Content uploaded by Catalin Lazar
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Catalin Lazar on Dec 11, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
0X]HXO1D܊LRQDOGH,VWRULHD5RPkQLHL
0LQLVWHUXO&XOWXULL
RADIOGRAFIA UNEI LUMI
',63Ă587(
3ULYLQGvQDSRLVSUHWUHFXW6XOWDQD±0DOX5RЮX
2D܈H]DUHSUHLVWRULFăGHDFXPGHDQL
(GLWRU&ăWăOLQ/D]ăU
București, 2015
(',725
&ăWăOLQ/D]ăU
&2175,%8܉,,
5DGLDQ$QGUHHVFX&LSULDQ$VWDOR܈$GULDQ%ăOă܈HVFX2FWDYLDQ&D]DFX
,RQHOD&UăFLXQHVFX$GHOLQD'DULH$OLQD)LOLSRLX0LKDL)ORUHD0LKDHOD*ROHD
&RQVWDQWLQ+DLWă7KHRGRU,JQDW&ăWăOLQ/D]ăU0RQLFD0ăUJăULW
.DWLD0ROGRYHDQX&ăWăOLQ,RQ1LFRODH9DVLOH2SUL܈9DOHQWLQ5DGX
5R[DQD6DQGX0DOD6WDYUHVFX%HGLYDQ0ăGăOLQD9RLFX
&25(&785Ă7(;7(
$GULDQ%ăOă܈HVFX&RULQD%RU܈
&RQVWDQWLQ+DLWă&ăWăOLQ/D]ăU
5RGLFD2DQ܊ă0ăUJKLWX9DOHQWLQ5DGX
,0$*,1,'(6(1(܇,)272*5$),,
0DULXV$PDULHL5DGLDQ$QGUHHVFX,RDQ$QGULH܈HVFX$GULDQ%ăOă܈HVFX
&DUPHQ%HP,RQHOD&UăFLXQHVFX*HRUJLDQD'XFPDQ0DUFLDQ(QDFKH3RWL
0LKDL)ORUHD&RQVWDQWLQ+DLWă7KHRGRU,JQDW&ăWăOLQ/D]ăU
'DQ/XSRL0RQLFD0ăUJăULW&ăWăOLQ,RQ1LFRODH
9DVLOH2SUL܈9DOHQWLQ5DGX)ORULQ5ăGXOHVFX
'(6,*13/$&+(7Ă
܇HUEDQ/HDIă
92/80(',7$7'(
08=(8/1$܉,21$/'(,6725,($520Æ1,(,
,6%1
,167,78܉,,3$57,&,3$17(
0X]HXO1D܊LRQDOGH,VWRULHD5RPkQLHLvQFRODERUDUHFX0X]HXO-XGH܊HDQÄ7HRKDUL
$QWRQHVFX´*LXUJLX0X]HXO'XQăULLGH-RV&ăOăUD܈L0X]HXO&LYLOL]D܊LHL*XPHOQL܊D
2OWHQL܊D0X]HXO0XQLFLSLXOXL%XFXUH܈WL,QVWLWXWXOGH$UKHRORJLHÄ9DVLOH3kUYDQ´
%XFXUH܈WL0X]HXOGH,VWRULH1DWXUDOăÄ*ULJRUH$QWLSD´%XFXUH܈WL܈L8QLYHUVLWDWHDGH܇WLLQ܊H
$JULFROH܈L0HGLFLQă9HWHULQDUă%XFXUH܈WL
2
,1752'8&(5(
&RQFHSWXOXQHLH[SR]L܊LLÄDOWIHO´&/D]ăU2&D]DFX$)LOLSRLX
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX2D܈H]DUHSUHLVWRULFăGHDFXPGHDQL5$QGUHHVFX&/D]ăU
3$57($,81'(&80܇,&Æ1'"
8QGHVHDÀDXHL"6SD܊LXO܈LWLPSXO 0)ORUHD,&UăFLXQHVFX&/D]ăU
&LQHDXIRVWHL"&/D]ăU5$QGUHHVFX
8QGHWUăLDXHL"&+DLWă
&XPORFXLDXHL".0ROGRYHDQX7,JQDW92SULЮ
&XPVHvQPRUPkQWDXHL"&/D]ăU09RLFX
3$57($,,&80܇,'(&("
&HPkQFDX"
±3ODQWHOH 0*ROHD06WDYUHVFX%HGLYDQ
±$QLPDOHOH&UH܈WHUHDDQLPDOHORU܈LYkQăWRDUHD$%ăOăЮHVFX
±([SORDWDUHDUHVXUVHORUDFYDWLFH 95DGX
&HSURGXFHDX܈LGHFH"
±3LHVHOHOLWLFHFLRSOLWH&$VWDORЮ
±8QHOWHOHGHSLDWUă܈OHIXLWă&+DLWă
±&HUDPLFD7,JQDW92SULЮ
±2ELHFWHOHGHOXW&,1LFRODH
±3ODVWLFDDQWURSRPRUIă܈L]RRPRUIă5$QGUHHVFX
±3LHVHOHGHRV܈LFRUQLQGXVWULDPDWHULLORUGXUHDQLPDOH00ăUJăULW
±3RGRDEHOHGHPDUPXUăVFRLFLPHOFLRV܈LPDODKLW00ăUJăULW56DQGX
±3LHVHOHGHPHWDO$'DULH
ÌQORFGHFRQFOX]LL&/D]ăU
3$57($,,,2,6725,(Ì1,0$*,1,«
/LVWDDEUHYLHULORUXWLOL]DWHvQWH[W
%LEOLRJUD¿HJHQHUDOă
/LVWDDXWRULORUWH[WHORU
(FKLSDGHUHDOL]DUHDH[SR]L܊LHL
0XO܊XPLUL
8
22
77
82
FXSULQV
3
4
LQWURGXFHUH
5
„Privind înapoi spre tre-
FXW 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX, o
D܈H]DUHSUHLVWRULFăGHDFXP
GH DQL´ UHSUH]LQWă R
SURSXQHUH GH H[SR]L܊LH GH-
GLFDWă PRPHQWXOXL vQ FDUH
VDX vPSOLQLW GH DQL GH
OD SULPHOH VăSăWXUL DUKHR-
ORJLFH HIHFWXDWH vQ DFHVW VLW
'LQ PRWLYH RELHF-
tive, independente de noi,
SURLHFWXO QRVWUX VD SXWXW
vQVăPDWHULDOL]DDELDDFXP
vQSULPăYDUDDQXOXL
([SR]L܊LD UHSUH]LQWă XQ SUR
LHFW GH DPSORDUH FRRUGR
QDW GH FăWUH 0X]HXO 1D܊LR
QDO GH ,VWRULH D 5RPkQLHL ܈L
GH]YROWDW vQ SDUWHQHULDW FX
0X]HXO -XGH܊HDQ Ä7HRKDUL
$QWRQHVFX´ *LXUJLX 0X]H
XO 'XQăULL GH -RV &ăOăUD܈L
0X]HXO &LYLOL]D܊LHL
*XPHOQL܊D 2OWHQL܊D 0X]HXO
0XQLFLSLXOXL %XFXUH܈WL
,QVWLWXWXO GH $UKHROR
JLH Ä9DVLOH 3kUYDQ´ %X
FXUH܈WL 0X]HXO GH ,VWRULH
1DWXUDOă Ä*ULJRUH $QWLSD´
%XFXUH܈WL܈L8QLYHUVLWDWHDGH
܇WLLQ܊H $JULFROH ܈L 0HGLFLQă
9HWHULQDUă%XFXUH܈WL
3URLHFWXOH[SR]L܊LRQDOVH GR
UH܈WH R YHULWDELOă UDGLRJUD¿H
DXQHLD܈H]ăULGH DFXP
GH DQL GLQ VXGHVWXO 5RPk
QLHL ELQH FXQRVFXWă VSHFLD
OL܈WLORU GLQ GRPHQLX DWkW SH
SODQ QD܊LRQDO FkW ܈L LQWHUQD
܊LRQDO $܈H]DUHD HQHROLWLFă
GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX
FRPXQD 0kQăVWLUHD MXGH܊XO
&ăOăUD܈L UHSUH]LQWă XQ FD]
VSHFLDO vQ FRQWH[WXO HQHROL
WLFXOXL URPkQHVF GHRDUHFH D
IRVW SULPXO VLW JXPHOQLĠHDQ
FDUHDIăFXWRELHFWXOXQRUFHU
FHWăUL ܈WLLQĠL¿FH H[KDXVWLYH
vQDQLL¶DLVHFROXOXLWUHFXW
VXE FRQGXFHUHD SURIHVRUXOXL
,RDQ $QGULH܈HVFX DMXWDW GH
WkQăUXO 9ODGLPLU
'XPLWUHVFX VWXGHQW vQ XO
WLPXO DQ OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD
%XFXUH܈WL OD DFHO PRPHQW
3UDFWLFDLFL VD FHUFHWDW SHQ
WUX SULPD RDUă GH FăWUH UH
SUH]HQWD܊LL ܈FROLL GH DUKH
RORJLH GLQ 5RPkQLD FHHD
FH DVWă]L QXPLP FXOWXUD
*XPHOQL܊D R FLYLOL]D܊LH
GLQ D GRXD MXPăWDWH D PLOH
QLXOXL DO 9OHD v&KU SDUWH
FRPSRQHQWă D PDUHOXL FRP
SOH[ FXOWXUDO .RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQL܊D.DUDQRYR 9, GLQ
]RQD %DOFDQLORU 3RUQLQG GH
OD FHOH PHQ܊LRQDWH DQWHUL
RU H[SR]L܊LD Ä3ULYLQG vQDSRL
VSUH WUHFXW 6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮXRD܈H]DUHSUHLVWRULFăGH
DFXPGHDQL´v܈LSURSX
QHDWLQJHUHDDWUHLGLPHQVLXQL
PDMRUHFHVHFRQVWLWXLH܈LvQ
RELHFWLYHSULQFLSDOH
'LPHQVLXQHD LVWRULRJUD¿
FăELRJUD¿Fă±vQFDUHYRP
SUH]HQWDLVWRULFXODFHVWXL܈DQ
WLHU DUKHRORJLF XQXO GLQWUH
FHOHPDLYHFKLGLQ܊DUDQRDV
WUă GDU ܈L D RDPHQLORU FDUH
DX UHDOL]DW GHVFRSHULULOH UH
VSHFWLYH DXWRULL DFHORU IDSWH
ÄQHFXQRVFXWH´FDUHQXVHUH
JăVHVF vQ FDGUXO H[SR]L܊LLORU
GHDUKHRORJLHUHDOL]DWHvQWUR
PDQLHUă FODVLFă PDL SUHFLV
WLPSXO PXQFD ܈L SDVLXQLOH
FRQVXPDWH GH FăWUH DFHL RD
PHQLFDUHIDFSRVLELOăDGXFH
UHDODOXPLQăDDUWHIDFWHORU܈L
DHYHQLPHQWHORUGLQWUHFXWSH
FDUHOHYL]XDOL]ăPXOWHULRUvQ
H[SR]L܊LL SH LQWHUQHW VDX vQ
HPLVLXQL79
'LPHQVLXQHD DUKHRORJLFă
SOXUL܈LLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUă±vQ
FDUH YRP SUH]HQWD GHVFRSH
ULULOH H[FHS܊LRQDOH UHDOL]DWH
GHD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL vQ VLWXO
GHOD6XOWDQD±ORFXLQ܊HPRU
PLQWH SRGRDEH YDVH XQHOWH
OLWLFHXQHOWHOH GHRV ܈LFRUQ
SRGRDEHOH GLQ PDWHULL GXUH
5$',2*5$),$81(,
/80,',63Ă587(
&RQFHSWXOXQHLH[SR]LаLLÄDOWIHO´
&/D]ăU2&D]DFX$)LOLSRLX
6
DQLPDOH,0'$ ܈L GH PHWDO
±RUJDQL]DWHVLVWHPDWLFSHFD
WHJRULL GH DFWLYLWă܊L VSHFL¿FH
FRPXQLWă܊LORU SUHLVWRULFH FH
OHDXXWLOL]DWXUPkQGSULQFL
SLLOHNQRZKRZNQRZZK\܈L
NQRZZKR GH H[HPSOX FXP
FRQVWUXLDX FXP ORFXLDX FH
PDWHULL SULPH IRORVHDX FH
XQHOWHDYHDXFHPkQFDXFXP
v܈LSURFXUDXKUDQDFXPVHvQ
PRUPkQWDXHWF
'LPHQVLXQHD H[SHULPHQ
WDOă±vQFDUHYRPSUH]HQWDR
SDUWHGLQUH]XOWDWHOHSURLHFWX
OXL$UKLWHFWXUă$UKHRORJLH
([SHULPHQWDOă
LQWHJUDWH vQ H[SR]L܊LD SUR
SULX]LVă SHQWUX R PDL EXQă
vQ܊HOHJHUH ܈L YL]XDOL]DUH D
FRPXQLWă܊LL HQHROLWLFH GH OD
6XOWDQDGHDFXPGHDQL
$FHDVWDYDFXSULQGHDWkWDUWH
IDFWHOHRE܊LQXWHH[SHULPHQWDO
GHQRLvQVFRSXOGHDvQ܊HOH
JH PDL ELQH FRPXQLWă܊LOH GH
DFXPGHDQL܈LDQXPLWH
SUREOHPH WHKQLFRIXQF܊LRQD
OHFkW܈LRSDUWHH[SORUDWRULH
SHQWUX SXEOLF vQ FDUH DFHVWD
YD SXWHD YL]XDOL]D SURFHVXO
GH RE܊LQHUH D XQRU DUWHIDFWH
VLPLODUHFHORUSUHLVWRULFH
([SR]L܊LD QX YL]HD]ă R SUH
]HQWDUH D FHORU WUHL GLPHQ
VLXQL GHVFULVH PDL VXV vQWUR
PDQLHUă GLGDFWLFă ÄUHFH´
܈WLLQĠL¿Fă IăUă vQVă D LJQRUD
DFHDVWăGLPHQVLXQHFLRSUH
]HQWDUHvQWURIRUPă H[SORUD
WRULHDUWLVWLFăVHQ]RULDOăQD
UDWLYă FXUVLYă DUPRQLRDVă
FDUHVăUHÀHFWHFRPSOH[LWDWHD
IDSWHORU ܈L DUWHIDFWHORU SUH
]HQWDWH܈LHWDODWHFDUHVăSHU
PLWăR YHULWDELOă H[SORUDUH D
H[SR]L܊LHLFDUHVăFUHH]HSUR
IXQ]LPH܈LHPR܊LLGDUFDUHVă
FRQGXFăWRWRGDWăOD vQVX܈LUHD
GH FXQR܈WLQ܊H QRL ÌQ DFHVW
VHQV WHPDWLFD ܈L PRGXO GH
HWDODUHVHGRUH܈WHRSUH]HQWD
UHLQWHJUDWăDGHVFRSHULULORU܈L
GDWHORU DUKHRORJLFH VXE IRU
PDXQHLYHULWDELOHVFHQRJUD¿L
܈WLLQ܊L¿FRDUWLVWLFH
&RQFHSWHOH H[SR]L܊LHL VXQW
DFHOHDGHUDGLRJUD¿H DVXSUD
WUHFXWXOXLЮLDXQHLOXPL GLV
SăUXWHELRJUD¿DXQHLDЮH]ăUL
SUHLVWRULFH ܈L LGHQWLWDWHD RD
PHQLORUFHDXWUăLWDFXP
GH DQL )RUPD GH H[SULPDUH
YL]XDOă QHFRQYHQ܊LRQDOă VH
GRUH܈WH XQD PXOWLGLPHQVLR
QDOă FDUH LPSOLFă R FRPEL
QD܊LH GH LPDJLQL JUD¿FH DOE
܈LQHJUXvQ DVRFLHUH FXDUWH
IDFWHOH DUKHRORJLFH ܈L UHFRQ
VWLWXLULOH XQRU FRQWH[WH DUKH
RORJLFHFRPELQDWHFXVXQHWH
܈LOXPLQL,QWHUDF܊LXQHDGLQWUH
H[SRQDWH܈LSXEOLFVHGRUH܈WH
FRPSOH[ă ܈L H[WUDVHQ]RULDOă
LDUWUDVHXO GH YL]XDOL]DUH GH
WLSODELULQWSRWHQ܊HD]ăDWPR
VIHUDGHPLVWHUvQD܈DIHOvQ
FkWYL]LWDWRULLVă¿HWUDQVSX܈L
vQWUXQPHGLX YL]XDO FDUHVă
FRQGXFăODQD܈WHUHDGHVHQ]D
܊LLSHUFHS܊LL܈LWUăLUL
5HDOL]DUHD DFHVWHL H[SR]L
܊LL OD 0X]HXO 1D܊LRQDO GH
,VWRULH D 5RPkQLHL D UHSUH
]HQWDW R YHULWDELOă SURYRFD
UH GLQ PDL PXOWH PRWLYH ÌQ
SULPXO UkQG VSD܊LXO GLVSR
QLELO SHQWUX PRQWDUHD H[SR
]L܊LHL D IRVW XQXO GHMD DPH
QDMDW SHQWUX R DOWă H[SR]L܊LH
Ä&RPRULOH &KLQHL vQ
5RPkQLD´ YLWULQHOH
܈LHOHPHQWHOHGHHWDODUH¿LQG
DVWIHOvQPDUHPăVXUăSUHGH¿
QLWH$FHDVWăVLWXD܊LHDLPSXV
RDGDSWDUHDWHPDWLFLLODVSD
܊LXO GH H[SXQHUH H[LVWHQW ܈L
JăVLUHDXQRUVROX܊LLWHKQLFH܈L
DUWLVWLFHGHHWDODUHDDUWHIDFWH
ORUDUKHRORJLFH܈LGHH[SULPD
UHD LGHLORU SURSXVHGH FăWUH
H[SR]L܊LH ÌQ DO GRLOHD UkQG
LGHHDGHDSUH]HQWDRVHFYHQ
܊ă GLQ LVWRULD XQHL FRPXQL
Wă܊LGHDFXP GH DQLFH
DWUăLWSHDFWXDOXOWHULWRULXDO
5RPkQLHL QX UHSUH]LQWă XQ
GHPHUV VLPSOX PDL DOHV
DWXQFLFkQGVFRSXOH[SR]L܊LHL
QXDIRVWXQXO GHVLPSOăHWD
ODUHvQYLWULQHDXQRUDUWHIDF
WHDUKHRORJLFH GHRVHELWHD܈D
FXPVHSURFHGHD]ăGHRELFHL
vQ FD]XO H[SR]L܊LLORU FODVLFH
$VWIHO H[SR]L܊LD GH ID܊ă ܈LD
SURSXV Vă LQWHJUH]H GDWH ܈WL
LQ܊L¿FH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH GH
XOWLPăRUăFDUHVă¿HSUH]HQ
WDWHSXEOLFXOXLvQWURPDQLHUă
DFFHVLELOă ܈L LQWHOLJLELOă ÌQ
DFHVWVHQVDPLQWLP GRDUGD
WHOHOHJDWH GH DQDOL]HOH SDOH
RJHQHWLFH$'1UHDOL]DWHSH
VFKHOHWHOH GLQ QHFURSROD GH
OD 6XOWDQD FDUH GHPRQVWUHD
]ăDSURSLHUHDJHQHWLFăGLQWUH
SRSXOD܊LLOHGH DFXP GH
DQL܈LFHOHGLQ5RPkQLD]LOH
ORUQRDVWUH
$YkQG vQ YHGHUH WRD
WH FHOH H[SXVH DQWHULRU
DYHP VSHUDQаD Fă H[SR]LаLD
Ä3ULYLQG vQDSRL VSUH
WUHFXW6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮXR
DЮH]DUH SUHLVWRULFă GH DFXP
GH DQL´ YD UHSUH]HQWD
RDERUGDUHXQLFăvQ SHLVDMXO
H[SR]LаLRQDO GLQ 5RPkQLD
FDUHSURSXQHSXEOLFXOXLSDVL
RQDW GH LVWRULH ЮL DUKHRORJLH
R H[SHULHQаă PXOWLVHQ]RULDOă
FRPSOH[ăЮLLQHGLWă
7
$úH]DUHD GH WLS WHOO GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX repre-
]LQWă XQXO GLQWUH FHOH PDL
FXQRVFXWHVLWXULDOHFXOWXULL
*XPHOQL܊D DWkW SULQ SULV-
PDIDSWXOXLFăDIRVWSULPD
VWD܊LXQHJXPHOQL܊HDQăXQGH
VD GHVIă܈XUDW R VăSăWXUă
DUKHRORJLFă ܈WLLQ܊L¿Fă GDU
܈L GDWRULWă QXPHURDVHORU
DUWHIDFWHVSHFWDFXORDVHGHV-
FRSHULWH DLFL GHD OXQJXO
WLPSXOXL PXOWH GLQWUH HOH
unice pentru perioada ene-
ROLWLFăHXURSHDQă
&HUFHWăULOH GH OD 6XOWDQD VH
OHDJă GH vQFHSXWXULOH úFROLL
URPkQHúWL GH DUKHRORJLH vQ
WHPHLDWăODGHEXWXODQLORU¶
DL VHFROXOXL WUHFXW GH 9DVLOH
3kUYDQGLUHFWRU DO0X]HXOXL
1DĠLRQDOGH$QWLFKLWăĠL܈LSRW
¿vQFDGUDWHvQFRQWH[WXOLQWH
UHVXOXLDFHVWXLD úL DO FRODER
UDWRULORU VăL SHQWUX &kPSLD
5RPkQă LQWHUHV FRQFUHWL]DW
SULQ FHUFHWăUL GH WHUHQ úL Vă
SăWXUL vQ GLIHULWH SXQFWH OD
3LVFX &UăVDQL =LPQLFHD VDX
2OWHQL܊D*XPHOQLаD $VWIHO
vQ DQXO OD 6XOWDQD VH
IăFHDX SULPHOH FHUFHWăUL DU
KHRORJLFH FRQGXVH GH SURIH
VRUXO ,RQ $QGULH܈HVFX DMXWDW
GH 9ODGLPLU 'XPLWUHVFX SH
DWXQFL VWXGHQW XOWHULRU XQXO
GLQWUHFHLPDLFXQRVFX܊LSUH
LVWRULFLHQLURPkQL5H]XOWDWH
OH YRU ¿ SXEOLFDWH vQ SULPXO
QXPăU DO UHYLVWHL ´'acia.
5HYXH G¶DUFKpRORJLH HW
G¶KLVWRLUH DQFLHQQH´ DSăUXW
vQ DQXO $QGULH܈HVFX
DUWLFROvQFDUHDQDOL]D
PDWHULDOXOXL FHUDPLF RFXSă
68/7$1$
0$/852Э8
2DЮH]DUHSUHLVWRULFăGHDFXPGHDQL
5$QGUHHVFX&/D]ăU
8
7HOOXOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
XQ ORF VHPQL¿FDWLY ÌQ DFH
ODúL QXPăU DO UHYLVWHL 9OD
GLPLU 'XPLWUHVFX D SXEOLFDW
UH]XOWDWHOH FHUFHWăULORU GH OD
*XPHOQLĠD 'XPLWUHVFX
Ä&HUDPLFăGHWLS
6XOWDQD´
$PEHOH VWXGLL DX VXEOLQLDW
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH FRPXQH DOH
FHUDPLFLL GLQ FHOH GRXă VWD
ĠLXQL DVWIHO vQFkW 9ODGLPLU
'XPLWUHVFX܈L5DGX9XOSHDX
FDUDFWHUL]DW PDWHULDOXO FHUD
PLF GHVFRSHULW OD *XPHOQL
ĠD VDX vQ DOWH VLWXUL FRQWHP
SRUDQH FD ÄFHUDPLFă GH WLS
6XOWDQD´9XOSH &RQ
WUDU SUDFWLFLORU FRPXQH GLQ
DUKHRORJLD URPkQHDVFă FXO
WXUD DUKHRORJLFă FH DYHD Vă
¿H GH¿QLWă XOWHULRU SH ED]D
DFHVWRU GHVFRSHULUL YD SXUWD
QXPHOH GH *XPHOQLĠD ܈L QX
6XOWDQDFXPDU¿IRVW¿UHVF
8OWHULRU SHQWUX PDL ELQH GH
GH DQL VLWXO DUKHRORJLF
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX D IRVW
XLWDW GH FăWUH VSHFLDOL܈WL ÌQ
FHSkQG GH OD PLMORFXO DQLORU
¶܈LSkQă ODVIkU܈LWXOGHFH
QLXOXLXUPăWRUDXH[LVWDWPDL
PXOWHÄFDPSDQLL DUKHRORJLFH
RFD]LRQDOH´GHPLFăDPSORD
UH܈LQHSXEOLFDWHFRQGXVHGH
FăWUH %DUEX ,RQHVFX GLUHF
WRUXO 0X]HXOXL 2OWHQL܊D ܈L
1L܊ă $QJHOHVFX GLUHFWRU DO
0X]HXOXL &ăOăUD܈L
$QGUHHVFX/D]ăU
ÌQ DQXO DX vQFHSXW OX
FUăULOH GH vPEXQăWăĠLUL IXQ
FLDUH úL GH DPHQDMDUHUHJX
ODUL]DUH D FXUVXOXL 0RVWLúWHL
IDSW FH D DIHFWDW PDL PXOWH
VLWXULDUKHRORJLFHvQWUHFDUHúL
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX
$QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
܇HUEăQHVFX܇DQGULF
ÌQFHSkQG FX DQXO vQ
DúH]DUHDGHOD6XOWDQDDXIRVW
HIHFWXDWH FHUFHWăUL GH VDOYD
UH FDUH DX DFRSHULW R PDUH
VXSUDIDĠă D VLWXOXL &HUFHWă
ULOH FRQGXVH GH &RQVWDQWLQ
,VăFHVFX DX IRVW vQWUHSULQ
VH GH PX]HHOH GLQ *LXUJLX
܈L 2OWHQL܊D ,VăFHVFX D
E +ăOFHVFX 'LQ
SăFDWH UH]XOWDWHOH DFHVWRU
FHUFHWăUL GHVIăúXUDWH SkQă
vQ DQXO DX UăPDV FX
PLFLH[FHSĠLLQHSXEOLFDWHÌQ
DFHDVWăSHULRDGăDXIRVWGHV
FRSHULWH R VHULH GH DUWHIDFWH
FXPDU ¿ YDVH DQWURSRPRUIH
܈L ]RRPRUIH XQ PLF WH]DXU
FX RELHFWH GLQ DXU XQ PR
GHO PLQLDWXUDO GH ORFXLQ܊ă
VDX Ä9DVXO FX ÌQGUăJRVWL܊L´
FDUH DX FRQIHULW D܈H]ăULL GH
OD 6XOWDQD XQ ORF VSHFLDO vQ
FDGUXOFLYLOL]D܊LHL JXPHOQL܊H
QH $OH[DQGUHVFX ùLPRQ
$QGUHHVFX
'XSă SOHFDUHD GLQ ܊DUă D OXL
&RQVWDQWLQ ,VăFHVFX OD PLM
ORFXO DQLORU ¶ VLWXO GH OD
6XOWDQDHVWHGLQQRXXLWDW GH
FăWUHDUKHRORJL SHQWUXR SH
ULRDGăGHDSURDSH GHDQL
ÌQ DQXO DX IRVW UHOXD
WH FHUFHWăULOH GH OD 6XOWDQD
vQ FDGUXO XQXL SURJUDP PDL
DPSOX GH FHUFHWDUH LQWLWX
ODW ÄÌQFHSXWXULOH FLYLOL]D܊LHL
HXURSHQH 1HRHQHROLWLFXO OD
'XQăUHDGH-RV´FRRUGRQDWGH
5DGLDQ $QGUHHVFX
GH OD 0X]HXO
1D܊LRQDO GH ,VWRULH D
5RPkQLHL ܈L GHUXODW vQ FR
ODERUDUH FX 0X]HXO 'XQăULL
GH -RV &ăOăUD܈L &HUFHWăULOH
DX XQ FDUDFWHU SOXULGLVFLSOL
QDU¿LQG XUPăULWH PDL PXOWH
RELHFWLYHvQWUHFDUHYHUL¿FD
UHDVWUDWLJUD¿HLD܈H]ăULLDVLV
WHPHORUGHSURWHF܊LHSUHFXP
܈L GHVFRSHULUHD ܈L FHUFHWDUHD
QHFURSROHL
$XIRVW VFRDVHOD OXPLQăUH
VWXULOH PDL PXOWRU ORFXLQ
܊H vQWUH FDUH VH GHWD܈HD]ă
SULQ LQYHQWDU ܈L VWDUHD GH
FRQVHUYDUH OD ORFXLQ܊D /
GHVFRSHULWă vQ DQXO
&HUFHWăULOH DX UHOHYDW ܈L GL
YHUVH DPHQDMăUL IăFXWH GH
ORFXLWRULL D܈H]ăULL SH ODWXULOH
GH VXG ܈L GH YHVW DOH WHUDVHL
SH FDUH HVWH DPSODVDW VLWXO
9
9ODGLPLU'XPLWUHVFX ,RDQ$QGULH܈HVFX
$QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
$QGUHHVFXHWDO
,GHQWL¿FDUHD
QHFURSROHL
ÌQ YHGHUHD LGHQWL¿FăULL QH
FURSROHL DX IRVW HIHFWXDWH
PDL PXOWH VRQGDMH SH WHUD
Vă SUHFXP ܈L SURVSHF܊LXQL
JHRPDJQHWLFH ÌQ FHOH GLQ
XUPăvQDQXO QHFURSR
OD D IRVW LGHQWL¿FDWă OD FFD
P VSUH YHVW GH D܈H]DUH
SkQăDFXP¿LQGFHUFHWDWH
GH PRUPLQWH GH LQKXPD܊LH
/D]ăU HW DO
ÌQFHSkQG FX DQLL ±
LQWHUHVXO HFKLSHL GH
FHUFHWDUH VD H[WLQV XUPă
ULQGXVHLQYHVWLJDUHD ORFXLUL
ORU DSDU܊LQkQG FXOWXULL %RLDQ
GH SH WHUDVD vQDOWă D ODFXOXL
0RVWL܈WHD ܇HUEăQHVFX
7URKDQLSHFDUHVHDÀă
DPSODVDWă ܈L QHFURSROD D܈H
]ăULL 'DFă LQL܊LDO VDX HIHF
WXDW GRDU FkWHYD VRQGDMH GH
YHUL¿FDUH GLQ DQXO VD
vQFHSXWRFHUFHWDUHVLVWHPDWL
FăD D܈H]ăULL DWULEXLWH FRPX
QLWă܊LORU %RLDQ ID]D 9LGUD
GLQ SXQFWXO *KH܊ăULH VLWXDW
ODFFDP YHVW GHQHFUR
SROă 'H DVHPHQHD VRQGD
UHD SHULPHWUXOXL GLQWUH FHOH
GRXă SXQFWH D UHOHYDW H[LV
WHQ܊DXQHLORFXLUL LQWHQVH GLQ
SHULRDGD HQHROLWLFă FXOWXULOH
%RLDQ܈L*XPHOQL܊D/D]ăUHW
DOE
ÌQ DQXO VXE DXVSLFLL
OH SURLHFWXOXL Ä$UKLWHFWXUă
$UKHRORJLH ([SHULPHQ
WDOă´ HFKLSD GH FHUFHWDUH GH
OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX D GH
PDUDW XQ SURJUDP GH DUKH
RORJLH H[SHULPHQWDOă FDUH
D DYXW GUHSW VFRS UHDOL]DUHD
XQRU FRQVWUXF܊LL DFWLYLWăĠL úL
RELHFWH VSHFL¿FH FLYLOL]DĠLHL
*XPHOQLĠD$FHVWHDDXDYXWvQ
YHGHUH SUHOXFUDUHD XQRU PD
WHULLSULPHSUHFXPOHPQRV
FRUQ VLOH[ SLDWUă OXW SLHOH
HWFFDUHVăSHUPLWăREĠLQHUHD
XQRURELHFWHDVHPăQăWRDUHFX
FHOH SUHLVWRULFH GH H[HPSOX
XQHOWHDUPHSLHVHGHSRGRD
Eă DFFHVRULL YHVWLPHQWDUH
3URFHVXO GH SUHOXFUDUH VD
UHDOL]DW FX WHKQLFL SUHLVWRUL
FH ܈L PDWHULL SULPH SH FDUH
OHXWLOL]DX ܈L FRPXQLWă܊LOHGH
DFXP GHDQL )RORVLUHD
GLIHULWHORU PHWRGH WHKQLFL
DQDOL]HúL DERUGăUL ED]DWH SH
R VXUVă LVWRULFRDUKHRORJLFă
RIHULWăGHFHUFHWăULOHVLVWHPD
WLFHGLQ VLWXOGH OD6XOWDQD D
FRQGXV OD REĠLQHUHD GH GDWH
VXSOLPHQWDUHvQSULYLQĠD JUX
SXULORUXPDQHSUHLVWRULFHúLD
SHUPLV UHDOL]DUHD XQXL FDGUX
DGHFYDW SHQWUX D IRUPXOD úL
D YHUL¿FD LSRWH]H VDX LQWHU
SUHWăUL SULYLQG VWUXFWXULOH GH
ORFXLUH DUWHIDFWHOH ܈L DFWLYL
Wă܊LOH VSHFL¿FH FRPXQLWă܊LORU
*XPHOQL܊D/D]ăU
3RYHVWHD DЮH]ăULL GH OD
6XOWDQDЮLDFHORUFDUHDXOR
FXLW DLFL DFXP GH DQL
GDU ЮL D QRDVWUă D FHORU FH
vLFHUFHWăPЮLvQFHUFăPVăOH
vQаHOHJHP WUHFXWXO FRQWLQXă
ЮLSUREDELOYD FRQWLQXD ЮLvQ
XUPăWRDUHOHGHFHQLL
10
7HOOXOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
3ODQXOWHOOXOXL GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
11
Ä9DVXOFXODOHOH´0-7$*
12
13
I
XQGHFXPЮLFkQG"
10000 BC
38000 BC
2800000 BC
1000000 BC
5000 BC
4500 BC
3900 BC
6100 BC
5500 BC
3000 BC
476 AC
MEZOLITIC
PALEOLITIC
NEOLITIC
ALTE PERIOADE
ENEOLITIC
HOLOCENPLEISTOCEN
Prima specie umană
Prima folosire a focului
Dispariția mamuților
Primele picturi rupestre
Primele piese de cupru în Europa
Primele așezări de tip tell
din România
Scrierea cuneiformă
2670 BC Primele piramide în Egipt
Căderea Imperiului Roman
de Apus
1492 AC Columb descoperă America
Primele comunități neolitice
din România
Cultura Gumelnița
Cu
29
63,546
81'(6(
$)/$8(,"
6SDаLXOЮLWLPSXO
0)ORUHD,&UăFLXQHVFX&/D]ăU
14
,QIRJUD¿FFURQRORJLF
15
$WXQFL FkQG GLVFXWăP GHV-
SUHORFDOL]DUHDVLWXOXLGHOD
6XOWDQDWUHEXLHVăQHUDSRU-
WăPOD FHOH WUHLGLPHQVLXQL
VSD܊LDOH܈LODFHDGHDSDWUD
GLPHQVLXQH LQGHSHQGHQWă
GHVWUXFWXUDVSD܊LXOXLWLP-
SXO
'DFă vQ FD]XO DFHVWXLD GLQ
XUPăOXFUXULOHVXQWSX܊LQPDL
VLPSOH ¿LQG YRUED GHVSUH
XQ HOHPHQW XQLGLPHQVLRQDO
QX DFHOD܈L OXFUX SXWHP VSX
QH GHVSUH VSD܊LX FDUH HVWH
WULGLPHQVLRQDO $VWIHO FRQ
IRUP SHUVSHFWLYHL PRGHUQH
DVXSUDDFHVWXLHOHPHQWH[LV
Wă PDL PXOWH PRGDOLWă܊L GH
H[SULPDUH D ORFXOXL vQ FDUH
VH DÀă SODVDWă VSD܊LDO D܈H]D
UHD SUHLVWRULFă GH OD 6XOWD
QD 'H H[HPSOX SR]L܊LRQD
UHD DEVROXWă D VLWXOXL GH OD
6XOWDQD GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD FR
RUGRQDWHORU JHRJUD¿FH QH
HVWHLQGLFDWăGH FRRUGRQDWHOH
CCC ODWLWXGLQH QRUGL
Fă ܈L CCC ORQJLWXGLQH
HVWLFă ÌQVă WRW ORFDOL]DUHD
JHRJUD¿Fă QH VSXQH Fă VL
WXO DUKHRORJLF vQ GLVFX܊LH VH
DÀă vQ VXGHVWXO (XURSHL vQ
QRUGXO 3HQLQVXOHL %DOFDQLFH
'DFăQHUDSRUWăPODDFWXDOHOH
JUDQL܊HJHRSROLWLFHVLWXOGHOD
6XOWDQD HVWH DP
SODVDW vQ VXGHVWXO
5RPkQLHL SH PDOXO GUHSW
DO ODFXOXL 0RVWL܈WHD IRDU
WH DSURDSH GH JUDQL܊D FX
%XOJDULD ܈L ÀXYLXO 'XQăUHD
FFD NP $QGUHHVFX
/D]ăU
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JH
RPRUIRORJLF DFHVW VLW VH
DÀă vQ ED]LQXO IRVWXOXL UkX
0RVWL܈WHD vQ HVWXO
&kPSLHL5RPkQHvQWUR]RQă
FXRSkQ]ăIUHDWLFăDEXQGHQ
Wă܈LGHSR]LWHGHORHVVFHGH
Să܈HVF P JURVLPH *KL܊ă
$GPLQLVWUDWLY D܈H
]DUHD SUHLVWRULFă vQ GLVFX܊LH
VH DÀă SH WHULWRULXO VDWXOXL
6XOWDQD FRPXQD
0kQăVWLUHD MXGH܊XO &ăOăUD܈L
LDUGLQSHUVSHFWLYăJHRPRUIR
ORJLFăDFHDVWDVHDÀăSHWHUD
VDvQDOWăD ODFXOXL0RVWL܈WHD
FX DOWLWXGLQL FXSULQVH vQWUH
܈LPSHXQSURPRQWR
ULXFXRvQăO܊LPHDEVROXWăGH
PID܊ăGHQLYHOXOPă
ULL
&HPHWRGH
GHRULHQWDUH
IRORVHDX"
/RFXLWRULL SUHLVWRULFL QX
DYHDX vQVă FXP Vă FXQRDVFă
GDWHOH RIHULWH GH PHWRGHOH
PRGHUQHGHSR]L܊LRQDUH&XP
VHORFDOL]DXvQPHGLXOJHRJUD
¿F܈LFH PHWRGHGHRULHQWDUH
IRORVHDX"7HKQLFLOHJHRVSD܊L
DOH܈LLPDJLQD܊LDQHSRWLQGLFD
R PXOWLWXGLQH GH UăVSXQVXUL
܈L PDL PXOW GH DWkW SXWHP
vQGUă]QLRUHFRQVWLWXLUHDXQHL
]LOHGLQYLD܊DORU0RGL¿FăULOH
DSăUXWHGHDOXQJXOWLPSXOXL
vQ FHL SHVWH GH DQL vQ
FRQ¿JXUD܊LDUHOLHIXOXLvQJUHX
QHD]ă GHVFLIUDUHD WRSRJUD¿HL
VLWXOXLvQSUHLVWRULHWRWX܈LGD
WHOHRE܊LQXWH SkQă vQ SUH]HQW
SRW RIHUL VXJHVWLL UHIHULWRDUH
ODPRGXOGHVWUXFWXUDUHDVSD
܊LXOXL)ăUăvQGRLDOăORFDOL]D
UHDFD܈LvQSUH]HQWHUDHVHQ
܊LDOăvQWUHFXW
3ULPD vQWUHEDUH FH VH QD܈
WH HVWH XQGH HUD DPSODVDWă
D܈H]DUHD GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD RD
PHQLORU SUHLVWRULFL" 7HOOXO
D IRVW ULGLFDW OkQJă R VXUVă
QDWXUDOăGH DSăGHQXPLWă vQ
SUH]HQW ODFXO 0RVWL܈WHD IRVW
UkXSHFDUHHLvQPRGFHUWvO
GHQXPHDX DOWIHO 3HQWUX D܈L
DPSODVDD܈H]DUHDDXDOHVXQ
SURPRQWRULX QDWXUDO FDUH VH
/RFDOL]DUHDVLWXOXLDUKHRORJLFGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
GLIHUHQ܊LD YL]XDO GH DVSHFWXO
SODW DO WHUDVHL &RQ¿JXUD܊LD
WHUHQXOXLVHQVLELOGLIHULWăID܊ă
GHFHDDFWXDOăRIHUHDvQPRG
VLJXURSR]L܊LH GRPLQDQWă ܈L
XQJUDGGHYL]LELOLWDWHULGLFDW
DVXSUDWHULWRULLORU vQYHFLQDWH
8QGH HUDX ]RQHOH IDYRUDELOH
SHQWUX SUDFWLFDUHD DJULFXO
WXULL D FUH܈WHULL DQLPDOHORU
D SHVFXLWXOXL ܈L D YkQăWRULL"
'H]YROWDUHD ܈L RUJDQL]DUHD
FRPXQLWă܊LORUXPDQHHUDXGH
SHQGHQWH GH GLVWULEX܊LD VSD
܊LDOăD DFHVWRUDDVWIHO Fă FHO
PDLSUREDELOD܈H]DUHDWUHEXLD
VăGH܊LQăXQSXQFWGHFRQWURO
YL]XDO܈LDVXSUD]RQHORUGHLQ
WHUHVvQYHFLQDWH
8QGH HUDX FHL PDL DSURSLD܊L
YHFLQL DL JXPHOQL܊HQLORU FH
DX WUăLW DFXP GH DQL
vQ D܈H]DUHD GH OD 6XOWDQD
0DOX 5RЮX" 3H ED]D GDWHORU
DUKHRORJLFH ܈L FDUWRJUD¿FH
SXWHP DSUR[LPD Fă DFH܈WLD
VH DÀDX FHO PDL DSURDSH OD
NPGLVWDQ܊ăPDLSUHFLVSH
WHOOXULOH GH OD
9OăGLFHDVFD GLQ SXQFWHOH
*KHUJăOăXO0DUH܈L 2VWURYXO
0DUH LDU FHL PDL vQGHSăU
WD܊LVLWXD܊L SHDFHHD܈L YDOH D
0RVWL܈WHL ܈L OD FDUH DU ¿ SX
WXW DMXQJH vQ GHFXUV GH Fk
WHYD RUH VH DÀDX FDP OD
NP GLVWDQ܊ă SH WHOOXO GH OD
0ăULX܊D ܇HUEăQHVFX
7URKDQL܇HUEăQHVFX
܇DQGULF
7LSXO GH UHOD܊LL GH]YROWDW
vQWUH DFH܈WLD DU ¿ SUHVXSXV
H[LVWHQ܊D XQXL SURFHV GH
VFKLPE FXP DU ¿ GH H[HP
SOX FHO GH EXQXUL PDWHULDOH
3RVLELOVă¿H[LVWDW܈LFRQÀLF
WHDVWIHODUSXWHD¿H[SOLFDWH
VWUXFWXULOHGHIRUWL¿FDUH FRQ
VWUXLWHvQPRGODERULRV
.RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQLаD
.DUDQRYR9,
'DFă QH UDSRUWăP OD VFDUD
JHRORJLFă VLWXO vQ GLVFX܊LH
VH DÀă vQ +RORFHQ SHULRDGă
FDUH D vQFHSXW DFXP
DQL܈L FRQWLQXă ܈LvQ SUH]HQW
'LQ SHUVSHFWLYD WLPSXOXL
DUKHRORJLF D܈H]DUHD GH OD
6XOWDQDVHSODVHD]ăvQDGRXD
MXPăWDWHDPLOHQLXOXLDO9OHD
v&KU ܈L vQFHSXWXO PLOHQLX
OXLDO,9OHDv&KUvQ WLPSXO
FXOWXULL *XPHOQL܊D SDUWH D
XQHLVSOHQGLGHFLYLOL]D܊LLSUH
16
)RWRJUD¿HDHULDQăREOLFăDVLWXOXLDUKHRORJLFGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
LVWRULFH FH D RFXSDW R ]RQă
DSUHFLDELOă GLQ SHQLQVXOD
%DOFDQLFă FXQRVFXWă VXE
WLWXODWXUD GH .RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQL܊D.DUDQRYR9,
'LQ SHUVSHFWLYD SHULRGL]ăUL
ORUVSHFL¿FHGLVFLSOLQHL DUKH
RORJLFHQHDÀăPvQSHULRDGD
¿QDOă D QHROLWLFXOXL LQWHUYDO
GHQXPLW FRQYHQ܊LRQDO (QH
ROLWLF &DOFROLWLF VDX (SRFD
&XSUXOXL FFD
v&KU 'LQ SHUVSHFWLYD FUR
QRORJLHLDEVROXWHSHED]DGD
WăULORUUDGLRFDUERQ&HIHF
WXDWHSHSUREHGLQD܈H]DUHD܈L
QHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮXFRPXQLWă܊LOHXPDQHUH
VSHFWLYHDXFRQYLH܊XLWvQWUXQ
LQWHUYDOGHWLPSFXSULQVvQWUH
v&KU LQFOX]kQG
DLFL ܈L SHULRDGD GH WLPS FR
UHVSXQ]ăWRDUH FRPXQLWă܊LORU
%RLDQFHDXWUăLWvQD܈H]DUHD
GHOD6XOWDQD*KHаăULH$FHV
WHDGLQXUPă FHO PDLSURED
ELODXIRQGDWD܈H]DUHDGHWLS
WHOOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
IDSWGHPRQVWUDW GH XWLOL]DUHD
FRPXQă ܈L FRQWLQXă D DFHOH
LD܈L]RQHIXQHUDUHGHSHWHUDVD
ODFXOXL 0RVWL܈WHD QHFURSROD
GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
ÌQ PRG FHUW SRSXOD܊LLOH GH
DFXP GH DQL QX SHUFH
SHDXWLPSXOvQPDQLHUDFXDQ
WL¿FDWă܈LGHVFULVăGHFHUFHWă
ULOHFRQWHPSRUDQH )DSWXOFă
UHVSHFWLYLLRDPHQL GLQ WUHFXW
HUDX FRQ܈WLHQ܊L GH H[LVWHQ܊D
WLPSXOXL܈LSUREDELOv܈LGH]
YROWDVHUă XQ VLVWHP SURSULX
GH PăVXUDUH D DFHVWXLD HVWH
DWHVWDWLQGLUHFWGHDFWLYLWă܊L
OHSUDFWLFDWHXQHOHGLQWUHHOH
IXQGDPHQWDWH SH SHUFHSHUHD
VFXUJHULLWLPSXOXL GH H[HP
SOXDJULFXOWXUD
0RGXOvQFDUHDFHЮWLDVH UD
SRUWDXODWLPSUăPkQHR QH
FXQRVFXWă SH FDUH SRDWH
FHUFHWăULOH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH
YLLWRDUH GH OD 6XOWDQD R YRU
HOXFLGD
7HOOXOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
Marea
Neagră
Bulgaria
România
Grecia
Macedonia
Kosovo
Albania
Serbia
Ungaria
Moldova
SULTANA
&,1($8
)267(,"
&/D]ăU5$QGUHHVFX
18
$FXPPDLELQH GHGH
DQLvQ9DOHD'XQăULLvQÀR-
UHD R FLYLOL]D܊LH DOH FăUHL
YHVWLJLL QX vQFHWHD]ă Vă QH
XLPHDVFă ܈L vQ SUH]HQW SH
PăVXUă FH XUPHOH HL VXQW
VFRDVH OD OXPLQă GH FHUFH-
WăULOH DUKHRORJLFH 'HQX-
PLWă OD QRUG GH 'XQăUH
*XPHOQL܊D GXSă D܈H]D-
UHD HSRQLPă DÀDWă OkQ-
Jă 2OWHQL܊D LDU OD VXG
GH ÀXYLX vQ %XOJDULD
.RGMDGHUPHQ
Karanovo VI, aceas-
Wă FLYLOL]D܊LH DOăWXUL GH
ELQHFXQRVFXWD FXOWXUă
&XFXWHQL7ULSROLH UHSUH-
]LQWă DSRJHXO GH]YROWă-
ULL VRFLHWă܊LL XPDQH GLQ
(XURSDvQ DGRXăMXPăWDWH
DPLOHQLXOXLDO9OHDv&KU܈L
vQFHSXWXO PLOHQLXOXL DO ,9
OHDv&KU0DULQHVFX%vOFX
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JH
RJUD¿F DFHDVWă FLYLOL]D
܊LH RFXSD R SDUWH GLQ VXGXO
5RPkQLHL FHD PDL PDUH
SDUWH D %XOJDULHL DWLQJkQG
܊ăUPXULOH 0ăULL (JHH GDU
܈L]RQDGHOD QRUG GHJXULOH
'XQăULL 'XPLWUHVFX HW DO
0DULQHVFX%vOFX
3HWUHVFX'kPERYL܊D
2ULJLQHD DFHVWRU PDQLIHVWăUL
VHGDWRUHD]ăXQHLPLJUD܊LLGH
SRSXOD܊LL GLQVSUH $QDWROLD
IDSW GHPRQVWUDW GH UHFHQ
WHOH DQDOL]H SDOHRJHQHWLFH
$'1 HIHFWXDWH SH VFKHOHWH
XPDQHGLQGLYHUVHQHFURSROH
DWULEXLWH FXOWXULORU %RLDQ ܈L
*XPHOQL܊D GLQ 5RPkQLD
+HUYHOODHWDO
(YROXkQG GHD OXQJXO D
GRXăID]HSULQFLSDOH$܈L %
VXEvPSăUĠLWH OD UkQGXO ORU vQ
FkWH GRXă HWDSH $ $ ܈L
18
$UHDOXOFLYLOL]D܊LHL.RGMDGHUPHQ*XPHOQL܊D.DUDQRYR9, 0 250 500 km
% % SULPHOH WUHL GRFX
PHQWDWH ܈L VWUDWLJUD¿F XOWL
PD ULGLFkQG vQFă QXPHURDVH
VHPQHGHvQWUHEDUHFLYLOL]D
܊LD*XPHOQLĠDSUH]LQWăRVHULH
GHHOHPHQWHFDUDFWHULVWLFHFH
RHYLGHQ܊LD]ă܈LRGLVWLQJHvQ
FDGUXO FXOWXULORU HQHROLWLFH
HXURSHQH GH DFXP GH
DQL 'XPLWUHVFX HW DO
0DULQHVFX%vOFX
3RSXOD܊LLOH DFHVWHL FLYLOL]D܊LL
SUHLVWRULFH DX GH]YROWDW D܈H
]ăUL GH WLS WHOO FDUDFWHUL]D
WH SULQWUR ORFXLUH GH OXQJă
GXUDWă XQHRUL FKLDU VXWH GH
DQLSHDFHOD܈LDPSODVDPHQW
UH]XOWDWXO ¿LQG PRYLOH DUWL
¿FLDOH XQHRUL GH GLPHQVLXQL
LPSUHVLRQDQWHFKLDU܈LP
vQăO܊LPHIRUPDWHGLQVXSUD
SXQHUHDUHVWXULORUPDLPXOWRU
FRQVWUXF܊LLUHSDUDWHGăUkPD
WH DEDQGRQDWH UHDPSODVDWH
VDX UHFRQVWUXLWH 6WUXFWXULOH
GH WLS WHOO DGăSRVWHVF YHVWL
JLLOH PDWHULDOH DOH PDL PXO
WRU JHQHUDĠLL vQVXPkQG VXWH
GH DQL GH HYROXĠLH FXOWXUDOă
܈L VRFLDOă D XQHL FRPXQL
Wă܊L 'XPLWUHVFX HW DO
7RGRURYD%DLOH\
0DULQHVFX%vOFX
$FHVWH ÄPRYLOH DUWL¿FLDOH´
VXQWVLWXDWHGH RELFHLvQYăL
OH UkXULORU LQFOXVLY vQ OXQFD
'XQăULL GDU ܈L SH SUHOXQJLUL
DOHWHUDVHORU܈L FKLDUSHPLFL
LQVXOH$PSODVDUHD ORU D IRVW
GHWHUPLQDWă vQWRWGHDXQD GH
H[LVWHQ܊DVXUVHORUGH DSă SR
WDELOă GDU ܈L GH GLVSRQLELOL
WDWHD DOWRU UHVXUVH QDWXUDOH
QHFHVDUHRE܊LQHULL KUDQHL VDX
D PDWHULLORU SULPH QHFHVDUH
YLH܊LLFRWLGLHQHVXUVH GHOXW
URFă SăGXUL EăO܊L Să܈XQL
HWF 0DL PXOW UkXULOH ܈L
ÀXYLXO 'XQăUHD UHSUH]HQWDX
ÄVWUă]LOH´܈LÄDXWRVWUă]LOH´FH
LQWHUFRQHFWDX WRDWă DFHDVWă
)UDJPHQWGHYDVFXPDVFăDQWURSRPRUIă0&*2
'LVWDQ܊DJHQHWLFăGLQWUHGLIHULWHSRSXOD܊LLQHROLWLFH܈LFRQWHPSRUDQHGXSă+HUYHOODHWDO
UH܊HD GH D܈H]ăUL GDU vQ DFH
OD܈LWLPSVWDELOHDX܈LPDUFDX
OLPLWHOHWHULWRULLORUFRQWURODWH
VDX]RQHOHLQWHU]LVH
/RFXLQĠHOH HUDX FRQVWUXLWH
GLQ OXW úL OHPQ XQHOH GH GL
PHQVLXQLPDUL܈LDYHDXXQD
GRXăVDXFKLDUPDLPXOWHFD
PHUH ÌQ DFHVWH VWUXFWXUL GH
ORFXLUH DX IRVW GHVFRSHULWH
GLYHUVH DPHQDMăUL LQWHULRDUH
SUHFXP ODYLĠH EDQFKHWH YH
WUHVDXFXSWRDUH3HULRGLFSH
UHĠLLHUDXUHIăFX܊LXQHRULHUDX
SLFWD܊L FX PRWLYH JHRPHWUL
FHLDUSHSRGHDVDXSHODYLĠH
DX IRVW GHVFRSHULWH XUPH DOH
XQRU vPSOHWLWXUL YHJHWDOH XQ
IHO GH URJRMLQL 'XPLWUHVFX
HWDO 0DULQHVFX%vOFX
3RSRYLFL
2FXSDĠLLOH FRPXQLWăĠLORU JX
PHOQLĠHQH HUDX vQ SULQFLSDO
DJULFXOWXUD ܈L FUHúWHUHD DQL
PDOHORU ¿LQG GRFXPHQWDWH
GHDVHPHQHD܈LYkQăWRDUHDúL
SHVFXLWXO +UDQD HUD YDULDWă
vQDúH]ăULDXIRVWGHVFRSHULWH
VHPLQĠHGHFHUHDOHJUkXRU]
VHFDUăOHJXPLQRDVHPD]ăUH
OLQWHGDUúLGHIUXFWHSUHFXP
SUXQHOH SRUXPEDUXO úL FKLDU
VWUXJXUL $QLPDOHOH GRPHV
WLFH FUHVFXWH vQ HSRFă VXQW
ERYLQHOHRLOHFDSUHOHSRUFLL
܈L FkLQLL 9kQăWRDUHD SDUH Vă
¿IRVW R RFXSDĠLH LPSRUWDQWă
SHQWUX XQHOH FRPXQLWăĠL FD
úL SHVFXLWXO vQ VSHFLDO SHQ
WUX FHOH DPSODVDWH SH FXUVXO
'XQăULL %ăOăúHVFX HW DO
$UWHIDFWHOH DFHVWRU SRSXOD
܊LLVXQWGHRVHELWGHYDULDWH܈L
VSHFWDFXORDVH GHPRQVWUkQG
SUDFWLFDUHD D QXPHURDVH
PH܈WH܈XJXUL$VWIHOXQHOWH܈L
SRGRDEHGLQSLDWUă RVFRUQ
FXSUXFKLDUDXUXQHOHOXFUDWH
FXPDUH PăLHVWULHVH JăVHVF
FX VXWHOH úL PLLOH vQ VLWXULOH
DFHVWHLFLYLOL]DĠLL'DUFHHDFH
HVWH FX DGHYăUDW UHSUH]HQWD
WLYSHQWUXDFHDVWă HSRFă HVWH
PHúWHúXJXO ROăULWXOXL LOXV
WUDW SULQWUR FDQWLWDWH LPSUH
VLRQDQWăGHFHUDPLFă9DVHOH
VXQW GH GLYHUVH GLPHQVLXQL
GHODFHOHPLQLDWXUDOHGHFkĠL
YD FHQWLPHWUL SkQă OD PDUL
FKLXSXUL SHQWUX SăVWUDUHD UH
]HUYHORUDOLPHQWDUH )RUPHOH
YDVHORU VXQW GH R YDULHWDWH
H[WUDRUGLQDUă$OăWXULGHIRU
PH X]XDOH VWUăFKLQL YDVH
WURQFRQLFH FDSDFH FDVWURD
QHDXIRVW GHVFRSHULWHXQHOH
FX DVSHFW GHRVHELW FXP DU
¿ FHOH ÄFRPXQLFDQWH´ WULSOH
VDX TXDGUXSOH YDVHOH GH WLS
UK\WRQ YDVHOH FX JkW GXEOX
'HFRUXODFHVWRUYDVHUHDOL]DW
SULQSLFWDUH LQFL]DUH LPSUH
VLXQHH[FL]LHUHOLHIFRQIHUă
UD¿QDPHQW úL HOHJDQĠă FUHD
ĠLLORU PHúWHULORU JXPHOQLĠHQL
3LFWXUDFXJUD¿WHVWHGHRVHELW
GH VSHFWDFXORDVă úL IUHFYHQW
IRORVLWăSHRFHUDPLFă¿QăSH
FDUHRSXWHPFRQVLGHUDRDGH
YăUDWăFHUDPLFăGHOX[0XOW
PDLUDUDXIRVWGHVFRSHULWH܈L
YDVHSLFWDWHFX DXU$FHVWRUD
OLVHDGDXJăRELHFWHOHGLQFX
SUX܈LDXUGLYHUVHOHSRGRDEH
DFFHVRULLXQHOWHDUPH ܈L XV
WHQVLOH FRQIHF܊LRQDWH GLQ GL
YHUVHPDWHULLSULPHRVFRUQ
FRFKLOLLGHVFRLFL܈LPHOFLOXW
SLDWUă ܈OHIXLWă VDX FLRSOLWă
0DULQHVFX%vOFX
9LDĠD VSLULWXDOă D VRFLHWăĠLL
JXPHOQLĠHQH HUD PDWHULDOL
]DWă ܈L SULQWUR H[WUDRUGLQD
UăYDULHWDWHDUHSUH]HQWăULORU
DQWURSRPRUIH úL ]RRPRUIH
$QGUHHVFX
ÌQ FDGUXO DUHDOXOXL FLYL
OL]D܊LHL .RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQL܊D.DUDQRYR 9,
D܈H]DUHD GH WLS WHOO GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX VLWXDWă
vQ DSURSLHUHD 'XQăULL UH
SUH]LQWăXQXOGLQWUHFHOHPDL
FXQRVFXWH VLWXUL DUKHRORJLFH
GLQ VXGHVWXO (XURSHL ¿LQG
SULPXO vQ FDUH VD GHVIă܈X
UDW R FHUFHWDUH H[KDXVWLYă
FRRUGRQDWă GH FăWUH ܈FRDOD
DUKHRORJLFă GLQ 5RPkQLD
$PSODVDPHQWXO VLWXOXL GH OD
6XOWDQD HVWH QHRELúQXLW SHQ
WUX DúH]ăULOH GH WLS WHOO FDUH
GHRELFHLVXQWSODVDWHODED]D
WHUDVHORUúLQXSHFXOPHDORU
2FXSkQG R DVWIHO GH SR]L܊LH
D܈H]DUHDGHOD6XOWDQDDYHDR
DPSOă YL]LELOLWDWH GRPLQkQG
vPSUHMXULPLOH $UKLWHFWXUD
܈L DPHQDMăULOH XQRU ORFXLQ܊H
FRQVWLWXLHXQDOWHOHPHQWFDUH
SDUWLFXODUL]HD]ă D܈H]DUHD GH
OD 6XOWDQD &X WRWXO VSHFLDOH
VXQWDUWHIDFWHOHGHVFRSHULWHvQ
D܈H]DUHGH ODFHUDPLFD GH R
FDOLWDWHH[FHS܊LRQDOăSkQăOD
SLHVHOHXQLFDWGHSODVWLFăDQ
WURSRPRUIă ܈L ]RRPRUIă VDX
RELHFWHOHGLQ DXU GHVFRSHULWH
vQLQYHQWDUXODGRXăORFXLQ܊H
$QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
$QGUHHVFXHWDO
7RDWH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH FRQ
IHUăVLWXOXL GH OD 6XOWDQD XQ
FDUDFWHUVSHFLDODFHVWD¿LQG
SRDWH XQ FHQWUX GH FXOW VDX
GHSXWHUHvQFDGUXOFLYLOL]DаL
HLJXPHOQLаHQH
20
21
5HFRQVWLWXLUHDUWLVWLFăDXQXLLQWHULRUGHORFXLQ܊ăGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
81'(75Ă,$8(,"
&+DLWă
$܈H]ăULOH GH WLS WHOO re-
SUH]LQWă R FDUDFWHULVWLFă
LPSRUWDQWă D FLYLOL]D܊LHL
*XPHOQL܊D 7UHEXLH PHQ-
܊LRQDW Fă vQ XQHOH FD]XUL
HYROX܊LD DFHVWRU D܈H]ăUL
SOXULVWUDWL¿FDWH vQFHSH GLQ
SHULRDGD ID]HORU ¿QDOH DOH
FXOWXULL %RLDQ GH H[HPSOX
WHOOXULOH GH OD 9OăGLFHDVFD
vQ 5RPkQLD VDX FHO GH OD
5XVHGLQ%XOJDULD$OWHRUL
vQVLWXD܊LLH[FHS܊LRQDOHHYR-
OX܊LDORU vQFHSH FKLDUGH OD
QLYHOXO QHROLWLFXOXL WLPSX-
riu (WHOOXO GH OD .DUDQRYR
GLQ%XOJDULD
$0(1$-$5($
7(5$6(,
7HOOXULOH HQHROLWLFH GLQ
5RPkQLD UHSUH]LQWă SULPHOH
D܈H]ăUL GH DFHVW WLS GLQ QRU
GXO 'XQăULL ¿LQG VLWXDWH vQ
0XQWHQLD ܈L 'REURJHD GHD
OXQJXO SULQFLSDOHORU UkXUL
vQ DSURSLHUHD ODFXULORU VDX
FKLDU vQ ]RQD OLWRUDOă 'H܈L
QXHVWHvQWRWGHDXQDSUHIHUDWă
R SR]L܊LH GRPLQDQWă FDGUXO
JHRPRUIRORJLF HVWH GHRVH
ELW GH LPSRUWDQW $VWIHO SH
ED]D FHUFHWăULORU JHRDUKHR
ORJLFH VXQW FXQRVFXWH D܈H
]ăUL GH WLS WHOO DPSODVDWH SH
PDUJLQL VDX SURHPLQHQ܊H DOH
WHUDVHORUvQDOWHFXPHVWHFD
]XO FHOHL GH OD 6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮX GDU ܈L vQ ]RQHOH MRD
VH GLQ OXQFLOH UkXULORU SH
SRSLQHPDUWRULGHHUR]LXQH
FXPHVWH0ăJXUD*XPHOQL܊D
60m40m20m0m
2015 AC
4500 BC
100000 BC
10000 BC
500000 BC
CARBONATICE
PALEOSOL
SOL ACTUAL
1
2
3
29 28
30
HOLOCENPLEISTOCEN
22
8PSOXWXUă VWUDWL¿FDWă ¿Q JUDQXODUă FX OHQWLOH GH
VHGLPHQWHGHWLSORHVVOXW EUXQFHQX܈LX܈LJăOEXLSUHFXP
܈L GH FHQX܈ă 8PSOXWXUă RPRJHQă JUDQXODUă GH OXW
EUXQ JăOEXL 8PSOXWXUă RPRJHQă GH OXW FHQX܈LX
JăOEXLUDUH IUDJPHQWH FHUDPLFH FKLUSLFL܈L FăUEXQH
8PSOXWXUăRPRJHQă ¿QJUDQXODUă GHOXW EUXQFHQX܈LX ܈L
JăOEXL8PSOXWXUă GHJURDSăGH SDUIULDELOăFX OHPQ
PLQHUDOL]DW3DOHRVROEUXQFHQX܈LXDUJLORVFRPSDFW
$FXPXODUH¿QJUDQXODUăHWHURJHQăGHOXWEUXQFHQX܈LX
܈L JăOEXL /HQWLOH GH FHQX܈ă ܈L FăUEXQH ܈L GH OXW FX
VWUXFWXUăJUDQXODUă¿Qă$FXPXODUHGHOHQWLOHGHGH܈HXUL
FXFHQX܈ăFăUEXQH܈L FKLUSLFLDUV 1LYHO¿QJUDQXODU
HWHURJHQGHOHQWLOHGHOXWJăOEXL܈LFHQX܈LX vQFKLVFXR[L]L
GH ¿HU 1LYHO GH ORFXLUH ¿Q JUDQXODUHWHURJHQ FX
IUHFYHQWFăUEXQHUDUFKLUSLFL܈LFHQX܈ă'HSXQHUH
RPRJHQăGH OXW JăOEXL FXVWUXFWXUă JUDQXODUă FRPSDFWă
/HQWLOH GH OXW FHQX܈LX ¿Q JUDQXODUH RPRJHQH
FRPSDFWH /HQWLOH GH GH܈HXUL PLFURVWUDWL¿FDWH FX
3UR¿OXOVWUDWLJUD¿FDOD܈H]ăULLGHWLSWHOOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
VDXSHLQVXOHSUHFXPFHOHGHOD
9ăUă܈WL*UăGLЮWHD8OPLORU ܈L
GH OD &ăVFLRDUHOH2VWURYHO
SHQWUXDQHOLPLWDDLFLOD]RQD
GLQLPHGLDWDYHFLQăWDWHDVLWX
OXLSUH]HQWDW
'XSă DOHJHUHD DPSODVDPHQ
WXOXL VH UHDOL]D DPHQDMDUHD
]RQHLSULQvQGHSăUWDUHDYHJH
WD܊LHL LQFHQGLHUHD WHUHQXOXL
vQFD]XOGHID܊ăVăSDUHDVR
OXOXLVDXGRDUWDOX]DUHDDFHV
WXLD vQ ]RQHOH PDUJLQDOH vQ
VFRSXO GHPDUFăULL HIHFWLYH D
VSD܊LXOXLGHVWLQDWORFXLQ܊HORU
2GDWăOLPLWHOHVWDELOLWHUDUH
RUL VXQW FXQRVFXWH H[WLQGHUL
DOH DPSODVDPHQWXOXL LQL܊LDO
0DL PXOW DUHDOXO GHVWLQDW
FRQVWUXLULL ORFXLQ܊HORU HVWH
PDUFDWSULQ DPSOH OXFUăUL GH
GHOLPLWDUHFHFRQVWDXvQ܈DQ
܊XUL܈LYDOXULGHSăPkQWUHD
OL]DWH SULQ GHSXQHUHD VROXOXL
VăSDW VSUH FHQWUXO D܈H]ăULL
$FHVWH VLVWHPH FRPSOH[H GH
GHOLPLWDUHHUDXFRPSOHWDWHFX
SDOLVDGH UHDOL]DWH GLQ VWkOSL
GHOHPQ܈LHOHPHQWH GHOHJă
WXUăSUREDELORUL]RQWDOHDVH
PHQHDXQRUJDUGXUL
ÌQ FD]XO WHOOXOXL GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX DX IRVW
REVHUYDWHWRDWHDFHVWHOXFUăUL
GH DPHQDMDUH ܈L GHOLPLWDUH
0DL PXOW DFHVWHD VXQW UHD
OL]DWH GLQ SULPXO PRPHQW DO
ORFXLULL܈LSUH]LQWăPDLPXOWH
HWDSHGH UHDOL]DUH ܈L IXQF܊LR
QDUH+DLWă ,QWHUHVDQW
HVWH IDSWXO Fă JURSLOH GH SDU
LGHQWL¿FDWH DX vQ JHQHUDO
GLPHQVLXQL DSURSLDWH FFD
PDGkQFLPH܈LP
Oă܊LPH OD SDUWHD VXSHULRDUă
܈LVXQW XPSOXWHFX XQ DPHV
WHF GH JUDQXOH GH VHGLPHQWH
QDWXUDOHFXGLDPHWUXOGHGRDU
Fk܊LYDFHQWLPHWULFDUHFRQ¿U
Pă XQHOWHOH XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHDVăSăWXULL±VăSăOLJL
GHRV܈LFRUQ
6WUDWLJUD¿D REVHUYDWă SH
SUR¿OXO YHVWLF DO VRQGDMXOXL
UHDOL]DW vQ ]RQD GH 69 SH
SDQWD WHOOXOXL D HYLGHQĠLDW
SULQFLSDOHOH HWDSH vQ UHDOL]D
UHDDFHVWRUVWUXFWXUL
1. ÌQ ED]ă RUL]RQWXO GH SD
OHRVRO DQWHULRU ORFXLULL HVWH
VXSUDSXVGHGRXăQLYHOXULGH
DUVXUă FX JURVLPH FHQWLPH
WULFăFHFRQ܊LQFHQXúăúLFăU
EXQH ¿Q LQWHUVWUDWL¿FDWH FX
QLYHOXULFXVWUXFWXUăJUDQXOD
23
160m140m120m100m80m
NIVELUL LACULUI
SOL ACTUAL
45
6
74
4
16
15
17 18
14
13
11
8
910
4
444
4
4
5
5
4
12
19
20
21
22 23
26
25
24
27
2
8
25m
20m
10m
0m
FHQX܈ăFăUEXQH ܈LFKLUSLFLDUV 1LYHOXUL
GH GLVWUXJHUH RPRJHQH FX IUDJPHQWH GH FKLUSLFL QHDUV
UDUHIUDJPHQWH GHFHUDPLFăFKLUSLFL DUV܈L FDUEXQH
1LYHODUHGHOXW QLVLSRV JăOEXL܈L SRGHD GH FKLUSLFLQHDUV
FHQX܈LX JăOEXL RPRJHQă FRPSDFWă 1LYHO GH
GLVWUXJHUHFXIUDJPHQWHGHFKLUSLFLQHDUVJăOEXL܈LFHQX܈LX
GHVFKLVHWHURJHQ1LYHOXULVWUDWL¿FDWHGHSRGHOHGHOXW
FHQX܈LXJăOEXL܈LJăOEXLRPRJHQHFRPSDFWH1LYHOGH
GLVWUXJHUHFXIUDJPHQWHGHFKLUSLFLQHDUVFHQX܈LXJăOEXLUDU
FHUDPLFăFăUEXQH 1LYHOXULGH SRGHDGH OXWFHQX܈LX
܈LJăOEXL FXDPHQDMDUHGH OHPQRPRJHQH FRPSDFWH
/HQWLOă GHGLVWUXJHUHFX IUDJPHQWHGH OXWJDOEXL OXWXLHOL
܈L FKLUSLFL QHDUV 1LYHO GH GLVWUXJHUH JăOEXL UDUH
IUDJPHQWH FHUDPLFH FKLUSLFL DUV ܈L JUDQXOH GH FDUERQD܊L
/HQWLOăGHOXWJăOEXLRPRJHQă$FXPXODUHGHOXW
EUXQJăOEXL܈LFHQX܈LXGHVFKLVRPRJHQăIUHFYHQWHJUDQXOH
FDUERQDWLFH 2UL]RQW GH VRO EUXQ FHQX܈LX vQFKLV
RPRJHQFXVWUXFWXUăFXDJUHJDWHIDUăLQFOX]LXQL
UăGHVHGLPHQWH¿QHJăOEXLúL
EUXQ FHQXúLX $FHDVWă GHSX
QHUHLQGLFăIDSWXOFăWHUHQXOD
IRVWLQFHQGLDW܈LQLYHODWvQDLQ
WHGHUHDOL]DUHDDPHQDMăULORU
2. 3ULPD LQWHUYHQаLH vQ RUL
]RQWXO GH SDOHRVRO PHQаLR
QDWFRQVWăvQVăSDUHDDGRXă
JURSLGHSDUFXDGkQFLPLGH
FFD P úL OăĠLPL OD SDUWHD
VXSHULRDUă GH UHVSHFWLY
P VLWXDWH OD R GLVWDQĠă
GHFFD P$FHVWHDSUH
]LQWă R XPSOXWXUă JUDQXODUă
¿Qă SURYHQLWă GLQ VăSDUHD
VROXOXL úL SăUĠLL VXSHULRDUH D
QLYHOXOXLGHORHVV8QDGLQWUH
DFHVWH JURSL SăVWUHD]ă XUPD
VWkOSXOXLGHOHPQLDUvPSUHX
QăDXDOFăWXLWFHOPDLSURED
ELORGXEOăSDOLVDGă
3. $ GRXDDPHQDMDUHD SUR
PRQWRULXOXLFRQVWă vQVăSD
UHDXQXLЮDQаFăWUHH[WHULRUXO
DЮH]ăULLvQ]RQDGHSUHVLRQDUă
FHIDFHOHJăWXUD FXUHVWXOWH
UDVHL $FHVWD DUH SH SUR¿OXO
VWXGLDW R OăĠLPH PD[LPă GH
FFD P úL R DGkQFLPH GH
P 3ăPkQWXO VăSDW HVWH
GHSXV FăWUH DúH]DUH FRQVWL
WXLQGXQÄYDO´FHDIRVWDSOD
WL]DWvQ WLPSGHSăúLQG DVWIHO
OLPLWHOH SDOLVDGHL H[WHULRDUH
)DSWXOFăXPSOXWXUD úDQĠXOXL
SUH]LQWă GRXă QLYHOXUL GLV
WLQFWH LQGLFă GRXă HWDSH GH
IXQFĠLRQDUHDOHDFHVWXLD
3ULPDXPSOXWXUă HVWH R DFX
PXODUH¿QVWUDWL¿FDWăFXOHQ
WLOH GH VHGLPHQWH DFXPXODWă
vQ WLPS vQ FD]XO FăUHLD SUH
]HQĠDXUPHORUGHOHPQúLFăU
EXQHLQGLFăHWDSHOHVXFFHVLYH
GH UHDOL]DUH úL IXQFĠLRQDUH D
SDOLVDGHORU8PSOXWXUD VXSH
ULRDUă HVWH RPRJHQă FRQVWL
WXLWăGLQVHGLPHQWHGHWLSOR
HVVúL UHSUH]LQWă HIHFWXO XQHL
QLYHOăUL
4. &HDGHDGRXDHWDSăGHUH
DOL]DUHDSDOLVDGHLHVWHPDU
FDWăGHSUH]HQаDDGRXăJURSL
GHWLSXOЮLGLPHQVLXQLOHSUH
]HQWDWHFHDH[WHULRDUăDYkQG
DGkQFLPHDGHQXPDLP
3UH]LQWăDFHODúLWLSGHXPSOX
WXUăLDUGLVWDQĠDGLQWUHHOHVH
PHQĠLQHFRQVWDQWăFKLDUGDFă
VXQW VLWXDWH FX FFD P
PDLDSURDSHGHúDQĠ
5. 1LYHOXO DFHVWRU JURSL GH
SDOLVDGăHVWHDFRSHULWLQLаLDO
GHOHQWLOHGHGHЮHXULPHQDMH
UHvQ]RQDGLQDSURSLHUHDOR
FXLULLúLXOWHULRUGHRGHSXQH
UHGHVHGLPHQWH GH WLSORHVV
DOFăWXLWăGLQGRXăQLYHOXULFX
RJURVLPHWRWDOăGHFFDP
FHDU SXWHD LQGLFD HWDSH GLV
WLQFWHGHDPHQDMDUHDúDQĠXOXL
FXUăĠLUHDDFHVWXLD
6. $FHVWQRXÄYDO´HVWHPDU
FDW GH DVHPHQHD SULQ GRXă
JURSLGHSDUVLWXDWHGHDFHDV
Wă GDWă OD OLPLWD ]RQHL FRQ
VWUXLWHúLODRGLVWDQĠăGHQX
PDLPvQWUHHOH/DVFXUW
WLPS vQVă DFHVWHD VXQW UHIă
FXWHLQGLFLXDOXQHLSUREDELOH
GLVWUXJHUL D GXEOHL SDOLVDGH
¿LQGSR]LĠLRQDWHvQWUHJURSLOH
GHSDUDQWHULRDUH
7. 2 QRXăGHSXQHUH FRQVLV
WHQWăGHWLSÄYDO´FXRJURVL
PHPD[LPăGHFFDPHVWH
PDUFDWăvQED]ăGH OHQWLOHGH
VHGLPHQW EUXQ FHQXúLX FH
3UR¿OXOYHVWLF±QLYHOXOGHDUVXUăUH]XOWDWSULQLQFHQGLHUHDWHUHQXOXL
3UR¿OXOYHVWLF±JURDSăGHSDUGLQSULPDID]ăDSDOLVDGHLH[WHULRDUH
SURYLQHGLQRUL]RQWXOGHSDOH
RVROúL SRDWH VXJHUD vQ DFHVW
FD]RH[WLQGHUHDúDQĠXOXLLQL
ĠLDO
8. $FHVWHLID]HvLHVWHDVRFLDWă
R SDOLVDGă PDUFDWă SULQWUR
JURDSă PDL ODUJă GH FFD
PvQED]ă FXDGkQFLPH
GHDSURDSHPFXDVSHFWEL
OREDWFHYLQHvQFRQWDFWGLUHFW
FX]RQDORFXLQ܊HORU
9. 5HDOL]DUHD FHOXL GH DO
GRLOHD ЮDQа HVWH PDUFDWă GH
GHSXQHUHD SH SDQWD WHOOXOXL
D XQRU VHGLPHQWH JăOEXL GH
WLSXO ORHVVXOXL FX JURVLPH
PD[LPă GH FFD P ùDQĠXO
DIRVWREVHUYDWSHROăĠLPHGH
P DYkQG R DGkQFLPH GH
FFDP
10. 8OWLPD SDOLVDGă DWULEX
LWăDFHVWXLЮDQа HVWHPDUFDWă
GH DVHPHQHD SULQWUR JURDSă
FXIRUPăELOREDWăFXDGkQFL
PHPD[LPăGHPúLOăĠL
PHODJXUăGHPDOFăUHL
VFRSDIRVWFHOPDLSUREDELO
¿[DUHDDGRXăúLUXULGHSDUL
$FHVWH OXFUăUL GH DPHQDMDUH
܈LGHOLPLWDUH D VSD܊LXOXL GHV
WLQDW ORFXLQ܊HORU FRUHVSXQG
vQWUHJLL SHULRDGH GH ORFXLUH
a WHOOXOXL DWULEXLWă ID]HORU
*XPHOQL܊D $ $ ܈L %
$FHVWHL GLQ XUPă ID]H vL FR
UHVSXQGH UHDOL]DUHD FHOXL GH
DOGRLOHD܈DQ܊H[WHULRUSUHFXP
܈L XOWLPD SDOLVDGă UHSUH]HQ
WDWăSULQJURDSDGH PDL PDUL
GLPHQVLXQLFXSUR¿OELOREDW
6WUDWLJUD¿D SUR¿OXOXL HVWLF D
FRQ¿UPDWúLD GHWDOLDWREVHU
YDĠLLOH QRDVWUH GLQ FDPSDQLD
DVXSUDSUR¿OXOXLYHVWLF
3HDFHVWSUR¿OvQVăQXDXPDL
IRVW VXUSULQVH QLYHOXULOH GH
ORFXLUHVXSHULRDUHREVHUYkQ
GXVHIDSWXOFă]RQDFRQVWUXF
܊LLORU VH vQFKLGH VSUH QRUG
DúD FXP LQGLFă úL FRQ¿JXUD
ĠLDWHUDVHL SHFDUH HVWHVLWXDW
WHOOXO
3UR¿OXOVRQGDMXOXLUHDOL]DWvQ
]RQDGH1(D FRQ¿UPDW IDS
WXOFă OXFUăULOH GH DPHQDMDUH
úLGHOLPLWDUHDVSDĠLXOXL FRQ
VWUXLWDX IRVWUHDOL]DWH SHvQ
WUHJSHULPHWUXOVLWXOXL$FHVWH
HOHPHQWHRIHUăRGDWăvQSOXV
LQGLFLL LPSRUWDQWH DVXSUD
HIRUWXOXL LPSUHVLRQDQW GHSXV
GHFăWUHPHPEULL FRPXQLWă܊LL
*XPHOQL܊DvQVFRSXOUHDOL]ăULL
DFHVWRUVWUXFWXULGH GHOLPLWD
UHD D܈H]ăULL GH WLS WHOOGH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
&DvQFD]XOWXWXURUD܈H]ăULORU
GH WLS WHOO DWULEXLWH FXOWXULL
*XPHOQL܊DVSD܊LXOORFXLWHVWH
FRQVWUXLW܈LDPHQDMDWULJXURV
RUJDQL]DW vQ PRG VLVWHPDWLF
'DW¿LQGIDSWXOFăWHOOXOHVWH
DPSODVDWSHPDUJLQHDXQHLWH
UDVHDFRSHULWăODSDUWHDVXSH
ULRDUăFXGHSR]LWHSUăIRDVHGH
WLSORHVVDFHVWHD DX IRVWXWL
OL]DWHvQEXQăPăVXUă OD UHD
OL]DUHDVWUXFWXULORUFRQVWUXLWH
/RFXLQ܊HOH DX IRVW UHDOL]DWH
GLQFKLUSLFL UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ
DPHVWHF GH ORHVV FX SDLH ܈L
SOHDYă FDUH vPEUDFă VWUXF
WXUDGHUH]LVWHQ܊ăGLQ OHPQ D
SHUH܊LORU7RWGLQ OXWHUDXUH
DOL]DWH ܈L SRGHOHOH ORFXLQ܊H
ORU GDU ܈L GLIHULWH DPHQDMăUL
VLVWHPDWLFHOXWXLHOL܈LIă܊XLHOL
¿QH DOH SHUH܊LORU SRGHOHL
]RQHORUDFWLYH DOH YHWUHORU ܈L
FXSWRDUHORU ܈L D DOWRU VWUXF
WXUL SUHFXP ODYL܊HOH 6SD܊LXO
GLQLQWHULRUXOORFXLQ܊HORUHVWH
ELQH vQWUH܊LQXW ܈L QXPDL vQ
UDUHFD]XULVXQWREVHUYDWHGH
SXQHULVXEIRUPDXQRUOHQWLOH
GHFHQX܈ăFXFăUEXQHVDXDOWH
UHVWXULDOHDFWLYLWă܊LORUFRWLGL
HQH
$X IRVW LGHQWL¿FDWH ]RQH GH
GH܈HXUL PHQDMHUH DOFăWXLWH
GLQ GHSXQHUL ¿Q VWUDWL¿FDWH
GH QLYHOXUL ¿QH FH FRQ܊LQ R
PDUHYDULHWDWHGHFRQVWLWXHQ܊L
RUJDQLFL ܈L DQRUJDQLFL RDVH
GHSH܈WL܈LGHPDPLIHUHIUDJ
PHQWH YHJHWDOH ܈L GH OHPQ
FRFKLOLL GH VFRLFL ܈L PHOFL
FRSUROLWHOHQWLOHGHFHQX܈ă܈L
FăUEXQH IUDJPHQWH GH FKLU
SLFLDUV ܈LQHDUV ܈LOHQWLOH GH
OXW
'HOLPLWDUHD VSDаLXOXL ORFXLW
SăVWUDUHDRULHQWăULLORFXLQаH
ORUGHGLFDUHDXQRU]RQHSHQ
WUXDFWLYLWăаLOHGHvQGHSăUWDUH
D GHЮHXULORU LQGLFă R EXQă
VWUXFWXUDUHDVSDаLXOXLDЮH]ă
rii.
25
7HOOXOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
$úH]DUHD GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX se re-
PDUFăQXGRDUSULQDPSOD-
VDPHQWXOGHRVHELW GH FHODO
DOWRU WHOOXUL JXPHOQLĠHQH
VDXSULQERJăĠLDúLYDULHWD-
WHDDUWHIDFWHORUGHVFRSHULWH
DLFLGDUúLSULQDUKLWHFWXUă
'HVFRSHULULOH DUKHRORJLFH
QH RIHUă LQGLFLL LQWHUHVDQWH
܈L LPSRUWDQWH SULYLQG PRGXO
vQ FDUH FRPXQLWăĠLOH FDUH DX
ORFXLWOD 6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
DFXP PDL ELQH GH GH
DQL vúL ULGLFDX FDVHOH FDUH
HUDX SULQFLSDOHOH WHKQLFL úL
PDWHULL SULPH XWLOL]DWH FXP
v܈L DPHQDMDX VSD܊LXO GLQ LQ
WHULRUXOFDVHORUVDXFXPHUDX
RUJDQL]DWHFRQVWUXF܊LLOHvQFD
GUXODúH]ăULL
3HQWUXDDÀDWRDWH DFHVWHGH
WDOLL DUKHRORJLL WUHEXLH vQVă
VăUH]ROYHXQ DGHYăUDW SX]]
OH UHVSHFWLY Vă UHFRQVWLWXLH
GHWDOLLOHDUKLWHFWXUDOHSHED]D
UHVWXULORUFRQVWUXFĠLLORUYHFKL
GH PLL GH DQL FDUH GH FHOH
PDL PXOWH RUL VH SăVWUHD]ă
GRDUSDU܊LDO$FHDVWDVHGDWR
UHD]ăIDSWXOXLFăUHVSHFWLYHOH
FRQVWUXFĠLL DX IRVW UHDOL]DWH
GLQOHPQ VWXI úLOXW FDUH VH
FRQVHUYă GRDU vQ DQXPLWH
FRQGLĠLL $OWHRUL DF܊LXQLOH
LQWHQ܊LRQDWH VDX DFFLGHQWDOH
FH DX SURYRFDW LQFHQGLHUHD
FRQVWUXF܊LLORU DX FRQGXV OD
SăVWUDUHDXQRUHOHPHQWHFRQ
VWUXFWLYHVDXDUKLWHFWXUDOH
&HUFHWDUHDDUKHRORJLFăSRDWH
LQGLFD vQ XQHOH FD]XUL IRUPD
VDX FRQWXUXO FDVHORU SUH
FXP úL GLPHQVLXQLOH DFHVWR
UD 'HVHRUL VH SăVWUHD]ă LQ
VLWX GRDU ED]D FRQVWUXFĠLLORU
FDUH SRDWH ¿ FRQWXUDWă SULQ
úDQĠXULOHGH IXQGDĠLHXUPHOH
GHJURSLGHOD SDULLGLQOHPQ
FHIRUPDXVWUXFWXUDGHUH]LV
WHQĠă D FDVHL VDX GHOLPLWDX
VXSUDID܊D RFXSDWă GH SRGHOH
$FHDVWDGLQXUPăSXWHD¿UHD
OL]DWăGLQOXWEăWăWRULWVDXGLQ
OXWDúH]DWSHXQSDWGHFUHQJL
'XPLWUHVFX HW DO
0DULQHVFX%vOFX
3RSRYLFL$QGUHHVFX HW
DO
'LPHQVLXQLOH
FDVHORUGHOD
6XOWDQD
&RQVWUXF܊LLOHSUHLVWRULFHGHOD
6XOWDQD DYHDX IRUPă UHFWDQ
JXODUă LDU GLPHQVLXQLOH FHOH
PDLIUHFYHQWH HUDX GHFFD
[ P ¿LQG RULHQWDWH SH GL
UHFĠLD 16 ([LVWDX vQVă ܈L
FRQVWUXF܊LLGHGLPHQVLXQLPDL
PDUL [ P [ P VDX
[ PFHOH PDL PXOWH
&80/2&8,$8(,"
.0ROGRYHDQX7,JQDW92SULЮ
26
/RFXLQ܊DLQFHQGLDWă/FHUFHWDWăvQWUH
27
GLQWUH HOH ¿LQG FX FkWH GRXă
vQFăSHUL 0RGXO GH RUJDQL
]DUH D FRQVWUXF܊LLORU GH OD
6XOWDQDSDUHD¿XQXORUGRQDW
$VWIHOGLQGDWHOHGLVSRQLELOH
FD XUPDUH D FHUFHWăULORU DU
KHRORJLFHDFHVWHDSUH]LQWăR
RULHQWDUHWLSLFă16 FHO SX
܊LQSHQWUXID]HOH$܈L%DOH
FXOWXULL*XPHOQL܊D¿LQGJUX
SDWHUHJXODWDSDUHQWGXSăXQ
PRGHO SUHVWDELOLW ,VăFHVFX
D $QGUHHVFX
$QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
$QGUHHVFXHWDO
3HUHĠLL FDVHORU GH OD
6XOWDQD HUDX FRQVWUXLĠL SH R
VWUXFWXUă GH VWkOSL GH OHPQ
vQWUH FDUH VH IăFHD R vPSOH
WLWXUă GH FUHQJL DFRSHULWH FX
OXW DPHVWHFDW FX SDLH $OWH
FRQVWUXF܊LL SDU D ¿ IRVW FRQ
VWUXLWHQXPDLGLQOHPQMXGH
FkQG GXSă OLSVD FKLUSLFLXOXL
úL FDQWLWDWHD PDUH GH FHQXúă
LGHQWL¿FDWă vQ WLPSXO FHUFH
WăULORU DUKHRORJLFH ÌQWUXQ
DOW FD] SHUHĠLL FX R JURVLPH
GHFFD FP VH SDUHFă DX
IRVWULGLFDĠLGLQOXWFXOLDQWGH
YHJHWDOH SULQ EDWHUHD DPHV
WHFXOXL UHVSHFWLY WHKQLFD
FHDPXUSkQăODvQăOĠLPHDGH
FP LDU SDUWHD VXSHULRDUă
DIRVWUHDOL]DWăGLQvPSOHWLWX
Uă GH QXLHOH OLSLWH FX OXW SH
RVWUXFWXUăGLQVWkOSLGHOHPQ
WHKQLFD SDLDQWHL ,VăFHVFX
D $QGUHHVFX
$QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
,JQDWHWDO
&HOH GRXă WHKQLFL GH FRQ
VWUXF܊LH D SHUH܊LORU DX IRVW
vQUHJLVWUDWH úL vQ FD]XO FHU
FHWăULORUUHFHQWH8QXOGLQWUH
SHUHĠLLORFXLQĠHL/VDSăVWUDW
vQ HOHYDĠLH ± FP SH R
OXQJLPHGHSHVWHP$FHV
WDSDUHVă¿IRVWFRQVWUXLWGLQ
GRXă SOăFL GH OXW JURDVH GH
FFD±FPvQWUHFDUHVHDÀD
OXWDUVPăUXQĠLW$QGUHHVFXHW
DO
/RFXLQĠD / D UHOHYDW GH
DVHPHQHD GHWDOLL LQWHUHVDQWH
SULYLQGPRGXO GH UHDOL]DUH D
SHUHĠLORU $VWIHO SHUHWHOH GH
'HWDOLLGLQORFXLQ܊DLQFHQGLDWă/
FRPSDUWLPHQWDUH GLQWUH FHOH
GRXă FDPHUH DOH ORFXLQĠHL D
IRVW FRQVWUXLW GLQ OXW EăWXW
GDUDX IRVWLGHQWL¿FDWH úLUH
VWXULGHSHUHĠLFHLQGLFăWHKQL
FDSDLDQWHL,JQDWHWDO
&DVHOHHUDXGLQ
OHPQЮLOXW
,QGLFLLOHSULYLQGSDUWHD VXSH
ULRDUăDFDVHORU VXQWJUHXGH
HYLGHQ܊LDWvQ FXUVXO VăSăWXUL
ORUDUKHRORJLFHFDUHVXUSULQG
DGHVHD GRDU ED]D DFHVWRUD
úL SXĠLQ GLQ HOHYDĠLD SHUHĠL
ORU )RUPD DFRSHULúXOXL HVWH
GHSUHVXSXVD¿IRVWvQ GRXă
DSHDúDFXPHVWHVXJHUDWăGH
PDFKHWHOHPLQLDWXUDOH GH OR
FXLQĠHJXPHOQLĠHQHLDUvQYH
OLWRDUHDHUDFHOPDLSUREDELO
GLQVWXIDúDFXPRGRYHGHú
WH FDQWLWDWHD PDUH GH FHQXúă
JăVLWă XQHRUL vQ DVRFLHUH FX
FRQVWUXF܊LLOH 'XPLWUHVFX HW
DO
ÌQLQWHULRUXOFDVHORUVHJăVHDX
RVHULHGHDPHQDMăULLQWHULRD
UHSUHFXPYHWUHODYLĠHGDUúL
XQLQYHQWDUERJDWFRPSXVGLQ
QXPHURDVHYDVH JUHXWăĠLGLQ
OXWGHODUă]ERLXOGHĠHVXWUkú
QL܊HVWDWXHWHDQWURSRPRUIHúL
]RRPRUIHXQHOWHGLQRVFRUQ
OXW VDX SLDWUă HWF ,VăFHVFX
D $QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
$QGUHHVFXHWDO
2 YDWUă FX WRWXO GHRVHELWă D
IRVW GHVFRSHULWă vQ ORFXLQĠD
/ FDUH VH UHPDUFă SULQ GL
PHQVLXQLOH LPSUHVLRQDQWH
DYkQG R ODWXUă GH FFD
PúLRvQăOĠLPHGHSHVWHP
0RGXO GH FRQVWUXFĠLH HVWH
GH DVHPHQHD GHRVHELW YDWUD
DYkQG XQ PLH] IăFXW GLQ OXW
EăWăWRULWvPEUăFDWFXSOăFLGH
OXW GH FFD FP JURVLPH
8Q HOHPHQW VSHFLDO vO FRQ
VWLWXLHXQ VRFOX GLQOXW FHVH
ULGLFDGLUHFWGLQ SOăFXĠHOH GH
34
3
28.5 m
28.5 m
22.5 m
22 5 m
22.5 m
26.5 m
26.5 m
40.5 m
32.5 m
24.5 m
30.5 m
34.5 m
34.5 m
36.5 m
42.5 m
34
3
/DFXO0RVWLЮWHD
L.14
L.6
L.5
L.3
L.2
L.4/75
L.2/75
L.3/75
28
3ODQXOXQRUORFXLQ܊HFHUFHWDWHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮXvQWUH
YDWUă$FHVWHDVXQWJURDVHGH
FFD FP GHWDOLX FDUH
SRDWHVXJHUDRIRORVLUHLQWHQ
Vă܈LvQGHOXQJDWă9DWUDDIRVW
JăVLWăSUăEXúLWăSHVWH XQ YDV
DÀDWSHSRGHDXDORFXLQĠHLÌQ
DSURSLHUHD YHWUHL D IRVW GHV
FRSHULWXQ SDQGDQWLY GLQ DXU
$QGUHHVFX /D]ăU
$QGUHHVFXHWDO
ÌQORFXLQĠD/DXIRVWGHVFR
SHULWHúLDOWHDPHQDMăULLQWHUL
RDUH3HODWXUDGHVXGYHVWVH
DÀDRVWUXFWXUăGHOXWDUVUHF
WDQJXODUăGLVWUXVăvQFHDPDL
PDUHSDUWHFXODWXULOHGHFFD
[ P SăV
WUDWă SH R vQăOĠLPH GH
± P SUREDELO XQ
IHO GH ODYLĠă $OăWXUL GH HD
D IRVW GHVFRSHULW XQ RELHFW
LQWHUHVDQW R SLDWUă SODWă GH
FLUFD [ P FDUHHUD
vQFDVWUDWă vQWUXQ VRFOX GH
OXW SUREDELO R UkúQLĠă ÌQ
DSURSLHUHD HL VDX JăVLW SHV
WH GH JUHXWăĠL GLQ OXW DUV
$QGUHHVFXHWDO
%RJăĠLD LQYHQWDUXOXL ORFXLQ
ĠHORU GH OD 6XOWDQD HVWH ELQH
FXQRVFXWăDWkWGLQYHFKLOHVă
SăWXULFkW܈LGLQFHOHUHFHQWH
$VWIHO FDQWLWDWHD LPSUHVLR
QDQWă GH FHUDPLFă GHVFRSH
ULWăFXIRDUWH PXOWH YDVHvQ
WUHJL DúH]DWH XQXO vQWUDOWXO
úL FDQWLWDWHD LPHQVă GH IUDJ
PHQWH FHUDPLFH PDMRULWDWHD
UHvQWUHJLELOH DÀDWH vQ MXUXO
XQXL SUHVXSXV FXSWRU ODX
GHWHUPLQDWSH&RQVWDQWLQ,Vă
FHVFXVăQXPHDVFăXQDGLQWUH
GHVFRSHULULOH VDOH GUHSW ÄOR
FXLQĠD RODUXOXL´ 7RW vQ ÄOR
FXLQĠDRODUXOXL´DIRVWGHVFR
SHULWúLXQWH]DXUFRPSXVGLQ
SLHVH GLQ DXU vQVXPkQG
J LGHQWL¿FDW SH YDWUD
ORFXLQĠHLSULQWUHIUDJPHQWHOH
XQHL PDFKHWH GH FRQVWUXFĠLL
+ăOFHVFX
ÌQVSDаLXO DЮH]ăULL VXQWDWHV
WDWHЮLFRQVWUXFаLLDQH[HXQGH
HUDXSăVWUDWHЮLPăFLQDWHFH
UHDOH VDX VH GHIăЮXUDX DOWH
DFWLYLWăаLGRPHVWLFH
5HFRQVWLWXLUHDDUWLVWLFăDD܈H]ăULLSUHLVWRULFHGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
&RO܊XOGHQRUGHVWDOORFXLQ܊HLLQFHQGLDWH/
Moartea presupune un set
GHULWXDOXULFDUHVXQWDVWă]L
SHUFHSXWH QX QXPDL SULQ
SULVPDELRORJLFă FL܈L SULQ
FHDDQRUPHORUGHFRPSRU-
WDPHQWVRFLDO܈LUHOLJLRV
3HQWUX DUKHRORJL VFKHOHWXO
XPDQ܈LWRWDOLWDWHD RELHFWHORU
GHVFRSHULWH DOăWXUL GH DFHV
WD vQ LQWHULRUXO PRUPkQWXOXL
FkW܈LPRUPkQWXOSURSULX]LV
RIHUă LQIRUPD܊LL SUH܊LRDVH ܈L
LQGLVSHQVDELOH SHQWUX vQ܊HOH
JHUHD IHOXOXL vQ FDUH FRPX
QLWDWHDIXQF܊LRQDDDWLWXGLQLL
FHORU UăPD܈L vQ YLD܊ă ID܊ă GH
FRUSXOFHOXLGHFHGDW܈LID܊ăGH
IHQRPHQXOPRU܊LL5HJXOLOH܈L
QRUPHOHVRFLRFXOWXUDOHGXSă
FDUH IXQF܊LRQDX FRPXQLWă܊LOH
SUHLVWRULFH SRW ¿ VWXGLDWH ܈L
HGL¿FDWH vQ SUH]HQW SULQ FHU
FHWDUHDULWXULORU܈LULWXDOXULORU
SUDFWLFDWHGHDFHVWHD
ÌQ FD]XO FRPXQLWă܊LORU
*XPHOQL܊D FHORU GHFHGD܊L OH
HUDX UH]HUYDWH ORFXUL VSHFLDO
DPHQDMDWHSHQWUX vQPRUPkQ
WDUHD ORU vQ DIDUD DúH]ăUL
ORU GHQXPLWH QHFURSROH /D
6XOWDQD DFHDVWD HVWH VLWXD
WăODP PVSUHYHVW
ID܊ăGHD܈H]DUHDGHWLSWHOOFH
DSDU܊LQH FXOWXULL *XPHOQL܊D
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX ܈L OD
P P VSUH HVW
ID܊ă GH D܈H]DUHD SODQă FH
DSDU܊LQH FXOWXULL %RLDQ
6XOWDQD*KHаăULH &URQROR
JLD JHQHUDOă D DFHVWRU GRXă
FXOWXUL DFRSHUă XQ LQWHUYDO
GH DSUR[LPDWLY GH DQL
FXSULQV vQWUH
FDO%& FX R SUREDELOLWDWH
GH'LQSXQFW GH YH
GHUHFXOWXUDO PRUPLQWHOH SRW
¿ LQFOXVH vQ ID]HOH 9LGUD ܈L
6SDQ܊RY DOH FXOWXULL %RLDQ
UHVSHFWLYID]HOH$܈L$DOH
FXOWXULL *XPHOQL܊D /D]ăU HW
DO
$FHODЮLVSDаLX
IXQHUDUSHQWUX
GRXăFRPXQLWăаL
1HFURSROD GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX VH vQ
VFULH vQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH WLSL
FH DOH FLPLWLUHORU HQHROLWLFH
H[WUDPXUDOH GLQ VXGHVWXO
(XURSHL SUHFXP FHOH GH OD
'XUDQNXODN *ROMDPR
'HOþHYR 9LQLFD
%XOJDULD9ăUă܈WL*UăGLЮWHD
8OPLORU 0ăULX܊D 5RPkQLD
7RGRURYD
5DGXQþHYD &RP܈D
3kQăvQSUH]HQWDXIRVW
GHVFRSHULWH܈LFHUFHWDWHGH
PRUPLQWH LQGLYLGXDOH GH vQ
KXPD܊LH FDUH SRW ¿ vPSăU܊L
WHvQ GRXă FDWHJRULL SULPDUH
±FRQ܊LQUHVWXULOH RVWHRORJLFH
vQFRQH[LXQH DQDWRPLFă SUR
YHQLWHGHODXQVLQJXULQGLYLG
܈LVHFXQGDUH±FRQ܊LQUHVWXUL
OHRVWHRORJLFHGHODXQVLQJXU
LQGLYLGUHvQKXPDW
0RUPLQWHOH SULPDUH XUPHD
]ă DFHOD܈L ܈DEORQ vQ FHHD FH
SULYH܈WH WLSXO GH WUDWDPHQW
IXQHUDU DSOLFDW GHIXQFWXOXL
$FHVWHD VH SUH]LQWă VXE IRU
PD XQRU JURSL VLPSOH GH
IRUPăRYDOăQHUHJXODWăIăUă
Vă SăVWUH]H XUPH DOH DOWRU
FRQVWUXF܊LL GH RUGLQ IXQHUDU
0DMRULWDWHDPRUPLQWHORUFRQ
܊LQ UHVWXULOH RVWHRORJLFH DOH
XQRULQGLYL]LGHSX܈LvQSR]L܊LH
FKLUFLWăSR]L܊LDIHWXVXOXLSH
SDUWHD VWkQJă ([LVWă vQVă ܈L
H[FHS܊LL WUHL PRUPLQWH FRQ
܊LQ LQGLYL]L GHSX܈L SH SDUWHD
GUHDSWăLDUvQWUXQVLQJXUFD]
LQGLYLGXOHVWHGHSXVvQSR]L܊LH
YHQWUDOă
ÌQFHHDFHSULYH܈WHRULHQWDUHD
vQ IXQF܊LH GH SXQFWHOH FDUGL
QDOHDIRVW REVHUYDWă RSRQ
GHUH PDMRULWDUă SHVWH
DPRUPLQWHORUFXLQGLYL]LGH
SX܈LFXFDSXOvQGLUHF܊LLDSUR
SLDWHGHHVWÌQXUPDDQDOL]HL
VSD܊LDOHDQHFURSROHLVHSRDWH
REVHUYDRDSDUHQWăGLVSXQHUH
vQ܈LUXULSDUDOHOHDPRUPLQWH
ORURULHQWDWHVSUH(1(969
$FHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFLVXQWFR
&806(
Ì10250Æ17$8(,"
&/D]ăU09RLFX
30
31
PXQHDWkWQHFURSROHORUHQHR
OLWLFHGLQ]RQD EDOFDQLFăFkW
܈L FRPXQLWă܊LORU %RLDQ ܈L LQ
GLFăH[LVWHQ܊DXQRUUHJXOLGH
YHQLWH WUDGL܊LL WUDQVPLVH GLQ
JHQHUD܊LH vQ JHQHUD܊LH SULQ
XUPDUH DWHVWă R FRQWLQXLWDWH
vQXWLOL]DUHDVSD܊LXOXL IXQHUDU
/D]ăUHWDOD
0RUPLQWHOH VHFXQGDUH UH
SUH]LQWă R VLWXD܊LH DSDUWH ÌQ
JHQHUDO DFHVWHD FRQ܊LQ RDVH
XPDQH SURYHQLWH GH OD XQ
VLQJXU LQGLYLG FX R VLQJXUă
H[FHS܊LHFHDDXQXLPRUPkQW
FDUH FRQ܊LQH RDVHOH OXQJL
SURYHQLWH GH OD GRL LQGLYL]L
$FHVWHDSRW¿GLYL]DWHODUkQ
GXOORUvQDOWHGRXăFDWHJRULL
PRUPLQWH FDUH FRQ܊LQ UHVWXUL
RVWHRORJLFH JUXSDWH VHOHFWLY
܈L PRUPLQWH FDUH FRQ܊LQ UH
VWXUL RVWHRORJLFH DSDUHQW GH
SXVHDOHDWRULX/D]ăU
3UDFWLFLIXQHUDUH
GHRVHELWH
'DWHOHDUKHRORJLFHLQGLFăGH
SXQHUHDLQWHQ܊LRQDWăDDFHVWRU
RDVH XPDQH vQ JURSL $FHVWH
VLWXD܊LL UHSUH]LQWă UH]XOWDWXO
XQRUFLUFXPVWDQ܊HDFFLGHQWDOH
VDXVSHFLDOHFDUHDXvPSLHGL
FDWGHVIă܈XUDUHDQRUPDOăDUL
WXOXLIXQHUDU3HGHDOWăSDUWH
DFHVWH PRUPLQWH SRW HYLGHQ
܊LDIRUPHGHWUDWDPHQWIXQHUDU
GLIHUHQ܊LDWSHQWUXDQXPL܊L LQ
GLYL]L SUDFWLFL H[FOXVLYH VDX
RELFHLXULRFD]LRQDOH/D]ăUHW
DOD
6LWXD܊LL VLPLODUH VXQW FX
QRVFXWH vQ QHFURSROHOH
HQHROLWLFH GH OD 9DUQD ,
5HFRQVWLWXLUHDDUWLVWLFăDSR]L܊LHLGHvQPRUPkQWDUHDLQGLYL]LORUGLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
32
9ăUăúWL*UăGLúWHD 8OPLORU
9LQLFDVDX'HYQMD7RGRURYD
6LPHRQRYD5DGXQþHYD
,YDQRY &RPúD
&KDSPDQ
2 SUDFWLFă IXQHUDUă GHRVHEL
Wă vQWkOQLWă vQ QHFURSROD GH
OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX HVWH
H[WUDJHUHD FUDQLLORU ܈LVDX
D DOWRU SăU܊L DOH VFKHOHWXOXL
$FHVWH VLWXD܊LL FRQVWLWXLH LQ
WHUYHQ܊LLODXQDQXPLWLQWHUYDO
GH WLPS GXSă vQPRUPkQWD
UHD SURSULX]LVă LDU vQ XQHOH
FD]XULDIRVWLGHQWL¿FDWăJURD
SD GH H[WUDJHUH D FUDQLXOXL
6FRSXO DFHVWRU DF܊LXQL QX D
IRVWvQFăGHWHUPLQDWvQVăSRD
WH¿OHJDWGHXQDQXPLWFXOWDO
VWUăPR܈LORU2DVHOHXPDQHUH
FXSHUDWHGLQPRUPLQWHGXSă
GHVFRPSXQHUHD FDGDYUXOXL
SXWHDX ¿ XWLOL]DWH vQ FDGUXO
XQRU FHUHPRQLL VDX ULWXDOXUL
FDUHDYHDXORF¿HvQD܈H]DUH
¿HvQFDGUXOQHFURSROHL
$OăWXUL GH VFKHOHWHOH XPDQH
R PLFă SDUWH D PRUPLQWHORU
FDUHFRPSXQQHFURSRODGHOD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX SUH]LQWă
GHSXQHULGH EXQXUL IXQHUDUH
YDVH FHUDPLFH ODPH GH VL
OH[WRSRUGHSLDWUăSRGRDEH
FRQIHF܊LRQDWH GLQ RV VFRLFă
FRFKLOLHGHPHOFLVDXPDODKLW
3UH]HQĠDPRELOLHUXOXLIXQHUDU
SRDWHVXJHUD FUHGLQ܊D vQ YLD
܊DGHDSRLRELHFWHOHvLYRU¿
XWLOH FHOXL GHFHGDW vQ OXPHD
GH GLQFROR VDX vQ FăOăWRULD
SkQăDFRORVDXSRDWHUHSUH
]HQWD SXU úL VLPSOX H[SUHVLD
YL]LELOăD XQHLSăUĠL DSHUVR
QDOLWăĠLLVRFLDOH D LQGLYLGXOXL
&KDSPDQHWDO
([FHSWkQG PRUPLQWHOH vQ
LQWHULRUXO QHFURSROHL DX IRVW
GHVFRSHULWH PDL PXOWH JUR
SLGH IRUPăFLUFXODUă GH GL
PHQVLXQLYDULDWHFDUHFRQ܊LQ
IUDJPHQWHFHUDPLFHFăUEXQH
IUDJPHQWH GH OXW DUV SLDWUă
RDVHGHDQLPDOH܈LVFRLFL3UH
]HQ܊DDFHVWRUFRPSOH[HDUKH
RORJLFHvQ]RQDIXQHUDUăSRDWH
¿SXVăvQOHJăWXUăFXDQXPLWH
HWDSHDOHFHUHPRQLHLIXQHUDUH
XUPH DOH EDQFKHWXOXL IXQH
UDUVDXSRWLQGLFDSUDFWLFDUHD
XQRUULWXDOXULGHFRPHPRUDUH
DFHORUGHFHGD܊L/D]ăUHWDO
D/D]ăU
3ODQXOQHFURSROHLSUHLVWRULFHGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
6XUVăGH
LQIRUPDаLL
5HVWXULOH RVWHRORJLFH XPDQH
SUHOHYDWH GLQ PRUPLQWHOH GH
OD6XOWDQDUHSUH]LQWăGHDVH
PHQHDRVXUVă GHLQIRUPD܊LL
LPSRUWDQWă0DMRULWDWHDVFKH
OHWHORU VXQW vQWUR VWDUH GH
FRQVHUYDUH SUHFDUă GDWRUDWă
YHFKLPLLDFHVWRUDGDU܈LIDF
WRULORUQDWXUDOLS+XOVROXOXL
LQ¿OWUăULOH GH DSă SURFHVXO
GH vQJKH܊GH]JKH܊ DF܊LXQHD
DQLPDOHORU FDYHUQLFROH HWF
FDUH DX FRQWULEXLW OD GHJUD
GDUHD PDWHULDOXOXL RVWHROR
JLF ÌQ PDMRULWDWHD FD]XULORU
VWXGLDWH SHVWH VDX
SăVWUDWGRDUFUDQLXO ܈L RDVHOH
OXQJL ,RQ 6R¿FDUX
6R¿FDUX ,RQ
9DVLOH
'LQ SHUVSHFWLYă SDOHRGH
PRJUD¿Fă SHVWH GLQWUH
VFKHOHWH DSDU܊LQ XQRU LQGL
YL]L GH VH[ IHPLQLQ LDU GLQ
SHUVSHFWLYD FDWHJRULLORU GH
YkUVWă PDMRULWDWHD LQGLYL]L
ORUHUDXDGXO܊LFX R PHGLHD
YkUVWHLGH GHFHV FXSULQVă vQ
WUH GH DQL 'RDU QRXă
LQGLYL]L DSDU܊LQ FDWHJRULHL
VXEDGXO܊LORUFRSLL ܈L DGROHV
FHQ܊LFHHDFHQHLQGLFăRUDWă
VFă]XWăDPRUWDOLWă܊LLLQIDQWLOH
ID܊ăGHDOWHFRPXQLWă܊L
SUHLVWRULFH ,RQ 6R¿FDUX
6R¿FDUX ,RQ
9DVLOH
3H ED]D GDWHORU SDOHRSDWROR
JLFHVHSRDWHVSXQHFăVWDUHD
GHVăQăWDWH D SRSXOD܊LHL FDUH
D WUăLW DFXP GH DQL OD
6XOWDQDHUDUHODWLYEXQă([LV
Wă WRWX܈L FkWHYD GHWDOLL FDUH
VXJHUHD]ăRVHULHGHDIHF܊LXQL
PLQRUH SUHFXP KLSHURVWR]D
SRURWLFă VDX FULEUD RUELWDOLD
OD QLYHOXO FUDQLLORU DQRPDOLL
FDUHSRWLQGLFDDWkWGH¿FLHQĠH
VDXFDUHQĠHDOLPHQWDUHFkWúL
XQDQXPLWVWLOGHYLDĠă7RWvQ
OHJăWXUă FX DOLPHQWD܊LD VSH
FL¿FăD UHVSHFWLYLORU LQGLYL]L
VXQW ܈L FDULLOH VDX DEFHVHOH
GHQWDUH SUHFXP ܈L SLHUGHUHD
vQ WLPSXO YLH܊LL D XQRU GLQ܊L
VXE LQÀXHQ܊D XQRU DJHQ܊L
LQIHF܊LR܈L 2 DOWă DIHF܊LXQH
LGHQWL¿FDWă SH VFKHOHWHOH GH
OD6XOWDQDHVWH RVWHRSHULRVWL
WDODQLYHOXORDVHORUOXQJLDOH
PHPEUHORULQIHULRDUHIHPXU
WLELH ¿EXOă GDWRUDWă XQRU
LQIHF܊LLEDFWHULHQHVDX LQMXULL
WUDXPDWLFH 'H DVHPHQHD vQ
PDLPXOWHFD]XULVDGHWHUPL
QDW H[LVWHQ܊D XQRU DIHF܊LXQL
GHJHQHUDWLYH DOH DUWLFXOD܊LL
ORUUH]XOWDWH vQ XUPD VWUHVX
OXLPHFDQLFPDQLIHVWDW OD QL
0RUPkQWXO0GLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
YHOXORDVHORUOXQJL ܈L GDWRUDW
VWLOXOXLGHYLD܊ăDODFHORURD
PHQL ܈L D DQXPLWRU DFWLYLWă܊L
¿]LFH GHVIă܈XUDWH vQ WLPSXO
YLH܊LL ,RQ 6R¿FDUX
6R¿FDUX,RQ
ÌQ SUH]HQW QHFURSROD GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX UHSUH]LQ
WăXQ LPSRUWDQW UHSHUvQ FHU
FHWDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL IXQHUDU
DOJUXSXULORUXPDQHSUHLVWRUL
FHFRQWULEXLQGvQPRGFRQVL
GHUDELOODvQ܊HOHJHUHDDWLWXGL
QLLDFHVWRUDvQID܊DPRU܊LL܈LD
OXPLLGHGLQFROR
ÌQGHRVHEL GDWRULWă XWLOL]ă
ULL SH R SHULRDGă H[WLQVă GH
WLPSGDU ЮLGLYHUVLWăаLL WLSX
ULORU GH FRPSRUWDPHQW IXQH
UDULGHQWL¿FDWHSXWHPDWULEXL
DFHVWXL VSDаLX R vQVHPQăWDWH
H[WUDRUGLQDUă SHQWUX FRPX
QLWăаLOHFDUHDXORFXLWvQFHOH
GRXă DЮH]ăUL GLQ LPHGLDWD
DSURSLHUH
29% 11%
i
60%
femei
'LVWULEX܊LDSHJUXSHGHYkUVWH܈LJHQDLQGLYL]LORUGLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
35
3ODQXOPRUPkQWXOXL0GLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
36
37
II
FXPЮLGHFH"
38
21% 14%
RESURSE ACVATICE
SCOICI (pescuit)(cules)
9% 6%
RESURSE ANIMALE
MAMIFERE DOMESTICE
(cre terea animalelor)
38% 12%
&(0Æ1&$8"
&/D]ăU
'HVSUH GLHWD SRSXOD܊LLORU
SUHLVWRULFH GH DFXP PDL
ELQHGHGHDQLGH܊LQHP
R VHULH GH LQIRUPD܊LL YDOR-
URDVHRIHULWHGHFHUFHWăULOH
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH HIHFWXDWH
vQ GLYHUVH VLWXUL DUKHRORJL-
FH
ÌQFHHD FH SULYH܈WH VLWXO GH
OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX, în
XOWLPLLDQLLVDX HIHFWXDWR
VHULH GH VWXGLL FDUSRORJLFH
SDOLQRORJLFH DUKHR]RROR-
JLFH PDODFRORJLFH ܈L DUKH-
RLKWLRORJLFHFHQHDXSHUPLV
FUHLRQDUHD PRGHOXOXL GH
DOLPHQWD܊LH VSHFL¿F DFHVWRU
JUXSXULXPDQH
ÌQ JHQHUDO OD IHO FD ܈L vQ
FD]XO DOWRU VLWXUL HQHROLWLFH
GLQ5RPkQLD VDX %XOJDULD
FHUFHWDWH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU
SHQWUX FRPXQLWDWHD SUHLV-
WRULFă GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX
5RЮX FXQRD܈WHP Fă GLHWD
DIRVW GLFWDWă FX SUHFăGHUH
GHUHVXUVHOHYHJHWDOH܈LDQL-
PDOHGLVSRQLELOHvQ]RQD vQ
FDUHDIRVWvQWHPHLDWăD܈H]D-
UHDUHVSHFWLYă ܈LPDL SX܊LQ
GHSUHIHULQ܊HOHFXOLQDUH DOH
UHVSHFWLYHORUSRSXOD܊LL
38
,QIRJUD¿FSULYLQGGLHWDFRPXQLWă܊LLGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
RESURSE VEGETALE
PLANTE CULTIVATE (cules)
(
39
3ODQWHOH
0*ROHD06WDYUHVFX%HGLYDQ
5HVWXULOHYHJHWDOHGLQVLWXULOH
DUKHRORJLFHUHSUH]LQWăXQHOH
PHQWLPSRUWDQWvQvQĠHOHJHUHD
JUXSXULORU XPDQH GLQ WUHFXW
DWkWGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOSD
OHRHFRQRPLHLvQVHQVXOFXOWL
YăULL úL XWLOL]ăULL SODQWHORU
FkW úL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD PH
GLXOXL vQFRQMXUăWRU SUHLVWRULF
SDOLHUXOGHYHJHWDĠLHVSHFL¿F
XQHL UHJLXQL vQWUR DQXPLWă
HWDSăFURQRFXOWXUDOăXQHRUL
IDYRUL]kQG FKLDU ܈L UHFRQVWL
WXLUHD SDOLHUXOXL FOLPDWLF SH
ED]D LGHQWL¿FăULL XQRU VSHFLL
ERWDQLFH VSHFL¿FH XQXL DQX
PLW WLS GH FOLPă 5HVWXULOH
YHJHWDOHFDUH DX VXSUDYLHĠXLW
WUHFHULL WLPSXOXL SRW ¿ DQD
OL]DWH SULQ PHWRGH VSHFL¿FH
FH SHUPLW GHWHUPLQDUHD WD
[RQLORUGHODFDUHSURYLQLDU
XOWHULRUSULQGDWDUHDORUDEVR
OXWă VH SRDWH VWDELOL SDOLHUXO
FURQRORJLFúLFXOWXUDO$FHVWH
PHWRGHFRURERUDWHUHSUH]LQWă
VWXGLXO DUKHRERWDQLFLL FDUH
SULQ GLVFLSOLQH VSHFL¿FH SUH
FXPSDOLQRORJLDDQDOL]D SR
OHQXOXLVDX FDUSRORJLD DQD
OL]D VHPLQ܊HORU JHQHUHD]ă
GLIHULWH LQIRUPDĠLL FX SULYLUH
OD YLDĠD FRWLGLDQă D FRPXQL
WăĠLORU SUHLVWRULFH 3RSSHU
+DVWRUI
5HVWXULOHYHJHWDOHVXE IRUPă
GH VHPLQĠH DX IRVW GHVFRSH
ULWHvQGRXăGLQWUHORFXLQ܊HOH
GLQDúH]DUHD GH WLSWHOO GHOD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX ORFXLQ
ĠD / UHVSHFWLY ORFXLQĠD /
%RJDDUG %RJDDUG
6WDYUHVFX%HGLYDQ
*ROHDHWDO0DMRULWDWHD
VHPLQ܊HORU DQDOL]DWH SURYLQ
GLQ UkQGXO SODQWHORU VHJHWDOH
VDXUXGHUDOHEXUXLHQLSUHFXP
&KHQRSRGLXP
DOEXP VSDQDF VăOEDWLF
3RO\JRQXP DYLFXODUH
WURVFRW /LWKRVSHUPXP
DUYHQVHPăUJHOX܈H)DOORSLD
FRQYROYXOXV KUL܈Fă XUFăWRD
UH 5XPH[ FULVSXV ܈WHYLH
&RQYROYXOXV DUYHQVLV YRO
EXUă SOXV R FDQWLWDWH PLFă
SHQWUX VSHFLLOH 3RO\JRQXP
ODSDWKLIROLXPLDUED UR܈LH ܈L
3RO\JRQXPK\GURSLSHUSLSH
UXOEăO܊LL5HVWXULOHGHFHUHD
OHDQDOL]DWHSX܊LQHODQXPăU
UHSUH]LQWăvQVSHFLDOUăPă܈L܊H
GH VSLF VSLFXOH܊ VDX UDKLV
GHODVSHFLL SUHFXP 7ULWLFXP
PRQRFRFFXPDODF7ULWLFXP
GLFRFFXPJUkX ܈L+RUGHXP
VDWLYXP RU] YHUGH 'LQWUH
OHJXPLQRDVH VDX DQDOL]DW
VHPLQ܊H GH 3LVXP VDWLYXP
PD]ăUH܈L GH/HQV VS OLQ
WH'HDVHPHQHDDXIRVWGH
WHUPLQDWH IUDJPHQWH GH FRML
GH &RU\OXV DYHOODQD DOXQ
VHPLQĠHGH5RVD VSPăFH܈
SUHFXP ܈L VHPLQ܊H GH 9LWLV
VSYL܊ăGHYLH*ROHDHWDO
1XPăUXO PLF GH GHWHUPLQăUL
DOH FHUHDOHORU SRDWH VXJHUD
R IRORVLUH UHVWUkQVă D DFHV
WRU SODQWH GH܈L H SRVLELO FD
REXQăSDUWHGLQUHVWXULOHYH
JHWDOH GLQ VWUDWXO DUKHRORJLF
Vă QX ¿ VXSUDYLH܊XLW WUHFHULL
WLPSXOXL 'H DVHPHQHD SULQ
DQDOL]DUHD IUDJPHQWHORU GH
VSLF SXWHP FRQFOX]LRQD Fă
RDPHQLLFDUHDXORFXLWvQD܈H
]DUHDGHOD6XOWDQDv܈LSURFH
VDXDOLPHQWHOH SUREDELOSULQ
YkQWXUDUHvQDLQWHGHFRQVXP
3ODQWHSUHFXP&KHQRSRGLXP
DOEXP VSDQDF VăOEDWLF
/LWKRVSHUPXP
DUYHQVH PăUJHOX܈H ܈L
3RO\JRQXP DYLFXODUH WUR
VFRWVHGH]YROWăvQVSHFLDOSH
VROXULDUDELOHFX PXOW VRDUH
SUH]HQĠD ORU ¿LQG XQ LQGLFLX
DVXSUDFXQR܈WLQ܊HORU GH DJUL
FXOWXUă DOH JXPHOQLĠHQLORU
6SHFLLOHGH&RU\OXVDYHOODQD
DOXQ܈L9LWLVVSYL܊ăGHYLH
VHGH]YROWăvQVWDUHVăOEDWLFă
vQVROXUL FX S+HFKLOLEUDW OD
OLPLWDGLQWUH SăGXUL ܈LSDML܈WL
$WODV 'H DVHPHQHD
VH SRW GH]YROWD IRDUWH ELQH
vQ PHGLL XPHGH DOăWXUL GH
3RO\JRQXPK\GURSLSHUSLSH
UXOEăO܊LL*ROHDHWDO
0DMRULWDWHD SODQWHORU VWXGLD
WH SRW ¿ FRQVXPDWH GH FăWUH
RP3HOkQJăVSHFLLOHFXOWLYD
WHEXUXLHQLOHSUHFXP5XPH[
FULVSXV ܈WHYLH )DOORSLD
6HPLQ܊HGH9LWLVVSYL܊ăGHYLHLGHQWL¿FDWHvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
0DWHULDOHOH IDXQLVWLFH SUH
OHYDWH GLQ D܈H]DUHD GH OD
6XOWDQDvPSUHXQăFX DOWHDU
WHIDFWH VSHFL¿FH UHSUH]LQWă
R VXUVă GH LQIRUPD܊LL LPSRU
WDQWă SULYLQG DFWLYLWă܊LOH SD
OHRHFRQRPLFHDOHFRPXQLWă܊LL
XPDQHFHDORFXLWDLFLvQXUPă
FXFkWHYDPLOHQLL
0DMRULWDWHDUHVWXULORU IDXQLV
WLFHRDVHGHDQLPDOHFRFKLOLL
HWF UHSUH]LQWă GH܈HXUL PH
QDMHUH UHVWXUL GH ÄEXFăWă
ULH´DOHRDPHQLLORUGHDFXP
GH DQL VWXGLXO ORU RIH
ULQG SRVLELOLWDWHD FXQRD܈WH
ULL VWUDWHJLLORU DOLPHQWDUH D
HFRQRPLHL DQLPDOLHUH D FR
PXQLWă܊LL GH OD 6XOWDQD GDU
܈LHYROX܊LDUHOD܊LHLRPDQLPDO
GHDOXQJXOWLPSXOXL'HDVH
PHQHDUHVSHFWLYHOHPDWHULDOH
SHUPLW REVHUYDUHD UăVSkQGL
ULL XQRU VSHFLL GH DQLPDOH
H[WLQGHUHD VDX UHVWUkQJHUHD
DUHDOHORU DFHVWRUD SUHFXP
܈L PRGL¿FăULOH DQXPLWRU SD
UDPHWULFRUSRUDOL ܈L DOH WDOLHL
REVHUYDELOH OD QLYHOXO VFKH
OHWXOXLVXUYHQLWHGHD OXQJXO
WLPSXULORULVWRULFH
&5(Э7(5($
$1,0$/(/25Э,
9Æ1Ă72$5($
2DVHOHGHDQLPDOHGHVFRSHUL
WHvQ FXUVXO VăSăWXULORU DUKH
RORJLFH GH OD 6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮX UHSUH]LQWă vQ JHQHUDO
UHVWXULGHÄEXFăWăULH´DOHFR
PXQLWăĠLORU XPDQH FDUH DX
WUăLW vQ DFHVW ORF 3URYHQLQG
GHODDQLPDOHOHVDFUL¿FDWHVDX
YkQDWH D FăURU FDUQH D IRVW
FRQVXPDWă DFHVWH RDVH SUH
]LQWăRVHULH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
WLSLFHXUPHGHGH]DUWLFXODUH
GHGHVFăUQDUHGHWUDQúDUHGH
DUGHUHURVăWXULúLLPSUHVLXQL
GHQWDUH
6WXGLXO DUKHR]RRORJLF vQWUH
SULQV SH RDVHOH GH PDPLIH
UH GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX
GHPRQVWUHD]ă R DFWLYLWDWH
GH FUHúWHUH D DQLPDOHORU LQ
WHQVă FDUH QH LQGLFă IDSWXO
Fă UHVSHFWLYD RFXSD܊LH DYHD
R LPSRUWDQ܊ă IRDUWH PDUH vQ
SDOHRHFRQRPLD DQLPDOLHUă
%UHKDUG%ăOă܈HVFX
$FHVW IDSW HVWH GRYHGLW GH
UHVWXULOH RVRDVH FDUH DSDUĠLQ
40
FRQYROYXOXV KUL܈Fă XUFăWRD
UH VDX &KHQRSRGLXP DOEXP
VSDQDF VăOEDWLF FRQ܊LQ R
FDQWLWDWH vQVHPQDWă GH YL
WDPLQD & DYkQG SURSULHWă܊L
DVWULQJHQWH ܈L KLSRWHQVLYH
6FDUODW 7RKăQHDQX
'H H[HPSOX
3RO\JRQXPK\GURSLSHUSLSH
UXOEăO܊LL SRDWH¿ IRORVLW FD
PLURGHQLH GDWRULWă JXVWXOXL
SLSHUDWVDXvQVFRSWHUDSHXWLF
GDWRULWăFDOLWă܊LLVDOHDQWLVFRU
EXWLFH܈LGLXUHWLFH6FDUODW
7RKăQHDQX
$QDOL]kQG SUH]HQ܊D DFHVWRU
VSHFLLYHJHWDOHVDSXWXWFUH
LRQD R LPDJLQH D SDOHRPH
GLXOXL $VWIHO YL܊D GH YLH úL
DOXQXOLQGLFăR]RQăGHWUDQ
]LW vQWUH VWHSă ܈L VLOYRVWHSă
ÌQSOXV PDMRULWDWHDVSHFLLORU
GH EXUXLHQL LGHQWL¿FDWH OD
6XOWDQD VH GH]YROWă vQ ]RQH
FX PXOWă OXPLQă VRO IHUWLO
FXXQS+HFKLOLEUDWVSUHDFLG
܈LQXVXSRUWă XQPHGLXVDOLQ
$WODV 7UHEXLH DPLQ
WLW Fă +RORFHQXO ± HSRFă
vQ FDUH VH GH]YROWă FXOWXUD
*XPHOQL܊D ± UHSUH]LQWă R
SHULRDGăGH VWDELOL]DUH D FOL
PHLFXFURQR]RQD6XEERUHDO
ND ND FDUDFWHUL]D
WăGHR FOLPă FDOGă܈LXVFDWă
7RPHVFX
$QLPDOHOH
$%ăOăЮHVFX
3URFHVFRUQXODUGHYLWăGHVFRSHULWvQ
PRUPkQWXO0GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
01,5
DQLPDOHORU GRPHVWLFH GHVFR
SHULWHDLFLFHUHSUH]LQWă
GLQWRWDO$X IRVW LGHQWL¿FDWH
XUPăWRDUHOH VSHFLL YLWD GR
PHVWLFă %RV WDXUXV RDLD
2YLVDULHVFDSUD&DSUDKLU
FXVSRUFXO6XVGRPHVWLFXV
úL FkLQHOH &DQLV IDPLOLDULV
'LQWUH DFHVWHD RYLFDSULQHOH
܈L ERYLQHOH DX FHD PDL PDUH
SRQGHUH $VWIHO GDFă RYLFD
SULQHOHVXQWFUHVFXWHPDLDOHV
FDIXUQL]RDUHGH FDUQH IUDJH
Gă ERYLQHOH VXQW H[SORDWDWH
PDLDOHVSHQWUXSURGXVHOH ORU
VHFXQGDUH vQ SULQFLSDO ODSWH
܈L SURGXVHOH ODFWDWH GHULYDWH
3RUFXODYHDRSRQGHUHUHODWLY
UHGXVăvQFDGUXOGLHWHLFRPX
QLWă܊LORU GH OD 6XOWDQD &kL
QHOHDYHD vQSULQFLSDO IXQFĠLL
XWLOLWDUHSD]DORFXLQĠHORUúLD
WXUPHORUvQVRĠLWRUODYkQăWRD
UH ,QWHUHVDQW HVWH IDSWXO Fă
DFHVWDQLPDODIRVWGHVFRSHULW
܈L vQ FRQWH[WH ULWXDOH ± GRXă
PDQGLEXOHGHSXVHvQORFXLQ܊D
//D]ăUHWDO
'HúL FXOWLYDUHD SODQWHORU úL
FUHúWHUHDDQLPDOHORUFRQVWLWX
LDXWUăVăWXULFRPXQHDOHWXWX
URU SRSXODĠLLORU JXPHOQL܊HQH
GLQ GLIHULWH VLWXUL FHUFHWDWH
GHDOXQJXO WLPSXOXL VHSDUH
WRWXúL Fă DFHVWH GRXă DFWLYL
WăĠL QX DMXQJHDX Vă DFRSHUH
QHFHVDUXODOLPHQWDĠLHL]LOQLFH
'DWRULWăDFHVWXLIDSWJUXSXUL
OH XPDQH HQHROLWLFH LQFOXVLY
FHOGHOD6XOWDQDDXFRQWLQXDW
VăDSHOH]HúLODDOWHUHVXUVHGH
KUDQă RIHULWH GH PHGLXO vQ
FRQMXUăWRUÌQDFHVWVHQV SR
SXOD܊LDJXPHOQL܊HDQăSUDFWLFD
úL YkQăWRDUHD DFWLYLWDWH GH
SURFXUDUHDKUDQHLGHWHUPLQD
WăGH UHVXUVHOHFLQHJHWLFH DOH
PHGLXOXLvQFRQMXUăWRU$FHDV
WăDFWLYLWDWHDYHDvQSULQFLSDO
XQUROVHFXQGDU܈LFRPSHQVD
WRULX DO DOLPHQWDĠLHL FDUQDWH
¿LQG SUDFWLFDWă úL vQ VFRSXO
REĠLQHULL GH DOWH SURGXVH QH
FHVDUHYLH܊LLGH]LFX]LDDFH
ORUFRPXQLWă܊LL EOăQXUL SLHL
RDVHFRDUQH SHQWUX SURGXFH
UHDGHXQHOWH܈LDUPHHWF'H
DVHPHQHD YkQăWRDUHD FRQ
VWLWXLD R SUDFWLFă FH DVLJXUD
܈L SURWHF܊LD WXUPHORU GH VSH
FLLOH SUăGăWRDUH /D 6XOWDQD
0DOX 5RЮX DX IRVW LGHQWL¿
FDWH XUPăWRDUHOH VSHFLL GH
PDPLIHUH VăOEDWLFH FDOXO
VăOEDWLF (TXXV IHUXV ERX
UXO%RV SULPLJHQLXVFHUEXO
&HUYXV HODSKXV FăSULRUXO
&DSUHROXV FDSUHROXV PLV
WUHĠXO 6XV VFURID YXOSHD
9XOSHV YXOSHV ܈L LHSXUHOH
GH FkPS /HSXV HXURSDHXV
3ULQWUH SUHIHULQ܊HOH YkQăWRUL
ORU VH QXPăUDX FHUEXO FDOXO
܈L PLVWUH܊XO FDUH IXUQL]DX R
FDQWLWDWHLPSRUWDQWăGHFDUQH
GDU܈LDOWHSURGXVHFXPDU¿
FRDUQHOHGHFHUESLHLOHRDVH
OHHWF3UH]HQĠDH[WUHPLWăĠLORU
PHPEUHORU RDVH GH PLFL GL
PHQVLXQLFDIDODQJHOHFDUSLH
QHOHVDXWDUVLHQHOHDSDUĠLQkQG
DFHVWRUDQLPDOHGHQRWăIDSWXO
FăHOHDXIRVWDGXVHvQWUHJL܈L
WUDQ܈DWHvQDúH]DUHGXSăFHDX
IRVW YkQDWH vQ vPSUHMXULPLOH
VLWXOXL &DUQLYRUHOH HUDX Yk
QDWHPDLDOHVSHQWUXEOăQXULúL
vQVFRSXOUHGXFHULLDFĠLXQLLORU
SUHGDWRDUHDVXSUDWXUPHORU
6WXGLXOUHVWXULORUPDPLIHUHORU
VăOEDWLFH QH RIHUă LQIRUPDĠLL
SUHĠLRDVH SULYLQG SDOHRPH
GLXOSHLVDMXODFWXDO GRYHGLQ
GXVHD¿PXOW PRGL¿FDWIDĠă
GH WUHFXW %ăOă܈HVFX HW DO
$VWIHO SUH]HQĠD XQRU
VSHFLL WLSLFH GH SăGXUH
FHUE PLVWUH܊ OD 6XOWDQD
0DOX 5RЮX GRYHGHúWH H[LV
WHQĠDXQRULPSRUWDQWHPDVLYH
IRUHVWLHUHFRPELQDWHFX]RQH
GHVLOYRVWHSăúLVWHSăXQGHVH
vQWkOQHDXFDOXO ܈LLHSXUHOH GH
FkPS
41
&RUQGHFăSULRUDUVGHVFRSHULWvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
42
6LWXDWă vQ DSURSLHUHD UkXOXL
0RVWL܈WHD܈L OD PLFăGLVWDQ܊ă
GHOXQFD'XQăULLD܈H]DUHDGH
OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX D EH
QH¿FLDWGH ERJă܊LD YLH܊XLWRD
UHORUFHVHvQWkOQHVFvQDFHVWH
]RQHXPHGH$VWIHOvQWUHPD
WHULDOHOHIDXQLVWLFHVWXGLDWHVH
SRWvQWkOQLUHVWXULDOHVFRLFLORU
܈LPHOFLORUUDFLORUSH܈WLORU܈L
܊HVWRDVHORU GH DSă GXOFH VDX
DOHSăVăULORU$FHVWH DQLPDOH
DX VHUYLW GUHSW VXUVă GH KUD
Qă SHQWUX ORFXLWRULL D܈H]ăULL
GDU܈LFDPDWHULHSULPăSHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHDGHSRGRDEHPHOFLL
܈LVFRLFLOHXQHOWHDFHGHRV
Uă]XLWRDUH GLQ YDOYH VDX UH
FLSLHQWHFDUDSDFHGH܊HVWRDVă
VDXYDOYHGHVFRLFL&XOHVXO
PROX܈WHORUSHVFXLWXO܈LYkQă
WRDUHD VXQW DFWLYLWă܊LOH SULQ
FLSDOHSULQFDUH VH H[SORDWDX
UHVXUVHOHDFYDWLFH
0HOFLL܈LVFRLFLOHVXQWQHYHU
WHEUDWHOH FRQVXPDWH IUHFYHQW
GH FăWUH ORFXLWRULL D܈H]ăULL
GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX
&HOH PDL QXPHURDVH UHVWXUL
SUH]HQWH vQ ]RQHOH GH GH܈H
XUL PHQDMHUH VXQW YDOYHOH
VFRLFLLGHUkX8QLRVS܈LD
FHOHL GH ODF $QRGRQWD VS
$FHVWH VSHFLL VH vQWkOQHVF ܈L
D]L vQ UkXO 0RVWL܈WHD WUăLQG
vQVHGLPHQWHOHUkXOXL܈LSRW¿
FXOHVH SH WRDWă GXUDWD YHULL
2SHUD܊LXQLOH GH FROHFWDUH QX
HUDXFRPSOLFDWHH[HPSODUHOH
UHVSHFWLYHSXWkQG¿FXOHVHGL
UHFWFXPkQDIăUăD¿QHYRLH
GHXQHOWHVSHFLDOH&DQWLWă܊LOH
FXOHVHHUDXYDULDELOH܈LGHSLQ
GHDX IRDUWH PXOW GH QLYHOXO
DSHLÌQSHULRDGHOHFkQGQLYH
OXOUkXOXLHUDVFă]XWVFRLFLOH
VHFRQFHQWUDXSHIXQGXODSHL
܈L DVWIHO SXWHDX ¿ FXOHVH vQ
FDQWLWă܊L PDUL &DUQHD DFHV
WRUVFRLFLSRDWH¿FRQVXPDWă
FUXGă VDX SUHSDUDWă R VFXUWă
SHULRDGă GH WLPS SULQ RSă
ULUH VDX SULQ FRDFHUH vQ MDU
&DUQHD VFRLFLORU IXUQL]HD]ă
R PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH HQHUJLH
.FDONJ¿LQGDOăWXULGH
FHDDSH܈WLORUR VXUVăLPSRU
WDQWă GH SURWHLQă DQLPDOă vQ
SHULRDGDHVWLYDOă
$QDOL]D PDFURVFRSLFă D YDO
YHORU D FRQGXV OD LGHQWL¿FD
UHD XQRU XUPH GLQ YHFKLPH
FH VXQW SUH]HQWH SH VXSUD
ID܊D FRFKLOLLORU $FHVWHD SX
WHDX ¿ UH]XOWDWXO DF܊LXQLL GH
GHVIDFHUH D VFRLFLORU SHQWUX
FRQVXPXO SăU܊LL FăUQRDVH
3HQWUX YHUL¿FDUHD WHKQLFLORU
SUHLVWRULFHVDXUHDOL]DWRVH
ULH GH H[SHULPHQWH SHQWUX D
VXUSULQGHPRGDOLWă܊LPXOWLSOH
GH GHVIDFHUH D YDOYHORU GHV
FRSHULWHvQ VăSăWXUD DUKHROR
JLFăSULQORYLUHDVXSUDIH܊HORU
YDOYHORU SULQ ORYLUHD ]RQH
ORU GH vPELQDUH DOH YDOYHORU
܈L GHVIDFHUHD IăUă DIHFWDUHD
YDOYHORU 5H]XOWDWHOH H[SHUL
PHQWXOXL FRQ¿UPă Fă DFHVWH
XUPH SURYLQ GLQ FRQVXPXO
VFRLFLORU HOH ¿LQG UH]XOWDWXO
LQWHUYHQ܊LHLFXDQXPLWHXQHOWH
GHSLDWUăVDXFRUQ
3HOkQJăUH]XOWDWHOHOHJDWHGH
FDQWLWă܊LOHFXOHVH܈LLPSRUWDQ
܊D vQ DOLPHQWD܊LH ELYDOYHOH
SRWRIHULLQIRUPD܊LLOHJDWHGH
PHGLXO vQFRQMXUăWRU vQ FDUH
WUăLHVF ÀXFWXD܊LLOH QLYHOXOXL
DSHLYLWH]D GHFXUJHUH WHP
SHUDWXUDDSHLQDWXUDVXEVWUD
WXOXL ܈L GH HYROX܊LD DFHVWXLD
vQWLPSVFKLPEDUHD FXUVXOXL
([SORDWDUHDUHVXUVHORUDFYDWLFH
95DGX
&RFKLOLLGHVFRLFL8QLRVSGHVFRSHULWHvQWHOOXOGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
43
UkXOXL FROPDWDUH HWF 0DL
PXOWVHSRWIDFHFRUHOD܊LLvQ
WUH HYROX܊LD PHGLXOXL ܈L VWUD
WHJLLOHGH FRQVWUXF܊LH DGRSWD
WHGH FRPXQLWDWHD SUHLVWRULFă
VWUXFWXULGHGUHQDUHDXPH]H
OLLVDXGHDPHQDMDUHDVSD܊LX
OXLUHDOL]DUHDGHSDYDMHSHQ
WUX VWDELOL]DUHD VROXOXL VDX
PRGXO FXP DFHVWD D DIHFWDW
HYROX܊LDD܈H]ăULL
'LYHUVHVSHFLLGHSH܈WLDXIă
FXW SDUWH GLQ DOLPHQWD܊LD OR
FXLWRULORUGH OD 6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮX $FHVWHD VXQW FRPXQH
vQUkXULOHGH܈HV܈LvQ'XQăUH
VWXULRQL܈WLXFă FUDS SOăWLFă
܈DOăX ܈L ELEDQ 'LPHQVLXQL
OH LQGLYL]LORU SHVFXL܊L VXQW
YDULDWHGDU FHOHPDL IUHFYHQ
WH VXQW FHOH PLFL ܈L PLMORFLL
FLUFDFPOXQJLPH ܈L
JJUHXWDWH([LVWăvQVă܈L
FDSWXUL GH WDOLH PDUH 'LQWUH
DFHVWHD PHQ܊LRQăP SUH]HQ܊D
XQXL VWXULRQ GH FLUFD NJ
3H XQXO GLQ RDVHOH FDSXOXL
SDUDVIHQRLG H[LVWă PXOWLSOH
XUPH GH WUDQ܈DUH FHHD FH QH
DUDWă GL¿FXOWDWHD FX FDUH VD
UHDOL]DWRSHUD܊LDGHGHWD܈DUHD
FDSXOXLSHQWUXD¿FRQVXPDW
&UDSXO H SUH]HQW FX XQ LQGL
YLGGHFLUFD NJ LDU܈DOăXO
܈L܈WLXFD FX LQGLYL]LFH GHSă
܈HVFNJÌQFHHDFHSULYH܈WH
PRGXOGHSUHSDUDUHDSH܈WLORU
FXQRD܈WHPSX܊LQHGDWHSHQWUX
D܈H]DUHD GH OD 6XOWDQDMa
OX 5RЮX 3H܈WLL GH WDOLH PLFă
QX SUH]LQWă SH RDVH XUPH GH
HYLVFHUDUHVDXWUDQ܈DUHLDUFHL
PDULGRDU UDUHRUL 8UPHOHGH
DUGHUHVXQWVHFXQGDUHvQPDUH
SDUWH GLQ FD]XUL 'DU vQ DOWH
D܈H]ăULGLQFXOWXUD*XPHOQL܊D
܈WLXFD VH SDUH Fă HUD SH܈WHOH
SUHIHUDW SHQWUX D ¿ SUHSDUDW
SHMDUXUPHOH GHDUVXUă¿LQG
LGHQWL¿FDWH OD SDUWHD H[WHUL
RDUă D RDVHORU FRQVHFLQ܊ă D
FRQWDFWXOXLSH܈WHOXL vQWUHJ FX
IRFXO5DGX
&RQVHUYDUHDSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHD
GHVWRFXUL SULQ VăUDUHDXVFD
UHDVDXDIXPDUHDSH܈WHOXLvQFă
QX D IRVW SXVă vQ HYLGHQ܊ă
6WXGLL UHFHQWH SHQWUX FkWHYD
D܈H]ăUL*XPHOQL܊DDXSXVvQVă
vQHYLGHQ܊ăIDSWXOFăUHVXUVHOH
DQLPDOH HUDX ELQH JHVWLRQDWH
%UHKDUGHWDO3H܈WHOH
܊HVWRDVHOH܈LVFRLFLOHDEXQGHQ
WH vQ SHULRDGD HVWLYDOă HUDX
FRQVXPDWH FX SUHGLOHF܊LH SH
WRDWăGXUDWDVH]RQXOXLFDOGvQ
WLPSFH PDPLIHUHOH GRPHVWL
FHRL܈LFDSUHGRDURFD]LRQDO
SHQWUXD ¿ SăVWUDWH܈L VDFUL¿
FDWHLDUQDFkQGKUDQDGHRUL
JLQHDQLPDOăHUDUDUă
3HVFXLWXO VH UHDOL]D FX SUH
FăGHUH vQ SHULRDGD HVWLYDOă
FHD PDL SURGXFWLYă SHULRDGă
SHQWUX SHVFXLW ¿LQG VIkU܈LWXO
SULPăYHULLPDLLXQLHvQSH
ULRDGDGHUHSURGXFHUHDSH܈WL
ORUFkQGDFH܈WLDVHDGXQDXvQ
QXPăUPDUH܈LHUDXPDLSX܊LQ
YLJLOHQ܊L OD SHULFROH 6H SX
WHDX SHVFXL FX PkQD ÄFR܈XO
RUE´ VDX FX DMXWRUXO KDUSRD
QHORU DO SODVHORU ܊HVXWH GLQ
¿EUHYHJHWDOHVDXDOSULSRDQH
ORU$FHVWHSUDFWLFLVXQWGRFX
PHQWDWHGHDUWHIDFWHOHGHVFR
SHULWHOD6XOWDQDJUHXWă܊LGH
SODVăUHDOL]DWHGLQOXWDUV VDX
SLDWUăKDUSRDQHGH FRUQ DFH
GHSHVFXLWGHRVVDXFXSUX
ÌQ LQFXUVLXQLOH RDPHQLORU
SUHLVWRULFLGHDOXQJXOUkXOXL
FX RFD]LD SHVFXLWXOXL VDX D
YkQăWRULL VH SXWHDX FDSWXUD
DFFLGHQWDO ܈L DOWH DQLPDOH FX
VFRSXOGHDOHFRQVXPD(VWH
FD]XO UDFLORU $VWDFXV VDX
DO܊HVWRDVHORU GHDSă (P\V
DQLPDOH DOH FăURU UHVWXUL VH
UHJăVHVFSULQWUHGH܈HXULOHPH
QDMHUH GLQ DULD ORFXLWă GH OD
6XOWDQD
&RFKLOLLGHVFRLFLLQVLWXGHVFRSHULWHvQH[WHULRUXOORFXLQ܊HL/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
44
*DPD GH XQHOWH XVWHQVLOH
DUPH DFFHVRULL ܈L SRGRD-
EH SURGXVH GH SRSXOD܊LLOH
JXPHOQL܊HQH GH DFXP PDL
ELQH GH GH DQL D IRVW
H[WUHP GH YDULDWă ܈L GLYHU-
Vă ¿LQG XWLOL]DWH GLIHULWH
PDWHULL SULPH GLVSRQLEL-
OH vQ YHFLQăWDWHD D܈H]ăUL-
ORU VDX RE܊LQXWH SH FDOHD
VFKLPEXULORU ÄFRPHUFLDOH´
0DULQHVFX%vOFX
ÌQ FD]XO FRPXQLWă܊LL HQH-
ROLWLFH GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX
5RЮX OD IHO FD ܈L vQ FD]XO
DOWRUD܈H]ăUL FRQWHPSRUDQH
GLQ ]RQD EDOFDQLFă YDVHOH
FHUDPLFH UHSUH]LQWă FDWH-
JRULD GH DUWHIDFWH FHO PDL
ELQH UHSUH]HQWDWă SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLD¿LQGXWL-
OL]DWHVXUVHGHOXWGLQDSUR-
SLHUHD VLWXOXL $QGUHHVFX
/D]ăU ,JQDW HW DO
$UDPD FXSUXO HVWH
OD UkQGXO HL IRORVLWă IUHF-
YHQWDWkWSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHD
XQRU RELHFWH GH SRGRDEă
FkW܈LDXQRUXQHOWHvQYUH-
PH FH DXUXO D IRVW XWLOL]DW
GRDU SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD GH
SRGRDEH$PEHOHPHWDOHDX
IRVWRE܊LQXWHSULQVFKLPEGH
FăWUHJUXSXULOHXPDQHGHOD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
6HWXOGHXQHOWH XVWHQVLOH܈L
DUPHHVWH FRPSOHWDWGH DU-
WHIDFWHOHUHDOL]DWHGLQSLDWUă
܈OHIXLWă VDX VLOH[ SUHFXP
܈L FHOH GLQ OXW RV ܈L FRUQ
&RFKLOLLOH XQRU JDVWHURSR-
GH PHOFL ܈L VFRLFL DOăWXUL
GHGHQWL܊LD VDXRDVHOH XQRU
VSHFLL IDXQLVWLFH H[SORDWDWH
GHFăWUHUHVSHFWLYHOHFRPX-
QLWă܊LGHH[HPSOXGHIHQVHOH
GH PLVWUH܊ DX IRVW XWLOL]D-
WHSHQWUXFRQIHF܊LRQDUHDGH
SRGRDEH VDX DOWH DFFHVRULL
PăUJHOH SDQGDQWLYH EUă-
܊ăULDFHGHSăUVDXLQHOH
&(352'8&($8
܇,'(&("
&/D]ăU
3LHVHOHOLWLFHFLRSOLWH
&$VWDORЮ
8QHOWHOH GH SLDWUă FLRSOLWă
FRQVWLWXLHSHQWUXFHDPDLvQ
GHOXQJDWă SDUWH D SUHLVWRULHL
SULQFLSDOXOHOHPHQWGHFXOWX
Uă PDWHULDOă SăVWUDW SkQă vQ
]LOHOHQRDVWUH܈L FDDWDUHXQD
GLQVXUVHOHPDMRUHSHFDUHDU
KHRORJLLRDXODGLVSR]L܊LHvQ
GHPHUVXOORUGH UHFRQVWLWXLUH
DYLH܊LLRDPHQLORUGLQWUHFXWXO
vQGHSăUWDW 3HQWUX SHULRDGD
HQHROLWLFăSLDWUDFLRSOLWăHVWH
XQDGLQWUHQXPHURDVHOHFDWH
JRULLGHDUWHIDFWHGHVFRSHULWH
SULQ VăSăWXUL DUKHRORJLFH vQ
D܈H]ăUL VDX PRUPLQWH 'LQ
SXQFWGHYHGHUHFDQWLWDWLYOD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX DUWHIDF
WHOHGLQSLDWUă FLRSOLWă RFXSă
ORFXODOGRLOHDGXSăFHUDPLFă
8QHOWHOH GLQ SLDWUă FLRSOLWă
DXIRVWXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXRODU
Jă JDPă GH DFWLYLWă܊L OHJDWH
GH SURFXUDUHD KUDQHL VSUH
H[HPSOXFROHFWDUHD JUkQHORU
WăLHUHD FăUQLL VDX YkQăWRDUHD
vQ FD]XO YkUIXULORU GH VăJHD
Wă GH DQXPLWH PH܈WH܈XJXUL
SURFHVDUHDSLHLORUGHDQLPD
OH܈L D ¿EUHORUYHJHWDOH SUH
OXFUDUHDOHPQXOXLDRVXOXL܈L
FRUQXOXLUHDOL]DUHDRUQDPHQ
WHORUVDX GH GRPHQLXO ULWXDO
SLHVH GHSXVH vQ PRUPLQWH
SLHVHGHSUHVWLJLX9DQ*LMQ
3LHVHOH OLWLFH GHVFRSHULWH OD
6XOWDQD VXQW vQ FRYkU܈LWRD
UHD ORU PDMRULWDWH FRQIHF܊LR
QDWHGLQVLOH[R URFă DFăUHL
45
GXULWDWH VH VLWXHD]ă vQWUH
܈LSHVFDUD 0RKV܈LDFăUHL
VWUXFWXUă FULSWRFULVWDOLQă ܈L
VSăUWXUăFRQFRLGDOă SHUPLWHD
RE܊LQHUHDXQRUXQHOWHFXPDU
JLQLIRDUWHDVFX܊LWH܈L vQ DFH
OD܈L WLPS UH]LVWHQWH 0DWHULD
SULPă XWLOL]DWă GH ORFXLWRULL
WHOOXOXLGHOD6XOWDQDHVWHVL
OH[XOD܈D]LVEDOFDQLFURFăGH
IRDUWH EXQă FDOLWDWH FHO PDL
DGHVHD GH FXORDUH JDOEHQă
VDX EUXQJăOEXLH 6XUVHOH GH
SURYHQLHQ܊ăDOHDFHVWXLWLSGH
PDWHULHSULPăHUDXVLWXDWHvQ
VSHFLDOvQQRUGHVWXO%XOJDULHL
0DQRODNDNLV
3kQă vQ SUH]HQW D IRVW DQD
OL]DWXQ ORWGH SLHVH GLQ
VăSăWXULOHDUKHRORJLFH UHFHQ
WH GH OD 6XOWDQD (܈DQWLRQXO
DQDOL]DW SURYLQH vQ VSHFLDO
GLQ ORFXLQ܊H / / 'LQ
SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO FDWHJRUL
LORU WHKQRWLSRORJLFH XQHO
WHOH IRUPDOH GRPLQă FX XQ
SURFHQW GH SLHVH
XUPDWHGHVXSRUWXULOHODPLQD
UHQHUHWX܈DWHFXXQSURFHQW
GH SLHVH܈LD܈FKLL
FXSLHVH(VWHGHUH
PDUFDWSURFHQWDMXOIRDUWHPLF
DOQXFOHHORUGRDUWUHLSLHVH
SHUFXWRDUHORU ܈L QRGXOLORU
IDSW FH VXJHUHD]ă Fă SLHVHOH
DQDOL]DWHQXDXIRVWSUHOXFUDWH
SHORFvQ VDXvQSUHDMPD OR
FXLQ܊HORU UHVSHFWLYH ÌQ FHHD
FH SULYH܈WH XQHOWHOH IRUPDOH
FHOHPDL PXOWH IDF SDUWH GLQ
FDWHJRULDODPHORUUHWX܈DWH
SLHVHDJUDWRDUHORU
SLHVH EXULQHORU
SLHVH ܈L D ODPHORU FX
WUXQFKLHUH UHWX܈DWă SLH
VH 5HVWXO WLSXULORU GH
XQHOWHFXPDU¿YkUIXULGHVă
JH܊LXQHOWHFRPELQDWHSHUIR
UDWRDUH SLHVH HVTXLOOHH VXQW
SUH]HQWHvQ SURFHQWDMH IRDUWH
PLFL 7UHEXLH VXEOLQLDW vQVă
IDSWXOFăWDEORXOSUH]HQWDWPDL
VXV UHSUH]LQWă GRDU XQ H܈DQ
WLRQ GLQ FHOH SHVWH GH
SLHVH OLWLFH GHVFRSHULWH SkQă
vQSUH]HQWOD6XOWDQDLQFOXVLY
FDWHJRULLGHSLHVHFDUHQXDX
IRVWVWXGLDWHvQH܈DQWLRQFXP
DU¿WRSRDUHOHGHVLOH[YH]L
$QGULH܈HVFX
ÌQ FDGUXO QHFURSROHL GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮXVXQWSX܊L
QHPRUPLQWHOHvQFDUHDXIRVW
GHSXVH SLHVH OLWLFH SLHVH
GLQWRW DWkWHDPRUPLQWH 'H
UHPDUFDWHVWHRODPăvQWUHDJă
OXQJăGHFPGLQ0ÌQ
DOWHPRUPLQWHSUHFXP0܈L
0 DSDU ODPH UHWX܈DWH GH
PLFL GLPHQVLXQL ܈L IUDJPHQ
WDUH /D]ăU HW DO 1X
vQWRWGHDXQD HVWH SRVLELOă R
VHSDUDUH QHWă vQWUH R IXQF܊LH
SURIDQă܈LRIXQF܊LHULWXDOăvQ
FD]XODUWHIDFWHORUGHVLOH[
$VWIHO XQHOH GLQWUH ODPHOH
GHSXVH vQ PRUPLQWHOH GH OD
6XOWDQDSRDUWăXUPHGHXWLOL
]DUH DVWIHO Fă SXWHP D¿UPD
Fă GXSă FH DX IRVW XWLOL]DWH
R SHULRDGă vQ VIHUD SURIDQă
SULQ GHSXQHUHD ORU vQ PRU
PLQWH܈LDXVFKLPEDWPHQLUHD
GHYHQLQGSLHVHFX VHPQL¿FD
܊LLVLPEROLFH
/DPăGHVLOH[GHVFRSHULWăvQPRUPkQWXO0GLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
7RSRUFRQIHF܊LRQDWGLQVLOH[GHVFRSHULWvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
8QHOWHOHGHSLDWUăЮOHIXLWă
&+DLWă
&D ܈L vQ FD]XO DOWRU D܈H]ăUL
JXPHOQL܊HQH FHUFHWDWH XQHO
WHOH GH SLDWUă ܈OHIXLWă GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX SUH]LQWă
RGLYHUVLWDWH LPSRUWDQWăDWkW
GLQSXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQF܊LR
QDOFkW܈LDOWLSXULORUGHURFL
XWLOL]DWH
3ULQWUH FHOH PDL IUHFYHQWH
SLHVH GHVFRSHULWH VXQW Uk܈QL
܊HOH܈LIUHFăWRDUHOHFDUHDWHV
Wă RGDWă vQ SOXV SUDFWLFDUHD
DJULFXOWXULLUHVSHFWLYXWLOL]D
UHD FHUHDOHORU vQ DOLPHQWD܊LH
$FHVWHDVXQW UHDOL]DWH vQ JH
QHUDO GLQ URFL JUDQXODUH FX
SURSULHWă܊LDEUD]LYHFXPVXQW
JUHVLLOH PLFURFRQJORPHUDWH
OHFXDU܊LWHOH܈L܈LVWXULOHYHU]L
FXGLIHULWHJUDQXOD܊LL
2 DOWă FDWHJRULH GH XQHOWH
HVWHFHD D SHUFXWRDUHORUXWL
OL]DWHSHQWUXSUHOXFUDUHDSULQ
FLRSOLUH D XQHOWHORU GH VLOH[
$FHVWHD VXQW UHDOL]DWH GLQ
URFL GXUH FXP VXQW GLIHULWH
VLOLFROLWH܈LFXDU܊LWHFD܈LGLQ
JDOH܊LGHURFLGXUH
$OWHWLSXULGHXQHOWHXWLOL]DWH
vQGLIHULWHVFRSXULPH܈WH܈XJă
UH܈WL VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ
܈OHIXLWRDUH ܈L DVFX܊LWRDUH FH
VXQW GH UHJXOă UHDOL]DWH WRW
GLQ URFL JUDQXODUH ÌQ FD]XO
OXVWUXLWRDUHORUSHQWUXFHUDPL
Fă DFHVWHD SRW ¿ FRQVWLWXLWH
GLQJDOH܊LGHPLFLGLPHQVLXQL
GHFXDU܊LWVDXDOWHURFLFXGX
ULWDWHPDLULGLFDWă
&X R IUHFYHQ܊ă PDL VFă]XWă
GDU IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX
LQGXVWULDOLWLFă VXQWGăOWL܊HOH
܈L WRSRDUHOH 'DFă SULPHOH
GLQWUHDFHVWHDSRW¿ UHDOL]DWH
GLQURFLFX GXULWDWHPDLVFă
]XWăFXPVXQWFDOFDUHOH¿QH
vQFD]XO WRSRDUHORU VXQW SUH
IHUDWHURFLFXGXULWDWHULGLFD
WăGLQFDWHJRULDURFLORUPDJ
PDWLFH܈LPHWDPRU¿FH
$ULDVXUVă SHQWUX SURFXUDUHD
PDWHULHLSULPHRSXWHDUHSUH
]HQWDDWkWGHSR]LWHOHGHWHUD
VăDOH 'XQăULL FkW ܈L DUHDOXO
GREURJHDQ]RQăvQFDUHVXQW
GLVSRQLELOHDWkWURFLVHGLPHQ
WDUHIRDUWHGLYHUVHFkW܈LURFL
PDJPDWLFH ܈L PHWDPRU¿FH
7UHEXLHOXDWHvQ FRQVLGHUD܊LH
܈LSRVLELOHOHUHOD܊LLGHVFKLPE
DWkWFXDUHDOXOGREURJHDQFkW
܈LFX]RQHOHVLWXDWHODVXGGH
'XQăUH
46
7RSRUGHVFRSHULWvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
5k܈QL܊ăGHVFRSHULWăvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
&HUDPLFD
7,JQDW92SULЮ
&HUDPLFD UHSUH]LQWă FDWH
JRULD GH DUWHIDFWH FHD PDL
LPSRUWDQWă GLQ SXQFW GH YH
GHUH FDQWLWDWLY GHVFRSHULWă
vQ FDGUXO VLWXOXL DUKHRORJLF
GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX
ÌQVăFHHD FHvL FRQIHUăDFHV
WHLD XQ ORF GHRVHELW vQ FD
GUXO FRPSOH[XOXL FXOWXUDO
.RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQLĠD.DUDQRYR9,HVWH
QX DWkW FDQWLWDWHD FkW FDOLWD
WHDVXSHULRDUă FRPSOHWDWă GH
SUH]HQĠDXQRUSLHVHFXFDUDF
WHUGHXQLFDW SUHFXPÄ9DVXO
FX ÌQGUăJRVWLĠL´ Ä9DVXO FX
ODOHOH´Ä=HLĠDGHOD6XOWDQD´
VDX Ä9DVXO FX FDS GH UDĠă´
$QGUHHVFX
0DWHULDSULPăIRORVLWăSHQWUX
PRGHODUHDYDVHORUFHUDPLFHD
IRVWOXWXO LDU DQDOL]HOHLQWHU
GLVFLSOLQDUH HIHFWXDWH DVXSUD
SDVWHL YDVHORU GH OD 6XOWDQD
GHPRQVWUHD]ă Fă HOH DX IRVW
FRQIHFĠLRQDWH FX OXW FROHFWDW
47
9DVDQWURSRPRUIGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0-7$*
GLQLPHGLDWDYHFLQăWDWHDDúH
]ăULL¿LQGLGHQWL¿FDWHFHOSX
܊LQVXUVH,JQDWHWDO
'LQ FRQVLGHUHQWH SUDFWLFH úL
SUREDELO FXOWXUDOH OXWXO HUD
DPHVWHFDW FX XQ GHJUHVDQW
SUHSRQGHUHQW FX FLREXUL SL
VDWHUHXWLOL]kQGDVWIHORSDUWH
GLQYDVHOHVSDUWHVDXUHEXWXUL
OH3RQGHUHDFLREXULORUSLVDWH
vQSDVWDYDVHORUFDUHDXEHQH
¿FLDWGHDQDOL]HPLFURVFRSLFH
HVWHGHFFDFHHDFHvQ
VHDPQăFăRFDQWLWDWHDVHPă
QăWRDUHGHFHUDPLFăHFKLYD
OHQWXODGLQYDVHQXYD¿
QLFLRGDWă GHVFRSHULWă ([LVWă
VLWXDĠLLvQFDUHOXWXOQXDIRVW
DPHVWHFDW FX GHJUHVDQW VDX
IRDUWHUDUDXIRVWXWLOL]DĠLGH
JUHVDQ܊LSUHFXPVFRLFLSLVDWH
SOHDYăVDXQLVLS¿Q
7HKQLFLOH GH PRGHODUH úL
XQHOWHOHIRORVLWHHUDXvQFRQ
FRUGDQĠă FX GLPHQVLXQHD úL
IRUPD YDVHORU $VWIHO FHOH
GHPLFLGLPHQVLXQLHUDXUHD
OL]DWH GLQWUR VLQJXUă EXFDWă
GH OXW PRGHODWă FX DMXWRUXO
PkLQLORUSH FkQG FHOH GH GL
PHQVLXQLPDL PDUL HUDX UHD
OL]DWHvQHWDSHSULQVXSUDSX
QHUHDVXFFHVLYăDXQRUFRODFL
VDXEHQ]LGLQOXWSUHJăWLWHvQ
SUHDODELO 3HQWUX FRQIHF܊LR
QDUHD YDVHORU FX GHVFKLGHUH
PDUH GH WLSXO VWUăFKLQLORU
VDGHPRQVWUDWSHED]DVWXGLL
ORULQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH܈LH[SHUL
PHQWDOHIRORVLUHDXQRUWLSDUH
5HSHUWRULXO YDVHORU FUHDWH úL
XWLOL]DWHGHFRPXQLWDWHDGHOD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX FXSULQGH
IRUPH GHVFKLVH VWUDFKLQD
FDVWURQXO EROXO FDSDFXO
IRUPH vQFKLVH YDVH SLULIRU
PHELWURQFRQLFH JOREXODUH
SUHFXPúLRvQWUHDJăVHULHGH
DOWH IRUPH FX GHVWLQDĠLL VSH
FLDOH DIXPăWRDUH YDV VLWă
DVNRVUK\WRQYDVVROQLĠăVX
SRUWXULFLOLQGULFHYDVHDQWUR
SRPRUIH]RRPRUIHVDXDQWUR
SR]RRPRUIH
'XSă ULGLFDUHD YDVXOXL JUR
VLPHD ¿QDOă D SHUHĠLORU HUD
FRUHFWDWă SULQ vQGHSăUWDUHD
VDX DGăXJDUHD GH PDWHULDO
6XSUDIHĠHOHLQWHULRDUHúLH[WH
ULRDUHHUDX¿QLVDWHFXDMXWRUXO
XQRUXQHOWH6WXGLLOHWUDVHROR
JLFHHIHFWXDWHSHYDVHGDUúL
SHDQXPLWHFDWHJRULLGHXQHO
WH FRPSOHWDWH GH DUKHRORJLD
H[SHULPHQWDOă DX VWDELOLW Fă
SHQWUX QHWH]LUH HUDX IRORVL
WH VSDWXOH GLQ RV WUHVWLH VDX
OHPQLDU OXVWUXLUHDHUD HIHF
WXDWă FX DMXWRUXO XQRU SLHWUH
GH UkX IUDJPHQWH FHUDPLFH
VDXFKLDUEXFăĠLGHSLHOH
2SDUWHGLQWUHYDVHHUDXGHFR
UDWHvQWHKQLFLSUHFXPLQFL]LD
úLPDLUDUH[FL]LDSH VXSUD
IDĠDvQFăPRDOHDYDVHORU&HD
PDLXWLOL]DWăWHKQLFăGHFRUDWL
YăDYkQGvQDFHODúLWLPSúLR
IXQFĠLHSUDFWLFăHUDDSOLFDUHD
XQRU RUQDPHQWH GLQ OXW VXE
IRUPD EDUERWLQHL RUJDQL]DWH
vQYkUFL OLQLLREOLFH RUL]RQ
WDOH UDGLDOH VDX YHUWLFDOH
D EUkLHORU DOYHRODUH GDU úL D
XQHL GLYHUVH JDPH GH SURH
PLQHQĠHEXWRQLúLDSXFăWRUL
5HSUH]HQWDWLYH vQVă SHQWUX
FXOWXUD *XPHOQLĠD VXQW YD
VHOH SLFWDWH &XORULOH XWLOL
]DWH vQ UHDOL]DUHD PRWLYHORU
GHFRUDWLYH VXQW JUL JUD¿W
DOE URúX úL PDL UDU QHJUX
'H¿QLWRULH HVWH XWLOL]DUHD
JUD¿WXOXLvQVSHFLDOvQGHFR
UDUHDYDVHORUGHWLSVWUDFKLQă
úL FDVWURQ FRQIHF܊LRQDWH GLQ
48
9DVGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0-7$*
9DVVXSRUWGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
SDVWă¿QăVDXVHPL¿Qă8QHOH
GLQWUH FHOH PDL VSHFWDFXORD
VH YDVH SLFWDWH GLQ vQWUHJXO
DUHDODOFRPSOH[XOXL FXOWXUDO
.RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQLĠD.DUDQRYR 9,
DX IRVW GHVFRSHULWH vQ DúH
]DUHD GH WLS WHOO GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
'XSăXVFDUHDFRPSOHWăDSH
UHĠLORUDYHDORFXOWLPDHWDSă
GLQ SURFHVXO GH IDEULFDĠLH D
FHUDPLFLL DUGHUHD 7HPSHUD
WXUD GH DUGHUH HUD XQ IDFWRU
GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX GXULWDWHD
FHUDPLFLLLDUPHGLXOGHDUGH
UH¿H R[LGDQW ¿HUHGXFăWRU
VWDELOHD FXORDUHD GH¿QLWLYă
DWkWD YDVXOXL FkW úL D GHFR
UXULORU SLFWDWH 3URSULHWă܊LOH
¿]LFHDOHYDVHORUGHOD6XOWD
QDGHPRQVWUHD]ă Fă SURFHVXO
GHDUGHUHLQFOX]kQGDWkWWHP
SHUDWXUDFkWúLPHGLXOHUDvQ
WRWDOLWDWHFRQWURODW
0RGXO GH IRORVLUH D YDVHORU
HUD GHWHUPLQDW vQFă GLQ PR
PHQWXOFRQFHSHULLORU$VWIHO
vQFDGUXOSURFHVXOXLGHIDEUL
FDĠLH SULQ DOHJHUHD SDVWHL D
IRUPHL D JURVLPLL SHUHĠLORU
DGLPHQVLXQLORUDWUDWăULLVX
SUDIHĠHL úL FKLDU D GHFRUXOXL
RODUXO VWDELOHD YLLWRDUHD GHV
WLQDĠLH D FUHDĠLLORU VDOH 3ULQ
REVHUYDUHD DFHVWRU DOHJHUL
WHKQRORJLFH JHQHUDWH OD DFHO
PRPHQW GH QHYRLOH SHUVRQD
OHVDXDOHFRPXQLWăĠLLSXWHP
DFXPvQFDGUDYDVHOHGHVFRSH
ULWH vQ FDWHJRULL IXQF܊LRQDOH
SUHFXPYDVHSHQWUX FRQVXP
LQGLYLGXDO VDX FROHFWLY
YDVH SHQWUX SURFHVDWWUDQV
SRUWJăWLW IHUPHQWDUH YDVH
SHQWUX VWRFDUHGHSR]LWDUH SH
WHUPHQVFXUWVDXOXQJSHQWUX
OLFKLGHVDXVROLGH
8QHOH YDVH HUDX XWLOL]DWH R
VLQJXUă GDWă FXP HVWH FD]XO
FHORUGRXăFDVWURQD܈HGHSXVH
vQ PRUPLQWHOH GH LQKXPD܊LH
GLQQHFURSRODGLQ DSURSLHUHD
D܈H]ăULL$OWHOHDX DYXW XWLOL
]ăULUHSHWDWH܈LDXVIkU܈LWVSDU
WH܈LDUXQFDWHVDXRSDUWHGLQ
FLREXUL DX IRVW UHXWLOL]DWH vQ
DFWLYLWă܊LFRWLGLHQHGHJUHVDQW
VDX܈OHIXLWRDUHSHQWUXFHUDPL
Fă PDWHULDO GH XPSOXWXUă vQ
FRQVWUXF܊LL &HOH PDL VSHF
WDFXORDVHYDVHDXIRVWGHVFR
SHULWH vQ ORFXLQ܊H LQFHQGLDWH
ORFXULvQFDUHDXIRVWDEDQGR
QDWHVDXGHSXVHLQWHQ܊LRQDW
,QGLIHUHQWGHFRQWH[WXOvQFDUH
DXVIkU܈LW YDVHOHXWLOL]DWH GH
RDPHQLLFHDXWUăLWOD6XOWDQD
DXIRVWDFRSHULWHGHSăPkQW܈L
DXD܈WHSWDWGH DQL SkQă
Vă¿H GHVFRSHULWH ܈L XWLOL]DWH
GHFăWUHDO܊LRDPHQLGHDFHDV
Wă GDWă vQ DOWH VFRSXUL GHFkW
FHOHSHQWUXFDUHDXIRVWFUHD
WH2PQLSUH]HQ܊DFHUDPLFLLvQ
YLD܊DFRPXQLWă܊LORUXPDQHGH
OD 6XOWDQD QH SHUPLWH DFXP
Vă GHVOX܈LP FKLDU GDFă SDU
܊LDODFWLYLWă܊LOH FRWLGLHQHGLQ
DFHDVWă D܈H]DUH GH OD RELFH
LXULFXOLQDUHODH[SULPăULPD
JLFRUHOLJLRDVH܈L GH ODVXUVH
GHFROHFWDUHDOXWXOXLODFRP
SOH[HH[SULPăULDUWLVWLFH
49
9DVGHVFRSHULWvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
2ELHFWHOHGHOXW
&,1LFRODH
ÌQHIRUWXODUKHRORJLORUGHUH
FRQVWLWXLUHDPRGXOXLGHYLD
܊ăDFRPXQLWă܊LLHQHROLWLFHGH
OD 6XOWDQD XQ ORF LPSRUWDQW
vO RFXSă ܈L R PXOWLWXGLQH GH
PLFL RELHFWH ܈L DUWHIDFWH GLQ
OXW DUV JăVLWH vQ VSHFLDO vQ
LQYHQWDUXO ORFXLQ܊HORU GDU ܈L
UăVSkQGLWHSHvQWUHDJDVXSUD
ID܊ăDD܈H]ăULL
$FHVWH FDWHJRULL GH RELHF
WH GH PLFL GLPHQVLXQL GH R
GLYHUVLWDWH LPSUHVLRQDQWă FD
IRUPă WHKQLFă GH UHDOL]DUH
XWLOLWDWH܈LVWDUHGHFRQVHUYDUH
FDUHXLPHVFVXQWQXGHSX܊L
QHRULSLHVHOHFDUHOLSVHVFGLQ
SX]]OHXO vQ܊HOHJHULL URVWXOXL
܈LUROXOXLDYXWvQFDGUXOGLIH
ULWHORU FRPSOH[H DUKHRORJLFH
GHVFRSHULWH &X XQ GHVLJQ
HODERUDW VDX VLPSOLVW GHFR
UDWHVDX GRDU PRGHODWHJUR
VRODQSURGXVHGHVHULHUHODWLY
LGHQWLFHVDXPLFLXQLFDWHSLH
VHOHPăUXQWHGLQOXWDUVvQWUH
JHVFLPDJLQHDQRDVWUăGHVSUH
DFWLYLWă܊LOH RPXOXL SUHLVWR
ULFGHVSUH UXWLQDGH ]L FX ]L
vQvQFHUFDUHD GH D܈L SURFXUD
KUDQDGHD܈LDVLJXUDQHFHVD
UXO GH vPEUăFăPLQWH GH D܈L
DSURSULD OXPHD QHFXQRVFXWă
FHOvQFRQMXUD܈LXQHRULFKLDU
GHDRIHULFRSLLORUVăLXQSULOHM
GHEXFXULHÌQFHOHFkWHYDGH
FHQLLGHFHUFHWăULDUKHRORJLFH
GHOD6XOWDQDVDXGHVFRSHULW
VXWHGHDVWIHOGHRELHFWHSX܊L
QHGLQWUHHOHvQVăvQFRQWH[WH
DUKHRORJLFH ELQH SUHFL]DWH
FDUHVăSHUPLWăDWULEXLUHDORU
VIHUHLGHXWLOL]DUHGRPHVWLFă
ULWXDOăVDXGHÄUHFUHHUH´
2 SULPă FDWHJRULH GH RELHF
WHGLQOXWDUVFDUHVHLPSXQH
SULQ QXPăUXO GHVFRSHULULORU
SHVWHGDU܈LDVWăULLGH
FRQVHUYDUH VDX D FRQWH[WHORU
ELQH SUHFL]DWH HVWH DFHHD D
JUHXWă܊LORU &HUFHWăULOH GHV
Iă܈XUDWH OD 6XOWDQD GDU ܈L vQ
PXOWHDOWHD܈H]ăULVLPLODUHDX
DUăWDWFăSXWHPYRUELvQSULQ
FLSDO GHVSUH GRXă FDWHJRULL
PDUL GH JUHXWă܊L IRORVLWH GH
RPXOQHROLWLFJUHXWă܊LSHQWUX
Uă]ERLXO GH ܊HVXW YHUWLFDO ܈L
JUHXWă܊LSHQWUX SODVD GH SHV
FXLW $PEHOH FDWHJRULL VXQW
JHQHURV UHSUH]HQWDWH vQ VLWXO
QRVWUX vQ SURSRU܊LL UHODWLY
HJDOH *UHXWă܊LOH SHQWUX Uă]
ERLXOGH܊HVXWVHUYHDXSHQWUX
WHQVLRQDUHD¿UHORUGHXU]HDOă
vQ Uă]ERLXO GH ܊HVXW YHUWLFDO
܈L VXQW SULQFLSDOHOH GRYH]L
FDUHDWHVWăSUDFWLFDUHDDFHVWXL
PH܈WH܈XJGH FăWUH FRPXQLWD
WHDGHOD6XOWDQD3HUIRUDWHOD
SDUWHD VXSHULRDUă GH IRUPă
SLUDPLGDOă GUHSWXQJKLXOD
50
*UHXWDWHGHOXWDUVGHVFRSHULWăvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
UHvQVHF܊LXQHVXQWGHRELFHL
ELQHUHDOL]DWHWHKQLFDYkQGR
JUHXWDWH vQWUH J ܈L J
0XOWH GLQ DFHVWH SLHVH VXQW
GHFRUDWH FX GLYHUVH GHVHQH
VDXVHPQH vQWUH FDUHVH GLV
WLQJVLOXHWHOHXPDQHVDXSăU܊L
DOHFRUSXOXLXPDQvQVSHFLDO
RUJDQHVH[XDOHIHPLQLQHUHD
OL]DWHSULQLQFL]LHGDU܈LVLP
SOH LPSUHVLXQL VLQJXODUH VDX
vQVHULHQXPHUH"UHDOL]DWH
SULQH[FL]LH
'DFă SHQWUX UHSUH]HQWăULOH
DQWURSRPRUIH GH SH JUHXWă܊L
SXWHP SUHVXSXQH R IXQF܊LH
ULWXDOăVDX SXU ܈L VLPSOX GH
FRUDWLYă VHPQHOH VLQJXODUH
VDXvQVHULHVXQWPDLGHJUDEă
OHJDWHGHvQVHPQHGHSURSULH
WDWHDVXSUDJUHXWă܊LORUVDX܈L
PDLSUREDELO GHPRGDOLWDWHD
GHSR]L܊LRQDUH vQ FDGUXO Uă]
ERLXOXLGH܊HVXW 2PHQ܊LXQH
VSHFLDOă PHULWă GHVFRSHULUHD
XQHLDJORPHUăULGHJUHXWă܊LvQ
ORFXLQ܊D/FHUFHWDWă vQFXU
VXO DQXOXL 'HSXQHUHD
FHORU GH JUHXWă܊L vQ LQWH
ULRUXOXQHLORFXLQ܊H FHDIRVW
XOWHULRU LQFHQGLDWă DUH FHUWH
YDOHQ܊H ULWXDOH ܈L DGXFH vQFă
R GDWă GRYDGD FRPSOH[LWă܊LL
YLH܊LLVSLULWXDOHD FRPXQLWă܊L
ORUHQHROLWLFH
*UHXWă܊LOH SHQWUX SODVD GH
SHVFXLW DFWLYLWDWH DWHVWDWă OD
6XOWDQD ܈L GH DOWH FDWHJRULL
GHSLHVHVXQWX܈RUGLIHULWHGH
FHOHSHQWUXUă]ERLXOGH܊HVXW
SULQ YDULHWDWHD IRUPHORU ܈L
GLPHQVLXQLORU PDL DOHV GDU
܈LOLSVD GHFRUXOXL)RUPD ORU
HVWH GH RELFHL RYDOă UDUHRUL
URWXQGă SHQWUX JUHXWă܊LOH GH
GLPHQVLXQL PDUL GH ¿[DUH D
SODVHL DYkQG JUHXWDWHD vQWUH
J܈L JGDU܈L FLOLQ
GULFăFXJUHXWDWHDGHPD[LP
J SHQWUX JUHXWă܊LOH GH
WHQVLRQDUHD ¿UHORU)ăUă D ¿
ODIHOGHDWHQWPRGHODWHFD܈L
JUHXWă܊LOH SHQWUX Uă]ERLXO GH
܊HVXWJUHXWă܊LOHGHSODVăVXQW
vQVăPXOWPDLELQHDUVHFRQ
GL܊LH QHFHVDUă XQHL XWLOL]ăUL
FkWPDLvQGHOXQJDWHÌQDIDUD
DFHVWRUGRXăFDWHJRULLSULQFL
SDOHDSDUVSRUDGLF܈LSLHVHFH
LHVGLQWLSDUFXIRUPH܈LJUHX
Wă܊LGHPDULGLPHQVLXQLSHVWH
NJFDUHHUDXSUREDELOIROR
VLWH¿HSHSRVWGHDQFRUH¿H
SHQWUXVWDELOL]DUHDDFRSHUL܈X
OXLORFXLQ܊HORUVDX vQWLQGHUHD
SLHLORUGHDQLPDOHODXVFDW
2 D GRXD FDWHJRULH LPSRU
WDQWăGHSLHVHGLQOXWDUVHVWH
DFHHD D IXVDLROHORU $OăWXUL
GH JUHXWă܊LOH SHQWUX Uă]ERLXO
GH܊HVXWHOHUHSUH]LQWăGRYH]L
LQGLUHFWH SULYLQG SUDFWLFDUHD
WRUVXOXL D ܊HVHULL ¿UHORU GH
RULJLQHYHJHWDOă VDX DQLPDOă
܈L D FRQIHF܊LRQăULL WH[WLOHORU
51
)XVDLROHGHOXWGHVFRSHULWHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
QHFHVDUHWUDLXOXL GH]L FX ]L
)XVDLROHOH VXQW PLFL SLHVH
FLUFXODUHSHUIRUDWHODPLMORF
FDUH GDX JUHXWDWH IXVXOXL ܈L
IDFLOLWHD]ă URWLUHD VD XQLIRU
PăvQWLPSXOWRUVXOXLÌQOLSVD
SăVWUăULL IXVHORU GLQ OHPQ
VDXDWH[WLOHORUDVWIHOFRQIHF
܊LRQDWHGDWRULWăSXWUH]LULLHOH
UHSUH]LQWă GRYH]L LPSRUWDQ
WHSULYLQG YLD܊D ܈L DFWLYLWDWHD
RPXOXLQHROLWLFGHOD6XOWDQD
'LPHQVLXQLOHORUVXQW UHODWLY
FRQVWDQWH DYkQG GLDPHWUXO
vQWUH܈LFPFXRSHUIRUD
܊LHFHQWUDOăGH PP܈LR
JURVLPHFDUHQXGHSă܈H܈WHvQ
JHQHUDO FP0RGHODUHD ORU
HVWH vQJULMLWă ¿LQG ELQH DUVH
GDUQLFLRGDWăGHFRUDWH3LHVH
OHFDUHGHSă܈HVF GLPHQVLXQL
OHSUHFL]DWHPDLVXVVDXFDUH
SUH]LQWă SHUIRUD܊LL H[FHQWUL
FHUHDOL]DWHGHPXOWHRULGLQ
IUDJPHQWH GH YDVH FHUDPLFH
DYkQG IRUPD ¿H D XQRU MH
WRDQH ¿H D XQRU QDVWXUL VDX
PăUJHOHSRW¿FRQVLGHUDWH¿H
JUHXWă܊LDGL܊LRQDOHSHQWUXIXV
¿HJUHXWă܊LSHQWUXGLYHUVHDOWH
LQVWDOD܊LL ¿H MXFăULL VDX SR
GRDEHDPXOHWHSDQGDQWLYH
7RDWH DFHVWH FDWHJRULL VXQW
ELQHUHSUH]HQWDWHvQD܈H]DUHD
GHOD6XOWDQD¿LQGGLVWULEXLWH
XQLIRUPSHvQWLQVXODFHVWHLD
&HD GH D WUHLD ܈L XOWLPD FD
WHJRULHGHRELHFWHGLQOXWDUV
HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWă GH R YDUL
HWDWH GH RELHFWH PXOWH FX
IXQF܊LRQDOLWDWHLQFHUWă JăVLWH
vQQXPăU PLF XQHRULvQWUXQ
VLQJXU H[HPSODU$LFL VH vQ
FDGUHD]ă PRVRDUHOH GLQ OXW
XWLOL]DWH PDL PXOW FD VLJXU
SHQWUXvQIă܈XUDUHD¿UHORUGL
IHULWHELOHVDXVIHUHMXFăULL"
PLFLÄOLQJRXUL´GHOXWSOăFX܊H
GLQOXWGHFRUDWHVDXQXSDQ
GDQWLYH" GLYHU܈L EXOJăUL GH
OXWDUVSUREHGHFRQWURODDU
GHULL OXWXOXL" IUDJPHQWH GH
SLHVHPLQLDWXUDOHGHPRELOLHU
MXFăULLYHVHOăGLQOXWQDVWXUL
5DULWDWHDXQRUDVHPHQHDGHV
FRSHULULGDU܈LJăVLUHDORUGH
FHOHPDL PXOWH RUL vQWkPSOă
WRDUHVDXvQDIDUăXQHLVWUXF
WXULDUKHRORJLFHELQHGH¿QLWH
LPSXQDWHQ܊LHvQLQWHUSUHWDUHD
IXQF܊LRQDOLWă܊LL DFHVWRU SLHVH
܈LDWULEXLUHDORU VIHUHL ULWXDOH
VDXGRPHVWLFH7RWDLFLDPLQ
WLP ܈L XQHOH SLHVH GH IRUPD
JUHXWă܊LORUSHQWUXUă]ERLXOGH
܊HVXWFDUHQXDXSHUIRUD܊LLDO
FăURU URO HVWH SUREDELO OHJDW
GHYDWUă܈LJăWLUHD KUDQHLVDX
XQIUDJPHQWPDVLYGHFRORD
QăGLQOXWDPLQWLQGGHGHVFR
SHULULVLPLODUHGLQXQHOHVDQF
WXDUHQHROLWLFH
$SDU܊LQkQGGHFHOHPDLPXO
WH RUL DWkW OXPLL SURIDQH FkW
܈L FHOHL VDFUHULWXDOH PLFLOH
RELHFWH GLQ OXW DUV D FăURU
GLPHQVLXQH QX HVWH QHDSăUDW
GLUHFW SURSRU܊LRQDOă FX LP
SRUWDQ܊D ORU GHVFRSHULWH FX
SULOHMXO FHUFHWăULORU DUKHROR
JLFH GH OD 6XOWDQD vQWUHJHVF
LPDJLQHD QRDVWUă GHVSUH FR
PXQLWDWHD HQHROLWLFă GH DLFL
܈LDXUROXOGHDXPDQL]D܈LD
QHDSURSLDDFHDVWăOXPHvQGH
SăUWDWă
52
*UHXWă܊LGHOXWDUVGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
3ODVWLFDDQWURSRPRUIăЮL]RRPRUIă
5$QGUHHVFX
8QFDSLWRODSDUWH DO FLYLOL]D
܊LHL *XPHOQL܊D vO FRQVWLWXLH
SODVWLFD DQWURSRPRUIă ܈L ]R
RPRUIă 5HÀHFWDUH D YLH܊LL
VSLULWXDOHDFHDVWăSODVWLFăVH
PDWHULDOL]HD]ăSULQWURH[WUD
RUGLQDUă YDULHWDWH D DUWHIDF
WHORUGHVFRSHULWH vQ D܈H]ăULOH
JXPHOQL܊HQH 3ODVWLFD DQWUR
SRPRUIă܈L]RRPRUIă JXPHO
QLĠHDQă DUH R VHULH GH SDUWL
FXODULWă܊L FDUH R GHRVHEHVF
GH PDQLIHVWăULOH FHORUODOWRU
FLYLOL]DĠLL QHRHQHROLWLFH 2
FDUDFWHULVWLFă VSHFWDFXORDVă
HVWH GLYHUVLWDWHD WLSRORJLFă
UHÀHFWDWă GH QXPHURDVHOH WL
SXUL úL YDULDQWH vQ FDUH VXQW
OXFUDWH VWDWXHWHOH úL YDVHOH
DQWURSRPRUIH$FHDVWăGLYHU
VLWDWH IDFH FD vQ SODVWLFD JX
PHOQLĠHDQă Vă vQWkOQLP SLHVH
H[WUHP GH VFKHPDWL]DWH vQ
FDUH ¿JXUD XPDQă HVWH JUHX
GHUHFXQRVFXWDOăWXULGHSLH
VHGHR IDFWXUăDUWLVWLFăGHR
VHELWă XQHOH GLQWUH HOH ¿LQG
DGHYăUDWHFDSRGRSHUH DOH DU
WHL SUHLVWRULFH 2 DOWă FDUDF
WHULVWLFă VSHFL¿Fă FLYLOL]D܊LHL
*XPHOQL܊D HVWH WUDQVSXQHUHD
XQRUWLSXUL GH VWDWXHWH vQ GL
YHUVH PDWHULDOH $VWIHO VSUH
GHRVHELUH GH DOWH FLYLOL]DĠLL
QHRHQHROLWLFH vQ FDUH UHSUH
]HQWăULOH DQWURSRPRUIH VXQW
vQ PDUHD ORU PDMRULWDWH GLQ
OXW VWDWXHWHOH JXPHOQLĠHQH
VXQWUHDOL]DWH܈L GLQRVPDU
PXUă VFRLFă úL FKLDU DXU
3HUVRQDMHOH UHSUH]HQWDWH GH
VWDWXHWHOH DQWURSRPRUIH VXQW
vQIă܊L܈DWHvQGLYHUVHDWLWXGLQL
XQHOHSDUDVHUXJDXQHOHv܈L
܊LQEUD܊HOH SHSkQWHF vQ WLPS
FHDOWHOHDXPkQDODEăUELHVX
JHUkQGRDWLWXGLQHPHGLWDWLYă
$QGUHHVFX
3ODVWLFD DQWURSRPRUIă HVWH
GRPLQDWăFD܈LvQFD]XOFHORU
ODOWHFLYLOL]D܊LLQHRHQHROLWLFH
GHXQSHUVRQDMIHPLQLQ¿JX
UDWvQGLYHUVHLSRVWD]HvQXQH
OH FD]XUL UHSUH]HQWkQG IHPHL
vQVăUFLQDWH 3H ED]D DFHVWHL
SUHSRQGHUHQ܊H D DFFHQWXăULL
úROGXULORUúL IHVHORUDUHSUH
]HQWăULL RUJDQHORU VH[XDOH D
SR]LĠLHL EUDĠHORU úL D ¿JXUă
ULL PDWHUQLWăĠLL DFHVW SHUVR
QDMDGHYHQLWVXEQXPHOHGH
0DUHD0DPă ¿JXUD FHQWUD
Oă D UHOLJLHL QHROLWLFH VWUkQV
OHJDWă GH FXOWHOH IHFXQGLWăĠLL
úLIHUWLOLWăĠLLWHRULHFRQWHVWDWă
DVWă]LGHYUHPHFHQXH[SOLFă
SHGHSOLQ H[WUDRUGLQDUă YDUL
HWDWHDSODVWLFLLDQWURSRPRUIH
QHRHQHROLWLFH
$OăWXUL GH SODVWLFD DQWUR
SRPRUIă FHD ]RRPRUIă HVWH
LOXVWUDWă SULQ VXWH GH SLHVH
GHVFRSHULWHvQVLWXULOHJXPHO
QL܊HQH&XWRDWH FăPDMRULWD
WHD SLHVHORU UHSUH]HQWkQG vQ
JHQHUDODQLPDOHFRUQXWHPD
MRULWDWHD H[WUHP GH VFKHPD
WL]DWH DQXPLWH UHSUH]HQWăUL
]RRPRUIH VXQW PRGHODWH vQ
53
&DSDFDQWURSRPRUIGHVFRSHULWOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0-7$*
WURPDQLHUăH[WUHPGHUHDOLV
WăDúDFXPHVWHFDSXOGHSRUF
GHVFRSHULWOD9OăGLFHDVFDXQ
VLWGLQDSURSLHUHDD܈H]ăULLGH
OD6XOWDQDVDXXQPLFDUWHIDFW
UHSUH]HQWkQG R YXOSH GRU
PLQG GHVFRSHULW OD 3LHWUHOH
MXGH܊XO *LXUJLX 8Q DVSHFW
VWUDQLXDOSODVWLFLLJXPHOQLĠH
QHvOUHSUH]LQWăH[LVWHQĠDXQRU
UHSUH]HQWăUL FDUH vPELQă FD
UDFWHULVWLFLOHDQWURSRPRUIHFX
FHOH]RRPRUIHÌQFD]XODFHV
WRUDFRUSXOHVWHGHDQLPDOvQ
XQHOHFD]XUL GHERYLGHX GDU
FDSHWHOH SH OkQJă HOHPHQWH
]RRPRUIH SUHFXP FRDUQHOH
DXvQJHQHUDOGHWDOLLDOHIHĠHL
XPDQHFXPDU¿RFKLLQDVXO
XQHRULJXUDúLXUHFKLOH
3ODVWLFD DQWURSRPRUIă ܈L
]RRPRUIă GHVFRSHULWă OD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮXRFXSă XQ
ORFGHRVHELWvQFDGUXOSODVWLFLL
JXPHOQL܊HQHGDU܈LvQFDGUXO
PDLODUJDOSODVWLFLLQHRHQHR
OLWLFH8QHOH DUWHIDFWHGHVFR
SHULWHDLFLVXQWXQLFDWHQXQX
PDL SULQ FDOLWDWHD H[HFX܊LHL
GDU ܈L SULQ SULVPD DWLWXGLQLL
SHUVRQDMHORU $QGUHHVFX
3RSD
([HPSOXO FHO PDL FRQFOX
GHQW HVWH DFHOD DO XQXL DUWH
IDFWFXQRVFXW VXE QXPHOH GH
Ä9DVXO FX ÌQGUăJRVWL܊L´
$FHDVWă DGHYăUDWă FRPSR
]L܊LH SODVWLFă HVWH IRUPDWă
GLQWUR VWUDFKLQă DGkQFă FX
IXQGXOvQJXVWúLEX]DODWăGH
FRUDWă OD LQWHULRU FX PRWLYH
URPERLGDOH SLFWDWH FX DOE úL
URúXÌQLQWHULRUXOYDVXOXLHVWH
PRGHODW VFKHPDWLF XQ FXSOX
DúH]DW SH XQ IHO GH EăQFX܊ă
%ăUEDWXOSXĠLQPDLPDUHGH
FkW IHPHLD DUH EUDĠXO GUHSW
DúH]DW SH SkQWHF LDU FX FHO
VWkQJĠLQHIHPHLDGXSăXPHUL
vQWUXQJHVWSURWHFWRU)HPHLD
DUHEUDĠHOHDúH]DWH SH SkQWHF
úLHVWHSLFWDWăFX DOE úLURúX
%ăUEDWXOHVWHDFRSHULWFXFX
ORDUH DOEă LDU OD EUkX DUH R
EDQGăURúLH$úH]DWăvQPLMOR
FXO YDVXOXL SHUHFKHD GHJDMă
RDQXPLWăOLQLúWHúLVHQLQăWD
WH vQWăULWă GH JHVWXO SURWHF
WRUDOEăUEDWXOXLúLGHEUDĠHOH
DúH]DWHSHSkQWHFHÄ9DVXOFX
ÌQGUăJRVWL܊L´ UHSUH]LQWă IăUă
vQGRLDOăRDGHYăUDWăFDSRGR
SHUă D DUWHL SUHLVWRULFH LOXV
WUkQG R WHPă PLWLFă OHJDWă
SRDWHGHXQLYHUVXOIDPLOLDO
$úH]DUHD GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX VH UH
PDUFă SULQ QXPăUXO PDUH úL
FDOLWDWHDDUWLVWLFăGHRVHELWă D
YDVHORU DQWURSRPRUIH GHVFR
SHULWHDLFL8QDVHPHQHDYDV
QXPLW Ä=HL܊D GH OD 6XOWDQD´
HVWHPRGHODWvQIRUPDFRUSX
OXLXPDQ6XEEX]DYDVXOXLVH
DÀăRIDĠăXPDQă FXRFKLLvQ
IRUPăGHPLJGDOăFUHVWDĠLSH
PLMORF QDVXO UHOLHIDW úL JXUD
UHSUH]HQWDWă GH R FUHVWăWXUă
9DVDQWURSR]RRPRUIGHVFRSHULWOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0-7$*
54
VXEOLQLDWă GH XQ úLU GH SDWUX
PLFLSHUIRUD܊LL8UHFKLOHVXQW
¿JXUDWH GH GRL OREL ODWHUDOL
VWUăSXQúLGHSHUIRUDĠLL%UDĠXO
GUHSW VXVĠLQXW GH FHO VWkQJ
VSULMLQă EăUELD VXJHUkQG R
SRVWXUăPHGLWDWLYă ùROGXULOH
VXQW DFFHQWXDWH WULXQJKLX
ODUH LDU SLFLRDUHOH VFXUWH úL
JURDVH DX PRGHODWH úL GHJH
WHOH 'HFRUXO HODERUDW HVWH
IRUPDW GLQ PRWLYH JHRPH
WULFH VSLUDOH FHUFXUL EHQ]L
SLFWDWH FX FXORDUH DOEă 8Q
YDV DVHPăQăWRU DUH IDĠD PR
GHODWăVXEEX]ăFXQDVXOUH
OLHIDW RFKLL UHSUH]HQWDĠL SULQ
SURHPLQHQĠHLDUXUHFKLOHSULQ
GRL PLFL OREL IăUă SHUIRUDĠLL
'RXăWRUWLĠHDUSXWHDVLPEROL
]DEUDĠHOHDUFXLWHSR]L܊LRQDWH
SHúROGXULùROGXULOHúLSkQWH
FHOHVXQWDPSOXPRGHODWHLDU
SLFLRDUHOHVXQWVFXUWHúLJURD
VH9DVXODUH XQGHFRU SLFWDW
FXDOEúLURúXSHSHOLFXOHGH
OXWPDW DSOLFDWH SH VXSUDIDĠD
OXVWUXLWăDYDVXOXL8QDOWYDV
SLFWDW FX DOE DUH PRGHODWă
VXEEX]ăRID܊ăXPDQăLDUSH
GLDPHWUXOPD[LPGRXăSDOPH
RULHQWDWHvQVXV
$OWH SLHVH GHRVHELWH VXQW
GRXăPLFLFDSDFHDYkQGPR
GHODWHSHHOH¿JXULQHXPDQH
LDUSHPDUJLQLFDSHWHVWLOL]DWH
GHFRUQXWHVDXXQFDSDFFDUH
UHSUH]LQWă vQ PRG UHDOLVW XQ
FDS XPDQ LQFOXVLY GHWDOLL
FXPDU¿FRDIXUD
&DWHJRULD YDVHORU ]RRPRUIH
HVWHUHSUH]HQWDWăOD6XOWDQDGH
XQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLIUXPRDVH
SLHVHGHDFHVWWLSXQFDVWURQ
DFRSHULWFXSDVWă DOEăGHFR
UDWFXOLQLL OXVWUXLWH vQUHOLHI
FDUHDUHPRGHODWGHDVXSUDEX
]HLXQFDSGHSDVăUHFXRFKLL
UHOLHIDĠLúLFLRFXOODWUDĠă"
$OăWXUL GH DFHVWH SLHVH DX
IRVW GHVFRSHULWH QXPHURDVH
VWDWXHWH DQWURSRPRUIH ܈L ]R
RPRUIHPRGHODWHGLQOXW$OWH
VWDWXHWHOXFUDWH GLQ RV UHSUH
]LQWă vQ PRG VFKHPDWL]DW ¿
LQ܊DXPDQăÌQD܈H]DUHDGHOD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX D IRVW
GHVFRSHULWXQ PLF WH]DXU GLQ
SLHVH GH DXU SULQWUH FDUH VH
QXPăUă ܈L SDWUX SLHVH FDUH
GXSă RSLQLD VSHFLDOL܈WLORU DU
UHSUH]HQWD VLPEROLF FRUSXO
XPDQ
$FHVWH DUWHIDFWH XQHOH GLQ
WUH HOH XQLFDWH FRQIHUă VL
WXOXL GH OD 6XOWDQD DOăWXUL
GH DOWH HOHPHQWH FXP DU ¿
SR]L܊LD D܈H]ăULL ܈L FHUDPL
FD XQ ORF VSHFLDO vQ FDGUXO
FLYLOL]D܊LHL .RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQLĠD.DUDQRYR9,
55
Ä9DVXOFXÌQGUăJRVWL܊L´0-7$*
56
Ä=HL܊DGHOD6XOWDQD´VWkQJD܈LXQDOWYDVDQWURSRPRUIFXFDUDFWHULVWLFLVLPLODUHGUHDSWD01,5
Ä9DVXOFXFDSGHUD܊ă´0-7$*
57
,QGXVWULDPDWHULLORUGXUH DQL
PDOHFXSULQGHJDPDGHXQHO
WHXVWHQVLOHDUPH܈LSRGRDEH
UHDOL]DWHGLQRVFRUQGHQWL܊LH
VDXYDOYH GHVFRLFL ܈L PHOFL
&HUFHWDUHD DFHVWRU RELHFWH
FRQWULEXLH DOăWXUL GH VWXGLXO
DOWRU WLSXUL GH DUWHIDFWH OD
UHFRQVWLWXLUHD DFWLYLWă܊LORU
GRPHVWLFH VDX FLQHJHWLFH FH
VHGHVIă܈XUDXvQD܈H]DUHDSUH
LVWRULFă GH OD 6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮX SUHFXP ܈L D PRGXOXL
SULQ FDUH HUD H[SORDWDW PH
GLXO FX VFRSXO SURFXUăULL
DFHVWRU PDWHULL SULPH 'H
DVHPHQHD DFHDVWă DQDOL]ă
SHUPLWHLGHQWL¿FDUHDPRGXOXL
SULQFDUH DFHVWH RELHFWH HUDX
UHLQWHJUDWH FLFOXOXL GH H[
SORDWDUH±GHGDWDDFHDVWDFD
LQVWUXPHQWH GH H[SORDWDUH D
PHGLXOXL6SHFLDOLúWLLFRQFRU
Gă vQ D D¿UPD Fă WHKQRORJLD
GHSLQGHDOăWXULGHPRGDOLWD
WHD GH DFKL]L܊LH D PDWHULLORU
SULPHGH WUDGL܊LLOH FXOWXUDOH
LDU vQ DFHVWH FRQGL܊LL UHJUX
SDUHDWXWXURU HOHPHQWHORU UH
]XOWDWHvQXUPDXQXLODQĠRSH
UDWRUSRDWHRIHULFKHLDSHQWUX
LGHQWL¿FDUHD vQ WLPS ܈L VSD
܊LXDXQRULQGLFDWRULFXOWXUDOL
VDXDSURFHVHORUGHLQRYD܊LH܈L
FRQWLQXLWDWHFXOWXUDOă
3H OkQJă WUDGL܊LD FXOWXUDOă
FULWHULLOHJHQHUDOHFDUHDXGH
WHUPLQDWDOHJHUHD XQHL PDWH
ULLSULPHvQGHWULPHQWXODOWH
LDDXIRVWGLVSRQLELOLWDWHDúL
SURSULHWăĠLOH VWUXFWXUDOH HV
WHWLFH úL PHFDQLFH &HOH PDL
LPSRUWDQWH PDWHULL GXUH DQL
PDOHIRORVLWHvQD܈H]DUHDGHOD
6XOWDQDDXIRVWRVXO܈LFRUQXO
GHFHUYLGHHOD FDUH VHDGDX
JăVHFXQGDUYDOYHOHGHVFR
LFL8QLRVS܈LGHQWL܊LDGH6XV
VSÌQIXQFĠLHGHVH]RQVDXGH
FLUFXPVWDQĠHSUHFXPXWLOL]D
UHDFDVXUVă GHKUDQăH[WUD
JHUHDPăGXYHL VDX GH FRP
EXVWLELOWUDQVIRUPDUHDRVXOXL
vQGLIHULWHXQHOWHSRDWH¿OLPL
WDWăVDXvQORFXLWăFXSLHVHGLQ
VLOH[ 'H DVHPHQHD vQ FHHD
FH SULYHúWH FRUQXO GLVSRQL
ELOLWDWHD OXL YDULD]ă GXSă FL
FOXODQXDOGHGH]YROWDUHGHFL
VH]RQLHUÌQ SOXVPRUIRORJLD
DQDWRPLFă D DFHVWRU PDWHULL
SULPH OLPLWHD]ă IRUPD úL GL
PHQVLXQLOHSLHVHORUÌQ FLXGD
DFHVWRU FRQVWUkQJHUL HOH DX
IRVWWUDQVIRUPDWHvQWURJDPă
YDULDWă GH XQHOWH vPSXQJă
WRDUHYkUIXULGHVăJHDWăGăO
WL܊HVSDWXOHIXVDLROHDFHDV
WUDJDOHDEUD]DWH±RVYkUIXUL
GHVăJHDWăGăOWL܊H܈LPkQHUH±
FRUQWLYLJ±FDQLQGH6XVVS
܈LYDOYăDEUD]DWăGH8QLRVS
6XUVHOHSULQFDUHDXIRVWRE܊L
QXWHFHOHSDWUXWLSXUL GH PD
WHULHVXQWUHFLFODUHDUHVWXULORU
SURYHQLQGGHODDFWLYLWă܊LOHGH
GHVFăUQDUHDOHDQLPDOHORUDWkW
GRPHVWLFHFkW ܈LVăOEDWLFH ܈L
GHODFRQVXPXOSăU܊LLFăUQRD
VHDELYDOYHL܈LDYHPvQYHGH
UHvQDFHVW FD] RVXOGLQWHOH
܈L YDOYD VDX FROHFWDUHD FDUH
YL]HD]ă PDL DOHV FRUQXO GH
FHUYLGHH
ÌPSXQJăWRDUHOHVXQWXWLOL]DWH
vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX DFWLYLWăĠLOH
GRPHVWLFHSUHFXPSHUIRUDUHD
SLHLORUVDXvPSOHWLWXO¿EUHORU
WH[WLOHvQWLPSFHYkUIXULOHGH
VăJHDWă VXQW IRORVLWH SHQWUX
DFWLYLWă܊LOH FLQHJHWLFH &RQ
VLGHUăP Fă GXULWDWHD GLIHULWă
DPDWHULDOHORUSUHOXFUDWHHVWH
UHÀHFWDWă܈L vQ DVSHFWXO GLIH
ULWDO X]XULL H[WUHPLWă܊LLDFWL
YHYkUIXULURWXQMLWHvQFD]XO
SUHOXFUăULL PDWHULDOHORU PRL
3LHVHOHGHRVЮLFRUQLQGXVWULDPDWHULLORU
GXUHDQLPDOH
00ăUJăULW
58
3LHVHGHRVGHVFRSHULWHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
܈LWDVDWHVDXFXPLFLSLHUGHUL
GH PDWHULH SHQWUX PDWHUL
DOHOH PDL GXUH 9kQăWRDUHD
SDUHVă¿IRVWIăFXWăPDLDOHV
FX DUFXO GLQ D܈H]DUHD GH OD
6XOWDQD SURYHQLQG R JDPă
YDULDWăGHYkUIXULGHVăJHDWă
1XHVWHH[FOXVFDPRUIRORJLD
GLIHULWăDDFHVWRUDVă¿HJHQH
UDWă܈LGHRIXQF܊LRQDOLWDWHGL
IHULWăÌQWUHEDUHDFDUHVHSXQH
HVWHGHFHVDU¿SUHIHUDWYkU
IXULOH GLQ RV FHORU GLQ VLOH[
PDL DOHV Fă XOWLPHOH SURGXF
UăQLPXOWPDLSHULFXORDVHGH
FkWSULPHOH'RXăSRW¿UDĠLX
QLOHÌQSULPXOUkQGYkUIXULOH
GLQ RV VH IUDJPHQWHD]ă PXOW
PDLJUHXGHFkWFHOHGLQVLOH[
2DGRXDUDĠLXQHvQDOHJHUHD
DFHVWHLPDWHULLSULPH܊LQHGH
IDSWXO Fă SLHVHOH VXQW IRDUWH
X܈RUGH UHSDUDWGXSă IUDFWX
UDUH
ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH
VXEWHUPHQXOJHQHULF GH GăO
WL܊H LQGLIHUHQW GDFă VXQW GLQ
RV VDX FRUQ VXQW vQFDGUDWH
QXPHURDVH WLSXUL GH XQHOWH
DYkQG GUHSW HOHPHQW FRPXQ
DPHQDMDUHDSăU܊LL DFWLYH SULQ
LQWHUVHF܊LDDGRXă ODWXUL FRQ
YHUJHQWH1X܈WLPvQFăGDFă
DFHVWHXQHOWHDXDYXWRIXQF܊LH
LGHQWLFă 9DULD܊LLOH REVHUYDWH
vQ PRUIRORJLD SăU܊LL GLVWDOH
vQGLPHQVLXQLOHSLHVHORUFD܈L
vQ PRUIRORJLD IUDFWXULORU SRW
FRUHVSXQGHvQWUDGHYăUXQRU
IXQF܊LL GLIHULWH GHRDUHFH HOH
VH SUHWHD]ă ELQH SHQWUX QX
PHURDVHDFWLYLWăĠLGRPHVWLFH
SUHFXPSUHOXFUDUHDSLHLORUD
OHPQXOXLVDXDFRUQXOXLSDQă
SHQWUXVSDUWOHPQXOGHFRMLUHD
OHPQXOXLHWF
6SDWXOHOHSULQOXVWUXOGHX]X
UăH[WLQV܈L¿QSDUVăFRUHV
SXQGă XQHL IXQF܊LRQDOLWă܊L
FDUDFWHUL]DWH GH R PL܈FDUH
SUHOXQJLWă SH PDWHULDOH PRL
FXPVXQW SLHLOH 6XQWvQVă ܈L
VWXGLLFDUH VXJHUHD]ă XWLOL]D
UHDDFHVWRU SLHVH SHQWUX SUH
OXFUDUHD YDVHORU GH OXW 3UR
SULLOHQRDVWUHH[SHULPHQWHSH
FHUDPLFă DX LOXVWUDW Fă VSD
WXOHOH VXQW GHRVHELW GH XWLOH
SHQWUXDXQLIRUPL]DVXSUDID܊D
YDVHORU܈LDvQGHSăUWDH[FHVXO
GHPDWHULDO
,PSRUWDQWăGHPHQ܊LRQDWHVWH
܈L FDWHJRULD PkQHUHORU GLQ
FRUQ FDUH DVLJXUDX ¿[DUHD
XQHOWHORU GLQ RV FRUQ VLOH[
VDX FKLDU FXSUX IDFLOLWkQG
DVWIHOvQPăQX܈DUHD܈L PkQXL
UHDDFHVWRUD
܇L DOWH DFWLYLWă܊L GRPHVWLFH
VXQW LOXVWUDWH SULQ LQWHUPH
GLXOLQGXVWULHLPDWHULLORUGXUH
DQLPDOH $VWIHO SUH]HQ܊D IX
VDLROHORUVHOHDJăGHDFWLYLWă
܊LOHGHWRUVLDUSUH]HQ܊DDFH
ORU GH DFWLYLWă܊LOH GH FXVXW
3HQWUX FDWHJRULD DVWUDJDOHORU
DEUD]DWH SXWHP LQYRFD FD
SULPă LSRWH]ă IXQF܊LRQDOă R
XWLOLWDWHGRPHVWLFăUH]XOWDWXO
IUHFăULLLQWHQVHGHXQDOWFRUS
SXWHUQLFDEUD]LYYL]kQGVSUH
H[HPSOX¿QLVDUHD FHUDPLFLL
2 DOWă LSRWH]ă OH FRQVLGHUă
GUHSWSLHVHXWLOL]DWHvQGLIHUL
WHMRFXUL
'H DVHPHQHD PHQ܊LRQăP
܈L XQ IUDJPHQW GH YDOYă GH
8QLR D FăUHL PDUJLQH D IRVW
DEUD]DWă ܇L vQ DFHVW FD] VH
SRDWH LQGLFD R IXQF܊LH XWLOL
WDUăVSUHH[HPSOXIDVRQDMXO
FHUDPLFLL
$EVROXW VSHFLDO HVWH DUWH
IDFWXO GLQ FDQLQ GH SRUF
6XVVSWUDQVIRUPDWvQFHHD
FH OLWHUDWXUD DUKHRORJLFă QX
59
3DQGDQWLYHUHDOL]DWHGLQPDQGLEXOHGHFkLQH&DQLVIDPLOLDULVGHVFRSHULWHvQORFXLQ܊D/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX01,5
PH܈WHXQWLYLJDFăUXLIXQF܊LH
GLQSăFDWHUăPkQHLQFHUWă
&KLDU ܈L GRPHQLXO VSLULWXDO
v܈L JăVH܈WH UHÀHFWDUHD vQ LQ
GXVWULD PDWHULLORU GXUH DQL
PDOH PDL DOHV SULQ LQWHUPH
GLXO¿JXULQHORUDQWURSRPRUIH
VDXDORELHFWHORU GH SRGRDEă
YH]LFDSLWROXOGHGLFDW8QL
FHVXQWvQVăGRXăPDQGLEXOH
GHFkLQHSHUIRUDWH6WXGLXOOD
PLFURVFRSDOFHORUGRXăSLHVH
DHYLGHQ܊LDWR]RQăGHXWLOL]D
UH H[WLQVă SH SDUWHD OLQJXDOă
úLGHDVHPHQHDRGHQDWXUDUH
IXQFĠLRQDOă D SHUH܊LORU SHU
IRUDĠLLORU FRQFOX]LD ¿LQG Fă
FHOH GRXă PDQGLEXOH DX IRVW
IRORVLWH SHQWUX R OXQJă SH
ULRDGă GH WLPS /D]ăU HW DO
'LQFRORGHVHPQL¿FD
ĠLDVWULFWăDDFHVWHLGHVFRSHULUL
GHRVHELWHSHFDUHQXRSXWHP
vQFă GHVFLIUD vQ WRWDOLWDWH
SXWHP FRQFOX]LRQD Fă HD VH
vQVFULH vQWUR WUDGLĠLH XQLYHU
VDOăvQFDUHFkLQHOHMRDFăXQ
URO GH LQWHUPHGLDU RVFLOkQG
vQWUH DWULEXWXO GH DQLPDO GR
PHVWLFúLIXQF܊LLOHXWLOLWDUH¿
LQGIRORVLWODYkQăWRDUHSD]ă
WUDQVSRUWGDU܈LFDRVXUVăGH
PDWHULLSULPHFKLDUúLGHKUD
QăODFDUHVHSRDWHDGăXJDúL
FDOLWDWHDGH¿LQĠăVLPEROLFă
3LHVHOH FDUH SRW ¿ DWULEXL
WH UHVWXULORU GH GHELWDM VXQW
ELQH UHSUH]HQWDWH QXPHULF
FHHDFH GHPRQVWUHD]ă Fă VX
SRUWXULOH RVRDVH HUDX SUHOX
FUDWH FKLDU vQ D܈H]DUHD GH OD
6XOWDQD$FHDVWDVHUHDOL]DvQ
FDGUXOXQRUVWUXFWXULVSHFLDOH
GH JHQXO DWHOLHUHORU GH SUH
OXFUDUH D PDWHULLORU RVRDVH
3UREDELO ¿HFDUH IDPLOLH v܈L
SUHOXFUD DGKRF XQHOWHOH GH
FDUHDYHDQHYRLH0DMRULWDWHD
RELHFWHORU¿QLWHDXIRVWDEDQ
GRQDWHGXSăIUDJPHQWDUHDORU
2DPHQLLSDUVă¿OăVDWvQORF
XQHOWHOHGH FDUHQX VDXPDL
SXWXWVHUYL IăUă DvQFHUFD Vă
OH UHXWLOL]H]H SULQ UHDPHQD
MDUHDSăUĠLLIUDFWXUDWH(VWHúL
DFHDVWDRPăUWXULHDDEXQGHQ
ĠHLPDWHULHLSULPHFDUHQXvL
REOLJDODRJHVWLRQDUHVWULFWăD
VXSRUWXULORU
7UHFHUHD vQ UHYLVWă D SULQFL
SDOHORU DUWHIDFWH GLQ PDWHULL
GXUH DQLPDOH GHVFRSHULWH
vQD܈H]DUHDGH OD 6XOWDQDQH
RIHUă R LPDJLQH D VHWXOXL GH
XVWHQVLOH toolkitXOXL FRP
SOHWDOXQHLIDPLOLLGLQFDGUXO
FRPXQLWă܊LL (OH UHSUH]LQWă
GRYDGD PXOWLWXGLQLL GH DFWL
YLWă܊LGHVIă܈XUDWHODQLYHOGR
PHVWLF SUHFXP ܈L OLSVD XQHL
VSHFLDOL]ăULvQLQWHULRUXO JUX
SXULORU XPDQH vQ IDYRDUHD
XQHL JHVWLXQL D XWLODMHORU ܈L
LPSOLFLWDDFWLYLWă܊LORUODQL
YHOXOvQWUHJXOXLJUXS
60
7LYLJFRQIHF܊LRQDWGLQFDQLQGH6XVVSSRUF01,5
61
,VWRULD SRGRDEHORU VD VFULV
vQ SDUDOHO FX FHD D RPXOXL
PRGHUQGHRDUHFH DFHVWHDDX
IRVW FRQIHF܊LRQDWH vQFă GH OD
vQFHSXWXULOH SUHLVWRULHL GH
FăWUH SULPLL +RPR VDSLHQV
GLQ $IULFD &X JUHX QH SX
WHP LPDJLQD PXOWLWXGLQHD
GHIRUPH܈LFXORUL UHJăVLWHOD
SRGRDEHOH SUHLVWRULFH GDFă
DYHPvQYHGHUHFăGLQYDULH
WDWHDGHSRGRDEHDXDMXQVOD
QRLQXPDLIRUPHOHFRQIHF܊LR
QDWH GLQ PDWHULDOH UH]LVWHQWH
vQWLPSÌQVăFRPSDUD܊LLOHFX
SRSXOD܊LLOH SULPLWLYH DFWXDOH
QH GHPRQVWUHD]ă Fă IRUPHOH
GH vQIUXPXVH܊DUH D FRUSXOXL
HUDX PXOW PDL YDULDWH PHU
JkQG GH OD SLFWXUL FRUSRUDOH
VDX WDWXDMH SkQă OD FRURDQH
LPSXQăWRDUHGLQSHQHOH XQRU
SăVăULH[RWLFH
ÌQ VRFLHWDWHD FRQWHPSRUDQă
SRGRDEDHVWHPDLDOHVDSDQD
MXO IHPHLL ܈L VHPQL¿FD܊LD VD
HVWHPDLFXVHDPăXQDHVWHWL
FăÌQVRFLHWă܊LOHWUDGL܊LRQDOH
ÄHVWHWLFD FRUSRUDOă´ HVWH VH
FXQGDUă SRGRDED UHSUH]HQ
WkQGPDLGHJUDEăXQYHULWD
ELOOLPEDMVLPEROLFGHRDUHFH
WUDQVPLWHYL]XDOPHVDMHFODUH
SHQWUXPHPEULL DFHOHLD܈L FR
PXQLWă܊L VDX SHQWUX JUXSX
ULOH XPDQH YHFLQH OHJDWH GH
DSDUWHQHQ܊D HWQLFă SR]L܊LD
VRFLDOă DSDUWHQHQ܊D VH[XDOă
VDXDSDUWHQHQ܊DODRFODVăGH
YkUVWă $FHVWH SRGRDEH VXQW
SXUWDWHDWkWGH EăUED܊L FkW܈L
GH IHPHL VDX FRSLL ¿HFDUH
DYkQGvQVă XQDOW PHVDM ÌQ
JHQHUDOQHYRLDGHÄLQGLYLGX
DOL]DUH´vQIDĠDFHORUODOĠLSDUH
Vă SULPH]H ¿LQG HORFYHQWă
DVWIHOFHOSXĠLQSHQWUXSUHLV
WRULH XWLOL]DUHD FX SUHSRQ
GHUHQĠăDGLQĠLORUVDXFRFKL
OLLORU DSDUĠLQkQG XQRU VSHFLL
UDUHFDUHQXDYHDXRSRQGHUH
VHPQL¿FDWLYă vQ DOLPHQWDĠLH
ğLQkQGFRQW GH DFHDVWă PXO
WLWXGLQH GH VHPQL¿FDĠLL QX
QHSXWHPvQGRLGHLPSRUWDQĠD
GHRVHELWă D SRGRDEHL vQ UH
FRQVWLWXLUHD VWUDWL¿FăULL VRFL
DOH GLQ FDGUXO FRPXQLWăĠLORU
SUHLVWRULFHLGHQWL¿FDUHDOLPL
WHORU JHRJUD¿FHGH GHSODVDUH
úL LPSOLFLW D VLVWHPXOXL GH
VFKLPESUDFWLFDW
,DWăFăvQÄOXPHD FHORU YLL´
SRGRDED DUH QHQXPăUDWH
IXQF܊LLGDUvQ ÄOXPHDFHDODO
Wă´ IXQF܊LLOH VXQW DFHOHD܈L"
'UHSW UăVSXQV SXWHP LQYR
FD FHD PDL VLPSOă LSRWH]ă ±
IXQF܊LD GH SRGRDEă vQVRĠLQG
GHIXQFWXO$VWIHO SRDWH¿XQ
HOHPHQW FDUH D DSDUĠLQXW GH
IXQFWXOXL úL D IRVW SXUWDW GH
DFHVWD SH SDUFXUVXO YLHĠLL
ÌQVăODIHOGH ELQH UHVSHFWL
YHOH SRGRDEH SRW UHSUH]HQWD
GDUXULSHQWUXFHOGHFHGDWGLQ
SDUWHD FHORU UăPD܈L vQ YLD܊ă
UXGH IDPLOLH SULHWHQL FR
PXQLWDWHvQDFHVWFD]DYkQG
R VHPQL¿FD܊LH VLPEROLFă OH
JDWă SUREDELO GH LGHQWLWDWHD
SRVW PRUWHP D LQGLYLGXOXL
UHOD܊LRQDWă ܈L FRQVWUXLWă GH
FHLUăPD܈LvQYLD܊ă2IUDQGH
OHGHDFHVWWLSSRWVăQXSUH
]LQWH XUPH GH SXUWDUHX]XUă
SRGRDEHOH¿LQGFUHDWHVSHFLDO
SHQWUXDFHVWVFRS±GHSXQHUHD
3RGRDEHOHGHPDUPXUăVFRLFLPHOFLRVЮL
PDODKLW
00ăUJăULW56DQGX
0ăUJHOHFRQIHF܊LRQDWHGLQPDODKLWGHVFRSHULWHvQPRUPkQWXO0GLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
IXQHUDUăGDUDVWIHOGHFD]XUL
VXQWUDUH
%HQH¿FLLQGGHRVLWXD܊LHDUKH
RORJLFăLGHDOăvQVLWXOHQHROL
WLFGHOD 6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
FRQVWkQG vQWUR FRQWHPSRUD
QHLWDWHD܈H]DUHQHFURSROăDP
vQFHUFDWVăDÀăPFkWHYDGLQWUH
ÄSRYH܈WLOH´SH FDUH QL OH SRW
GH]YăOXL SRGRDEHOH ÌQ SUL
PXO UkQG OD QLYHOXO FRPSR
]L܊LHL PDWHULDOXOXL vQWUH D܈H
]DUH܈LQHFURSROăVHREVHUYă
R GLIHUHQ܊ă IXQGDPHQWDOă vQ
FHHDFHSULYH܈WHPDWHULLOHSUL
PH XWLOL]DWH vQ FRQIHF܊LRQD
UHDSRGRDEHORUÌQPRUPLQWH
SRGRDEHOH VXQW UHDOL]DWH GLQ
YDOYH GH VFRLFL 6SRQG\OXV
FRFKLOLL GH PHOFL 'HQWDOLXP
܈L /LWKRJO\SKXV RV PDODKLW
܈L PDUPXUă ÌQ VFKLPE vQ
D܈H]DUHVXQWSUH]HQWHSRGRD
EHOHGLQRVFRFKLOLLGHPHOFL
/LWKRJO\SKXV ܈L YDOYH GH
VFRLFL8QLR܈L&DUGLXP6H
SRDWHREVHUYDFăvQPRUPLQ
WH DX IRVW GHSXVH SRGRDEH
FRQIHF܊LRQDWH PDL DOHV GLQ
PDWHULDOHH[RWLFH6SRQG\OXV
'HQWDOLXP PDODKLW PDU
PXUă vQ WLPS FH vQ D܈H]DUH
VXQW SUH]HQWH IRUPH GLIHULWH
vQ VSHFLDO GLQ PDWHULL SULPH
ORFDOH $FHDVWă FRQVWDWDUH
SRDWH VXJHUD R DWHQ܊LH GHR
VHELWă DFRUGDWă GHFHGD܊LORU
SULQRIHULUHDGHSRGRDEHUDUH
FRQVLGHUDWHEXQXUL GH SUHVWL
JLX0DWHULLOH SULPH H[RWLFH
FkQGDSDU vQ D܈H]DUH EUă܊ăUL
FRQIHF܊LRQDWH GLQ YDOYă GH
6SRQG\OXVVXQWIUDFWXUDWH܈L
vQ FXUV GH UHSDUDUH FHHD FH
LOXVWUHD]ăVWULFWDORUJHVWLRQD
UHSHQWUX UHXWLOL]DUHGDWRULWă
GL¿FXOWă܊LORUGH DFKL]L܊LRQDUH
܈LSUREDELOVHPQL¿FD܊LHLVR
FLRHFRQRPLFH ܈L VSLULWXDOH
GHRVHELWH vQ FDGUXO FRPXQL
Wă܊LORUHQHROLWLFH
5HYHQLQGODYDULHWDWHDSRGRD
EHORU SUH]HQWH vQ QHFURSROă
GLQVFRLFLOH6SRQG\OXVDXIRVW
FRQIHF܊LRQDWH IRUPH YDULDWH
GHSHUOHWXEXODUHIXVLIRUPH
ELFRQYH[HFLOLQGULFH܈LWULOR
EDWH3RUQLQGGHODFRFKLOLLOH
GH 'HQWDOLXP DX IRVW RE܊L
QXWH SULQ VHJPHQWDUH SHUOH
WXEXODUHLDUGLQRVSHUOHWX
EXODUH܈LFLUFXODUHLPLWkQGSH
FHOH GLQ 6SRQG\OXV GDWRULWă
SUREDELOUDULWă܊LLDFHVWHLPD
WHULL SULPH ÌQ ¿QH GLQ PD
ODKLW DX IRVW SUHOXFUDWH SHUOH
FLUFXODUH LDU GLQ PDUPXUă
R VHULH GH SHUOH FLUFXODUH ܈L
FkWHYD SDQGDQWLYH FX IRUPH
YDULDWH /HJDW GH DFHVWH SR
GRDEHVHLPSXQGRXăREVHU
YD܊LLÌQSULPXOUkQGPDMRUL
WDWHDSUH]LQWăXUPHGHX]XUă
FHHD FH GHPRQVWUHD]ă Fă DX
IRVWSXUWDWH úL vQ WLPSXO YLH
ĠLL IXQF܊LRQkQG FD vQVHPQH
GH SUHVWLJLX VRFLDO ܈L GXSă
PRDUWH'HFLVHSRDWHSUHVX
SXQHFăVFRSXOORUSULPDUQX
DIRVWFHOGHLQYHQWDUIXQHUDU
ÌQDOGRLOHDUkQGQHvQWUHEăP
FXPDXDMXQVPDWHULLOHSULPH
DORJHQH OD FRPXQLWDWHD GH
OD 6XOWDQD" 'XSă WRDWH HYL
GHQ܊HOH FHO SX܊LQ YDOYHOH GH
VFRLFL6SRQG\OXV܈L FRFKLOLLOH
GH'HQWDOLXP v܈L DX RULJLQHD
vQ0DUHD0HGLWHUDQă$XFă
OăWRULWRDPHQLL GH OD 6XOWDQD
SHDVHPHQHDGLVWDQ܊HVDXGLQ
FRQWUă DX FăOăWRULW SLHVHOH
ÄGLQ JUXS vQ JUXS´ SkQă DX
DMXQV OD DFHDVWă GHVWLQD܊LH"
܇L GH DVHPHQHD DX FăOăWR
ULW VXE IRUPă EUXWă YDOYă
FRFKLOLH JDOHW HWF VDX VXE
IRUPă GHMD ¿QLWă ¿LQG FRQ
IHF܊LRQDWH GH FRPXQLWă܊LOH
FDUH SURFXUDX DFHVWH PDWHULL
SULPH"6XQWvQWUHEăULODFDUH
FHOSX܊LQ SHQWUXPRPHQW QX
DYHPXQUăVSXQV
ÌQFDGUXOD܈H]ăULLRVXODIRVW
SUHOXFUDW vQ IRUPH GLIHULWH
ID܊ă GH FHOH SUH]HQWH vQ QH
FURSROă $VWIHO SRGRDEHOH
GLQRVDXRPRUIRORJLHWULXQ
JKLXODUă VDX GUHSWXQJKLXOD
62
&ROLHUGLQFRFKLOLLGHPHOFL/LWKRJO\SKXVQDWLFRLGHVGHVFRSHULWvQORFXLQ܊D
/GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
Uă ¿LQG SUHYă]XWH FX R SHU
IRUD܊LH SHQWUX VXVSHQGDUH
$XIRVWGHVFRSHULWH܈LFkWHYD
SHUOH FLUFXODUH GLQ RV 9DOYD
GHVFRLFă&DUGLXPVSDIRVW
GRDU VLPSOX SHUIRUDWă OD QL
YHOXO XPERQHOXL vQ WLPS FH
YDOYDGH8QLRVS D IRVWPDL
HODERUDWSUHOXFUDWă¿LQGIUDF
WXUDWă܈LWUDQVIRUPDWăvQPLFL
SHUOHFLUFXODUH
6LQJXUă FRFKLOLD JDVWH
URSRGXOXL /LWKRJO\SKXV
QDWLFRLGHV HVWH SUH]HQWă vQ
D܈H]DUH܈LvQQHFURSROăvQWUR
IRUPăLGHQWLFă$FHVWHFRFKL
OLL GH PLFL GLPHQVLXQL DX
IRVWVLPSOXSHUIRUDWH܈LUHXQL
WHvQSRGRDEHFRPSR]LWH(VWH
YRUEDGHVSUHRPDWHULHSULPă
ORFDOăIăUăR LPSRUWDQ܊ăDOL
PHQWDUă GHFL UHFROWDUHD VD
UHDOL]DW VWULFW SHQWUX SURGXF
܊LD SRGRDEHORU 3XWHP VSH
FXODIDSWXO Fă DFHDVWă VSHFLH
DYHDRVHPQL¿FD܊LHVSLULWXDOă
FDUHRIăFHDFRPSDWLELOăDWkW
FXYLD܊DFkW܈LFXPRDUWHD
9HGHP DVWIHO Fă SRGRDEHOH
UHSUH]LQWă R VXUVă LQHSXL]D
ELOă GH UHÀHF܊LH SHUPL܊kQ
GXQH Vă vQWUHYHGHP GLYHUVH
LQVWDQWDQHHGLQYLD܊DFRPXQL
Wă܊LLGHOD6XOWDQDOHJDWHDWkW
GH FLFOXO YLH܊LL FkW ܈L GH FHO
DOPRU܊LL6WXGLXOSRGRDEHORU
QH RIHUă vQVă ܈L LQIRUPD܊LL
GHQDWXUăHFRQRPLFăSRUQLQG
GHODVWUDWHJLLOH GH SURFXUDUH
D PDWHULLORU SULPH ܈L FRQWL
QXkQGFX VFKHPHOH GH IDEUL
FDUH GH FLUFXOD܊LH D RELHF
WHORU ¿QLWH ܈L GH DEDQGRQ
Ä([LVWHQ܊D´ORUQXDIRVWXQD
SDVLYăVFKLPEkQGX܈LXQHRUL
VHPQL¿FD܊LD GH OD SRGRDEH
SXUWDWHGHRDPHQLvQYLD܊ăOD
LQYHQWDUIXQHUDUDOWHRULIXQF
܊LDGHODEUă܊ăULODSHUOHSULQ
UHFLFODUHDSLHVHORUIUDFWXUDWH
'HVFRSHULULOHGHOD6XOWDQDVH
vQVFULXvQWUXQOLPEDMXQLYHU
VDOFHODOWUDQVPLWHULLGHPH
VDMH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO RELHF
WHORUGHSRGRDEăSHUVRQDOH
63
0ăUJHOHGLQFRFKLOLLGHVFRLFă6SRQG\OXVGHVFRSHULWHvQPRUPkQWXO0GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
0ăUJHOHGLQFRFKLOLLGHVFRLFă6SRQG\OXVGHVFRSHULWHvQPRUPkQWXO0GHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0'-&
2ELHFWHOH GH PHWDO GHVFR
SHULWH vQ DúH]DUHD HQHROLWL
Fă GH WLS WHOO GH OD 6XOWDQD
0DOX 5RЮX UHSUH]LQWă R FD
WHJRULH GH PDWHULDOH DUKHR
ORJLFH LPSRUWDQWă GDWRULWă
PDWHULHL SULPH XWLOL]DWH D
PRGDOLWăĠLORUGHFRQIHFĠLRQD
UH úL D IXQFĠLRQDOLWăĠLL DFHV
WRUSLHVH6HWXOGHRELHFWHGH
PHWDOGHVFRSHULWHGHDOXQJXO
WLPSXOXL OD 6XOWDQD FXSULQ
GHDWkWSLHVHGHFXSUXFkWúL
RELHFWH GH DXU vQWUH DFHVWHD
UHPDUFkQGXVH XQ WH]DXU R
GHVFRSHULUH GHRVHELWă DÀD
Wă GH R SHULRDGă vQGHOXQJD
Wă vQ DWHQĠLD FHUFHWăWRULORU
+ăOFHVFX $QGUHHVFX
/D]ăU
&RPXQLWDWHDGHOD6XOWDQDQX
EHQH¿FLD]ăGHVXUVHGHFXSUX
VDXDXUvQ YHFLQăWDWHD DúH]ă
ULLIDSWFHQHLQGLFăH[LVWHQ܊D
XQRUVFKLPEXULÄFRPHUFLDOH´
ÌQ JHQHUDO ]ăFăPLQWHOH GH
PLQHUHXULGHFXSUXVHJăVHVF
vQVWDUHQDWLYăVDXvQ FRPEL
QDĠLL FKLPLFH VXOIXUL WHOXUL
DUVHQXUL R[L]L FDUERQDĠL vQ
GLYHUVHUHJLXQLGLQ]RQDEDO
FDQLFă LQFOXVLY vQ 5RPkQLD
$OWkQ 7HSH $XUXO XWLOL]DW
GHFăWUH FRPXQLWă܊LOH HQHROL
WLFHQXHUD H[SORDWDWGLQPL
QHUHXFLHUDUHFROWDWGLQDOX
YLXQLOH DXU DOXYLRQDU XQRU
UkXUL0DUH܈
3LHVHOHGHPHWDODXIRVWUHDOL
]DWHSULQXWLOL]DUHDPLQHUHXUL
ORUGH FXSUX QDWLY VXOIXULFH
R[LGLFHvQORWXOGHSLHVHGHOD
6XOWDQD¿LQGDWHVWDW܈LDOLDMXO
FXSUXDUVHQ &RQIRUP GDWH
ORUDUKHRORJLFHvQSHULRDGHOH
QHROLWLFă܈LHQHROLWLFăDXIRVW
LGHQWL¿FDWH GRXă PRGDOLWăĠL
SULQFLSDOH GH SUHOXFUDUH D
PLQHUHXOXL GH FXSUX 3ULPD
GLQWUH DFHVWHD DU ¿ SUHOXFUD
UHDOD UHFH DGLFă PDWHULDOXO
EUXW HUD SUHOXFUDW FD R VLP
SOă URFă GXSă WHKQLFLOH XWL
OL]DWH SHQWUX FRQIHFĠLRQDUHD
SLHVHORU GLQ VLOH[ SLDWUă RV
0DUH܈&HDGHDGRXD
PHWRGă DU ¿ SUHOXFUDUHD OD
FDOG DFHDVWă HYROXĠLH GH RU
GLQ WHKQRORJLF ¿LQG SXVă vQ
UHODĠLHFXGH]YROWDUHDFXSWRD
UHORU SHQWUX DUGHUHD FHUDPL
FLL6HFRQVLGHUăFăVHSDUDUHD
FXSUXOXLGLQ PLQHUHX VH UHD
OL]D OD & LDU WRSL
UHDFXSUXOXL QDWLY OD&
3ăWURL 3HQWUX DFHDV
Wă WHKQLFă FXSUXO HUD H[WUDV
GLQ URFL VDX GLQWUR PL[WXUă
SXGUă GH D]XULW VDX PDODKLW
± XWLOL]DWH SUREDELO FD SLJ
PHQĠL úL FăUEXQH DSRL HUD
VXSXV XQXL SURFHV GH DUGHUH
vQWUXQ PHGLX UHGXFăWRU FDUH
SXWHDDMXQJHOD R WHPSHUDWX
3LHVHOHGHPHWDO
$'DULH
7H]DXUXOGHSLHVHGHDXUGHVFRSHULWOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0&*2
64
Uă GH & 6D REVHUYDW
Fă OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH &
PLFLPăUJHOHGHFXSUXVHGHV
SULQGHDX GH PLQHUHX ¿LQG
XOWHULRU VHSDUDWH úL FROHFWDWH
GLQ FHQXúD UH]XOWDWă 0DUH܈
$FHDVWă FHQXúă D GH
YHQLWXQLQGLFLX SHQWUX DUKH
RORJL FX SULYLUH OD SURFHVXO
GH H[WUDJHUH úL SUHOXFUDUH D
FXSUXOXL0HWDOXOWUHFHDSULQ
WUXQ SURFHV GH UHvQFăO]LUH
IRUMDUH SUHOXFUDUH PHFDQL
Fă UHFRDFHUH ¿LQG WUDQVIRU
PDW vQ XQHOWH VDX SRGRDEH
$QWKRQ\
'LQDúH]DUHDHQHROLWLFăGHOD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX SURYLQ
SLHVH GH FXSUX PDMRULWD
WHDGLQWUH DFHVWHD ¿LQG XQHO
WHVWUăSXQJăWRDUH܈LRGDOWă
7HKQLFLOH GH SUHOXFUDUH XWLOL
]DWHDXIRVWFLRFăQLUHDIDVR
QDUHDODPLQDUHD܈LOXVWUXLUHD
$FHVWHXQHOWHDXIRVWSUREDELO
OHJDWH GH DFWLYLWăĠLOH FDVQLFH
FRWLGLHQH DOH FRPXQLWăĠLORU
*XPHOQLĠD
ÌQ DQXO D IRVW LGHQWL¿
FDWúLWH]DXUXOGHDXUSDQ
GDQWLYH GLVFRLGDOH YHULJL
vQOăQĠXLWH VDOWDOHRQH FX
RJUHXWDWH WRWDOă GH J
VXE DVSHFW FDQWLWDWLY ¿LQG
FHDPDLPDUH GHVFRSHULUH GH
DFHVW IHO GLQ HQHROLWLFXO GLQ
VXGXO 5RPkQLHL +ăOFHVFX
&RQIRUP OXL 'RQH
ùHUEăQHVFX WH]DXUXO D IRVW
GHVFRSHULW SH YDWUD XQHL OR
FXLQĠH SULQWUH IUDJPHQWHOH
XQXLPRGHOGHVDQFWXDUPLQL
DWXUDO2DOWăSLHVăGHDXUXQ
SDQGDQWLYDIRVWGHVFRSHULWă
vQ DQXO vQWUH OLSLWXUL
OHXQHLYHWUHGLQORFXLQ܊D /
$QGUHHVFX/D]ăU
3LHVHOH GH DXU GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX au
IRVW UHDOL]DWH SULQ EDWH
UH WăLHUH úL UXODUH SHQWUX
VDOWDOHRQH ܈L SDQGDQWLY
+ăOFHVFX&RMRFDUX
܇HUEăQHVFX 2DQ܊ă
0DUJKLWX DYkQG
DQDORJLL WHKQRORJLFR
WLSRORJLFH vQ DOWH VLWXUL
GLQ DUHDOXO .RGMDGHUPHQ
*XPHOQLĠD.DUDQRYR 9,
GH SH WHULWRULXO %XOJDULHL ܈L
5RPkQLHL +RWQLFD
9DUQD 'XUDQNXODN 9ăUă܈WL
*XPHOQL܊D +ăOFHVFX
$QGUHHVFX/D]ăU
2ELHFWHOHGHPHWDOSRW¿FRQ
VLGHUDWH H[RWLFH LDU GDWRULWă
SURSULHWăĠLORU VSHFL¿FH FDSă
Wă SUREDELO YDOHQĠH VLPER
OLFH $FHDVWD VDU GDWRUD vQ
SULQFLSDOFXORULORUúLDWH[WX
ULORU GLIHULWH FRPSDUDWLY FX
FHOHDOH DOWRU PDWHULDOH XWLOL
]DWH GH FRPXQLWăĠLOH SUHLVWR
ULFH'H UHPDUFDWHVWH IDSWXO
FăDSDULĠLD SLHVHORU GH FXSUX
HVWH OHJDWă GH VFăGHUHD QX
PăUXOXLGHSLHVHUHDOL]DWHGLQ
FRFKLOLL GH VFRLFă 6SRQG\OXV
JDHGHURSXVPDLDOHVvQVSDĠLXO
(XURSHL &HQWUDOH $QWKRQ\
ÌQ RSLQLD DOWRU DXWRUL
SLHVHOH GH PHWDO DU SXWHD ¿
SHUFHSXWH GH JUXSXULOH XPD
QHSUHLVWRULFHGUHSWVLPEROXUL
DOH SXWHULL VDX DOH OXPLQLL
GH]YROWkQG WRWRGDWă QRL YD
ORUL HVWHWLFH ܈L DUWLVWLFH FDUH
FRQGXFODQRL LGHQWLWăĠL VRFL
DOH܈LFXOWXUDOH*D\GDUVND
&KDSPDQ
$OăWXUL GH DOWH FDWHJRULL GH
PDWHULDOH RELHFWHOH GH PH
WDODUWUHEXLvQFDGUDWHvQWUXQ
FRQWH[W VRFLDO PDL ODUJ vQ
FRUHOD܊LH FX SDOHRHFRQRPLD
UHVSHFWLYHORUFRPXQLWăĠL&X
ORDUHDSHFDUHRDXSLHVHOHGH
PHWDOLQGLFăYDORDUHDORUHVWH
WLFăFkWúLRYDORDUHGHULYDWă
GLQSUHVWLJLXOVRFLDOVDXVWDWX
WXO HFRQRPLF 'HúL DSDUHQW
YDORDUHD HVWHWLFă DU SULPD
IUHFYHQĠDVFă]XWăDRELHFWHORU
GHPHWDOvQQHRHQHROLWLFFRQ
GXFHVSUHDFFHQWXDUHDUROXOXL
VRFLDOúLD YDORULL HFRQRPLFH
DDFHVWRUSURGXVHGDUFXSUH
FăGHUHDVWDWXWXOXLFHORUFDUH
OHIRORVHDX1LNRORYD
3LHVHOHGHPHWDOSRW¿FRQVL
GHUDWHXQVLPERO DO HYROXĠLHL
FRPXQLWăĠLORUHQHROLWLFH
0RGHOXOGHOXWVXEFDUHVDGHVFRSHULWWH]DXUXOGHSLHVHGHDXUGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX0&*2
65
66
([SR]L܊LD Ä3ULYLQG vQD-
SRL VSUH WUHFXW 6XOWDQD
0DOX 5RЮX R D܈H]DUH SUH-
LVWRULFă GH DFXP GH
ani” propune o incursiune
vQWURSHULRDGă FURQRORJLFă
PDLSX܊LQFXQRVFXWă SXEOL-
FXOXLODUJ±HQHROLWLFXOGDU
܈LRSRYHVWHGHVSUHR FLYLOL-
]D܊LH vQÀRULWRDUH GH DFXP
PDL ELQH GH GH DQL
*XPHOQL܊D
2ELHFWLYXOGLUHFWDODFHVWXLGH
PHUVvOFRQVWLWXLHSUH]HQWDUHD
UH]XOWDWHORUFHUFHWăULORUDUKH
RORJLFHHIHFWXDWH vQ D܈H]DUHD
HQHROLWLFăGHOD6XOWDQDMalu
5RЮXSULPXOVLWJXPHOQLĠHDQ
FDUHDIăFXWRELHFWXOXQRUFHU
FHWăUL ܈WLLQĠL¿FH H[KDXVWLYH
vQFHSkQG FX DQXO VXE
FRQGXFHUHD SURIHVRUXOXL ,RQ
$QGULH܈HVFX $FHDVWD UHSUH
]LQWăRD܈H]DUHELQHFXQRVFX
WăVSHFLDOL܈WLORUGLQGRPHQLX
DWkWSHSODQQD܊LRQDOFkW܈LLQ
WHUQD܊LRQDODLFLSUDFWLF FHU
FHWkQGXVHSHQWUXSULPDRDUă
FHHDFHDVWă]LQXPLPFXOWXUD
*XPHOQL܊D R FLYLOL]D܊LH FH
PDUFKHD]ă DSRJHXO GH]YRO
WăULLFRPXQLWă܊LORUXPDQHGLQ
VXGHVWXO(XURSHL vQ LQWHUYD
OXOv&KU
3URLHFWDUHD H[SR]L܊LHL D XU
PăULW SUH]HQWDUHD HOHPHQ
WHORU PDMRUH FDUDFWHULVWLFH
FLYLOL]D܊LHL *XPHOQL܊D vQ
JHQHUDO ܈L D VLWXOXL GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX vQ SDU
WLFXODUQXGRDU R HWDODUHGH
RELHFWH DUKHRORJLFH GHRVH
ELWH vQ VFRSXO GH D SHUPLWH
SXEOLFXOXL DSURIXQGDUHD ܈L
vQ܊HOHJHUHD PRGXOXL GH YLD܊ă
SUHLVWRULF܈LDSURJUHVHORUUH
DOL]DWHvQDFHDVWăSHULRDGăGH
WLPS
([SR]L܊LD VH GRUH܈WH R YHUL
WDELOăUDGLRJUD¿HDXQHLOXPL
GLVSăUXWH D XQRU RDPHQL FH
VXQW SUHGHFHVRULL QR܈WUL FHO
SX܊LQ OD QLYHO JHQHWLF GDU ܈L
DPRGXOXL vQ FDUH DFH܈WLD v܈L
GXFHDX H[LVWHQ܊D FRWLGLDQă
H[SORDWDX PHGLXO vQFRQMXUă
WRUSHUFHSHDXYLD܊D܈L PRDU
WHD VDX VH H[SULPDX OD QLYHO
DUWLVWLF &HUFHWăULOH LQWHUGLV
FLSOLQDUHGLQXOWLPLL]HFHDQL
GHVIă܈XUDWH vQ FDGUXO VLWXOXL
GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX au
SHUPLV GHFHODUHD GH GDWH ܈L
LQIRUPD܊LL LPSRUWDQWH OHJD
WH GH WRDWH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH
FDUH YLQ Vă FRQWULEXLH OD UH
FRQVWLWXLUHD XQLYHUVXOXL PD
WHULDOúLVSLULWXDODOFLYLOL]DĠLHL
*XPHOQLĠD
'XSăFXPVDDUăWDW܈LODvQ
FHSXWX