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Tropical Australian Freshwater Fungi. XVI. Some new melanommataceous fungi from woody substrata and a key to genera of lignicolous loculoascomycetes in freshwater
Abstract
Submerged wood collected in streams and rivers in north Queensland and several other countries has yielded many new loculoascomycetes. In this paper four new species in three genera of the Melanommatales are described. They are Lophiosphaera rivulicola sp. nov., Melanomma australiense sp. nov., Quintaria aquatica sp. nov. and Quintaria submersa sp. nov. Identification of freshwater ascomycetes is difficult as there presently is no key to genera or species. A key and a pictorial synopsis of genera of freshwater loculoascomycetes from woody substrata are provided.
... This strict generic concept is accepted by many authors (e.g. Barr, 1990;Hyde and Goh, 1999) and the genus is assigned to the Melanommataceae in the Pleosporales (Kirk et al., 2001). After the revision by , eight species have been added to the genus Shoemaker and Babcock, 1989;Eriksson and Yue, 1990;Barr et al., 1996;Barr and Mathiassen, 1998;Hyde and Fröhlich, 1998;Mckeown et al., 2001), but some species do not have trabeculae. ...
Somrithipol, S. and Jones, E.B.G. (2005). An addition to the hyphomycete genus Melanographium from Thailand. Fungal Diversity 19: 137-144. The genus Melanographium is reviewed, a key to accepted species is provided, and its geographical distribution is discussed. Melanographium proliferum collected from dead leaves of a climber in Thailand is illustrated, described as a new species and compared with other Melanographium species.
A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses. A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source, habitat, geographical distribution, and molecular data. The Ascomycota (2,968 species, 1,018 genera) dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes (823 species, 298 genera) had the largest number, followed by Dothideomycetes (677 species, 229 genera), Eurotiomycetes (276 species, 49 genera), and Leotiomycetes (260 species, 83 genera). Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are: Chytridiomycota (333 species, 97 genera), Rozellomycota (221 species, 105 genera), Basidiomycota (218 species, 100 genera), Blastocladiomycota (47 species, 10 genera), Monoblepharomycota (29 species, 6 genera), Mucoromycota (19 species, 10 genera), Aphelidiomycota (15 species, 3 genera), Entomophthoromycota (6 species, 4 genera), Mortierellomycota (5 species, 3 genera), Olpidiomycota (4 species, 1 genus), Zoopagomycota (3 species, 2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota (2 species, 2 genera). The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera, 386 families and 145 orders. The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species, respectively. The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces (87, Laboulbeniomycetes), Verrucaria (50, Eurotiomycetes), Rhizophydium (52, Rhizophydiomycetes), Penicillium (47, Eurotiomycetes), and Candida (42, Saccharomycetes).
Freshwater Dothideomycetes are a highly diverse group of fungi, which are mostly saprobic in freshwater habitats worldwide. They are important decomposers of submerged woody debris and leaves in water. In this paper, we outline the genera of freshwater Dothideomycetes with notes and keys to species. Based on multigene analyses and morphology, we introduce nine new genera, viz . Aquimassariosphaeria , Aquatospora , Aquihelicascus , Fusiformiseptata , Neohelicascus , Neojahnula , Pseudojahnula , Purpureofaciens , Submersispora ; 33 new species, viz . Acrocalymma bipolare , Aquimassariosphaeria kunmingensis , Aquatospora cylindrica , Aquihelicascus songkhlaensis , A. yunnanensis , Ascagilis submersa , A. thailandensis , Bambusicola aquatica , Caryospora submersa , Dictyocheirospora thailandica , Fusiformiseptata crocea , Helicosporium thailandense , Hongkongmyces aquaticus , Lentistoma aquaticum , Lentithecium kunmingense , Lindgomyces aquaticus , Longipedicellata aquatica , Neohelicascus submersus , Neohelicomyces dehongensis , N. thailandicus , Neohelicosporium submersum , Nigrograna aquatica , Occultibambusa kunmingensis , Parabambusicola aquatica , Pseudoasteromassaria aquatica , Pseudoastrosphaeriella aquatica , Pseudoxylomyces aquaticus , Purpureofaciens aquatica , Roussoella aquatica , Shrungabeeja aquatica , Submersispora variabilis , Tetraploa puzheheiensis , T. yunnanensis ; 16 new combinations, viz. Aquimassariosphaeria typhicola , Aquihelicascus thalassioideus , Ascagilis guttulaspora , A. queenslandica , A. seychellensis , A. sunyatsenii , Ernakulamia xishuangbannaensis , Neohelicascus aquaticus , N. chiangraiensis , N. egyptiacus , N. elaterascus , N. gallicus , N. unilocularis , N. uniseptatus , Neojahnula australiensis , Pseudojahnula potamophila ; 17 new geographical and habitat records, viz. Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis , Aquastroma magniostiolata , Caryospora aquatica , C. quercus , Dendryphiella vinosa , Ernakulamia cochinensis , Fissuroma neoaggregatum , Helicotruncatum palmigenum , Jahnula rostrata , Neoroussoella bambusae , N. leucaenae , Occultibambusa pustula , Paramonodictys solitarius , Pleopunctum pseudoellipsoideum , Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata , Seriascoma didymosporum , Shrungabeeja vadirajensis and ten new collections from China and Thailand, viz. Amniculicola guttulata , Aquaphila albicans , Berkleasmium latisporum , Clohesyomyces aquaticus , Dictyocheirospora rotunda , Flabellascoma fusiforme , Pseudoastrosphaeriella bambusae , Pseudoxylomyces elegans , Tubeufia aquatica and T. cylindrothecia . Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis and Tubeufia roseohelicospora are synonymized with D. vinosa and T. tectonae , respectively. Six orders, 43 families and 145 genera which belong to freshwater Dothideomycetes are reviewed. Of these, 46 genera occur exclusively in freshwater habitats. A world map illustrates the distribution of freshwater Dothideomycetes.
We here taxonomically revise the suborder Massarineae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota). Sequences of SSU and LSU nrDNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1) are newly obtained from 106 Massarineae taxa that are phylogenetically analysed along with published sequences of 131 taxa in this suborder retrieved from GenBank. We recognise 12 families and five unknown lineages in the Massarineae. Among the nine families previously known, the monophyletic status of the Dictyosporiaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Latoruaceae, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Massarinaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, and Trematosphaeriaceae was strongly supported with bootstrap support values above 96 %, while the clades of the Bambusicolaceae and the Lentitheciaceae are moderately supported. Two new families, Parabambusicolaceae and Sulcatisporaceae, are proposed. The Parabambusicolaceae is erected to accommodate Aquastroma and Parabambusicola genera nova, as well as two unnamed Monodictys species. The Parabambusicolaceae is characterised by depressed globose to hemispherical ascomata with or without surrounding stromatic tissue, and multi-septate, clavate to fusiform, hyaline ascospores. The Sulcatisporaceae is established for Magnicamarosporium and Sulcatispora genera nova and Neobambusicola. The Sulcatisporaceae is characterised by subglobose ascomata with a short ostiolar neck, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci, broadly fusiform ascospores, and ellipsoid to subglobose conidia with or without striate ornamentation. The genus Periconia and its relatives are segregated from the Massarinaceae and placed in a resurrected family, the Periconiaceae. We have summarised the morphological and ecological features, and clarified the accepted members of each family. Ten new genera, 22 new species, and seven new combinations are described and illustrated. The complete ITS sequences of nrDNA are also provided for all new taxa for use as barcode markers.
The Thai freshwater fungi are reviewed. Substrates range from baits (Dipterocarpus alatus, Licuala longicalycata and Xylia dolabriformis) to submerged natural wood, collected in northern (Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai), and southern (Narathiwat) and northeastern (Nakorn Ratchassima) parts of the kingdom. The checklist comprises 173 identified species (including 34 Ingoldian fungi) published up to the end of 2010 and is supported with references. The taxa belong to 112 genera, including 30 Sordariomycetes, 12 Dothideomycetes and 70 anamorphic genera. The most frequently collected genera are the hyphomycetes Biflagellospora, Canalisporium, Dactylaria, Dictyosporium and Xylomyces. Five new genera and 26 new species were first described from Thai freshwater habitats. Fungal diversity in different substrates and Sørensen's index in different sites are discussed.
Test blocks of Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis were exposed in a freshwater stream for 12 months at km 29.2 at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand and recovered every month, incubated in moist chambers and fungal colonization recorded. The sequence of colonisation of fungi, the frequency of occurrence and the percentage cover on the test blocks are presented. Eighty-nine species were recorded, including 53 on Dipterocarpus alatus and 62 on Xylia dolabriformis. Fungi were categorised into 3 groups: group 1 fungi present on over 60% of the test blocks, including: Helicomyces roseus, Trematosphaeria sp. 2 on Dipterocarpus alatus and Savoryella aquatica, Helicomyces roseus and Ellisembia opaca on Xylia dolabriformis. Group 2 fungi were present on more than 20% of the test blocks numbered 5 and 8 respectively on Dipterocarpus alatus and Xylia dolabriformis. Group 3 were fungi present on less than 20% of the test blocks. There was no evidence of a succession of fungi on the wood, however fungi could be grouped into those that appeared early on the wood: Dictyochaeta sp. 1, Ellisembia brachypus, Helicomyces roseus, Helicosporium griseum and Trematosphaeria sp. 2 on Dipterocarpus alatus; with Biflagellospora siamensis, Canalisporium pulchrum, Dictyochaeta sp. 1, Ellisembia opaca, Helicomyces roseus and Savoryella aquatica on Xylia dolabriformis. Intermediate colonisers included: coetomycete sp. 1 and Ophioceras dolichostomum on Dipterocarpus alatus, while ascomycete sp. 11 and Anthostomella aquatica were late colonisers. Intermediate colonisers of Xylia dolabriformis were Biflagellospora gracilis, B. papillata and Thozetella nivea and late colonisers were Canalisporium pulchrum and C. elegans. Dominant species on each timber are different. This study is compared with other studies from tropical and temperate regions.
A new species of the genus Trematosphaeria was isolated and identified from the soil in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, southwestern China. The new taxon was studied based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of three nuclear loci, i.e., the internal transcribed spacer rDNA operon (ITS), and large and small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (nuc28S rDNA, nuc18S rDNA). The analyzed Trematosphaeria species were clustered in several clades within the Pleosporales and the genus was shown to be polyphyletic. The new species is introduced as Trematosphaeria terricola, and it is characterized by short-papillate ascomata with suborbicular ostiolum, 3-septate, cinnamon-brown, fusiform ascospores with narrowly rounded ends, verruculose at maturity. Trematosphaeria terricola is compared with morphologically similar species T. confusa, T. mangrovis, and T. pertusa, which differ from the former species in the number of septa, and the shape and size of the ascospores with or without a sheath. This is the first report of a Trematosphaeria isolate from alpine soil in China.
The ascomycetes of Australia are generally poorly known. Some major
contributions to their study last century are those of G. Beaton and G. Weste,
C. G. Hansford, K. D. Hyde and co-workers, J. Kohlmeyer and H. J. Swart. A
preliminary list of more than 1657 Australian ascomycete species was located
in an extensive search of the literature. The Australian
Meliolaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae
and Xylariaceae are relatively well known. Most
ascomycete records are in the genera Meliola,
Hypoxylonand Xylaria.
Comprehensive treatments of Australian ascomycetes can be found in the
monographs of the genera Anthostomella,
Didymosphaeria, Hypoxylonand
Massarina and Orders Heliotales and Pezizales.
Freshwater and marine ascomycetes and ascomycetes associated with plant
diseases have been relatively well studied. There is also a relatively large
amount of literature on the ascomycetes occurring on palms. Ascomyceteous
pathogens may be host specific (e.g. Mycosphaerella,
Phyllachoraspp.) or probable generalists (e.g.
Diaporthe, Glomerellaspp.).
Saprobes are less likely to be host-specific, but examples from palms indicate
that several species may exhibit a host genus preference. Biogeographical
distributions of ascomycetes on
Archontophoenix alexandrae indicate that when a plant is
removed from its native surroundings (e.g. a rainforest) and planted elsewhere
(e.g. in botanical gardens) it looses its endemic fungal population and
ubiquituous fungi move in and fill the niche of these lost fungi. Most
ascomycetes are inconspicuous and poorly collected. Studies on most of the
larger families are already in progress. Therefore, a habitat approach is
recommended for future Australian ascomycete studies. This can provide data on
biodiversity, ecology and the roles of the fungi and specimens can be lodged
in herbaria for future taxonomic studies.
Two new species, Trematosphaeria crassiseptata collected from dead twigs of an unknown plant near river, and T. biappendiculata collected from submerged twigs in ponds, are described and illustrated. Trematosphaeria crassiseptata is characterised by thick-walled, reddish-brown and 5-septate ascospores, while T. biappendiculata is distinguished by its ascospores with terminal appendages. In culture media, T. crassiseptata produced the teleomorph state, and T. biappendiculata produced a Pleurophomopsis-like microconidial state only. The differences between these new species and their related taxa are noted. A key of the 15 species accepted in the genus is given.
One hundred and five generic types of Pleosporales are described and illustrated. A brief introduction and detailed history with short notes on morphology, molecular phylogeny as well as a general conclusion of each genus are provided. For those genera where the type or a representative specimen is unavailable, a brief note is given. Altogether 174 genera of Pleosporales are treated. Phaeotrichaceae as well as Krie-geriella, Zeuctomorpha and Muroia are excluded from Pleosporales. Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, the suborder Massarineae is emended to accommodate five families, viz. Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae.
Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora (Melanommatales) is described from north Queensland from wood submerged in freshwater. M. dimorphospora has also been collected in Brunei and Malaysia. Mamillisphaeria can be accommodated in the Melanommataceae or the Massariaceae, but differs from previously described genera in having dimorphic hyaline and brown-celled ascospores. A discussion of the occurrence and role of dimorphic ascospores is given.
A Species of Massarina (Pleosporales) was found on woody debris in aquatic habitats in several countries. This new species is characterized by its transversely septate ascospores that are surrounded by a large, gelatinous sheath. The pattern of ascospore appendage enlargement is very similar to that of another freshwater ascomycete, Pleospora scirpicola.
An amended description of Trematosphaeria is proposed, a generitype specimen is selected, and an anamorph connection reassessed. Five species of Trematosphaeria are described and presented in a key: T. pertusa, T. confusa, T. hydrela, T. mangrovis, and T. cariosa. Trematosphaeria heterospora is transferred to Phaeosphaeria and the teleomorph and an anamorph are described. The anamorph of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is described; it does not belong to Aposphaeria.
Kirschsteiniothelia elaterascus, a new species from freshwater habitats, is described. This fungus has all the characteristics of the genus Kirschsteiniothelia including mammiform, black ascomata, cellular pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate asci, and brown, one-septate, verruculose ascospores with a gelatinous sheath. It differs from all other species in the genus in having an endoascus with a long coiled base that uncoils during ascus dehiscence. Sphaeria aethiops, the basionym of the species that typifies Kirschsteiniothelia, is lectotypified.
An unusual loculoascomycete with superficial, setose ascomata, two-spored, fissitunicate asci and large, dictyosporous ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath is described in the genus Boerlagiomyces (Tubeufiaceae, Pleosporales). This species is known only from rivers in lower latitudes in North America and may be a warm water species.
Observations on laboratory-grown isolates and herbarium specimens of Trematosphaeria circinans support reinstatement of Byssothecium with B. circinans as its type. The development of the ascoma appears to be consistent with the Pleospora centrum type. The anamorph, in culture, is nonostiolate pycnidial; single-celled, hyaline conidia are produced by lageniform phialides.