1–C15), double bonds (C19––
C21) and was
compared with XRD values. Donor-acceptor interaction and highest bond strength investigated by the NBO
population. Energy gap, electrophilicity, nucleophilicity index, Mulliken population analysis, MEP plot analysis
of reactive sites, and all the theoretical parameters interpreted by the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) technique. Moreover,
the various degree-based topological indices used to analyse the CMIO molecules and the docking studies show
excellent binding energy between ligand and 2RFN protein against kidney cancer activity.
... The crude ethanol extract of D. esculentum shows marginal anticancer activity [89]. The palmitic acid contents of D. esculentumhas an antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, nematicidal and pesticidal activities [90]. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using D. esculentum leaf powder exhibited significant anticoagulant activity and role in catalytic degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B [91]. ...
Objectives:
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. is an edible vegetable fern of the Himalayan region with high nutritional and therapeutic value owing to its richness in various secondary metabolites and both macro and micronutrients.
Content:
This updated review discusses the general traditional use, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, nutritional value, pharmacology, and toxicity concerns of D. esculentum.
Summary:
The plant parts, viz. rhizomes, shoots, fronds and leaves, have immense ethnomedicinal importance, being traditionally used to cure several health disorders. Among other pharmacological effects, this botanical reveals excellent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-leishmanial, antioxidant, anaphylactic, antipyretic, anthelmintic and hepatoprotective activities, directly attributed to the presence of many secondary metabolites. From a pharmacological point of view, the excellent antioxidant potential of D. esculentum suggests its promising use for nutraceutical or functional food formulation purposes.
Outlook:
Considering the evidences on popular ethnomedicinal uses of D. esculentum as an edible vegetable, its immense bio-potential, and multiple pharmacological roles, there is a huge need to evaluate its therapeutic applications in light of standard clinical trials.
... Common wireweed, on the other hand, has been traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments, including fever, diarrhoea, and skin infections. It is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols, which contribute to its medicinal properties [42][43][44][45]. Recent studies have shown that common wireweed has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising candidate for the development of new drugs and therapies [46,47]. ...
Aspilia africana and Sida acuta are two plant species that are widely distributed across Africa and are used in traditional medicine for various ailments. In this study, we aimed to compare their ecological characteristics and phytochemical constituents. Field surveys were conducted in selected sites across Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria to assess the distribution and abundance of the two species. Data on soil type, rainfall, temperature, and altitude were also collected to determine the ecological factors that influence their growth and distribution. Our results showed that A. africana was more widely distributed and had a higher abundance than S. acuta. A. africana was found in a wide range of ecological conditions, including grasslands, savannas, and secondary forests. S. acuta, on the other hand, was found mainly in disturbed habitats such as farmlands, roadsides, and waste grounds. Both species were found to be adaptable to a wide range of soil types, but A. africana had a higher preference for sandy soils while S. acuta was more commonly found in loamy soils. Phytochemical screening was carried out on samples of the two species collected from different sites. The presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenols was determined using standard procedures. Our results showed that both species contained varying concentrations of these secondary metabolites. A. africana had higher concentrations of alkaloids, saponins and tannins (4.20±0.05 mg/100g) of total saponins, (1.18±0.04 mg/100g) of total glycosides, (8.22±0.40 mg/100g) of total alkaloids, (0.40±0.01 mg/100g) of total steroids, and (2.23±0.03 mg/100g) of total tannins, while S. acuta had higher concentrations of flavonoids and saponins (0.28±0.05mg/100g) of total saponins, (0.55±0.02 mg/100g) of total flavonoids, (2.31±0.03 mg/100g) of total alkaloid, (1.51±0.02 mg/100g) of alkaloids, (1.85±0.04 mg/100g) of total steroids. These findings suggest that A. africana and S. acuta may have different medicinal properties and potential applications. Flavonoids and phenols have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, while alkaloids and tannins are known for their antimicrobial and analgesic activities. Further studies are needed to explore the pharmacological activities of their phytochemical constituents and validate their traditional uses in African medicine.
... In terms of bioactive components, which play a significant part in the upkeep of human health, plants rank towards the top of the food chain (Sermakkani and Thangapandian, 2012). Herbal remedies are efficient, cheap, and safe (Sridhar et al., 2016). ...
... The film lasted 36 minutes in total. (19) Bacterial sample collection Oral swabs were collected from people suffering from gum infections and diabetes, as well as swabs from people suffering from ulcers. Samples were collected by sterile swabs containing a nutrient medium, and then the samples were cultured on different media to identify the types of bacteria urinary tract infections and severe diarrhea. ...
The purpose of this research was to find the effect of alcoholic extract of the lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) against certain clinical pathological isolates isolated from Iraqi patients suffering from various diseases such as gingivitis, urinary tract infection, diarrhea and severe vomiting, and also a biopsy was taken from the stomach of people suffering from ulcers. Out of 150 males and females sample 107 samples were isolated and identified by chemical detection and VITEK 2 technique, and by PCR for Halicobacter pylori as follows: Staph aureus(56),Salmonella typhi(6),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(10),Escherichia coli(15),Halicobacter pylori(10),Klebsiella pneumonia(10),Candida albicans(10) samples. lion’s mane mushroom powder was extracted with 80% ethyl alcohol, and active components were investigated by chemical reagents and Gc-mass. The chemical detection of Alcoholic extract revealed the existence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, and polysaccharides. The efficacy of the extract was tested using 4 concentrations (400, 200, 100, and 50 mg/ml) on bacterial and yeast isolate (C.albicans).The diameter of the inhibitory zone increased with increasing extract concentrations, according to the findings. Zone of inhibition for all isolates started at 100mg/ml except C.albicans(50mg/ml)and E.coli (200mg/ml)
... The GC-MS analysis of the purified ethanol extract of P. longifolia revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, which Sermakkani and Thangapandian (2012) reported having antimicrobial activity. In addition, oleic acid was also detected in the plant, which has been previously reported by Rahdar et al. (2020) to have some antimicrobial properties, thus justifying why the plant exhibited antibacterial activities against the tested bacterial isolates. ...
Antibacterial activities of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extracts on multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from hospital fomites in Akure, Nigeria. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 149-160. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.), an ornamental plant, is said to be therapeutic while searching for new medications to treat infections caused by multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (MAR). This plant's leaves were investigated for prospective antibacterial activity against MAR isolated from fomites in selected hospitals in Akure and their pharmacological properties. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify bacteria from fomites. Disc diffusion was performed to test their sensitivity to conventional antibiotics and P. longifolia leaf extracts made with ethanol and water. Ciprotab® was used as the control during the antibacterial assay. Therefore, GC-MS analysis was carried out using standard methods to identify the chemicals in the plant leaf extracts. Staphylococcus aureus (29.17%), Streptococcus pyogenes (20.83%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.28%), Escherichia coli (14.28%), Salmonella typhi (12.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.33%) were the bacterial species isolated from the fomites sampled in this study. Crude ethanol leaf extract of P. longifolia (100mg/mL) inhibited the growth of these organisms with the greatest effect on P. aeruginosa with a value of 23.83±0.44 mm, which is superior to that medicated by the control antibiotic (ciprofloxacin). The GC-MS analysis of the purified leaf extracts of P. longifolia revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid and phytol, among others. The study revealed that the leaf extracts of P. longifolia can inhibit the growth of the isolated MAR from fomites with an added cidal effect, and the inhibition increase with the increase in concentration and exposure time.
Plant-derived bioactive compounds have gained great importance in several sectors, like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food ,and agriculture, as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, additives, flavouring agents, and botanical pesticides. The present study was aimed at evaluating phytochemical components, antibacterial activity, and identifying the bioactive compounds present in the leaf extracts of Rubus ellipticus. Four different solvents were employed in the extraction process. The antibacterial activity was carried out through the agar well diffusion method against four pathogens, namely, Acinetobacter baumannii (MTCC 1145), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1145), and Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 736). Further, the phytochemical constituents, such as, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of R. ellipticus leaves (ERE) exhibited maximum antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens by showing a 15 mm inhibition zone against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The size of the inhibition zone showed by ERE was 13.3 mm and 12.6 mm against B. subtilis and A. baumannii, respectively. Hence, ERE was picked for the thin layer chromatography using toluene and ethyl acetate (93:7) as the mobile phase. Following plate development, four bands (ETE1, ETE2, ETE3, and ETE4) were discerned and subsequently assessed for antibacterial activity. ETE3 fraction exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against the selected bacterial strains, and therefore, it was further screened for FT–IR and GC–MS analysis. Pyridine was identified as the principal molecule (peak area 77.12%) responsible for the inhibitory action of the extract. Pyridine consists of a heterocyclic ring with a C5H5N chemical formula and is made up of alkaloids. Results of this study confer the utility of leaf extracts of R. ellipticus to develop new and effective alternative to combat the implications of drug resistance, as the bioactive compounds present in the leaf extract have shown effective antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens responsible for nosocomial and community-acquired infection.
The member of the Thymelaeaceae family, Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg, has been found to possess a multitude of traditional phytomedicinal and agrochemical applications. When viewed in its entirety, Gnidia glauca L. (Thymelaeaceae) stands as the most extensive genus within the family, boasting a remarkable 140 to 160 species scattered across Africa, Arabia, India, Madagascar, and Sri Lanka. The leaves of Gnidia glauca L., which are meticulously extracted using chloroform, methanol, and alcohol, yield a diverse array of chemically intricate and biologically potent substances. A staggering number of over 90 compounds have been successfully identified within it. The meticulous phytochemical analysis of Gnidia glauca leaves has revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. The objective of this endeavor is to employ LC-HRMS-based techniques to meticulously analyze and detect both targeted and non-targeted phenolic compounds derived from the leaves of Gnidia glauca L.
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. is a potential neo-domesticated legume species of section Aconitifoliae. The seeds are edible, and local communities often cultivate it primarily for pasture but occasionally as a food source. Vigna trilobata is native to Indian subcontinent and frequently distributed in the Southern part of India. In present study, we conducted an evaluation of the proximate composition and phytochemical analysis of Vigna trilobata. The proximate composition and mineral content were determined using AOAC methods. Additionally, we performed phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, and FTIR profiling using the methanolic extract of seed powder. Our findings revealed that the seeds of Vigna trilobata are a rich source of crude proteins (17.51g/100g) compared to total carbohydrates and free amino acids. They also exhibited high levels of magnesium, followed by sulphur, potassium, sodium, and calcium content. The seed extracts showed elevated levels of total phenolic content (32.23 to 50.12 mg/GAE/100g), total tannin content (24.91 to 32.15 mg/TTC/100g), and total alkaloid content (24.66-27.28 mg/CoE/100g), with relatively lower levels of total flavonoid content (20.83-23.17 mg/RE/100g). The higher levels of total phenolic content and total tannin content correlated with increased antioxidant activity, as assessed by DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays. FTIR profiling provided insights into the presence of various functional groups of chemical compounds, while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that the presence of diverse photochemical in seeds incudes Octanoic acid, Decanoic acid, Eicosanal etc. with with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. The results obtained in our investigation provide valuable insights into the nutritional and phytochemical composition of Vigna trilobata seeds. This knowledge could be harnessed in the utilization of Vigna trilobata functional foods and in crop improvement programs aimed at enhancing the nutritional content and health-promoting properties.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn) showed the presence of saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins and the absence of anthraquinone. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the bioactive principle from water soluble portion of Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract obtained from acetone and water fractionated with ethyl acetate. Spectroscopic studies (IR, UV, MS) showed the presence of unsaturated fatty acid identified as 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. This compound may contribute to the medicinal properties of this plant.
Rorippa indica (L.) is an annual herb of the Brassicaceae family that has the potential as a traditional medicine. In this research, the antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects of R. indica were systematically studied by computational and experimental techniques. The prepared methanolic extract of R. indica (MRI) was fractionated with petroleum ether (PRI), dichloromethane (DRI), ethyl acetate (ERI), and distilled water (WRI). The total phenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) of the extract and fractions were measured applying the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively, and the ERI fraction showed the highest TPC and TFC values. Spectrophotometric techniques estimated the total antioxidant capacity and ERI showed the highest antioxidant (IC50: 30.35±3.58 µg/ml in DPPH, EC50: 24.98±7.11 µg/ml in FRPT) potentials. In an in-vitro antidiabetic investigation, ERI demonstrated maximum α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory action where the IC50 values were 25.13 and 19.96 μg/ml, respectively. Further, the GC‒MS study revealed 23 compounds, among them molecular docking of (±)-Kusunokinin (C2) exhibited the highest binding scores with antioxidant (2HE3) (-6.6 kcal/mol), antidiabetic α-glucosidase (5NN5) (-8.3 kcal/mol), and α-amylase (4GQR) protein (-8.0 kcal/mol), respectively. Molecular dynamics by YASARA demonstrated that the complex C2 had an initial higher RMSD trend, reduced its profile after 30 ns, stabilized after 40 ns, and maintained a stable state until 100 ns. Moreover, the ADMET results depicted the nonhepatotoxic, and well-absorbed behaviour. In contrast, the PASS prediction and drug-likeness data revealed their effectiveness as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer agents, and excellent oral bioavailability. Overall, the R. indica plant could be an expected source of lead compounds for the discovery and advancement of a fresh potential drug.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most commonly used organophosphosphate-based (OP) insecticides. Its wide use has led to higher morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Moringa seed extracts (MSE) have shown neuroprotective activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial features. The literature lacks data investigating the role of MSE against CPF-induced cerebral and ocular toxicity in mice. Therefore, we aim to investigate this concern. A total of 40 mature male Wistar Albino mice were randomly distributed to five groups. Initially, they underwent a one-week adaptation period, followed by a one-week treatment regimen. The groups included a control group that received saline, MSE 100 mg/kg, CPF 12 mg/kg, CPF-MSE 50 mg/kg, and CPF-MSE 100 mg/kg. After the treatment phase, analyses were conducted on serum, ocular, and cerebral tissues. MSE100 and CPF-MSE100 normalized the pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and AChE serum levels. CPF-MSE50 significantly enhanced these serum levels compared to CPF; however, it showed higher levels compared to the control. Moreover, the tissue analysis showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)) and an increase in antioxidant markers (glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the treated groups compared to CPF. Importantly, the significance of these effects was found to be dose-dependent, particularly evident in the CPF-MSE100 group. We conclude that MSE has a promising therapeutic effect in the cerebral and ocular tissues of CPF-intoxicated mice, providing a potential solution for OP public health issues.
This book is a comprehensive review of secondary metabolite production from plant tissue culture. The editors have compiled 12 meticulously organized chapters that provide the relevant theoretical and practical frameworks in this subject using empirical research findings. The goal of the book is to explain the rationale behind in vitro production of secondary metabolites from some important medicinal plants. Biotechnological strategies like metabolic engineering and the biosynthesis, transport and modulation of important secondary metabolites are explained along with research studies on specific plants. In addition to the benefits of secondary metabolites, the book also aims to highlight the commercial value of medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and healthcare ventures.
Topics covered in this part include:
1. Elicitation Strategies and Metabolic Engineering to boost metabolite production with case studies in metabolic engineering with examples of Scaevola Taccada and Catharanthus Roseus.
2. Stress response investigation and the role of glandular trichomes as bio-cell factories
3. Plant growth regulators and rapid regeneration techniques using swift plantlets regeneration and phytochemical characterization
4. Nutraceuticals, antimicrobials, and genomic applications of in vitro cultures with an example of Hassawi rice and its genomics
5. Sustainable approaches for saving endangered medicinal plants
The book caters to a wide readership. It primarily prepares graduate students, researchers, biotechnologists, giving them a grasp of the key methodologies in the secondary metabolite production. It is a secondary reference for support executives, industry professionals, and policymakers at corporate and government levels to understand the importance of plant tissue culture and maximizing its impact in the herbal industry.
The phytochemical constituents of Chloroform and methanol extracts of Justicia glauca leaf were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The chloroform and methanol leaf extracts of Justicia glauca were prepared by soxhlet extraction method and concentrated by using rotary evaporator. The concentrated chloroform and methanol extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis using GC-MS. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of five and six phytocompounds respectively. The phytoconstituents of chloroform extracts are Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Nonadecanoic acid 10- methyl, methyl ester, Stearic acid methyl ester, Methyl Oleate, Z-8,10-dodecadienal. The phytocompounds present in methanol extracts are Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 1-H-indene-2-butyl-3- hexyl, Octadecanoic acid methyl ester, E,E,Z-1-3-12-nonadecatriene-5,14 diol, 8H-Azecino[5,4-b] indol-8-one,5-ethsylidene- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9- octahydro-6-2-hydroxy ethyl)-3- methyl,[S-(E)] and 9-Octadecanoic acid(Z) metyhl ester. The result of the GC-MS analysis showed that both the extracts of chloroform and methanol extract of Justicia glauca contains many pharmacologically important bioactive compounds. Traditionally, Justicia species are used in the treatment of inflammation, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory tract infection, rheumatism and arthritis. There is need for isolation of these phytocompounds for the therapeutic interest against different diseases
Termites cause a serious menace to wooden structures all over the world. They rely mostly on entozoic fauna residing in their hindgut for the digestion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic materials. One of the ways to control termites is through their gut symbionts. The present study was designed to characterize the hindgut bacteria isolated from Odontotermes obesus and Heterotermes indicola. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory effect of eight tropical plant extracts was investigated to find out potential control agents for these bacterial isolates. The characterization of bacteria was carried out based on their morphology, Gram staining, biochemical and amplification of 16SrRNA gene. Amplified products were sequenced to confirm their relationship with bacterial isolates from termites of other regions. The growth inhibitory effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of eight plants was evaluated in an invitro agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the most effective plant was carried out to learn about bioactive agents. The results confirmed the presence of five bacteria from each termite species. The Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were common to both termites whereas Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Lysinibacillus macrolides were found in O. obesus only and H. indicola harbor Bacillus subtilis and Shigella sonnei in addition to common three ones. Among the plant extracts of Carica papaya, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Osmium basilicum, Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus globulus, Pongamia pinnata, Mentha longifolia, and Melia azedarach, the G. robusta > E. camaldulensis > O. basilicum were found to have growth inhibitory effects with increasing concentrations from 100 to 2000 µg/mL. The biodiversity of the bacterial fauna is important for the biological control of termites. Leaf extracts of these medicinal plants can be used to control termite infestation in an environment-friendly manner to save huge economic loss.
Medicinal plants being essential source for various phytoconstituents, can be used in treatment of several ailments. These phytoconstituents differ significantly among the species. The present study was aimed to analyze the phytochemical profiling of in vitro regenerated plant parts of Solanum khasianum C.B. Clarke by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The methanolic leaf extract (LE) contained 18 bioactive compounds, whereas stem extract (SE), root extract (RE) and callus extract (CE) contained 14, 28, 21 bioactive compounds. The major bioactive compounds uncovered by GC-MS include 2,2-Dimethylnon-5-en-3-one in S. khasianum LE; Myo-inositol, hexaacetate in SE; Ethyl α-d-glucopyranoside in RE and Sucrose in CE. These phytoconstituents were reported to have several biological activities and these findings further substantiate the traditional use and claim of S. khasianum. Furthermore, these extracts showed a potential antibacterial activity against tested bacteria.
The search for potent antimicrobial compounds is critical in the face of growing antibiotic resistance. This study explores Acalypha arvensis Poepp. (A. arvensis), a Caribbean plant traditionally used for disease treatment. The dried plant powder was subjected to successive extractions using different solvents: hexane (F1), dichloromethane (F2), methanol (F3), a 50:50 mixture of methanol and water (F4), and water (F5). Additionally, a parallel extraction was conducted using a 50:50 mixture of methanol and chloroform (F6). All the fractions were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity , and the F6 fraction was characterized using untargeted metabolomics using SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS. The extracts of A. arvensis F3, F4, and F5 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (5 mg/mL), MRSA BA22038 (5 mg/mL), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (10 mg/mL), and fraction F6 showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (2 mg/mL), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (20 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (10 mg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (10 mg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus 024 (2 mg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus 003 (2 mg/mL). Metabolomic analysis of F6 revealed 2861 peaks with 58 identified compounds through SPME and 3654 peaks with 29 identified compounds through derivatization. The compounds included methyl ester fatty acids, ethyl ester fatty acids, terpenes, ketones, sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. This study represents the first exploration of A. arvensis metabolomics and its antimicrobial potential, providing valuable insights for plant classification, phytochemical research, and drug discovery.
The partially purified extracts or the isolated fractions containing the single compound obtained using chromatographic procedures are subjected to compound identification. Chromatographic techniques can be used for the separation as well as for the identification of the active components in a mixture. Large-scale separation and purification of metabolites can be carried out using these techniques. Several methods were used for the identification of isolated compounds from Apocynaceae members. These methods are based on the detection of functional groups, the presence of multiple bonds and rings, hydrogen and carbon arrangement and full structural elucidation. Modern techniques such as ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) are commonly used for complete identification of the compound.
Prunus dulcis is one of the most widely cultivated species in the world. Its fruit (almond) is rich in various nutritious and bioactive compounds that exert several beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile and evaluate the biological potential in vitro of almond shell extracts. The chemical analysis of shell extracts led to the identification of 15 compounds by HPLC-DAD, of which 11 were first detected in the almond plant. Twenty-six volatile compounds were identified by the GC-MS technique; among them, seven were firstly detected in the studied plant. For the biological activities, the extracts demonstrated moderate inhibition potential against the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities. The methanol extract at 50 µg/mL showed the highest antioxidant (45%) and antidiabetic activities (45% against alpha-glucosidase and 31% against alpha-amylase extracts), while the cyclohexane and dichloromethane at 50 µg/mL showed the highest cytotoxic activity towards Hela (32.2% with cyclohexane) and RAW 264-7 (45% with dichloromethane). Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of almond shell extracts as a source of bioactive compounds that could be applied in the pharmaceutical and medical fields.
This study was carried out to analyze the active constituents present in aerial parts of Gmelina asiatica Linn. (Verbenaceae). Twenty-two compounds in chloroform extract and 12 compounds in ethanolic extract were identified by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (31.22 %) was the prevailing compound in chloroform extract and Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether (38.51%) was the major constituent of ethanolic extract. This is the first report of identification of active constituents from aerial parts of Gmelina asiatica by GC-MS.
The fruits of Kigelia afticana (Lam.) Benth. are a popular source of traditional medicine throughout Africa. The stembark has been widely analysed for pharmacological activity, yet knowledge of the fruits is limited, despite more extensive use in traditional remedies. Crude extracts of stembark and fruits were prepared with distilled water, ethanol or ethyl acetate. In the microtitre plate bioassay, stembark and fruit extracts showed similar antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A mixture of three fatty acids exhibiting antibacterial effects was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fruits using bioassay-guided fractionation. Palmitic acid, already known to possess antibacterial activity, was the major compound in this mixture. These results confirm antibacterial activity of K. africana fruits and stembark, and support the traditional use of the plant in therapy of bacterial infections.
The result of phytochemical analysis showed that the hexane-soluble extract of seeds of C. tiglium contained fatty acids, terpenoids and alkaloids, while the ethanol-soluble extract of the seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and saponins. Moisture and proximate analysis showed that the seeds contained fat up to 40,1%, protein 26%, carbohydrate 15.51 and other elements such as fiber, moisture and ash. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis on hexane-soluble extract of the seeds, using available instrument and reference-standards in our laboratory, showed 17 peaks indicating that at least the fat contained 17 compounds. Part of the compounds, 8 of them were identified as fatty acids and the 9 were unknown. The highest fatty acid level was linoleic acid (43.67%), oleic acid (19.98%) and myristic acid (7.64%). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the hexane-soluble extract showed at least 32 compounds and the ethanol-soluble extract showed at least 25 compounds.
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), member of Lamiaceae family, is one of the important medicinal plant species. The plant is used in medicine, cosmetic and food industry. In this study lemon balm plants were grown in greenhouse. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate the essential oils and chemical analyses were performed by GC and GC-MS with three replications. The yield of the oils of leaves and stem were 0.36% and 0.014% respectively. Twenty components in leaf and 19 components in stem essential oils of lemon balm were identified. The major components of leaf essential oils were geranial (43.1%), neral (33.4%), pentadecanal (4.7%), geranyl acetate (2.9%) and β-caryophyllene (2.4%). Similarly the major components of stem essential oils were geranial (34.9%), neral (23.5%), geranyl acetate (7.5%), hexadecanoic acid (4.3%), caryophyllene oxide (4.0%) and β-caryophyllene (3.5%).
Species of the Lamioideae subfamily of the family Lamiaceae, including Stachys species, do not contain much essential oil. The first stage of studying the volatile components of Stachys species was characterization of n-hexane extracts by TLC, with sabinene, limonene, linalool, and beta-caryophyllene as test materials. On the basis of these results we then studied the volatile compounds by use of GC-FID and GC-MS. By examination of the TLC plates, use of Kovats retention indices, and MS library search we identified components of essential oil fractions obtained from Stachys officinalis II. (L.) Trev., Stachys alpina L., Stachys macrantha (Koch) Stearn, Stachys palustris L., Stachys recta L. subsp. recta, and Stachys annua L. (from Vacratot) by vapor distillation in accordance with Hungarian Pharmacopoeia VII.
A review is made of chemical, ethnopharmacological and pharmacological papers dealing with Senna alata (L.) Roxb., a plant that belongs to the Creole traditional system of medicine and that has recently been introduced in the French Pharmacopoeia. The proofs existing for its various usages are presented. The species is mainly used against constipation and skin diseases. The laxative activity is supported by scientific findings. In contrast the dermatologic use requires further investigation. The species can be considered as safe for short-term or topical use.
Má Huáng is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the aerial parts of several Ephedra species (Ephedraceae). These plants produce (-)-ephedrine, (+)-pseudoephedrine, (-)-norephedrine, (+)-norpseudoephedrine, (-)-N-methylephedrine, and (+)-N-methylpseudoephedrine. Racemic and (-)-ephedrine, (+)-pseudoephedrine, and (+/-)-norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) are used clinically in the United States and are largely synthetic in origin. Current interest in Má Huáng is spurred by reports describing a "thermogenic" (calorie burning) effect provided by mixtures of ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin. Products providing the key thermogenic compounds from natural sources are available as dietary supplements in retail outlets. Reports of potentially unsafe levels of the alkaloids, as well as possible fortification of Má Huáng-containing products with synthetic Ephedra alkaloids, prompted the development of a chiral gas chromatographic (GC) method that allows determination of alkaloid patterns and identification of isomerically impure synthetic alkaloids. Nine products were analyzed on a gamma-cyclodextrin capillary GC column. Identity of the alkaloids was verified by GC/mass spectrometry (MS) and GC/matrix isolation/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. No synthetic isomers were found in the dietary supplements analyzed. Three products contained only one of the ephedrine-type alkaloids. One product that listed Má Huáng as an ingredient contained no detectable ephedrine-type alkaloid. In products containing measurable quantities of these compounds, total alkaloid levels ranged from 0.3 to 56 mg/g.