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Changes in chemical and macro-minerals content of dromedary milk during lactation
Abstract
The present study aims to know the chemical and macro-minerals composition of the camel milk. The chemical composition of camel milk revealed higher pH, protein, casein, fat and total solids in the late phase of lactation, while vitamin-C content was higher in early phase of lactation. The macro-minerals composition revealed higher levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in late phase of lactation. The vitamin-C content in camel milk is high, compared to cow's milk. These findings clearly reflect that the milk composition varies with stage of lactation.
... The physiological stage is also linked to a variation of calcium content in milk. For some authors, calcium is increasing at the end of lactation (Mal et al., 2007), but the colostrum collected at parturition contained more calcium than that of 10 d postpartum milk: 1.75 ± 0.16 g/L vs. 1.21 ± 0.17 g/L (El-Khasmi et al., 2001). However, in a monitoring of minerals in Arvana camel (dromedary) throughout the lactation (Konuspayeva et al., 2010), the maximum value of milk calcium was observed at early lactation (1.43 g/L), and the minimum at the lactation peak (0.70 g/L). ...
... Regarding the effect of lactation stage, Mal et al., (2007) found similar pattern than for calcium, i.e., lower concentration in early lactation (0.42 ± 0.05) than in late (0.47 ± 00.5 g/L) and El-Khasmi et al., (2001) reported higher content in colostrum at parturition (1.1 ± 0.014 g/L), than 10th day postpartum (0.82 ± 0.10 g/L). In the study of Konuspayeva et al., (2010), the changes throughout the lactation were parallel to calcium, the maximum value (1.16 g/L) being observed at early lactation and minimal (0.57 g/L) at the peak of lactation. ...
... For Al-Haj and Al-Kanhal (2010), mean sodium value in CM was 590 ± 160 mg/L. The variation factors are obviously the same than for cations: sodium content is higher in late lactation compared to early lactation: 815.9 ± 20.8 vs. 682 ± 12 mg/L (Mal et al., 2007). Similar figure was reported by Oselu et al., (2022), but not by Alwan and Zwaik (2014) where the physiological changes were not significant. ...
... It is evident that when camels are exposed to drought conditions (seasonal water shortage), for the provision of fluid to the calf there is a physiological mechanism of change in the water content of milk. [22,23] Camel milk has a higher level of Vitamin C and equal or higher levels of vitamins B1 and B12 than milk of other domestic animals [29] and this high level of vitamin C is especially important for the nomadic pastoralists as they face rarity of fruits and vegetables [30,31]. Reported ranges for fat and protein percentages were 2.60-3.20 and 3.73-3.89, ...
... respectively in Pakistani camels [35]. In recent studies, [37] reported [18,30,31]. Reported ranges for SNF and total solids percentages were 7.25-8.25 and 9.85-11.45, ...
... Arabia. [30,31] reported range for percent acidity as 0.12-0.14 in Indian camel's milk. Mean value reported for percent acidity was to be 16.1±1.2 in Mauritanian camel's milk by [33]. ...
... In another reference (Jirimutu et al., 2010), including wild and domestic Bactrian camel from China, concentrations of 143.2 ± 4.7 mg/100ml was recorded in wild Bactrian, and from 122.9 ± 0.8 to 183.4 ± 1.87 mg/100ml in different domestic Bactrian farms. According to Mal et al., (2007), a higher milk calcium was observed at the late lactation (12-13 th month) than at early one (2-3 th month), respectively 97.3 ± 0.51 and 94.06 ± 0.75 mg/100ml. At reverse, El-Khasmi et al., (2001) reported higher calcium concentration in milk during the first week of milking: the concentration was 175 ± 16.4 mg/100ml at the parturition and decreased to120.6 ± 16.6 mg/100ml on the 10th day post-partum and did not change up to the end of the observation (day 30). ...
... mg/100ml) in accordance with Elhassan et al., (2016), respectively 95.3 ± 6.5 and 79.86 ± 7.3 mg/100ml although these values are depending of the region. As for calcium, phosphorus in milk was lower in early lactation (41.68 ± 0.55) than in late lactation (47.1 ±0.5 mg/100ml) (Mal et al., 2007). However, the phosphorus concentration in colostrum at the day of parturition was higher (110.6 ± 13.6 mg/100ml), then decreased up to 10th day post-partum (82.1 ± 10.4 mg/100ml), then was stable at least for the first month of lactation (El-Khasmi et al., 2001). ...
... There was no effect of rutting season on magnesemia in male (3.0 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.5 mg/100ml in breeding and non-breeding season respectively; Zia-Ur-Rahman et al., 2007). The magnesemia was lower on early lactation than in late (Mal et al., 2007): 1.82 ± 0.02 vs 1.35 ± 0.03 mg/100ml respectively, but no difference was observed according to parity or milk yield (Ahmed et al., 2003). From their side, Hussein et al., (1992a) did not observe significant change in blood magnesium throughout the lactation (overall mean: 2.55 ± 0.2) and no difference with non-lactating animals (2.43 ± 0.2 mg/100ml). ...
The macro-minerals, namely, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg), and electrolytes, namely, sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and bicarbonates (H2CO3), play different essential roles in organisms as fundamental constituents of skeletal structures (bones and teeth) and by their intervention in many functions contributing to the live metabolism. They are also involved in the mechanism of adaptation of camel in desert conditions, the electrolytes participating actively to the cycle dehydration/rehydration and to the water metabolism. Moreover, due to the strong skeleton of the animals (long legs, long neck, heavy head), the bone metabolism where calcium and phosphorus are essential, the macro-minerals investigation in this species was relatively important in the scientific literature. The variability of these parameters in camel are consequently highly under the dependance of the growing and watering status.
... Camel milk is a rich source of chloride [58] due to the forage eaten by camels such as Atriplex and Acacia, which usually have a [119] and may be one of the reasons of salty taste of milk [123]. The macromineral content of camel milk varied between breeds, such as Majaheim, Najdi, Wadah and Hamra [77] and Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachachhi [72,73]. The concentration of other macrominerals, namely Ca, Mg, P, Na and K, in camel milk is almost comparable to those of cow milk ( Table 7). ...
... The mean value of vitamin C concentration present in camel milk is 34.16 mgÁL -1 . The availability of relatively higher amount of vitamin C in raw camel milk is of significant relevance from the nutritional point as vitamin C exhibits powerful antioxidant action and it can be an alternative source of vitamin C under harsh environmental conditions in the arid and semiarid areas [72,73]. ...
... The Bactrian camel's milk is high in fat because these animals live in a cold desert environment and higher fat provides more energy to the suckling calves. The fat quantity in milk also depends upon the availability of water [72]. Milk fat composition revealed that the ratio of C12:0 to C18:0 saturated fatty acids in colostrum was lower than that of regular milk and the predominant saturated fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0, despite the lactation phase. ...
One humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) breeds, indigenous to India, have been shown to have good genetic potential to produce milk. Camel milk not only is cost-effective in terms of feed conversion but also has additional advantage of longer lactation period and unique adaptation mechanisms for warm arid and semiarid regions. The key features of camel milk in comparison with other milk are low fat with high content of unsaturated and long-chain fatty acid. The proteins are rich in lactoferrin and lysozymes, but deficient in β-lactoglobulin. It has higher percentage of total salts, free calcium, protective proteins and vitamin C, and some of the microminerals, viz iron, copper and zinc. Physicochemical properties of camel milk are also unique and useful for food processing. The shelf life of raw camel milk is 8–9 h, which can be extended up to 18–20 h through activation of camel lactoperoxidase system. Heat stability of camel milk is shown to be highest at pH 6.8, and it ferments relatively slowly compared to the cattle milk. The camel milk is successfully processed for producing a variety of products, such as fermented milk (‘lassi’), soft cheese, flavored milk and ‘kulfee’ (a kind of ice cream). Camel milk has been traditionally used in different regions of the world as natural adjuvant for managing a variety of human diseases.
... It is possible to preserve milk for a long amount of time without it developing a thick layer of cream due to the acidity of the milk itself. Camel milk has more vitamin C than cow milk 36 . Osteoporosis patients benefit from a diet high in vitamin C and iron, which help in calcium absorption 37 . ...
... According to a certain study, camel milk may be able to cure TB. Patients with tuberculosis who have developed resistance to various therapies may benefit from camel milk as an adjuvant dietary supplement 36 . ...
Camel milk has been demonstrated to be effective in treating a broad range of illnesses. Camel’s milk is regarded to have therapeutic properties because of its unique composition. Some people consider camel milk to be a precious commodity. White camel milk is made by combining fat and water. Several clinical studies have shown that camel’s milk is effective in treating a broad variety of diseases, including chronic ones. Most of the medicinal advantages of camel milk are included in this study. Camel Milk ingredients and qualities are similar to those found in mother’s milk, making it superior than cow’s milk. Insulin-like and protective proteins are found in abundance, along with lactose, which is the primary carbohydrate. It has anti-tumor qualities, and the robust immune system components assist combat disorders, including diabetes, autism, and diarrhea. It has been used by Nomads and Bedouins (Arabian tribals) for millennia because of these properties. The main objective of this review article is to demonstrate its various pharmacological roles. Camel’s milk is regarded as a vast medicinal property, as it contains a unique composition of bioactive moieties like lactose, proteins (Lactoferrin, Lactoperoxidase, Insulin, Casein), vitamins (A, B1, B2, C, D, E), minerals (Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper) carbohydrates etc. Most of the medicinal advantages of camel milk are covered in this paper, like its role in the management of autism, Crohn’s disease, allergic conditions, Hepatitis B and C, as antiviral and antibacterial agent. Hence, this study was planned to collect the updated latest information regarding use of camel’s milk, which will be very beneficial in the field of medicines and managing various ailments for the benefit of mankind.
... The amount of fat found in the current study is also in line to the results of Abdalla et al. (2015) and Babiker and El-Zubeir (2014). The results of total solids in current study were similar to the findings of Mal et al. (2007). Dromedary camel milk showed 11.9 % of TS contents. ...
... Current findings of SNF % (8.15±0.009-8.83±0.015 %) are in line with the previous studies depicting 7.25 to 8.25 % of solid-not-fat contents reported by Mal et al. (2007) and Mal et al. (2006). The variation in the different contents in the current study was supposed to be due to the high temperatures, feeding pattern, water availability, forage type, season, variant breed, and management conditions which may alter the nutritional composition of the milk in all breeds (Faraz et al., 2021a, b). ...
Camel milk has numerous nutraceuticals and therapeutical properties due to camel's desert habitat and grazing habits on wild vegetation. The current study aims to evaluate the impact of breed type and grazing habits on variations in nutritional aspects of milk among camel breeds of south Punjab, Pakistan. The samples were collected from local area (Vehari Chowk) of Multan and Bahawalpur (Cholistan dessert). The milk was taken from the twelve camels of four breeds i.e., B1 (Sindhri) and B2 (Malgadhi) from Multan and B3 (Desi) and B4 (Marrechi) from Bahawalpur and pool was prepared by thoroughly mixing. The various parameters of milk, i.e., physicochemical analysis, fatty acids composition, protein contents, amino acid profiling, and mineral concentrations, were evaluated and characterized. Minerals, i.e., Na, K, Zn and Pb in camel milk were found in considerable concentrations such as 405.94±0.02, 204.16±0.10, 2.45± 0.02 and 0.25±0.02 ppm accordingly. During physicochemical analysis, pH and protein were present in higher amounts. Casein of camel breeds contains higher amounts of amino acids i.e., Leucine (0.25±0.039 %), Lysine (0.12±0.019 %), Aspartic acid (0.18±0.017 %) and Glutamic acid (0.56±0.087 %). Fatty acids were present in significant concentrations in all camel breeds, i.e., Butyric acid (0.760±0.012 g/100g), Lauric acid (0.770±0.120 g/100g), Myristic acid (12.420±1.163 g/100g) and Linoleic acid (2.390±0.112 g/100g). Hence, the results concluded that the nutritional value of camel milk was varied due to their different breeds, genetic variations, grazing pattern and environmental conditions, which should be considered before camel milk consumption and utilization for various therapeutical applications.
... Raziq et al. (2011) reported in their studies collected the milk samples for the composition of 6 female camels in the early and late-stage of lactation of Kohi camel in Balochistan, Pakistan; they sampled in an extensive environment and reported fat and protein percentages as 2.63 and 4.01, respectively. Mal et al. (2006Mal et al. ( , 2007 described the range in Indian camel's milk for the percentage of protein and fat as 3.8-3.9 and 2.5-3.3, ...
... While another study was conducted on Marecha camel breed's milk, total solids and SNF were 13.38 and 8.96 percent with 3-5 parity animals in Thal area at initial and mid stage lactation (Faraz et al., 2018). Mal et al. (2006Mal et al. ( , 2007 conducted a study on Indian camel's milk and the results showed that the ranges of percentages for total solids and SNF as 9. 85-11.45 and 7.25-8.25, respectively in different parity numbers and lactation stages. ...
The current research was conducted to investigate the outcome of lactation stage and pregnancy on milk composition and production of Marecha dromedary camel at Camel Breeding and Research Station (CBRS), Rakh Mahni, district Bhakkar of Punjab province, Pakistan. Two comparable groups of she-camels were formed and each group had ten she-camels; one group was selected from early lactation stage (1-3 months) with no pregnancy (G1) and the second group (G2) with end lactation stage (11-14 months) with pregnancy (2-4). Milk yield was recorded in liters. By using Milky Lab Analyzer, the estimated values of milk composition were determined including protein, total solids, fat, density, lactose, and solids not fat (SNF). The difference between composition of milk, and yield was found to be significantly (P<0.05) high. Solids not fat (SNF), protein, and total solids in milk were found to be highly significant (P<0.05) in early lactating and non-pregnant females while milk density and lactose were studied to be highly significant in mid-end lactating and pregnant she-camels. A significant reduction in milk fat, protein, and SNF total solids was studied as the stage of lactation proceed. The results showed that physiological condition like the lactation stage and pregnancy has great significant effects on milk composition and yield. Novelty Statement | Camel is a chief source of food security especially for the arid and semi-arid areas of Pakistan, where the pastorals mainly rely on this natural resource for their food and day to day activities. The major product of camel is milk in this area, while this study especially deals with two important factors i.e. lactation stage and pregnancy effects on milk profile of Marecha dromedary camel in desert adobes. This study will make the primary database of country for related future studies and will pave a way for further investigations in camel science.
... The amount of fat found in the current study is also in line to the results of Abdalla et al. (2015) and Babiker and El-Zubeir (2014). The results of total solids in current study were similar to the findings of Mal et al. (2007). Dromedary camel milk showed 11.9 % of TS contents. ...
... Current findings of SNF % (8.15±0.009-8.83±0.015 %) are in line with the previous studies depicting 7.25 to 8.25 % of solid-not-fat contents reported by Mal et al. (2007) and Mal et al. (2006). The variation in the different contents in the current study was supposed to be due to the high temperatures, feeding pattern, water availability, forage type, season, variant breed, and management conditions which may alter the nutritional composition of the milk in all breeds (Faraz et al., 2021a, b). ...
This study aimed to evaluate anti-diabetic potential of functional camel milk yogurt enriched with Cinnamomum verum and Stevia rebaudiana that not only mask its peculiar flavour rather have an antidiabetic effect as well. Sixty-three pathogen free STZ-induced albino Wistar rats were categorized into 7 groups on the basis of treatments. From each treatment group three animals were dissected periodically at 0, 7 and 21 days of study to determine the effect of all treatments on physicochemical parameters, serum glucose, serum chemistry and haematology. The study revealed that the mean blood glucose level in the untreated control group was within normal range (100–108 mg/dl) while there was noticeable decrease in mean blood glucose level of all the treated groups during three weeks’ trial. Decline in blood glucose level (46%) was higher in animal group containing functional camel milk yogurt (T4) at 3rd week of trial as compared to other treatments.
... In a very recent study, Faraz et al. (2018) investigated milk composition of Marecha she-camel reared under traditional management system in Thal desert, Punjab Pakistan and reported milk fat and protein percentage as 4.44 and 3.42, respectively during early and mid-lactation stage in 3-5 parity animals. Mal et al. (2006Mal et al. ( , 2007 reported ranges for fat and protein percentages as 2.50-3.30 and 3.75-3.92, ...
... percent SNF and total solids in milk of Marecha she camel reared under traditional management system in desert Thal in early and mid-stage lactation with 3-5 parity animals. Mal et al. (2006Mal et al. ( , 2007 reported ranges for SNF and total solids percentages as 7.25-8.25 and 9.85-11.45, respectively in Indian camel's milk in different stage of lactation and parity numbers. ...
Camel is an integral part of livestock as Pakistan ranks 8th in the world regarding its population. Mainly
the camel production is in remote areas as pastoral system in desert ecosystem of Pakistan. Due to the
urbanization, this husbandry system is changed and the cameleers are moving towards urban/peri-urban
areas of arid and semi-arid environment. This study was planned to check its production potential in
extensive management system (EMS) and semi-intensive management system (SIMS). The mean milk
yield and range of Marecha she-camel was found to be 5.6±0.3, 6.1±0.2 and 3-8 and 5-9 kg under EMS
and SIMS, respectively. The fat, protein, lactose, SNF and total solids percentage was found to be 4.44,
4.40; 3.42, 3.38; 4.82, 4.76; 8.96, 8.93 and 13.38; 13.33, respectively under EMS and SIMS. The results
could be used for future intensive camel production in Pakistan.
... Documented range of fat and protein % was 2.60 to 3.20 and 3.73 to 3.89 respectively in Indian CaM (Mal et al., 2006(Mal et al., , 2007. While Mal and Pathak (2010) reported 5.5 % fat and 3.87 % protein in milk of Bactrian Indian camel. ...
... August 2020 | Volume 8 | Issue 7 | Page 769 Iqbal et al. (2001) Mal et al. (2006Mal et al. ( , 2007 documented ranges for SNF and total milk solids as 7.25 to 8.25 and 9.85 to 11.45 % respectively in Indian camel. Documented SNF and total milk solids % were to be 9.18 and 14.68 % respectively in milk of Bactrian camel (Mal and Pathak, 2010). ...
... This could be very useful of the body health. Furthermore, camel milk fat is completely homogenized with the smallest globule's diameter around 2.99 μm which imparts a smooth texture to the milk [7][8][9]. ...
... It has been reported that peptidoglycon recognition protein can role as anticancer activity against breast cancer through controlling metastasis [6]. Milk fat is an important component in Table 1: Chemical composition of camel milk and cow milk [8,9]. be around 32 μU/ml which is much more comparing to other bovines, but this is could vary considering lactation stages. ...
Camel has been mentioned in Quran in different places and described a miracle of almighty God. Also, prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has recommend camel in his speech (hadith). The prophet (PBUH) has recommended camel milk for some diseases such as skin disease as remedy. Camel plays in important livestock which produced milk longer than any other ruminant under harsh condition of desert ecosystem. Camel milk is different from other ruminant milk different ways. Camel milk is rich in vitamin C and protective proteins such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and lysozyme. Camel milk lacks β-lactoglobulin and used as an option for the individuals intolerant to lactose of cow's milk. Camel milk is extraordinary in terms of antioxidative agents, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti-arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventing aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and cosmetics. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus could act as antiulcer. Therefore, this review focuses on the composition of camel milk and miraculous and medicinal aspect of camel milk in treating some diseases.
... Present findings are in contrast with the findings of Elamin and Wilcox [35] who reported 3.15% fat and 2.81% protein in milk of Majaheim camel in Saudi Arabia, Mehaia [36], Morin and Rowan [37], Konuspayeva [38] reported fat and protein percentage up to 3.22 and 2.91. Mal [39,40] reported ranges for fat and protein percentages as 2.60-3.20 and 3.73-3.89, respectively in Indian camel's milk. ...
... and 5.56-8.29 gm/100 gm. Mal [39,40] reported ranges for SNF and total solids percentages as 7.25-8.25 and 9.85-11.45; respectively in Indian camel's milk. ...
... At the end of lactation, the corresponding levels were 35.49 ± 0.89 mEqL-1, 71.86 ± 1.43 mEqL-1, 97.32 ± 0.51 mg%, 47.14 ± 0.52 mg % and 13.58 ± 0.31 mg%, respectively (Mal et al., 2007). Differences in macro-mineral levels reported by various research groups may be due to race differences or environmental conditions such as food and soil. ...
... August 2018 | Volume 6 | Issue 8 | Page 319 synthetic activity in breast tissue during the early lactation phase, which decreased as lactation progressed (Stahl et al., 2006).The low pH due to the vitamin C content stabilizes the milk and can be stored relatively longer periods. Camel's milk is of significant nutritional importance because vitamin C has a powerful antioxidant action availability of a relatively higher amount of vitamin C in raw (Mal et al., 2007). ...
Camel milk is an excellent substitute for human milk and does not contain ß-lactoglobulin. This study intends to review the therapeutic effects of nutritional values of the camel milk in the treatment of different human diseases. MEDLINE from1946 to March 2016, EMBASE from1974 to March 2016, and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: milk, bodily secretions, camels, camelus, camelides, dromedary, bactrian camel, insulin and nano-antibodies. The identified articles were reviewed, if the study was investigating the use of camel milk for the potential treatment of diseases that affecting humans. Accordingly, 24 out of 430 studies were included after assessment. The identified studies highlighted the application of camel milk in the treatment of diseases, including diabetes, autism, cancer, various infections, heavy metal toxicity, colitis, and alcohol-induced toxicity. Although most studies using both the human and animal model, a clinical benefit with an intervention of the camel milk, showed variations and sometimes limitations, therefore, the observations of the reviewed studies must be taken into consideration.In conclusion, and based on the evidences of the reviewed studies, the authors recommend to do more future studies on camel milk before consider it to replace the standard therapies for any human diseases.
... In the desert, high water content with low fat percentage is a definite advantage. The higher ash contents during late lactation suggest that camel milk can provide a satisfactory level of minerals (Mal et al., 2007). ...
The camels are the most dominant and widely distributed animal in
tropical and subtropical continents of Africa and Asia. They make an important
contribution to human survival and utilization of these dry and arid lands. The
objective of this review is to describe the general compositions of camel milk and
its nutritive and medicinal values. Camels are an important source of milk, meat,
hides, wool and serve as a source of prestige for their owners. Camel‟s products
like milk, meat and urine has nutritional value as well as therapeutic for different
human diseases especially in the pastoral communities. Milk is the lacteal
secretion of mammary gland of mammals. As it is well known, milk is the first
natural food of young mammals during the period immediately after birth. Camel
milk is one of the most valuable food resources in the nomadic society and has
high nutritive and therapeutic values, due to its essential elements like minerals,
vitamins, fatty acids, carbohydrates and protective proteins such as, lactoferrin,
lacto peroxidase, lysozme, peptidoglycan recognition protein and
immunoglobulins. Camel milk contains disease-fighting immunoglobulins, which
are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness
of the immune system. Camel milk has a medicinal properties suggesting that, this
milk contains protective proteins, which may have a possible role for enhancing
immune defense mechanism. Due to its protective proteins and other
components, camel‟s milk is important for the treatment of diseases like, dropsy,
jaundice, spleen ailment, tuberculosis, asthma, anemia, autoimmune diseases
(autism), constipation, crohn‟s diseases, and liver cirrhosis also serve as beauty
products. Pastoralists have indigenous knowledge in treating their animals and
themselves using milk. Because they are living at periphery and remote area
where social services are in scarce or even absence and therefore, they depends on
traditional medicines. Camel milk is among the items used as traditional
medicine in pastoral communities. Generally, Camel milk is extremely nutritious
and safe for consumption and has a high therapeutic value, so experimental
researches should be conducted specially on the medicinal value of camel milk.
Keywords: Camel milk, Composition, Nutrition, Medicinal value
... Because of the lower pH caused by the higher vitamin C concentration, the milk can be maintained for longer periods of time without forming a cream layer. The presence of a significantly higher level of vitamin C in camel milk is important from a nutritional standpoint, as it has strong antioxidant properties(Mal et al., 2007). ...
... Because of the lower pH caused by the higher vitamin C concentration, the milk can be maintained for longer periods of time without forming a cream layer. The presence of a significantly higher level of vitamin C in camel milk is important from a nutritional standpoint, as it has strong antioxidant properties(Mal et al., 2007). ...
Camel milk is relatively new product for consumption for many people. Camel milk has the potential to contribute to human nutrition in hot and dry places of the world, since it plays a key role in the desert ecosystem. All of the key elements found in other milk are present in camel milk. Camel milk, both fresh and fermented, has been used for human consumption and the treatment of a variety of maladies in several parts of the world, including India, Russia, and Sudan. The physic-chemical and medicinal properties of camel milk are very impressive. This article reviews physic-chemical properties of camel milk, also comparing it with bovine milk and other available milk.
... In fact, the pH of milk may depend on other factors, such as milk composition, lactation stage, milk yield, and the nature of feed. In this context, Mal et al. (2007) highlighted that the pH of camel milk was related to the concentration of vitamin C. ...
This study was carried out to determine the risk factors implicated in camel subclinical mastitis as well as the physico-mineral features of camel milk, there by examining the effect of this disease on those parameters. Milk samples were obtained from 125 lactating multiparous she-camels (aged 10–12 years) during early lactation from December 2020 to April 2021. The samples were screened for the presence of subclinical mastitis using the somatic cell count (SCC) test. In total, 73 (58.4%) samples showed the presence of subclinical mastitis, whereas the remaining 52 (41.6%) samples showed negative results for subclinical mastitis. Standard methods were used to appreciate the pH and mineral composition of the milk samples, such as Ca, Na, Cl, and K contents. In camels, unhygienic udder condition was identified as the major risk factor for the incidence of subclinical mastitis. Calf mortality and increased herd size were associated with a higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Tick infestations were also significantly associated with increased disease risk. Use of antisuckling devices, increase in milk yield, and weakness of body condition were identified as main risk factors and were primarily associated with the disease. However, udder lesions and deformities, milking frequency, and owner visits had no significant influence on the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The overall mean pH value was 6.54 ± 0.01 and the mean values of Ca, Na, Cl, and K contents were 148.24 ± 2.55, 53.83 ± 1.52, 124.99 ± 1.80, and 240.22 ± 3.80 mg/100 g, respectively. When the level of milk from healthy animals and that from camels with subclinical mastitis (SCC > 2.4 × 10⁵) were compared, it showed that Na and Cl contents were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with the increase in SCC (56.52 vs.50.07 and 128.26 vs.120.40 mg/100 g, respectively). In contrast, there were no notable changes (p > 0.05) in the Ca, K, and pH values. In conclusion, udder hygiene, calf mortality, herd size, tick infestations, use of antisuckling devices, higher milk yield, and body condition were identified as the major risk factors that predispose the camels to subclinical mastitis. Furthermore, an increase in the Na and Cl levels in camel milk was observed along with udder inflammation. Consequently, the elevated Na and Cl levels in milk can be a sign of subclinical mastitis in camels.
... The vitamin C content of CM causes a low pH and as a result, it makes the milk stable and it can be kept fresh for a longer time. Vitamin C has strong antioxidant activity in CM (45). CM colostrum contains more vitamins A, E and B1 than adult CM (29). ...
Camel milk (CM) has been found to have several health benefits, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-cancer activities. In addition, CM can counter signs of aging and may be a useful naturopathic treatment for autoimmune diseases. The composition of CM varies with geographic origin, feeding conditions, seasonal and physiological changes, genetics and camel health status. In the present review, we collate the diverse scientific literature studying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CM and its bioactive compounds. The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched until the end of September 2021 using the keywords: camel milk, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of CM in various inflammatory disorders was consistently reported to be through modulating inflammatory cells and mediators. The common anti-inflammatory bioactive components of CM seem to be lactoferrin. The antioxidant effects of α-lactalbumin, β-caseins and vitamin C of CM work by reducing or inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anions and peroxyl radicals, likely alleviating oxidative stress. Higher levels of protective proteins such as lysozyme, IgG and secretory IgA compared to cow’s milk, and insulin-like protein activity of CM on ß cells appear to be responsible for the immunomodulatory properties of CM. The evidence indicates that CM and its bioactive components has the potential to be a therapeutic value for diseases that are caused by inflammation, oxidative stress and/or immune-dysregulation.
... In India, there is a significant improvement of symptoms observed values through consumption of camel milk by multidrug-resistant tuberculosis ill patients. Moreover, it can save the body from bacterial and viral infections [57,89]. ...
... Post-partum changes in gross chemical composition of camel milk showed an increase in fat from 0.10 to 3.78, while protein decreased from 17.62 to 2.66% after 27 days of parturition (Singh et al. 2006). The higher ash contents during late lactation suggest that camel milk can provide a satisfactory level of minerals (Mal et al., 2007). ...
- The camel milk is the most important and
commonly used food in the tropical and subtropical
regions of Asia and Africa. Camel is a significant animal
that contributes to social persistence of arid and dry agro-
ecologies. Camel’s products like milk, meat and urine has
therapeutic value for different human diseases especially
in the pastoral societies. Mammals produce milk in the
mammary gland lacteal secretion. As it is obvious, milk is
natural food young mammals. Among all lactating
animal in the nomadic people, camel is one of the most
appreciated mammal by producing highly nutritive and
therapeutic milk. Camel milk has essential elements such
as minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, carbohydrates and
protective proteins like immunoglobulins,
lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and lysozme. Moreover,
camel milk comprises small sized protective proteins or
immunoglobulins which can fight diseases, through
penetration of antigen body and increasing the efficiency
of the resistance of diseases like, dropsy, jaundice, spleen
ailments, tuberculosis, asthma, anemia, autoimmune
diseases (autism), constipation, crohn’s diseases, liver
cirrhosis and also serve as beauty goods. Since, camel is
native and well known among the pastoral society; they
have indigenous information in treating themselves and
their domestic animals using camel milk, as they are
existing at distant zone where community services are in
scarce or even absence and hence, they depends on
traditional medicines. Camel milk is among the items
used as traditional medicine in pastoral communities. The
objective of this paper is to review the medicinal value of
camel milk.
... There are five classes of human antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE; the immunoglobulins are macromolecules that have difficulties reaching and penetrating antigens [16]. However, camel's immunoglobulins, because of their small size, pass into the milk and are transferred into the human blood; in this way, camel milk will work against autoimmune diseases, increasing the defenses of the immune system [53]. ...
In most areas of the world, camelids are considered exotic animals, living only in zoological gardens. Additionally, considering the original lands where they were previously bred with specific economic and social aims, today it is possible to detect a reduction in their total numbers. Typically bred as working animals for goods transportation in desert regions, and as a source of meat and milk, in recent years, camels have been dismissed due to the construction of new roads for motor vehicles, the migration of nomadic populations from deserts to urban zones, and the choice of some autochthonous bovine breeds as sources of meat and milk. The decline in camelids heads seems irreversible. Camels should be considered a valid source of food in marginal areas; the peculiar quality parameters of their milk, showing the proper characteristics for the use of this milk in human nutrition, can justify the choice for breeding them, rather than considering camels only as objects of amusement.
... than that of control samples, while, the milk samples S1, S3 and S4 were found to be similar for acidity to that of control milk sample. In contrast, Mal et al. (2007) reported the acidity of fresh camel milk is 0.12% ± 0.03%. This variation might be due to inversely proportional relationship of acidity with pH values by formation of lactic acid from lactose or because of storage at freezing temperature to preserve market milk for a longer period. ...
The present study was designed to check the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of market camel milk, sold in the Hyderabad city. A total of 30 samples were collected and divided into 5 groups, i.e., S0 (control “fresh milk” taken directly from camel), S1(Shop no.1), S2 (Shop no.2) S3 (Shop no.3) and S4 (Shop no.4). The conductivity, (mS/cm) of S1 (7.27), S2 (7.22), S3 (7.49) and S4 (7.94) was significantly (p < 0.05) high to that of control group (5.82). The pH value of all groups i.e., S1 (6.02), S2 (5.74), S3 (5.84) and S4 (6.23) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower to that of control S0 (6.56). The specific gravity of S2 (1.022) was found significantly (p < 0.05) decreased to that of S0 (1.029), S1 (1.027) and S3 (1.026). The titratable acidity % was recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher in S2 (0.25) than rest of the groups (0.16-0.18). Significantly (p < 0.05) low values of the viscosity (cP) were noted in S4 (1.69) group as compared to S0 (1.96), and S1 (1.95). In the context of chemical analysis, the percent moisture content of S1, S2, S3 and S4 was observed 89.40, 90.40, 89.93 and 90.26 respectively which were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated compared to S0 (88.35). The protein content of control (2.99), and S1 (2.97) was found significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of S2 (2.53), S3 (2.67) and S4 (2.52) groups. Similarly, the fat content of S2 (2.10) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of control (3.02). It was concluded that the conductivity and titratable acidity of the camel milk were observed higher, while pH, specific gravity and viscosity were noticed lower in the samples of different shops, compared with control (fresh milk). Chemically, the higher moisture and lower total solid content were observed in the camel milk collected from shops (S1 to S4) in comparison to freshly collected camel milk (S0). Overall highest acceptability score with nutritive values was perceived in S0 than all other groups.
... The chemical composition determined in different studies is shown in Table 1. Source: [28]. ...
Milk is considered a complete food because all of the nutrients important to fulfill a newborn’s daily requirements are present, including vitamins and minerals, ensuring the correct growth rate. A large amount of global milk production is represented by cow, goat, and sheep milks; these species produce about 87% of the milk available all over the world. However, the milk obtained by minor dairy animal species is a basic food and an important family business in several parts of the world. Milk nutritional properties from a wide range of minor dairy animal species have not been totally determined. Hot temperatures and the lack of water and feed in some arid and semi-arid areas negatively affect dairy cows; in these countries, milk supply for local nomadic populations is provided by camels and dromedaries. The nutritional quality in the milk obtained from South American camelids has still not been completely investigated, the possibility of creating an economic resource for the people living in the Andean highlands must be evaluated. Both mare and donkey milks show a chemical composition very similar to human milk, and they represent a good replacer of cows’ milk for infants nutrition, especially for children affected by cow milk proteins allergy. In this review, differences and similarities in the quality parameters of milk from minor dairy animals, such as camelids and equids, have been compared.
... Previous findings exposed that the quantity of these minerals in milk of camel is higher (Al-Wabel, 2008). Moreover, Mal et al. (2007) illustrated that in milk of camel the contents of potassium 50.74 mEqL-1, sodium 29.70 mEqL-1, calcium94.06 mg percent, P values (41.68 mg) and Mg values (11.82 mg percent) found in early lactating camels. ...
Milk is a complete diet for the human beings because it comprises all the supplements, such as water, fat, carbohydrates, lactose, protein, minerals, nutrients and catalysts. A total of 20 % milk is obtained from different species including sheep, ass, horse, yak, goat, bison and camel while the 80 % milk is produced by cows. Milk of camel plays an essential part in the diet of human. Additionally, camel milk comprises numerous fatty acids and enzymes. Hence camel milk has many beneficial effects, such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-ageing. Besides, camel milk contains abundant proteins which are conductive to improve the immunity functions. Thus, it is necessary to illuminate the beneficial impact of camel milk and its composition.
... Haddadin et al. (2008) found a slight monthly change, between 30.2 and 35.5 mg/l, but without a clear seasonal pattern. In the Indian camel, no significant difference was found in early lactation (52.6 ± 4.7 mg/m) compared to late lactation (48.4 ± 2 mg/l) (Mal et al., 2007). In the Kazakh Bactrian camel, higher values of vitamin C were observed: from 48 to 256 mg/l (mean 184), with a tendency to increase throughout lactation with a maximum at week 31, i.e., in the summer season (Konuspayeva et al., 2010a). ...
Several authors base their arguments to promote the health benefits of camel milk on components such as vitamins. However, except for vitamin C, the number of references is limited and, overall, reported concentrations in the literature are highly variable because of the use of different analytical methods, materials and study contexts. The present review gives up-to date information regarding the values of fat-and water-soluble vitamins (A, and C) reported in milk of large camelids from different parts of the world.
... The protein content in this study was similar to protein content with other studies as in Ellouze and Kamoun [34] with 2.29%; Raghvendar, et al. [35] with 2.30%, but more than the results of Omer and Eltinay [36] with 2.06%. However, the protein content in this study was quite low, compared to the majority of authors as Mal, et al. [37]; Mal, et al. [38] with 3.73% and 3.89%, respectively; Bakheit, et al. [39] 3.4% and the average is 3.1±0.5% [40]. In general, the protein percentage of raw camel milk ranges between 2.15 and 4.90% [41] or between 2.30% and 3.95% [1] or between 3 and 3.90% [42]. ...
... The protein content in this study was similar to protein content with other studies as in Ellouze and Kamoun [34] with 2.29%; Raghvendar, et al. [35] with 2.30%, but more than the results of Omer and Eltinay [36] with 2.06%. However, the protein content in this study was quite low, compared to the majority of authors as Mal, et al. [37]; Mal, et al. [38] with 3.73% and 3.89%, respectively; Bakheit, et al. [39] 3.4% and the average is 3.1±0.5% [40]. In general, the protein percentage of raw camel milk ranges between 2.15 and 4.90% [41] or between 2.30% and 3.95% [1] or between 3 and 3.90% [42]. ...
Camel milk is considered one of the most valuable food sources for people in arid and semi-arid areas and is in increasing demand in many European countries and North America. The objective of this study was to investigate the camel milk composition, udder health and effect of different storage times and temperatures on raw milk quality using camel milking machine "StimuLactor" (ST-C). This work was carried out in the department of research and development of Siliconform Türkheim, Germany. Five one-humped dromedary lactating camels were used in this experiment. Milk samples were collected and fat, Protein, Lactose, Somatic cell count (SCC) and Bacterial count (BC) were determined. In none of the tested milk samples pathogenic bacteria could be shown, i.e. all quarters were healthy during the study period. The mean contents of fat, protein, lactose, SCC and BC of milk samples were 2.92±0.07%, 2.28±0.01%, 3.91±0.02%, 126.43±7.21 x 103 cells/ml and 23.88±0.57 x 103 Bacteria/ml, respectively. After 24 h at room temperature or 48 h at 4 degree a refrigerator, storing raw milk samples had no significant changes in the milk composition and-quality. In Conclusion, a good safe raw camel milk with normal composition was obtained if hygienic measures were taken into consideration in the farm and by using the camel milking machine for milk removal. Furthermore, we could store the raw camel milk for 24 h at room temperature or for 48 h in the refrigerated temperature without any hygienic quality problems, and all milk components did not significantly change.
... These results confirmed those of El-Hatmi et al. (2004) and Raziq et al. (2011), who reported that the ash content increased during lactation. The higher ash contents during late lactation stage suggest that camel milk can provide a satisfactory level of minerals (Mal et al. 2007). There was a negative relationship between total solid and lactation stage in dromedary. ...
... ( جدكؿ 4 حميب في الدىنية االحماض لقيـ نية الكز النسب ) االبؿ /اـ (مايكركغر 100 )مؿ ( Singh et al. 2006 and Srikumar , 2001) مثؿ ة النادر العناصر ك المعدنية االمالح مف عالية اكيز تر يحتكم انو كجد كقد. , (الصكديكـ )الخارصيف , المغنسيكـ , النحاس , نؾ الز , الحديد , البكتاسيكـ ( Mohemad et al. 2005 ;Sawaya et al. 2006 ;ALHashem , 2009) , امتصاص عمى يساعد الذم ك بالفكسفكر غنية الحميب بركتينات أف ثبت قد أنو إلى باإلضافة يس كبالتالي اليضمية القناة مف الكالسيكـ ال أف عمى عالكة ىذا ,الكالسيكـ مف الجسـ تفيد حميب ا ن أيض غني ذاتو ,بالكالسيكـ ( Mal et al. 2007) . يحتكم االبؿ حميب نؾ الز مثؿ ة النادر العناصر مف مختمفة اكيز تر عمى 2.00 ك اـ/لتر مميغر ال نحاس 0.44 اـ/لتر مميغر ك بتركيز الحديد 1.00 نسبة تقدر انو كما , ,اـ/لتر مميغر ب النتركجيف 3.2 % (Nx6.38) ( Attia et al. 2000) . ...
هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى دراسة مكونات حليب الابل العراقية وعزل وتنقية بروتيناته وتقييم كفائتها في تنشيط انواع من الخلايا السرطانية خارج الجسم الحي , تم جمع عينات الحليب من 50 ناقة متواجدة في قضاء الرطبة غرب العراق , ثم تم تقدير المحتوى الكيميائي كالدهن , الرماد , اللاكتوز , البروتين , الاجسام الصلبة الكلية , الاجسام الصلبة اللادهنية , الحموضة , درجة الاس الهيدروجيني , الوزن النوعي , درجة الانجماد للحليب والرطوبة . وتم تحضير بروتينات حليب الابل (الكازائين والشرش) ثم دراسة المحتوى الكلي للبروتين فيها . كما تم تقدير نسبة الاملاح في حليب الابل ودراسة نوعية الاحماض الدهنية وتراكيز المركبات الفعالة وتراكيز الفيتامينات والتركيب الكيميائي للاحماض الدهنية في حليب الابل العراقية . كما وتضمنت الدراسة عزل بروتين الكازائين في وسط حامضي (pH:4.6) وبروتين الشرش والتنقية بعمود التبادل الايوني DEAE- Cellulose . ومن اجل التاكد من نقاوة البروتينات المعزولة اجريت عملية الترحيل الكهربائي على هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد و بجهاز ( HPLC) كروماتوغرافيا السائل عالية الاداء , ولمعرفة تاثير بروتينات الحليب على المحتوى الدقيق للخلايا السرطانية تم اجراء اختبار (HSC)High Screening Content باعتماد بروتينات الكازائين والشرش كمادة مثبطة لخلايا السرطان البشري (A549) Human Lung Adenocarcinoma , ومن اجل تقييم الكفاءة التثبيطية لبروتين الكازائين والشرش ضد انواع مختلفة فقد استعملت اربعة انواع من الخلايا السرطانية A549, MCF7, PC3, HepG2 وتم تحديد نسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية بطريقة اختبار MTT .
اظهر نتائج الدراسة ما يأتي :
- ان حليب الابل يحتوي على تراكيز من الدهن , الرماد , اللاكتوز , البروتين , الاجسام الصلبة الكلية , الاجسام الصلبة اللادهنية , وان درجة الحموضة والاس الهيدروجيني , الوزن النوعي , درجة الانجماد للحليب والرطوبة ضمن الحدود الطبيعية لحليب الابل .
- ان حليب الابل يحتوي على تراكيز عالية من الاملاح المعدنية (الكالسيوم والكلورايد والفسفور والصوديوم والبوتاسيوم ) وبتراكيز اقل (المنغنيز والمغنسيوم والنحاس والحديد والزنك) .
- اظهر تحليل الاحماض الامينية لحليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي على تراكيز عالية من (الثايرونين والجلوماتيك والسيرين وتربتوفان ) وبتراكيز اقل من ايزوليوسين والتيروسين والثيرونين .
- اظهرت النتائج من تحليل حليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي على نسب من المركبات الفعالة (اللايسوزايم واللاكتوفرين واللاكتوبيروكسيد وامينوكلوبيولين IgG وامينوكلوبيولين IgA ) .
- واظهرت نتائج تحليل حليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي تراكيز من الفيتامينات (فيتامينC ونياسين وريبوفلافين وفيتامينB6 وفيتامين B12 والثايمين وان تركيز فيتامين C كان الاعلى.
- بينت نتائج تحليل حليب الابل العراقية انه يحتوي على الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة (كابرليك وكوريك ولوريك وميرستيك وبالمتيك) والاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة (اللينوليك والاوليك والينولنيك والبيوتريك).
- اظهرت نتائج الفصل لحليب الابل العراقية بعمود التبادل الايوني DEAE-Cellulose ثلاث قمم بروتينية لكل من بروتين الكازائين وبروتين الشرش .
- اشارت نتائج الفصل بجهاز HPLC الى ظهور عدد من القمم التي تشير الى بروتينات مفصولة من حليب الابل العراقيه.
- بينت نتائج الدراسة الحالية ظهور حزم بروتينية مشابهة لبروتين الكازائين القياسي على هلام متعدد الاكريلاميد . وظهور حزم اخرى لبروتين الشرش .
- اشارت نتائج هذه الدراسه الى ظهور حزمتان لبروتين الكازائين وثلاث حزم لبروتين الشرش المعزوله بواسطة عمود المبادل الايوني على هلام الاكريلاميد وتم تعين الاوزان الجزيئيه لهذه البروتينات والمحصوره بين (90000-20000)المتمثله بهذه الحزم.
- عند اجراء التجربة البايولوجية اوضحت نتائج هذه الدراسة امتلاك حليب الابل لفعالية تثبيطية متباينة تجاه محتوى الخلايا السرطانية الاربعة MCF-7, PC3, A549, HepG2 .
- وعند دراسة التركيز المثبط لنصف الخلايا المدروسة IC50 تجاه هذه الخلايا وجد انه كان اكثر فعالية تجاه الخلايا (A549) ثم (MCF-7) ثم (HepG2) ثم (PC3) لبروتينات الشرش . والتركيز المثبط لنصف الخلايا المدروسة لبروتين الكازائين كان اكثر فعالية عند الخلايا (HepG2) ثم (PC3) ثم (MCF-7) ثم (A549) . اظهر تنتائج اختبار المحتوى الخلوي الدقيق (HSC) الذي اظهرته بروتينات حليب الابل ضد الاجزاء الخلوية باستعمال مجهر الفلورسنت Flourescence microscope حدوث انخفاض في عدد الخلايا السرطانية المستخدمة من نوع Human Lung Adenocarcinoma(A549) مع حدوث تغيرات مظهرية في شكل وحجم الميتوكوندريا والانوية مع حدوث تنشيط ملحوظ في Cytochrome C بفعل المعاملة ببروتين الكازائين والشرش في حليب الابل العراقية وهذا ما يشير السمية الموجودة في هذه البروتينات تجاه الخلايا السرطانية عند مقارنتها مع الخلايا غير المعاملة وخلايا السيطرة الموجبة .
- اظهرت نتائج معاملة خلايا (A549) بتراكيز من بروتين الكازائين فعالية تباينت حسب التركيز المستخدم وتبعاً للجزء الذي تاثر بهذه الفعالية فنجد ان تركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل من بروتين الكازائين قد اعطى فعالية تجاه المادة النووية الكلية Total Nuclear Intensity ويليها التركيز 25 مايكروغرام/مل ثم التركيز 12.5 مايكروغرام/مل ثم التركيز 50 مايكروغرام/مل ثم التركيز 100 مايكروغرام/مل . في حين ان التركيز 100 مايكروغرام/مل من الكازائين اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه نفاذية غشاء الخليةCell Membrane Permeability ثم التركيز(25, 12.5, 6.25, 50) مايكروغرام/مل . في حين ان التركيز 100 مايكروغرام/مل من الكازائين اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه Cytochrom C ثم التراكيز (150, 25, 12.5, 6.25) مايكروغرام/مل , والتركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل من الكازائين اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه غشاء الميتوكوندريا Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ثم التراكيز (12.5, 25, 50, 100) مايكروغرام/مل .
- واظهرت نتائج معاملة الخلايا (A459) بتراكيز من بروتين الشرش فعالية تباينت تبعا للتركيز والجزء الذي تثار بهذه الفعالية فنجد ان تركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل من بروتين الكازائين قد اعطى فعالية تجاه المادة النووية الكليةTotal Nuclear Intensity ثم التراكيز (12.5, 25, 100, 50) مايكروغرام/مل . والتركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه نفاذية الغشاء الخلوي Cell Membrane Permeability ثم التركيز(12.5, 25, 100, 50) مايكروغرام/مل . والتركيز 6.25 مايكروغرام/مل اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه Cytochrom C ثم التراكيز (12.5, 50, 100, 25) مايكروغرام/مل , والتركيز 25 مايكروغرام/مل اعطى اعلى فعالية تجاه غشاء الميتوكوندريا Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ثم التراكيز (100, 50, 12.5, 6.25) مايكروغرام/مل .
- تم تحديد نسبة بقاء الخلايا حية بطريقة اختبار MTT اذ تم استخدام اربعة انواع من الخلايا السرطانية المدروسة لاظهار التاثير السام لبروتينات الكازائين والشرش اتجاهها . كان التاثير متبايناً تبعاً لنوع الخلايا السرطانية المستخدمة والتراكيز المستخدمة , اظهرت النتائج ان التركيز (2.0) مايكروغرام/مل امتلك اعلى فعالية تجاه الخلايا السرطانية الاربعة بينما اعطى التركيز (0.5) مايكروغرام/مل اقل فعالية تجاه الخلايا السرطانية وكانت نسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية الاعلى عنده . وكانت العلاقة عكسية ما بين التراكيز ونسبة بقاء الخلايا المستخدمة .
- اظهرت الدراسة الحالية ان السمية الخلوية لبروتينات الشرش المعزول من حليب الابل العراقية تجاه الخلايا الاربعة المدروسة وجود تاثير قاتل للخلايا السرطانية المستخدمة وكذلك اعتماداً على التراكيز المستخدمة حيث نلاحظ ان نسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية كانت الاعلى عند التركيز (0.5) مايكروغرام/مل وكانت الفعالية الاعلى تجاه هذه الخلايا الحية عند التركيز (2.0) مايكروغرام/مل أي ان العلاقة كانت عكسية ما بين التركيز ونسبة بقاء الخلايا الحية .
... In the desert, high water content with low fat percentage is a definite advantage. The higher ash contents during late lactation suggest that camel milk can provide a satisfactory level of minerals (86,87). Differences in macro-minerals levels might be due to breed variances or different environmental conditions such as feed and soil. ...
... According to ethnoecological research, type 2 diabetes mellitus at the early stages can be cured completely with the help of phytotherapeutic drugs (Ashcroft F (Johnson L. et al., 2006). One of the reasons for the complexity of managing patients with diabetes mellitus is the unsatisfactory correction of high glucose in the blood with exogenous insulin and other antidiabetic drugs, which requires finding additional ways to optimize the level of glycemia ( In sour-milk products, many of the nutrients of milk become more accessible: so proteolytic enzymes of milk microflora, partially break down proteins, which increases the completeness and speed of their assimilation (Mal G. et al., 2007, Shabo Y. et al., 2008, Abbas S, et al., 2013. Induction of diabetes in the animals studied was caused by intraperitoneal injection of a 5% solution of alloxan monohydrate (AL) at a rate of 100 mg / kg of the animal's weight in a 0.9% solution of NaCl (Methodical recommendations, 1986). ...
... The low pH due to higher concentration of vitamin C stabilizes the milk and therefore it can be kept for relatively longer periods without cream layer formation. The availability of relatively higher amount of vitamin C in camel milk is of significant relevance from the nutritional point of view, as it exerts powerful antioxidant activity (Mal et al. 2007). The levels of vitamin A, E and B1 were reported to be low in camel milk compared to the cow's milk. ...
Camel milk and meat are good source of nutrients for the peoples living especially in the arid and urban areas. Camel milk and meat are unique from other ruminant's milk and meat in terms of composition as well as claimed health effects. Camel milk has low cholesterol, high minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, copper, zinc and magnesium) and high vitamin C when compared with other ruminant milk. Camel milk contains various fatty acids, enzymes and protective proteins. Camel milk has potential therapeutic effects, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-ageing and anticarcinogenic. The medicinal properties of camel milk can be attributed to the presence of protective proteins, which may possibly play a pivotal role for the enhancement of immune defence mechanism. Not only camel milk, but also camel meat in general, is considered a functional food for cures and remedy for many ailments such as seasonal fever, sciatica, shoulder pain, asthma, removing freckles and for improved performance, in many cultures around the world. Therefore, it is important to illustrate the overview of compositions and medicinal values of camel milk and meat.
... These results confirmed those of El-Hatmi et al. (2004) and Raziq et al. (2011), who reported that the ash content increased during lactation. The higher ash contents during late lactation stage suggest that camel milk can provide a satisfactory level of minerals (Mal et al. 2007). There was a negative relationship between total solid and lactation stage in dromedary. ...
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of somatic cell counts (SCC), differential SCC (macrophage (MAC), lymphocyte (LYM) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)), number and stage lactation on milk composition in camel and cow milk. Camel milk appeared to contain significantly (P < 0.05) a higher content of minerals. Lipolysis level is similar in camel milk compared to cow milk. Lipolysis level increased as MAC level increased in camel's milk but not in cow's milk. Our results suggest that MAC play a role in the degradation of dromedary milk fat. Mineral compositions were significantly affected by the SCC in camel milk. The milk composition was not affected by lactation number in both species. Total solid, Ca and Na content in camel's milk were gradually decreased through lactation. © 2010
... In fact, the vitamin content was reported to be three times to five times higher than that in bovine milk (Haddadin et al., 2008) supporting our results (4.5 times). The higher amount of vitamin C in camel milk has significant role from the nutritional point of view as it exerts powerful antioxidant activity (Mal et al., 2007). ...
Antipathogenic properties of camel milk have been investigated to substitute for drugs hence overcome drug resistance. The main objective of this present study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of camel milk in relationship to its chemical composition. In vitro anthelmintic effects of camel milk against Haemonchus contortus from sheep were ascertained by egg hatching and worm motility inhibitions in comparison to milks from cow, ewe and goat as well as a reference drug albendazole. Chemical composition revealed that camel milk has higher contents of protective protein (lactoferrin) and vitamin C than other species’ milk. It showed ovicidal activity at all tested concentrations and completely inhibited egg hatching at a concentration close to 100 mg/ml (inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 42.39 mg/mL). Camel milk revealed in vitro activity against adult parasites in terms of the paralysis and/or death of the worms at different hours post treatment. After 8 h of exposure, it induced 100% mortality at the highest tested concentration. There was 82.3% immobility of worms in albendazole 8 h post-exposition. No such effects were seen with the other species’ milks. Bioactive compounds such as lactoferrin and vitamin C may be involved in such an effect.
Camel milk (CM) has been demonstrated to be effective in treating a broad range of illnesses. Camel's milk is regarded to have therapeutic properties because of its unique composition. Some people consider CM to be a precious commodity. White CM is made by combining fat and water. Several clinical studies have shown that CM effectively treats various diseases, including chronic ones. Most of the medicinal advantages of CM are included in this study. CM ingredients and qualities are similar to those found in mother's milk, making it superior to cow's milk. Insulin-like and protective proteins are found in abundance, along with lactose, which is the primary carbohydrate. It has anti-tumour qualities, and the robust immune system components assist in combatting disorders, including diabetes, autism, and diarrhoea. It has been used by Nomads and Bedouins (Arabian tribal) for millennia because of these properties.
Kenya is the leading camel milk producer globally, with an annual production volume of 1.165 MMT, followed by Somalia (0.958 MMT) and Mali (0.271 MMT). In Kenya, pastoral tribes in North-Eastern parts rear about 4.722 million camels accounting for about 80% of all camels. Camels offer locals various benefits, including transportation of goods across the deserts, meat, fur, and milk. Camel milk contains natural therapeutically and immunity-boosting properties due to the higher concentration of lactoferrin, lactoglobulins, and lysozyme than bovine milk. Camel milk has been shown to have hypoallergenicity properties compared to bovine milk. Camel and human milk are similar in nutritional composition and therapeutic properties. Camel milk is known to fight various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, autism, hypertension, and skin diseases. Despite the standing of Kenya in the world in terms of camel milk production, Kenya lags considering the camel milk products, industries, and marketing. This paper reviews recent literature on camels and camel milk production trends in Kenya in relation to the world. The review also discusses various camel milk properties (nutritional and therapeutic) as well as the camel milk sector situation in Kenya.
This investigation was conducted to evaluate the utilization of compost production using finely grinded date palm wastes and residues (particle size 0.5 cm), to examine its performance a substitute of potting media in comparison with commercial peat moss. Factors influence the rate of composting efficiency such as moisture content; aeration and temperature were treatments (culture substrates) with four replications were arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments were commercial peat moss used as control; un-composted date palm residues (DP-0); composted date palm residues for 15 weeks (DP-15) and composted date palm residues for 30 weeks (DP-30). The physicochemical properties of substrates were measured before plant cultivation. During the duration of plant growth irrigation rate, temperature, humidity and pest control for all treatments were similar. Some growth and fruit quality parameters for strawberry plants were measured at the end of growth period. The results revealed that bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and essential mineral nutrients (N, P and K) were increased, while organic matter (OM), organic carbon (Oc) and C/N ratio were decreased gradually by the end of composting time. DP-30 showed the most appropriate physicochemical properties compared with the other treatments, including peat moss. This could be attributed to improve the physicochemical properties of this substrate due to satisfactory enhanced compost maturity which would have been achieved by the end of 30 weeks’ incubation time, since the source, particle size (0.5cm) and composting process were the same for all date palm substrates. Therefore, the average rate of increase in plant growth characteristics and the improvement of fruit quality parameters were differed significantly depending on composting duration and connected to preference of suitable physicochemical properties enhanced in DP-30. The general trend observed in this investigation strongly suggestes the importance of potential benefits of the economically appropriate uses of the composted date palm materials (DP-30) for full substitution for peat moss in horticulture.
Camel milk called as white gold of the desert has valuable nutritional properties as
it contains a high proportion of antibacterial substances and a higher concentration
of vitamin C in comparison with cow milk. Milk has been a symbol of purity and
was often used in religious ceremonies. Healing properties of camel milk were
first mentioned in the “Words of The Prophet Mohamed” in the Surah, a section of
the Koran. The global camel population, spread across 47 countries, is estimated
to be around 26.99 million. About 83 percent of the camel population inhabits
mainly the Eastern and Northern Africa and the rest are present in the Indian
subcontinent and the Middle East. Camel milk has been acknowledged for a long
time in different parts of the world to provide a medicinal use for a series of
diseases such as dropsy, jaundice, tuberculosis, asthma, and leishmaniasis or kalaazar.
Protein secondary structure plays an important role to understanding metabolisms studies. Several studies describe that regular/partial consumption of camel milk for significantly improved the condition of diabetic patients and experimental animals. Moreover, various studies also found that camel milk more similar in comparison to other ruminants with human insulin. Primary protein structure similarity along with its physiochemical evidence and various favorable hypothesis suggest that camel milk similar/ analog or contains unidentified small molecules of 'insulin-mimic' regulatory value or other properties to put off or slow trying to understand the secondary structure analysis of insulin and camel milk by using bioinformatics tools and techniques. The study revealed that the camel insulin itself is most likely not responsible for anti-diabetic properties of camel milk and due to low pH, good buffering agent and presence of metals therefore, camel milk contains 'insulin-like' small molecular substances that mimic insulin interaction with its receptor.
The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of restricted suckling and some
husbandry practices on milk constituents of camel under farming system during four months postpartum. Eight lactating she-camel and eight calve have been selected immediately after calving and assigned to two equal groups under semi-intensive system in farm of Khartoum University Camel Research Centre. In group (G1) all calves were allowed to suckling freely from birth to 30th days postpartum. Afterward, calves were used to stimulate milk letdown for each of the she-camel's teat for a few seconds before milking procedure. The residual of milk in the udder quarters to be left consumed by the calf immediately after complete hand milking for three months. While in group (G2) the calves was freely suckling up to 80th days postpartum. Afterward calves may be used to stimulate milk letdown by sucking each of the she-camel's teats for a few seconds before milking procedure milk and the residual milk in the other quarters, left to be consumed by the calf. In addition the calves were remaining with their dams all day light. Collection of milk samples started in the second week of postpartum and continued biweekly interval up to end of 4th month postpartum. Major fat, protein, lactose, solid non-fat (SNF) and density percentages were determined biweekly for 16 weeks postpartum by automatic milk analyzer device (lactoscan Model-90, Europe). The result revealed there is significant difference of fat, lactose and density content where also lack difference of protein and solid non-fat between two groups was found. Otherwise, the significant increase of the levels of fat, lactose, protein and solid non-fat was recorded with advance of lactation stage, beside fluctuation of density percentage among whole period of experiment. The study concluded that camels restricted from suckling by calf were produced milk, which contained high level of fat and solid non-fat compared to free suckling camels. Further researches are requiring to investigate the effect of restricted suckling and early weaning on physiological process of lactating camels.
This updated review summarizes the available literature on major bio-functionalities of Ca-M and its protein hydrolysates such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiradical, antidiabetic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, and anti-autism activities. The most important bioactive compounds affecting health functions are some minerals (Zn and Mg), vitamins (C and E), protective proteins (lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins), and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). Bioactive peptides derived from Ca-M proteins during fermentation processes and hydrolysis reactions by proteolytic enzymes play protective roles for body cells through the release of amino acids such as proline. In contrast with bovine milk, Ca-M has lower antiallergic effects due to the presence of immunoglobins and its protein (free of β-lactoglobulin) profile. The short- and long-term regular consumption of Ca-M because of the suppression of oxidative/inflammation stresses significantly improves diabetes and hypertension in adults and the behavioral of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Pottery practice which can also be referred to as traditional ceramics is the art of making different products ranging from hygienic pots to tableware using clay and fired to harden them. Today, pottery has metamorphosed into ceramics which is not only seen as an art of using clay alone to produce wares, but as the art and science of making and using solid article composed of organic, inorganic and non-metallic materials that are fired. The interdisciplinary studies through scientific experimentation of clay with inorganic and non-metallic materials, has uplifted the phase of ceramic art/design in the developed countries. However, the state of ceramic practice in Nigeria has not in practice embraced interdisciplinary studies. This study adopted survey research using descriptive approach in focusing on interdisciplinary field of study of computer science and Chemistry as it could be synthesized into the craft based ceramic practice, to promote speedy accomplishment of ceramic products in design approach, quality and uniformity towards technological advancement of ceramic practice in Nigeria.
1 (ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﯾﺣﺻل اﻟذي اﻟطﺎزج اﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ از اﻻﻓر ﻫو اﻟﺧﺎم اﻟﺣﻠﯾب. اﻟﻠﺑﺄ ﻣن اﻟﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻠﯾم ان ﻟﺣﯾو اﻟﺣﻠب Colostrums اد اﻟﻣو ﻣن وﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻟ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺋﻪ ﻻﺣﺗو اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ ﺑﻛﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻣن ﻌدﯾد اﺛﯾﺔ اﻟور اﻣل اﻟﻌو ﻣن اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺗﺎﺛر اﻟﺗﻲ و ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ وﻧوﻋﯾﺎت) ان ﺑﺎﻟﺣﯾو اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ و 2 اﺑﯾض ﻟون ﯾﻣﺗﻠك اﻻﺑل ﺣﻠﯾب ان ، (اﻟﺣﻼوة اﻟﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﻣﺎﻟﺢ وطﻌﻣﻪ اﻟﺣﺎﻣﺿﯾﺔ اﺋﺣﺗﻪ ﺑر اﻟﺷﻛﻠوﯾﺗﻣﯾز ﻧﺎﺻﻊ اﻻﺑ ﺣﻠﯾب ﻣن ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻗل ام ﻗو وذات اﻟﺟﺎﻣوس و ﻘﺎر) 3 ًوﺗﺑﻌﺎ .(ﻟ ﻠ ﺑﺣث) 4 (اﺛﯾم ﻟﻠﺟر ﻣﺿﺎدة اﻣل ﻋو ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻟﺟﻣل ﺣﻠﯾب ﻓﺈن Antimicrobial اﻟذي اﻷﻣر اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ﺣﻠﯾب ﻣﻊ ﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎر اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ .ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ذات ﺗﻛون اﻟﺗﻲ اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻰ ﯾﻌزى ان ﯾﻣﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺣﻠﯾب اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎوي ﻟﻠﺗرﻛﯾب اﻹﺑل اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﯾﻣﺗﺎز ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻠدﻫن) 5 (ان ، اﻟﺣﻠب ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﺧﻼل ًا ﺗﻐﺎﯾر ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﻪ اﻛﺛر ﻣن وﯾﻌد ﻣن اﻟﻘﻠﯾل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺋﻪ ﺑﺎﺣﺗو اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ﺣﻠﯾب ﻋن ﺗﺧﺗﻠف اﻻﺑل ﺣﻠﯾب دﻫون اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ة ﻗﺻﯾر اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ اﻻﺣﻣﺎض (C12 – C4) ة ﺑﻛﺛر ﯾﺗﻣﯾز ﺣﯾث اﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ طوﯾﻠﺔ اﻟدﻫﻧﯾﺔ اﻻﺣﻣﺎض وﺟود (C18 &C16C14)) 6 (. اﺷﺎر ﻟﻘد) 7 (اﻻﺑل ﺣﻠﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻼﻛﺗوز ﻣن اطﺋﺔ و ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﺟد ﺗو اﻟﻰ ﯾﺣﺗوي ، اﻟﻧﻌﺎج ﺣﻠﯾب ﻣﻊ ﺑذﻟك وﯾﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ اﻻﻧﺳﺎن ﺣﻠﯾب ﻣﻊ ﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺎر اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻻﺣﻣﺎض ﻣن ﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﺳﺗﻬﺎن ﯾن ﺧز ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺑل ﺣﻠﯾب ﻏﯾر ـ ـ ـ ـ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻻﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﺣﻣﺎض ﻧﺳﺑﺔ أن ﺣﯾث ، اﻷ ﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻧت 0,93 ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﯾﻣﺎ 1,07 ان اﻟﻰ أﺿﺎﻓﺗﻪ ، اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﺣﻠﯾب ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﯾب ﻣن ﻛل ﻓﻲ ﺋﯾﺳﻲ اﻟر اﻻﻣﯾﻧﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻣض ﻫو اﻟﻛﻠوﺗﺎﻣﯾك ﺣﺎﻣض اﻹﺑل و اﻟﺑﺷر) 6 (ﻛﻣﺎ ﻣن اع أﻧو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﺎل ﺣﻠﯾب ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت اﻻ أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ة وﺑﺻور اﻟوﻗﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﻣ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﺎت ﻧز ل ﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﺑﻛﺗر ﻛﻣﺿﺎدات Antibacterial) 8 (ﻣﺛل ، Peptidoglycan recognition protein) PGRP ﺣﯾث اﻟﺟﻣل ﺣﻠﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻛﺗﺷف ﯾم أﻧز أول ﻫو (ﻩ اﻧﺗﺷﺎر ﻣن اﻟﺣد ﺣﯾث ﻣن اﻟﺳرطﺎن ﺿد ﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﯾظﻬر) 9 (، ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎر وذﻟك اﻷﺧرى ـ ـ ـ اﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾو ﺣﻠﯾب ﻋن اﻻﺑل ﺣﻠﯾب ﯾﺧﺗﻠف وﻣﻌﻧﯾﺳوم ﻧك ز ، ﻧﺣﺎس ، ﺣدﯾد ، ﺑوﺗﺎﺳﯾوم ، )ﺻودﯾوم اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن ﺣﯾث (وﺑ ﻛﺎﻧت ﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺻر اﻻﺑل ﺣﻠﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن ﻣﺣﺗوى ان ﺄ ان وز /ﻣﻠﻐم 100 ﻏم )ﺻودﯾوم 70 ﺑوﺗﺎﺳﯾوم ، 180 ﻓﺳﻔور ، 113 ﻛﺎﻟﯾﺳوم ، 135 ﺣدﯾد ، 0,02 ﻧك اﻟز و 0,5 () 5 (أظﻬرت ﻓﻘد ﻟﻠﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾﻧﺎت ﻣن ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻟﺟﻣل ﺣﻠﯾب ان اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ B12 و B2 اﻟﺑﺷري اﻟﺣﻠﯾب ﻣﻊ ﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎر اﻟﻧﯾﺎﺳﯾن و) 10 (ﺣﻠﯾب وﯾﻌﺗﺑر) ﻟﻔﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺻدر اﻟﺟﻣل c اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ اوﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﺣر اﻟظروف ﺗﺣت (ﻗوي ﻋﺎﻣل ﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺗﺑﺎر اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﻟﻐذاء ة ﻛﺑﯾر أﻫﻣﯾﺔ ذو ﯾُﻌد اﻟذي ﺿد اﻷﻛﺳدة Powerful anti-oxidaut) 11 (ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋص وﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ، ﻓﻘد اﻟﻌﻼﺟﯾﺔﻟﻠﺣﻠﯾب اﺳﺗﺧدم ﺣﻠﯾ اض اﻷﻣر ﻣن اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻋﻼج ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل ب
The role of the urinary tract is very important for the regulation of body water in camels. Urinary system infections causes vascular damage to the urinary bladder and decrease the competence of the kidney’s functions and can cause the death of the camel in the following period. The aim of the present study is to draw attention to the importance of the urinary system infections in camels brought to the examination due to surgical disease that detected incidentally on routine laboratory examination.
Forty-four male “Hybrid Camels (Tülu breed = Camelus bactrianus X Camelus dromedarius)” which are named as besrek at different ages (9 month- 18 years) were evaluated in study. Patients were diagnosed with history, general and clinical examination findings and also diagnostic techniques (radiology, ultrasonography, endoscopy, laboratory examinations) when it was necessitated. Medical and/or surgical treatment was applied to the patients.
Fifty percent of the patients (n=22) were brought to the examination during the shortly after rutting period (March, April, May), 31.8 % of cases (n=14) during the non rutting period (June, July, August, September), 13.6 % of cases (n=6) during rutting period (January, February) and 4.5 % of cases (n=2) during the shortly before rutting period (October, November). Diagnostic dispersion of the cases were locomotor system (muscle, bone, joint, tendon) diseases (61.3 %, n=27), oral cavity pathologies (13.6 %, n=6), abscess/tumors (9 %, n=4), genital tract pathology (9 %, n=4) and eye diseases (6.8 %, n=3). The 34% of camels (n=15) had urinary system infections which identified as incidentally. The 53.3% (n=8) camels with urinary tract infections were brought to the examination during the shortly after rutting period. An increase in serum creatinine levels (2.1-5.2; mean 2.8±1.2 mg/dL) was observed. Hyperglycemia (133-224; mean 158.6±29.7 mg/dL) was detected in eight percent of cases. Urinalysis results revealed that mild hematuria, mild proteinuria and the urine specific gravity (1005-1010; approx. 1006.25 ± 2.5) and pH (5-6.5; approx. 5.7 ± 0.5) values were decreased. Examination of urine sediment were identified erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells from the bladder in each field, renal epithelium in some cases (n=8) and crystals (n=5). This finding was evaluated as a sign of deterioration of renal functions and urinary tract infections in camels.
These problems were detected incidentally during urine and serum biochemical examinations however no complaints were received from owners. It is thought that this situation is associated with living standards in wrestling or out of wrestling seasons. In this regard, precautions should be taken against threats to urinary tract health especially during the rutting period and the following 3 months, in which particularly of daily food and water intake is restricted largely and due to the decrease in salt intake.
Daily milk production in 4 lactating camels each of Bikaneri and Kachchhi breed belonging to second and third parities and 3 lactating camels of Jaisalmeri breed from third parity was studied. The daily milk production was recorded twice a day at 12-hr interval by 3 different milking techniques, viz. 2-teat stripping and allowing calf to suckle simultaneously, 4-teat stripping, and machine milking. The average daily productions by 2-teat and 4-teat stripping, and machine milking in Bikaneri camels were 4.19±0.11. 3.2±0.15 and 2.66±0.16kg/day respectively. The corresponding figures in Jaisalmeri were 3.72± 0.17, 2.17±0.16 and 2.02±0.19 kg/day, respectively. The average daily productions in Kachchhi camels with 4-teat stripping and machine milking was 3.94±0.13 and 3.42±0.14 kg respectively. The morning, evening and total daily production per day were higher under 2-teat stripping followed by 4-teat stripping and machine milking. The contribution of breed and parity was significant (P<0.01) under all the 3 milking techniques. The daily milk production with 2-teat stripping varied from 2.37±0.27 to 6.73±0.27 kg/day, with 4-teat from 0.66±0.26 to 5.15±0.25 kg/day and with machine 1.45±0.23 to 5.22±0.04 kg/day. The daily milk production was highest during month 6 of lactation and then it started declining. The month-wise daily average of second parity females varied from 1.61±0.31 to 4.64±0.31 kg/day and for third parity from 2.13±0.25 to 5.86±0.25 kg respectively. The contribution of parity on month of lactation was significant (P<0.01). As compared to evening, the morning milk yield was about 10.0 to 27.0% higher during different months of lactation. The chemical composition of milk during early and late phases of lactation indicated that pH, fat %, SNF and total solids were significantly higher during late phase of lactation. However, the proteins were also higher but not at significance level. Vitamin C was higher at early phase of lactation.
To study the postpartum evolution of milk yield, milk pH, and milk calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D] concentrations, samples were taken from 7 healthy lactating she camels, from parturition until day 30 postpartum. The experiments were performed in the research station of Laayoune (South Morocco). At parturition, the daily milk yield (litres) was 0.6 ± 0.1 and the yield increased significantly to 3.2 ± 0.4 on day 30 postpartum (P < 0.05). Milk content (mg/l) for Ca, P and Mg were 1750 ± 164, 1106 ± 134 and 236 ± 31, respectively at parturition and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased to 1206 ± 166, 821 ± 104 and 112 ± 20, respectively on the 10th day after parturition. On day 0, milk 25-(OH)D levels (ng / ml) were much higher than those measured on the 7th day postpartum (8.9 ± 0.6 versus 1.2 ± 0.3 ; P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between milk minerals and 25-(OH)D concentrations in the lactating camels. Results were discussed and compared with the available data on camels and other domestic ruminants.
Daily milk production in 5 lactating camels each of Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri and Kachchhi breeds belonging to first, second and third parity was studied. Milk yield was recorded daily at 12h intervals by 2 different milking techniques, viz. 4-teat stripping and 2-teat stripping of one side and allowing the calf to suckle the other 2-teats. The average daily milk production by 4-teat and 2-teat stripping were 2.80±0.17 and 3.98±0.32 1/day in Bikaneri, 2.60±0.17 and 3.90±0.34 1/day in Jaisalmeri and 3.04±0.17 and 4.12±0.35 1/day in Kachchhi, respectively. The effect of breed was significant (p<0.05) for total milk production in 4-teat stripping. The effect of parity was also significant (p<0.01) for total production under both the milking techniques. The month-wise daily milk production under both the techniques indicated significant (p<0.01) variation. Keeping quality was studied in 50 fresh camel milk samples comprising of pure and milk diluted with water (1:1) kept at room temperature (29±3°C); pure and diluted (1:1) milk stored at 4°C. The parameters studied at 2h intervals were acidity, clot on boiling (COB) test, alcohol test, alizarin-alcohol test and pH. The study indicated that pure and diluted (1:1) milk at room temperature could be stored for 8 and 10h, respectively, while pure and diluted (1:1) milk at 4°C can be stored for 20 and 28 days, respectively.
The effects of camel milk on glycemic control, lipid profile and diabetes quality of life in type 1 diabetic patients, were evaluated randomly selected type 1 diabetic patients (24) were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (N=12) received usual care i.e. standardized diet, standardized exercise regimen and insulin for 3 months. Then camel milk (500 ml) was added for next 3 months. Patients of group 2 (N=12) received camel milk (500 ml) and usual care for first 3 months and only usual care in next 3 months. Frequent blood glucose monitoring was done to keep euglycemic status by titrating the dose of insulin. Analysis of HbA1C, lipid profile, insulin and C-peptide was done in the beginning, at the end of third and sixth month. In group 1 patients the requirement of insulin was 40.83±7.12 at the beginning, 41.67±5. 49 after 3 months and it reduced to 26.83±8.44, (P<0.05) after camel milk supplementation. In group 2 dose of insulin increased from 30.00±13.01 to 40.57±15.20 when camel milk was withdrawn. Improvement was observed in glycemic control; in group 1 HbA1C reduced from 9.48±2.17 to 8.19±1.84 and in group 2 HbA 1C decreased from 9.59±1.62 to 8.02±1.17. Statistically significant improvement was seen in D.Q.L. score. It is concluded that moderate intake of camel milk will reduce the insulin requirement with better glycemic control and diabetes quality of life without affecting lipid profile.
A study of milk composition of camels from the Bedouin breed was carried out. Milk samples were obtained from semi-nomadic camel herds reared within the Negev desert of the Sinai Peninsula. Gross composition analysis of the milk samples indicated 6.5 pH, 2.79% protein, 4.81% lactose, 3.39% fat, 0.77% ash, 11.5% dry matter, 313.3 mOsmol/ kg osmolality and 47.2 mequiv/l chloride. The effects of month of lactation groups (Group 1 = months 1-4; Group 2 = months 5-8 and Group 3 = months 9 and over) on milk composition were not significantly different. However, parity groups (Group A = parities 1-4; Group B = parities 5-8 and Group C = parities 9 and over) showed significant difference (p < 0.01) for dry matter and chloride values. Parity group B had higher mean dry matter percentage (12.8) whereas chloride values were higher for parity group C (70.3 meq/l).
This review is of literature relevant to meat and milk production from the dromedary, or one-humped, camel. Recommendations are for further re- search and potential use by ranchers and pastoralist tribes in Sub-Sahara Africa. The anatomical, physiological, and beha- vioral advantages of camels for meat and milk production are summarized and dis- cussed. Milk yields and carcass informa- tion for dromedary camels are reported and summarized. Research efforts by institutions in- volved in planning livestock development projects in Sub-Sahara Africa, where arid or semiarid conditions prevail, should in- clude the dromedary camel. Research studies should provide basic information on the feeding, breeding, health care, and economics of the camel and of multi- species herd systems that include camels. The use of the dromedary camel as food ~tnd revenue should permit the pastoralist and rancher in arid Africa to reduce their dependence on higher risk livestock enterprises.
Camels' milk, women's milk and cows' milk were kept at 30 degrees C and refrigerated at 4 degrees C. This explains the necessity to immediately freeze milk if it needs to be kept even for a few days. Cows' milk remained good for days if stirred and then turned sour, enabling the making of cheeses and butter. Camels' milk did not sour at 4 degrees C for up to 3 months. This means that camels' milk is mainly good only for drinking, as was promised to this animal by the Prophet.
The camel population of Saudi Arabia is ∼607000 out of a world population of 17 million. All are dromedaries ( Camelus dromedarius ) of four major ecotypes (Elamin & Wilcox, 1992), giving daily milk yields of 3·5–35·0 kg/animal (Knoess, 1977). Camel milk is low in lactose compared with cows' milk (Elamin & Wilcox, 1992). However, levels of potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, sodium and zinc are higher than in cows' milk (Sawaya et al . 1984; Abu-Lehia, 1987). Farah (1993) found low levels of potassium and phosphorus in Egyptian dromedaries. There is little difference between the milk of dromedaries and that of bactrian camels (Kheraskov, 1961).
In the Gulf region and some southern Mediterranean countries, substantial amounts of camel milk are consumed by the local people. The investigation reported here was undertaken to shed more light on the nutritional contribution made by camel milk.