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Prévention de la radicalisation et déradicalisation: Les modèles allemand, britannique et danois
Abstract
De-radicalization and the Prevention of Radicalization in Germany, Great Britain and Denmark
To date, a few thousand Europeans have left Europe to join jihadi fighters in Syria and Iraq. Several hundred of them have already returned. To deal with this phenomenon, some countries have developed radicalization prevention and de-radicalization programs. Although it is still difficult to assess the effectiveness of these programs, the German, British and Danish examples at least provide certain lessons which could be very useful for France.
... In this context, the Mauritanian authorities have developed ambitious programmes for the benefit of young people and the poor and marginalised sections of the population (popular savings and loan funds, commissioner's office for the fight against poverty, etc.). Employment, continuing education and the fight against illiteracy are now among the priorities of the authorities in order to give hope to young people and the unemployed and enable them to use their energies in construction and development[26].There are various other de-radicalization programmes implemented in three pioneering European countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark where lessons can also be learned[27].In Germany, Hayat is one of the first de-radicalization programmes in civil society, launchedby the Centre for Democratic Culture (ZDK) in Berlin, which had expertise in de-radicalization in right-wing extremist circles ("EXIT-Deutschland"). Hayat -'life' in Arabic and Turkishwhich includes a former police officer and specialists in radical Islam, is a counselling and follow-up programme for radicalised young people and their families. Hayat's activities are directed at individuals who are either in the process of radicalization, or who have already been radicalised but have not left Germany, or who have returned from various jihad theatres, or who are still in a jihad land but wish to return. ...
The increase in violence has created an unprecedented crisis in the Sahel, particularly the Central Sahel, with massive displacement of populations already vulnerable to climatic hazards. This paper aims to propose a mathematical model of the ordinary differential equation system that will reflect the dynamics of terrorism and internal displacement. Sobol's sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters will allow us to make proposals for reducing terrorism. Military actions alone do not contribute effectively for fight against terrorism because they only contribute less than 20\%. Radicalization prevention and de-radicalization strategies must be adopted jointly to effectively reduce the spread of terrorism because they contribute more than 80\% on the fight against terrorism.
... In this context, the Mauritanian authorities have developed ambitious programmes for the benefit of young people and the poor and marginalised sections of the population (popular savings and loan funds, commissioner's office for the fight against poverty, etc.). Employment, continuing education and the fight against illiteracy are now among the priorities of the authorities in order to give hope to young people and the unemployed and enable them to use their energies in construction and development[26].There are various other de-radicalization programmes implemented in three pioneering European countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark where lessons can also be learned[27].In Germany, Hayat is one of the first de-radicalization programmes in civil society, launchedby the Centre for Democratic Culture (ZDK) in Berlin, which had expertise in de-radicalization in right-wing extremist circles ("EXIT-Deutschland"). Hayat -'life' in Arabic and Turkishwhich includes a former police officer and specialists in radical Islam, is a counselling and follow-up programme for radicalised young people and their families. Hayat's activities are directed at individuals who are either in the process of radicalization, or who have already been radicalised but have not left Germany, or who have returned from various jihad theatres, or who are still in a jihad land but wish to return. ...
The increase in violence has created an unprecedented crisis in the Sahel, particularly the Central Sahel, with massive displacement of populations already vulnerable to climatic hazards. This paper aims to propose a mathematical model of the ordinary differential equation system that will reflect the dynamics of terrorism and internal displacement. Sobol's sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters will allow us to make proposals for reducing terrorism. Military actions alone do not contribute effectively for fight against terrorism because they only contribute less than 20\%. Radicalization prevention and de-radicalization strategies must be adopted jointly to effectively reduce the spread of terrorism because they contribute more than 80\% on the fight against terrorism.
... In this context, the Mauritanian authorities have developed ambitious programmes for the benefit of young people and the poor and marginalised sections of the population (popular savings and loan funds, commissioner's office for the fight against poverty, etc.). Employment, continuing education and the fight against illiteracy are now among the priorities of the authorities in order to give hope to young people and the unemployed and enable them to use their energies in construction and development[26].There are various other de-radicalization programmes implemented in three pioneering European countries such as Germany, Great Britain and Denmark where lessons can also be learned[27].In Germany, Hayat is one of the first de-radicalization programmes in civil society, launched by the Centre for Democratic Culture (ZDK) in Berlin, which had expertise in de-radicalization in right-wing extremist circles ("EXIT-Deutschland"). Hayat -'life' in Arabic and Turkishwhich includes a former police officer and specialists in radical Islam, is a counselling and follow-up programme for radicalised young people and their families. Hayat's activities are directed at individuals who are either in the process of radicalization, or who have already been radicalised but have not left Germany, or who have returned from various jihad theatres, or who are still in a jihad land but wish to return. ...
The increase in violence has created an unprecedented crisis in the Sahel, particularly the Central Sahel, with massive displacement of populations already vulnerable to climatic hazards. This paper aims to propose a mathematical model of the ordinary differential equation system that will reflect the dynamics of terrorism and internal displacement. Sobol's sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters will allow us to make proposals for reducing terrorism. Military actions alone do not contribute effectively for fight against terrorism because they only contribute less than 20%. Radicalization prevention and de-radicalization strategies must be adopted jointly to effectively reduce the spread of terrorism because they contribute more than 80% for fight against terrorism.
... The European dimension is not the most prominent in the multi-level governance of counter-terrorism (CT) (Mégie 2010). The EU is constantly in search of new modes of action (Bossong 2014), its role remains peripheral in comparative analyses of national CR practices (El Difraoui and Uhlmann 2015), and is described as short of means and subordinate to that of member states (Monar 2015). Ad hoc analyses of the EUCRS policies say little on the underlying conception and treatment of religion (Bakker 2015). ...
The emergence of an EU counter-radicalisation (CR) strategy has challenged the usual reluctance of European institutions to tackle value-loaded issues. This article examines whether this new policy alters EU policy-making and especially its approach to religion. It illuminates, first, the triggers of such a CR strategy (traumatic events, popular expectations and international influences). It then shows how the shift of CR from foreign to domestic EU affairs leads to the acknowledgement of religion as a multi-dimensional phenomenon and to the involvement of a greater number of political, bureaucratic and civil society actors. Still, usual patterns of EU public action apply to reduce the controversial potential of CR: circumscription to a legal and bureaucratic logic, institutional burden sharing , delegation to member states and civil society, hollowing of the normative content of religion. In conclusion, CR has sparked a new EU policy field but has not radically shaken the routine of European politics.
This paper addresses Germany's strategic, legal and institutional approach to fighting terrorism. Specifically, the presence of a large number of manifestations of terrorist activities in the world has led to the fact that each country strives to develop the best approach to combating such forms of activities. The prevalence of violent extremism and radicalization leading to terrorism has led countries to make enormous efforts to develop different capacities to fight terrorism. This paper demonstrates how Germany counters terrorism. A detailed analysis of the existing capacities, which refers to the strategic documents, legal framework and entities involved in the fight against terrorism, clearly shows that Germany has very high quality resources intended for this purpose.
Terrorist activities as a negative social phenomenon have been present to a large extent lately, and for that reason, every country strives to develop the best approach in terms of its prevention and suppression. This is understandable, especially given the growing presence of violent extremism and radicalization leading to terrorism. This paper addresses the ways and capacities Serbia uses to fight terrorism. A detailed analysis and review of existing resources, primarily strategic documents, legislation and entities involved in the fight against terrorism, clearly shows that Serbia has significant capacities in this context.
Islamist extremism receives diverging explanations: a consequence either of local socio-economic conditions or of colonisation or of Islam itself, but they do not exclude each other. In the field of dis-indoctrination, the needs are huge. The prison regime is unfit, specifically in France. The fight against jihadism requires the cooperation of central and local governments with civil society in an enlarged and renewed democracy. Jihadists consider their host society as an enemy to exterminate. The stake is to transform this antagonistic conflict into an agonistic conflict between adversaries able to negotiate their disagreements in a social transaction process.
Aujourd’hui, l’engagement de personnes dans un radicalisme violent, politique ou religieux, menace la sécurité publique. Pour contribuer à solutionner ces problèmes transcontinentaux, plusieurs pays ont mis en œuvre des programmes de prévention primaire des radicalisations violentes (RV), où le système judiciaire a un rôle prépondérant. Or, les évaluations, pas toujours rigoureuses, ont tout de même tendance à montrer l’inefficacité et même la vraisemblable contre-productivité de ces actions. La problématique de cet article théorique concerne donc la manière de mettre en œuvre une prévention efficace des RV et d’évaluer scientifiquement son efficacité (quels indicateurs considérer ?). Dans une première partie nous argumentons, sur la base de la littérature psychologique, en partie dédiée au terrorisme islamiste, que le dogmatisme et le besoin de clôture constituent une caractéristique des esprits radicalisés. Ensuite, sur cette base et celle d’une conceptualisation antérieure, nous présentons un modèle théorique pionnier où la RV apparaît comme fermant l’esprit, tandis qu’une prévention efficace conduirait, au contraire, à ouvrir l’esprit. Après cela, nous argumentons sur les liens entre ouverture d’esprit, santé, responsabilité (éthique) et méditation. Nous en déduisons l’importance d’inclure l’éducation à la santé comme un moyen efficace de prévention primaire des RV, avec comme fin la responsabilité. Notre modèle ouvre de nouvelles perspectives, tant pour l’éducation que pour la recherche. Il contient en effet des indicateurs psychologiques mesurables et opérationnels qui pourront servir à étudier empiriquement l’impact de dispositifs éducatifs sur la prévention, impliquant par exemple un outil éducatif que nous avons particulièrement étudié : la méditation.
La radicalisation violente est un phénomène social aux contours imprécis et au fort investissement politique, qui concerne principalement les jeunes en ce qui a trait au passage à l’acte. Plusieurs pays occidentaux composent avec ce phénomène en optant pour une réponse sécuritaire, dans laquelle une étroite collaboration entre le champ de l’éducation et les forces de l’ordre est encouragée. Cet article explore les
enjeux liés au resserrement des liens entre l’école et les forces de sécurité en matière de prévention de la radicalisation violente. Bien que le recul et les données probantes manquent pour tirer un bilan complet de ces relations, certaines recherches, consacrées à l’impact de la guerre au terrorisme sur les jeunes et sur la sécurisation des écoles américaines en réponse aux fusillades scolaires, appellent à la retenue.
À la lumière de ces travaux, le présent article soutient qu’il est nécessaire d’établir des frontières claires entre les mandats de l’école et ceux des forces de sécurité. L’importance de ces pare-feu doit être mise de l’avant dans la formation du personnel scolaire en prévention de la radicalisation violente, afin de préserver la capacité de l’école à se poser en espace qui favorise le développement d’une pensée critique et d’une conscience de l’Autre.
Islam in a Secular France and European Union. How to Thwart the Traps of the so-called Islamist Extremism?
The paper analyses the place of Islam in France and in the European Union (EU). The distinction between its pacific forms and its extremist and murderous tendencies is essential. Islam should receive the same rights and duties as Christian religions in France and in the EU. The explanations of Islamist extremisms, either by local socio-economic conditions, or as a consequence of colonisation, or of Islam itself, are intertwined and do not exclude each other. Islamist extremism is both endogenous and exogenous in France and in the EU. In the field of dis-indoctrination, the needs are huge. The prison regime is unfit, specifically in France. The co-operation of central and local governments with civil society is required in an enlarged and renewed democracy.
Résumé
But
Le terrorisme se développe. Comment dialoguer avec des adolescents qui pourraient être attirés par lui ?
Méthodes
L’auteur s’appuie sur des études de sociologues, historiens, juristes, psychanalystes, portant sur des génocidaires et des terroristes, sur leurs victimes, sur les adolescents actuels et leur fragilité, ainsi que sur son expérience auprès d’adolescents confrontés à leur mort possible.
Résultats
Il faut être prudent car la question est nouvelle. Il n’y a pas de profil type, sociologique ou psychopathologique, mais des éléments qui peuvent déboucher sur bien d’autres issues que la radicalisation (c’est un argument contre le dépistage précoce) : des fragilités narcissiques et identitaires, des terreurs archaïques, réactivées à l’adolescence, des ruptures de continuité de l’histoire personnelle et familiale, le besoin de certitudes et de valeurs sacrées, dans un contexte de désarroi politique, économique, idéologique, religieux. La radicalisation se fait souvent dans leurs réseaux locaux ou familiaux. La préoccupation de la tentation terroriste doit être intégrée parmi nos autres préoccupations du mal-être actuel et futur (travail de prévention) des adolescents, en étant attentifs à nos contre-transferts et aux images du terrorisme qui nous encombrent. Fait aussi partie de nos tâches la participation à des discussions (complexes), dans leurs divers lieux, avec celles et ceux qui ne viendront pas nous voir.
Conclusion
La radicalisation n’est pas affaire de spécialistes. Sans fascination ni peur, nous devons nous y confronter dans notre travail auprès des enfants et des adolescents, troublés par les idéologies radicales, le terrorisme et les guerres barbares.
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