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Anti-ulcer effects of aqueous extract of unripe plantain peels on male wister (albino) rats
Abstract
The anti-ulcer activities of aqueous extract of unripe plantain peels (Musa paradisiaca) were evaluated in this study using standard methods. Twentyfive male wistar (albino) rats were starved and randomized into five groups designated A,B,C,D and E. Groups A (positive control) and B (negative control) animals were administered with 2ml/kg and 50mg/kg body weight of distilled water and reference drug (cimetidine) respectively while 50mg/ kg, 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight of the extract were administered intraperitoneally to animals in groups C, D and E respectively and after four hours, 90% ethanol(1mg/kg body weight) was administered to the rats in all the groups. Then the animals were anaesthetized after two hours using chloroform, and their stomachs were dissected and hematological studies were carried out. The result showed that the ulcer index activity for group A (positive control) had a significant change (P<0.05) compared to groups B (negative control), C, D. and E respectively. The percentage cytoprotective effects were very high in group E, but significantly reduced in group A (positive control) (P<0.05). These results therefore confirm that the aqueous extract of unripe plantain peels (Musa paradisiaca) has antiulcer effects and as such could be useful in ethno-medicine for ulcer treatment.
... These are some of the novel findings contributed by this study. This study also demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the ulcer index, corroborating previous findings that M. paradisiaca extracts possess gastro-protective properties (Enemchukwu et al., 2014;Ikpeazu et al., 2017;Mbagwu et al., 2011;Nweke et al., 2019;Rao et al., 2016) by inhibiting acid secretion and enhancing gastric mucosal protective factors (Rao et al., 2016). The accelerated healing of gastric erosions may result from the combined effects of probiotics and phytochemicals present in the plant extract (Ikpeazu et al., 2017). ...
... Also, regeneration in the small intestine was seen as the dose of M. paradisiaca extracts increased across the groups. Different studies support the anti-ulcerative effects of M. paradisiaca extracts (Enemchukwu et al., 2014;Ikpeazu et al., 2017;Nweke et al., 2019;Onasanwo et al., 2013). ...
Background and aim: Alcohol consumption is widespread and associated with numerous diseases, including gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders. Among these, gastric and duodenal ulcers are prevalent, with ethanol being a significant contributing factor. Given the side effects of many antiulcer drugs, there is a growing interest in natural remedies, such as plantains (Musa paradisiaca), which have shown potential antiulcer properties. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of aqueous extract of fermented unripe M. paradisiaca pulp on alcohol-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in adult male Wistar rats.
Methodology: Twenty male Wistar rats weighing 180–220g were divided into five groups. Group A served as the negative control, while Group B was the positive control receiving 1 mL/100 g body weight of 100% ethanol only. Groups C, D, and E received ethanol followed by 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of fermented M. paradisiaca pulp, respectively. Gastric and duodenal pH levels, ulcer index, and histopathological changes were assessed.
Results: The study showed a dose-dependent increase in gastric pH levels in treated groups compared to controls. The ulcer index significantly decreased in groups treated with M. paradisiaca extract. Histopathological examination revealed reduced ulceration and inflammatory cell infiltration in the treatment groups, with Group E exhibiting the most considerable curative effects.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that M. paradisiaca extracts have an ameliorative effect against ethanol-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers. These highlight the antiulcer potential of M. paradisiaca and suggest its utility as a natural therapeutic option for peptic ulcer treatment.
... The antiulcer activity of banana peel water extract on male albino rats is due to the flavonoids (leucocyanidin), tannins, and saponins. Plantain peel extract of 200 mg/Kg body weight showed the lowest mean ulcer index and concluded that the peel extract could be used in ethnomedicine (133). Several banana varieties from northeast Thailand are reported to have a gastrointestinal protective effect against peptic ulcers, with Palo and Hom varieties showing a pronounced effect (134). ...
The Banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn., Family: Musaceae) is one of the oldest and most widely cultivated fruit plants, dating back to prehistoric times. Bananas are rich in minerals and phytochemicals, contributing to their significant culinary, nutritional, and medicinal properties. This review analyzes 191 peer-reviewed articles published between 1981 and July 2023 to comprehensively assess the health benefits of bananas. Studies highlight their effectiveness in reducing inflammation, cancer, diabetes, depression, diarrhea, urolithiasis, and ulcers. Additionally, bananas exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, hair-growing, wound-healing, and antihypertensive properties. The articles were sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords like Musa paradisiaca, health benefits, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, and phytochemicals. Inclusion criteria included original research, clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo studies, and reviews focused on banana's medicinal properties, while non-peer-reviewed papers and studies not directly related to Musa paradisiaca were excluded. This review reinforces the comprehensive health-promoting benefits of bananas and sets the stage for future research, which should focus on large-scale clinical trials, phytochemical standardization, and sustainable utilization of banana plant components. Bananas hold immense potential as both a functional food and a medicinal plant, making them a promising subject for future studies in nutraceuticals and sustainable agriculture.
... Mechanistic characteristics of bioactive components may inhibit ulcer through a number of mechanisms, including antioxidant activity, repression of cell growth, activation of apoptosis, repression of cell invasion and intracellular signaling pathways [86]. The remarkable antiulcer activity and cytoprotective properties of the extract of banana peel (Musa paradisiacal) on the experimental organisms may be attributed to the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins [136]. Leucocyanidin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, reportedly preserves the gastrointestinal mucosa from erosions [137]. ...
... The unripe fruit peel is a source of antioxidant and dietary fibre [1]. The unripe fruit peel is also richer in cellulose than the inner fleshy part [2,3,4]. Aqueous extract of the unripe fruit peel has strong antiulcer activity on white rats and antifungal activity [5]. ...
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is mainly grown for food and it is widely consumed in different forms in Nigeria. Plantain plays an important role as an African medicinal plant where. It is used against ulcer, diabetes and as antimicrobial agent etc. The present study is aimed at identification of the organic constituents of the chloroform extract of the unripe plantain peel and its antiulcer activity. Air dried unripe plantain peel was ground and batch-extracted with petroleum spirit. The residue was re-extracted with chloroform to get the chloroform extract. The organic constituent of the extract was separated by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The crude extract was subjected to such ulcer parameters like gastric acid output, gastric mucus output and ulcer score etc. The extract contains eleven organic compounds and it is effective in control of peptic ulcer in white albino rastl. The work shows that the extract contains eleven compounds and has antiulcer activity.
... The aqueous extract of unripe plantain peel also has strong antiulcer effect on male Wister (albino) rats. The peel is also richer in cellulose than the inner part (Enenchukwu et al., 2014, Keticu, 1973and Ikpeazu et al., 2017. It is used against diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis, diabetes, anemia, gout and hypertension (Iman andAkter 2001, Laranyo et al., 2016). ...
... Prior to the introduction of chemical medicines, man depends on the healing properties of medicinal plants. They have remained a vital source of medicines for a large proportion of the world's population, particularly in the developing countries 1 . Ethnomedicinal treatments utilize the bark, kernels, leaves, or roots for a variety of ailments 2 . ...
This study evaluated the gastroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis on aspirin-induced ulcer in albino rats. The animals were grouped into 5 groups of 5 rats each with Group 1 (Control), Gp 2 (Aspirin alone ASA 400mg/kg), Gp 3 (Omeprazole 20mg/kg + ASA 400mg/kg), Gp 4 (200mg/kg Extract + ASA 400mg/kg(and Gp 5 (400mg/kg Extract + ASA 400mg/kg). The result of the study showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in ulcer score, ulcer index, volume of gastric content, total acidity and pepsin activity. There was an increase observed in ulcer percentage inhibition in wistar rats pretreated with 20 mg/kg omeprazole, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis when compared with the untreated group. The liver enzyme levels were also estimated using standard analytical method. There was a significant decrease on serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and serum aspartate transaminase (AST) but an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the group pretreated with ethanolic leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis when compared to omeprazole and untreated group. The findings of the present study showed that ethanolic leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis may possesses bioactive ingredients that elicited the hepatoprotective effect and antiulcer activity against the ulceration caused by aspirin.
... Oral administration of aspirin caused ulceration which was ameliorated following treatment with Musa paradisiaca fruit extract in a dose dependent manner. This finding is consistent with those of Enemchukwu et al, [15] Mbagwu et al [16] and Ezekwesili et al [17] who reported gastro-protective potential of extract of unripe plantain peel. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the different extracts of Musa sapientum L. subsp. sylvestris fruits. The methanolic extracts of Musa sapientum L. subsp. sylvestris peel (MSPE), pulp (MSPU) and seed (MSSE) were investigated for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method and for cytotoxic activity by Brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Good antimicrobial activity was shown by MSPU while moderate activity by MSPE against 5 gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus) and 8 gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio parahemolyticus) bacteria and 3 fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Sacharomyces cerevaceae). Antimicrobial activity of MSSE against the organisms was insignificant. The order of Brine Shrimp lethality was found as Vincristine sulphate > MSPU > MSSE > MSPE. These findings suggest the potentiality of finding novel compounds with antimicrobial property in the investigated fruit.
Medicinal plants constitute important components of flora and are widely distributed in different regions of India. Based on ethnomedical significance, we have collected several me- dicinal plants used in traditional medicine from Eastern Ghats of India and evaluated for their biological activity. In the present study, a method utilizing brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) lethality was used to screen medicinal plants for their biological activity. Aqueous extracts from 118 Indian medicinal plants were screened by the brine shrimp lethality assay and found eleven out of the 118 extracts showed significant toxicity to the brine shrimp (
The African Research Centre on Bananas and Plantains (CARBAP) is an autonomous centre based in Cameroon and has carried out much research on insect pests on bananas/plantains. Major and potential insect pests recorded include borer weevils, white grubs, and long tail mealy bugs. Of these three, the banana borer weevils are the most important as they are found in all major production zones and on pre-flowered/bunched plants, as well as on harvested pseudostems. Larvae of these borer weevils cause damage by creating feeding tunnels within corms that usually result to weak growth, poor anchorage and toppling. Percentage of plants attacked varies between 3-81%. The number of adult borers caught per trap varies with type of traps and agroecological zones with highest catches recorded during the rainy season. As far as management of the pest is concerned, classical insecticides, biocontrol and genetical control techniques have been widely evaluated. Most effective insecticides are fipronil, thiomethoxam, and imidaclopride. Also, both exotic commercial and indigenous Beauveria bassiana have shown great potential in managing these borer weevils. Since no single technique has been reported to successfully manage the borer weevils, evaluating the effects of an IPM package (clean planting materials, use of botanicals, entomopathogens, proper field sanitation, incorporating info chemicals, wise use of synthetic chemicals as well as use of resistant or tolerant varieties) is necessary.
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), encompassing gastric and duodenal ulcers is the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder. The pathophysiology of PUD involves an imbalance between offensive factors like acid, pepsin and defensive factors like nitric oxide and growth factors. The clinical evaluation of antiulcer drugs showed tolerance, incidence of relapses and side-effects that make their efficacy arguable. An indigenous drug like Musa sapientum possessing fewer side-effects is the major thrust area of present day research, aiming at a better and safer approach for the management of PUD.
The unripe plantain bananas (Musa sapientum) were shade-dried, powdered and used for phytochemical analysis and as antiulcer drug. In our present study Group I rats served as control and were treated with saline, Group II was indomethacin-induced ulcerated rats, Group III received aqueous extract of Musa sapientum along with indomethacin and Group IV received esomeprazole along with indomethacin for 21 days. The anti-ulcerogenic activity was investigated by performing hematological, mucosal, antioxidant profile in comparison with the standard drug esomeprazole.
Our findings from High - Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed that Musa sapientum has an active compound a monomeric flavonoid (leucocyanidin) with anti-ulcerogenic activity. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. All our results are in congruous with the results of standard drug esomeprazole.
It could be clearly concluded that administration of the aqueous extract of Musa sapientum at the dose used in this study tends to ameliorate ulcers. Its use in indigenous medicine should be scientifically scrutinized with further research.
Methanol leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) was investigated for gastroprotective properties. The anti-ulcer effect was evaluated in three experimental ulcer models induced by ethanol, indomethacin and hypothermic-restraint stress in rats. Anti-ulcer related properties of the extract such as gastrointestinal transit and the activity on isolated gut tissue preparations of guinea pig and rabbit were also determined. The extract (ME) administered orally at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1 significantly (p<0.05) reduced the ulcer indices in a dose-related manner. The extract showed higher gastroprotection against indomethacin and ethanol-induced ulcers than the stress-induced ulcer. Gastrointestinal motility was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by the extract in mice. On the rabbit jejunum, ME produced a concentration-dependent relaxation and inhibited ACh contractile responses. The extract, ME had no effect on guinea-pig ileum but inhibited the contractions produced by histamine. At doses above 3 g kg-1 (p.o.), ME caused no signs of acute toxicity or deaths in mice. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrate, steroids, alkaloids, terpenes and volatile oils were found present in the methanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf. The results show that the methanol leaf extract of O. gratissimum offers protection against ulcers induced by different ulcerogens and could justify the folk use of the plant in peptic ulcer diseases. Cyto-protection and antispasmodic activities may be the likely mechanisms for the anti-ulcer property of this plant.
Musa species (Musaceae), a tropical plant, have been consumed since many years by mankind for its nutricious and delicious fruits. In addition to this, Musa species have been reported to have various biological activities such as antiulcerogenie, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, antidiarrheic, antitumoral, antimutagenic and have been also found to be effective in treatment of migraine, hypertension, cholesterol and hiperoxalury. In this review, general information about biological activities of Musa sp. is given.
Uncontrolled hydrochloric acid secretion and ulceration of the stomach mucosa due to various factors are serious global problems. Although the mechanism of acid secretion from the parietal cell is now well understood, the processes involved in gastric ulceration are still not clear. Among various causes of gastric ulceration, lesions caused by stress, alcohol consumption, Helicobacter pylori infection and due to use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have been shown to be mediated largely through the generation of reactive oxygen species, especially the hydroxyl radical. A number of excellent drugs have proven useful in controlling hyperacidity and ulceration but their long-term use is associated with disturbing side-effects. Hence, the search is still on to find a compound possessing antisecretory, antiulcer and antioxidant properties which will serve as a therapeutic agent to reduce gastric hyperacidity and ulcers. This article describes the role of reactive oxygen species in gastric ulceration, drugs controlling them with their merits and demerits and, the role of melatonin, a pineal secretory product, in protecting against gastric lesions. In experimental studies, melatonin has been shown to be effective in reducing mucosal breakdown and ulcer formation in a wide variety of situations. Additionally, the low toxicity of melatonin supports further investigation of this molecule as a gastroprotective agent. Finally, we include a commentary on how melatonin research with respect to gastric pathophysiology can move forward with a view of eventually using this indole as a therapeutic agent to control gastric ulceration in humans.