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FDUH DX FRQWULEXLW OD GHJUD
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9DVLOH
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PRJUD¿Fă SHVWH  GLQWUH
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VWLOXOXLGHYLD܊ăDODFHORURD
PHQL ܈L D DQXPLWRU DFWLYLWă܊L
¿]LFH GHVIă܈XUDWH vQ WLPSXO
YLH܊LL ,RQ  6R¿FDUX 
6R¿FDUX,RQ
ÌQ SUH]HQW QHFURSROD GH OD
6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX UHSUH]LQ
WăXQ LPSRUWDQW UHSHUvQ FHU
FHWDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL IXQHUDU
DOJUXSXULORUXPDQHSUHLVWRUL
FHFRQWULEXLQGvQPRGFRQVL
GHUDELOODvQ܊HOHJHUHDDWLWXGL
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OXPLLGHGLQFROR
ÌQGHRVHEL GDWRULWă XWLOL]ă
ULL SH R SHULRDGă H[WLQVă GH
WLPSGDU ЮLGLYHUVLWăаLL WLSX
ULORU GH FRPSRUWDPHQW IXQH
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H[WUDRUGLQDUă SHQWUX FRPX
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DSURSLHUH
29% 11%
i
60%
femei
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35
3ODQXOPRUPkQWXOXL0GLQQHFURSRODGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
36
37
II
FXPЮLGHFH"
38
21% 14%
RESURSE ACVATICE
SCOICI (pescuit)(cules)
9% 6%
RESURSE ANIMALE
MAMIFERE DOMESTICE
(cre terea animalelor)
38% 12%
&(0Æ1&$8"
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SUHLVWRULFH GH DFXP PDL
ELQHGHGHDQLGH܊LQHP
R VHULH GH LQIRUPD܊LL YDOR-
URDVHRIHULWHGHFHUFHWăULOH
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH HIHFWXDWH
vQ GLYHUVH VLWXUL DUKHRORJL-
FH
ÌQFHHD FH SULYH܈WH VLWXO GH
OD 6XOWDQD0DOX 5RЮX, în
XOWLPLLDQLLVDX HIHFWXDWR
VHULH GH VWXGLL FDUSRORJLFH
SDOLQRORJLFH DUKHR]RROR-
JLFH PDODFRORJLFH ܈L DUKH-
RLKWLRORJLFHFHQHDXSHUPLV
FUHLRQDUHD PRGHOXOXL GH
DOLPHQWD܊LH VSHFL¿F DFHVWRU
JUXSXULXPDQH
ÌQ JHQHUDO OD IHO FD ܈L vQ
FD]XO DOWRU VLWXUL HQHROLWLFH
GLQ5RPkQLD VDX %XOJDULD
FHUFHWDWH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU
SHQWUX FRPXQLWDWHD SUHLV-
WRULFă GH OD 6XOWDQD0DOX
5RЮX FXQRD܈WHP Fă GLHWD
DIRVW GLFWDWă FX SUHFăGHUH
GHUHVXUVHOHYHJHWDOH܈LDQL-
PDOHGLVSRQLELOHvQ]RQD vQ
FDUHDIRVWvQWHPHLDWăD܈H]D-
UHDUHVSHFWLYă ܈LPDL SX܊LQ
GHSUHIHULQ܊HOHFXOLQDUH DOH
UHVSHFWLYHORUSRSXOD܊LL
38
,QIRJUD¿FSULYLQGGLHWDFRPXQLWă܊LLGHOD6XOWDQD0DOX5RЮX
RESURSE VEGETALE
PLANTE CULTIVATE (cules)
(
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