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The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition)
Abstract
This paper presents an updated genealogy of all Somali 'clans'. Somali kinship is based on patrilineal descent or 'tol', but there are no equivalents in the Somali language for the words 'clan' and 'lineage'. The Somali terminology for the levels of social segmentation is complex, amongst others because of processes of territorial dispersion and social change. The author distinguishes the following levels of descent: clan-families, clan moieties or territorial divisions, clans, subclans, lineages, and sublineages. A separate section deals with groups 'outside' the clan framework. An appendix lists the main political organizations and/or 'warrior' or 'warlord' groups and their dominant (sub)clan since the 1991 central State collapse.
... We perform an experiment simulating three scenarios that each represents one of the three different stages in Somalia's conflict: first, a system with nine Rebel Groups of the same size and characteristics, in equal competition for power; second, a system with nine Rebel Groups but with varying sizes and extortion populations; and third, a system with one primary strong Rebel Group among many much smaller groups. The values used in the model are based on published estimations of group size and extortion of local populations, as well as other rebel and demographic characteristics (Abbink, 2009;Clarke, 1992;UNFPA, 2016). Each experiment scenario varies the RG Size and RG Prop. ...
Rebel groups engage in a series of economic transactions with their local populations during a civil war. These interactions resemble those of a protection racket, in which aspiring governing groups extort the local economic actors to fund their fighting activities and control the territory. Seeking security in this unstable political environment, these economic actors may decide to flee or to pay the rebels in order to ensure their own protection, impacting the outcomes of the civil war. We present a simulation model (executable at https://gnardin.github.io/RebelGroups) that attempts to capture the decision-making and behavior of the involved actors during protection racket interactions as well as the cooperation and competition between rebel groups to control territory. Our model reveals insights about the mechanisms that are helpful for understanding violence outcomes in civil wars, and the conditions that may lead rebel groups to prevail. Analysis of various scenarios demonstrates the impact that different security factors play on civil war dynamics. Using Somalia as a case study, we also assess the importance of the rebel groups’ economic bases of support in a real-world setting.
... The Muslim army led by Syrian General Musa Ibn Umar al-Khath'ami conquered Mogadishu and Kilwa and as customary insured that taxes were collected, that the Qura'n was taught, that security was a reality and that the population remained loyal to the Islamic state in Damascus. Thus, while Islam armies, envoys and rulers, as well as Arab traders, managed over the centuries to establish Islam within southern Somalia (known to the Arabs as Bilad al-Zinj meaning " the land of the blacks " ) there was a clear unification towards a Muslim Somalia when the " total Somali genealogy " became an instrument of that represented a whole nation, called by Abbink as " a major cultural achievement of the Somali people " (Abbink, 2009). ...
This paper outlines the history, formation and general principles of the 2001 Somaliland Constitution. The people of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 returning to the boundaries that had marked the British Protectorate of Somaliland until 1960, holding successful democratic elections, and establishing peace and stability, becoming an exception state within a war-torn region. In a contribution to the sociology of law and the wider knowledge of Somaliland this paper outlines the unifying principles within the Constitution, principles that are taken from the unity of religion (Islam), and the desire to exercise unity in diversity through traditional institutions of conflict resolution with the inclusion of universal principles of human rights law.
This paper frames Somalia’s modern history as a trajectory from aspiring high modernist nation-state formation to ‘disassembled’ state, examining how this has been accompanied by – and in part driven by – processes of identity formation and the penetration of marketised political relationships. The paper shows how armed conflicts and post-conflicts contributed to the emergence and consolidation of ‘clan units’ at the congruence of political-military entrepreneurship and emerging norms of public authority. It documents how failed wars and elite security politics (putchism and coup-proofing in both government and opposition) created the conditions for a parallel process of the monetisation of patronage, leading to the creation of a political marketplace in Somalia. The paper shows how peace processes and efforts to build social order from below contributed to a potential for consensus on the political ‘rules of the game’, but how this opportunity was squandered through the prioritisation of building a conventional state apparatus and the war on terror.
Sadouni offers an analysis of Somalis’ modes of place-making of today. Waves of migration of Somali women and men reinvent a Somali urban identity in Johannesburg that gives them the power to mark and territorialise their economic, political and religious modes of being Somali in Mayfair. This process of multi-identification is better understood as racialisation from below and will be described through the building of Somali religious institutions, but also through the urban planning of a strictly Somali business district in Mayfair based on community trust. The chapter draws attention to the concept of class and the differentiation between those who work and live in the city and those who settle in the townships for business even at the risk of losing their lives.
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