Chapter

Chemical Components in Noni Fruits and Leaves ( Morinda citrifolia L.)

Authors:
  • North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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Abstract

Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae), commonly known as noni, is a plant typically found in the Hawaiian and Tahitian islands. The bark, stem, root, leaf, and fruit have been used traditionally as a folk remedy for many diseases including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. In this research, we reported the constituents of the fruits and leaves of this plant from both Hawaii and India. Several new glycosides and iridoids were identified. Four compounds isolated from noni fruits were found to suppress UVB-induced AP-I activity in cell cultures.

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... The roots is known to contain a wide spectrum of anthraquinones derivatives such as rubiadin, damnacanthal and alizarin-1- methyl ether, naphthoquinone and sterols [17], while other constituents including iridoids, flavonol, triterpenes and glycosides were reported from the leaves [15]. Other classes of phytochemicals have been found including polysaccharides, fatty acid glycosides, phytosterols, carotinoids, and a range of volatile constituents including monoterpenes and short chain fatty acids and fatty acid esters [20]. Noni fruit contains numerous iridoids. ...
... A number of other compounds classes have been reported. These include flavonol glycosides (e.g., narcissoside, nicotifloroside, and rutin) [17,20]. Importantly, rutin is a phytochemical agent already implicated in the antidepressant property of the ethanolic extract of Schinus molle [21]. ...
... Importantly, rutin is a phytochemical agent already implicated in the antidepressant property of the ethanolic extract of Schinus molle [21]. Several known and new lignans such as 3,3′-bisdemethylpinoresinol, americanol A, americanoic acid A, americanin A, morindolin, isoprincepin and balanophonin have also been isolated [15,20]. Furthermore, the coumarin scopoletin has been identified from the fruit and this has been found to control serotonin level in the body [22], and also increase long term potentiation (LTP) by potentiating acetylcholine release from synaptosomes [23]. ...
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Aims: Noni juice is a natural herbal formulation containing Morinda citrifolia widely acclaimed as an immune system stimulant and mood enhancer. The aim of the study was to explore the antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like behavioural effects of Noni juice and to further evaluate the possible mechanisms of action in terms of biomarkers of oxidative stress on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depressive model in mice. Methods: CUMS was used to induce behavioural deficits (depressive-and anxiety-like behaviours) and oxidative imbalance in mice. Mice were pretreated with Noni juice (2.5, 5 and 10 mL/kg, p.o) and thereafter subjected to different stress paradigms daily for a period of 21 days. Thereafter, sucrose preference test, behavioural despair tests, open field exploratory behaviour, Y-maze test as well as elevated plus maze, and light and dark maze tests were used to assess antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like behaviours, while standard biochemical protocols were used to assay for the biochemical alterations [Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA)]. Results: The results showed that Noni juice demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of CUMS induced depressive-and anxiety-like behaviours in mice; by increasing the preference for sucrose, locomotor activity in the open field exploratory test, memory performance, decrease immobility in the behavioural despair tests and anxiety-related depressive behaviours. Furthermore, Noni juice decreased MDA concentration (33.2, 58.7 and 70.2%) in a dose-related manner. Moreover, Noni-juice significantly (P < 0.05) prevented the decrease in SOD and CAT activities, and increased GSH concentration in brain tissues. Conclusion: These data provides a rationale for evaluating Noni juice as a novel psychotropic agent against depressive-and anxiety-related behaviours and suggest that its mechanisms of action may be related to the modulation of endogenous antioxidant defense system.
... When mature, the fruits become very soft, soupy smell and have foul taste [136]. [132,135,137,138,139,141,142,143]. ...
... Phythohemical composition of the plant 7.7 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyanthraquinone 4-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1g4)-α-1-rhamnopyranoside, 5,8-dimethyl-apigenin 4'-Oß-d-galactopyranoside, Aracetin 7-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside were found in the flower part of M. citrifolia[137]. ß-d-glucopyranose pentaacetate, O-octanoyl-ß-d-glucopyranose, Ascorbic acid, Asperulosidic acid, Asperuloside tetraacetate, Caproic acid, Caprylic acid, Ethyl caprylate, Ethyl caproate, Hexanoic acid, Octanoic acid, Quercetin 3-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside were found in the fruits of M. citrifolia(133,137,138,139,140,141].Leaves of M. citrifolia contain Amino acids, ß-sitosterol, Citrifolinoside B, Kaempferol 3-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g6)-ß-d-glucopy ranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1?2)-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g6)-ß-d-galactopyranoside, Quercetin 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside, Quercetin 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1g 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g 6)-ß-dgalactopyranoside, Ursolic acid [137,138,139,142,143]. ...
... Phythohemical composition of the plant 7.7 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyanthraquinone 4-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1g4)-α-1-rhamnopyranoside, 5,8-dimethyl-apigenin 4'-Oß-d-galactopyranoside, Aracetin 7-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside were found in the flower part of M. citrifolia[137]. ß-d-glucopyranose pentaacetate, O-octanoyl-ß-d-glucopyranose, Ascorbic acid, Asperulosidic acid, Asperuloside tetraacetate, Caproic acid, Caprylic acid, Ethyl caprylate, Ethyl caproate, Hexanoic acid, Octanoic acid, Quercetin 3-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g6)-ß-d-glucopyranoside were found in the fruits of M. citrifolia(133,137,138,139,140,141].Leaves of M. citrifolia contain Amino acids, ß-sitosterol, Citrifolinoside B, Kaempferol 3-O-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g6)-ß-d-glucopy ranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1?2)-a-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g6)-ß-d-galactopyranoside, Quercetin 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside, Quercetin 3-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-(1g 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1g 6)-ß-dgalactopyranoside, Ursolic acid [137,138,139,142,143]. In the root part of M. citrifolia, Morindone, Damnacanthal, 8-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methylanthraquinone, rubichloric acid, 1,3-dihydroxy-6-methyl Anthraquinone, Morenone 1, Morenone 2, Ruberythric acid, Rubiadin, Chlororubin, Hexose, Morindadiol, Morindanidrine, Morindine, Pentose, Physcion, Rubiadin monomethyl ether, Soranjidio, Trioxymethylanthraquinone monoethyl ether and Alizarin were found ...
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Diabetes mellitus is a common disease through out the world and Malaysia is one of the victim and it is estimated to increase by 2.48 millions diabetics by 2030. Plants and plant products has played an important role in the treatment of diabetes as early as 1550 B.C. Moreover, during the past few years some of the new diabetic drugs isolated from plants have shown hypoglycemic activity with more efficacy than oral diabetic agents commonly used in clinical therapy. This review compiles an overview of certain Malaysian antidiabetic plants with their specific mode of action and phytoconstituents which have been widely reported in the literature. The profiles presented include information about the scientific name, family, the mechanism of hypoglycemic activity and the active agents. The plants described in this review (Aloe vera, Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa, Ficus deltoidea, Gynura procumbens, Morinda citrifolia, Orthosiphon stamineus) clearly demonstrated the importance of herbal plants in the treatment of diabetes.
... Early phytochemical investigations on M. citrifolia focussed on secondary metabolites in leaves, roots and bark. The roots contain a wide spectrum of anthraquinones such as rubiadin, damnacanthal and alizarin-1-methyl ether, naphthoquinone derivatives and sterols [9], whereas several iridoids, flavonol glycosides and triterpenes were reported from the leaves [10]. Plant cell cultures were analysed mainly for their capabilities for synthesis of anthraquinoid pigments. ...
... These include new compounds such as 2-methoxy-1,3,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone (31), and 5,15dimethylmorindol (34). Finally, miscellaneous compounds such as b-sitosterol (39) and its 3-O-glucoside (40) [20], [22], ursolic acid (41) and 19-hydroxyursolic acid (42) [10], cytidine (43) [10], [20], borreriagenin (44) [20] and epiborreriagenin (45) [16], iridoid derivative 46 [10], succinic acid diesters (47 ± 49) [16], 4-hydroxy-3methoxycinnamaldehyde (50) [22], b-hydroxypropiovanillone (51) [22] and vanillin (52) [22] have been isolated (Fig. 3). Morin-dacin, previously reported as a new iridoid from Noni fruit [19] was recently shown to be identical with borreriagenin (44) [23]. ...
... These include new compounds such as 2-methoxy-1,3,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone (31), and 5,15dimethylmorindol (34). Finally, miscellaneous compounds such as b-sitosterol (39) and its 3-O-glucoside (40) [20], [22], ursolic acid (41) and 19-hydroxyursolic acid (42) [10], cytidine (43) [10], [20], borreriagenin (44) [20] and epiborreriagenin (45) [16], iridoid derivative 46 [10], succinic acid diesters (47 ± 49) [16], 4-hydroxy-3methoxycinnamaldehyde (50) [22], b-hydroxypropiovanillone (51) [22] and vanillin (52) [22] have been isolated (Fig. 3). Morin-dacin, previously reported as a new iridoid from Noni fruit [19] was recently shown to be identical with borreriagenin (44) [23]. ...
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Products derived from Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) have been commercialised in the USA since the 1990s and are increasingly distributed all over the world. A large number of beneficial effects have been claimed for Noni. Fruit juice of Noni has been approved as a Novel Food by the European Commission in 2003. This article reviews current knowledge on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety aspects of Noni fruit and Noni-derived products, and health-related claims and benefits. The knowledge on the chemical composition of Noni fruit has considerably increased over recent years. A number of in vitro and, to a certain extent, in vivo studies demonstrate a range of potentially beneficial effects. However, clinical data are essentially lacking. To what extent the findings from experimental pharmacological studies are of potential clinical relevance is not clear at present. Based on a toxicological assessment, Noni juice was considered as safe. Due to recent reports of cases of hepatotoxicity, the safety issue has been re-examined in Europe. While the European Food Safety Authority sees no link between adverse effects on liver and consumption of Noni juice, a continuing monitoring of the situation is desirable and some vigilance advised.
... The results indicated that Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria are selective for producing a probiotic M. citrifolia juice (Wang et al., 2009a). Amino acid A source of essential and conditional amino acids Shovic and Whistler (2001), Elkins (1998) and Sang et al. (2001) Anthraquinone Antiviral Elkins (1998), Morton (1992) and Inoue et al. (1981) (continued on next page) ...
... 1998),Dittmar (1993),Wang et al. (1999Wang et al. ( , 2002,Mohd Zin et al. (2007),Jayaraman et al. (2008),Liu et al. (2001) andZhang et al. 1998),Sang et al. (2001),Liu et al. (2001),Morton (1992),Yu (2004) and rubiadin ...
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Traditional medical practitioners in Hawaii and Polynesia have used Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) for centuries to cure or prevent varieties of illnesses. The popularity of M. citrifolia as a dietary supplement, a food functional ingredient, or as a natural health enhancer is increasing throughout the world. M. citrifolia contains phytochemicals that own antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelminthic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing effects. Moreover, the increasing vogue of M. citrifolia has attracted industries to employ it as a part of various products and for wide applications such as a natural source of medicines and chemical reagents as well as a green insecticidal. The wide spread of M. citrifolia in tropical climate of the globe, from USA to Brazil reaching to Tahiti, Malaysia and Australia, contributed in enriching its uses and potentials due to the variation in harvest locations. M. citrifolia parts including fruits, seeds, barks, leaves, and flowers are utilized on their own for individual nutritional and therapeutical values, however, the fruit is considered to contain the most valuable chemical compounds. This review discusses in details the industrial uses and the pharmacological activities of M. citrifolia fruit, seed, leaf and root, along with their isolated phytochemical compounds, through describing the conducted in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical data.
... Analysis showed up to 67.51% of the total volatile compounds contained strong antimicrobial compounds in the form of Phytol (Diterpene), All-trans-Squalene (Triderpene), 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol (Vitamin compound), Isobutylglycerol nitro (polyphenol), Linolenic acid (fatty acid), Pyran-4-one (Flavonoid), Palmitic acid, 3-oxo-1-butenyl (phenol), and Gama-Sitosterol (Steroids), Phytol, (2-Hexadecen-1-ol) alone constituted 25.96% of the total bioactive compounds, while squalene; a precursor of steroids constituted 15.13% of the M. citrifolia leaf extract. The findings of this study are in conformity with reports of previous studies reported by Wang and Su (2001), Sang et al. (2002) and Krishnaiah et al. (2012), who reported that the major bioactive compounds of M. citrifolia leaf are phenolic compounds, alkaloids and organic acids. Similarly, Assi et al. (2017), documented over 200 phytochemicals isolated and identified from various parts of M. citrifolia plant, and that M. citrifolia leaf extract was antimicrobial, anticancer, larvicidal and antioxidant in nature. ...
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The increasing demand for organic agricultural products especially among the elite stimulated the search for safe and alternative means of crown rot disease control. Morinda citrifolia is one of the listed medicinal plants among the Polynesian countries. This study documented the phytochemical profile of M. citrifolia using GC-MS and their antifungal activities against crown rot pathogens. The key phytochemical constituents of the extract were Phytol 2-Hexadecen-1- ol, (Diterpene) (25.96%), Squalene (Triterpene) (15.13%), 1, 3-Propanediol (Polyphenol) (4.68%), Pyran-4-one 4H-, 9 (Flavonoid), and 2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol (Vitamins) (5.14%), 2-Cyclohexan-1-one, (Phenol) (2.54%). Fungal pathogens; Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum asianum and Fussarium Longipes isolated from crown rot infected banana fruits during earlier studies were used in this experiment. The poisoned food technique method was adopted in evaluating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extract against the fungal isolates. Results indicated significantly high fungal growth inhibition (P< 0.05) in concentration dependent manner on amended PDA media. 100% pathogen radial growth inhibition in all isolates was recorded at 100 mg/mL concentration. Therefore, findings of this study suggest application of leaf extract of M. citrifolia is a potential safe and alternative control of banana crown rot.
... Mengkudu is listed as an herb for the treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the list of the Original Indonesian Herbal Medicines Formulary, which contains a list of medicinal plants that have been proven to be safe, efficacious, and of good quality [7]. The various efficacy activities are due to the great active compound from the mengkudu fruit such as: 3-chloro-8-methylthio11H-indol-[3,2-c] quinolone, 5-Pregnen-3β-ol-20 onetrifluoroacetate, α-amyrin, pinene, (2E) -3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, stigmasterol, lignan Americanin A, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, octanoic acid, potassium, vitamin C, iridoids, terpenoid, alkaloid, anthraquinone, morindone, rubiadine and rubiadine-1-methyl ether, and the marker compound is scopoletin [8][9][10]. ...
... Some examples are: anthroquinones which are known for their biological potential, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, lignans, alkaloids, fatty acids and triterpenes, totaling about 160 compounds identified (Krishnaiah et al., 2012;Potterat and Hamburger, 2007). Previous chemical studies have shown that M. citrifolia essential oils are rich in short-chain fatty acids, especially in hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids (Farine et al., 1996;Sang et al., 2002). There are only a few reports on biological activity of essential oils obtained from the M. citrifolia fruit including its antimicrobial activity. ...
Article
The fruit of the Morinda citrifolia species popularly known as “noni” has been widely used in folk medicine for diverse therapeutic purposes including in the treatment of infectious diseases. Given this, we tested the essential oil from M. citrifolia fruits obtained by hydrodistillation against fungi and bacteria. The oil was rich in short-chain fatty acids: octanoic acid (38.7%) and hexanoic acid (20.0%) were identified as the major constituents after analysis of oil by GC/MS. The oil showed antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms tested, mainly against fungi Candida albicans and C. utilise with minimal inhibitory concentration of 39 and 78 μg.mL⁻¹, respectively. The antimicrobial potential of the oil was drastically reduced after it was subjected to the esterification reaction, indicating that the carboxyl group is responsible for the strong oil activity.
... According to the author, xeronine acts in the transformation of the molecular structure of proteins, thus presenting a wide range of functions and biological activities, since in a situation where a protein, enzyme, or a cellular signal receptor is not in its proper configuration, xeronine will promote the rearrangement of the molecular structure to its active conformation. Moreover, according to Sang et al. (2002), the presence of xeronine allows NFJ to have a number of beneficial health effects, such as hypertension, depression, menstrual cramps, and atherosclerosis. ...
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Morinda citrifolia commonly known as noni is a perennial plant originating in Southeast Asia, consumed over 2000 years. Due to its versatility of adaptation and use of the structures of the plant for different therapeutic purposes, noni attracted the attention of researchers from the pharmaceutical and food industry. Chemical and nutritional analyzes already performed in M. citrifolia reveal the existence of more than 200 phytochemical substances with bioactive properties such as acids, alcohols, phenols, saccharides, anthraquinones, carotenoids, esters, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, lactones, iridoids, ketones, lactones, lignans, nucleosides, triterpenides, sterols, and aromatic compounds. The high nutritional value of M. citrifolia may induce therapeutic effects, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The main industrial products from this plant are beverages (juice drinks), powders (from dried fruits), oil (from seeds), and leaf powders. Biological and phytotherapeutic applications of M. citrifolia are promising, but more extensive studies are still required. Thus, this review aims to gather updated and comprehensive information on Morinda citrifolia, discussing its traditional use, biochemical, phytotherapics, and toxicological properties, as well as the recent advances in the processing and standardization of products derived from noni fruit.
... Some dyeing methods were very complex and time-consuming. For example, dyeing with M. citrifolia sometimes required a treatment of the fibres with oil and the use of salt water (Ball 1929;Richardson and Richardson 2017), whose action contributed to the cleavage of the glycosidic bonds in the morindin molecule to release the morindone, which is the most abundant red dye in the plant (Sang et al. 2001;Srivastava and Singh 1993). A mordant also had to be used and naturally aluminium-rich leaves from Symplocos sp. ...
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Barkcloth production is one of the most distinctive traditions in Oceania. The aim of this work was to investigate the materials used to create 36 objects from the British Museum’s Oceania collection associated with this tradition, including a selection of clothing items (such as loincloths, tiputas and ceremonial head-dresses), beaters and beating boards from various Pacific Islands. A range of scientific analyses were carried out to identify the fibres and colouring materials (dyes and pigments) used in the barkcloths and the wood used for beaters and boards. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that plants used for barkcloth include Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry), Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit tree), Ficus spp. (fig/banyan) including Ficus prolixa, Pipturus albidus (māmaki) and Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau, beach hibiscus). Syzygium effusum, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Acacia koaia and Styphelia tameiameiae were identified as the woods used to produce the barkcloth beaters and beating boards. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies indicated the use of reddish-brown earths, dark clays and carbon-based blacks from vegetable precursors among the pigments; high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and quadrupole-time of flight detection (HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF) highlighted the use of noni (Morinda citrifolia), turmeric (Curcuma longa), indigo and tannins as the main dyes. The results of FTIR and HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF analyses provided preliminary information on the painting materials, suggesting the predominant use of binding media from vegetable sources (most likely gums and plant exudates, possibly containing oils and resins). Proteins were also identified on a number of objects, but further investigations are needed to clarify the use of binding media. An attempt was made to identify patterns for the use of certain materials in specific areas, but, despite some interesting results, the database needs to be expanded.
... S. baicalensis root has been reported to be useful to treat liver problems [20], diarrhea, hypertension, hemorrhaging, inflammations, and respiratory infections, as well as to act as antimicrobial, , anti toxoplasm [21] and anti trypanosomal activities [22]. The leaf of M. citrifolia has been studied for its antimicrobial, anticancer [23], antioxidant, and larvicidal activities [24,25]. Moreover, the plant extract has also been used as anti-helminthic and anti-parasitic agent [26][27][28][29]. ...
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Piscicola geometra leeches are naturally infecting cobia juvenile. The leeches attach to cobia by sucking and biting its surface and provide the gate of second infection. Water extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis root and Morinda citrifolia leaves were used to be tested through In Vitro method to look for the anti-leeches activity against Piscicola geometra. In this study, a total number of 800 leeches from infected cobia were prepared. The anti-leech activity from water extract of S. baicalensis root and M. citrifolia leaves were compared in different dilutions of plant extracts for 96 hours. Significant anti-leech activity was observed with M. citrifolia leaves with 80% mortality of leeches. S. baicalensis root showed higher anti-leech activity with 100% mortality of leeches. The average time was needed for S.baicalensis root to paralyzing and kill the leeches were 8h, 40h, 48h, 72h, and 96h in various dilutions of S. baicalensis root. This study indicated that S. baicalensis water extract had a potent for new anti-leeches agent.
... Leaves of these plants are commonly utilized as a vegetable source as well [43,44]. For comprehensive details, the chemical compositions of these three types of leaf are offered in Table 2 [42,[45][46][47][48]. Many existing works have confirmed that the biomolecules contained in leaves such as proteins, enzymes, polysaccharides, amino acids, and vitamins can act as bioreductant from reducing metal ions to the formation of AgNPs in the solution [49,50]. ...
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Green procedure for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is currently considered due to its economy and toxic-free effects. Several existing works on synthesizing AgNPs using leaves extract still involve the use of physical or mechanical treatment such as heating or stirring, which consume a lot of energy. To extend and explore the green extraction philosophy, we report here the synthesis and antibacterial evaluations of a purely green procedure to synthesize AgNPs using Carica papaya, Manihot esculenta, and Morinda citrifolia leaves extract without the aforementioned additional treatment. The produced AgNPs were characterized using the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and antibacterial investigations. For antibacterial tests, two bacteria namely Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus were selected. The presently employed method has successfully produced spherical AgNPs having sizes ranging from 9 to 69 nm, with plasmonic characteristics ranging from 356 to 485 nm, and energy-dispersive X-ray peak at approximately 3 keV. In addition, the smallest particles can be produced when Manihot esculenta leaves extract was applied. Moreover, this study also confirmed that both the leaves and synthesized AgNPs exhibit the antibacterial capability, depending on their concentration and the bacteria type.
... Additionally, another flavonoid that was isolated from the fruit and leaves of Morinda citrifolia is kaempferol [52,66,120]. This flavonoid is the major component of soy leaves (SLE), and a recent study evaluated the anti-obesity effects of SLE extracts in HFD-obese male C57BL/6 mice. ...
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Cultural and economic shifts in the early 19th century led to the rapid development of companies that made good profits from technologically-produced commodities. In this way, some habits changed in society, such as the overconsumption of processed and micronutrient-poor foods and devices that gave rise to a sedentary lifestyle. These factors influenced host-microbiome interactions which, in turn, mediated the etiopathogenesis of “new-era” disorders and diseases, which are closely related, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, and inflammatory bowel disease, which are characterized by chronic dysregulation of metabolic and immune processes. These pathological conditions require novel and effective therapeutic approaches. Morinda citrifolia (noni) is well known as a traditional healing plant due to its medicinal properties. Thus, many studies have been conducted to understand its bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action. However, in obesity and obesity-related metabolic (dysfunction) syndrome, other studies are necessary to better elucidate noni’s mechanisms of action, mainly due to the complexity of the pathophysiology of obesity and its metabolic dysfunction. In this review, we summarize not only the clinical effects, but also important cell signaling pathways in in vivo and in vitro assays of potent bioactive compounds present in the noni plant which have been reported in studies of obesity and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.
... One of the newest functional foods is the noni fruit and its puree, which is highly bioactive and with high bioavailability level (Shengmin et al., 2001;Su et al.;2005;Wang et al., 2002), but had an unpleasant taste and smell. The research was done to see the potential usage of local berries for improving both the sensory properties and the nutritional value of the noni puree. ...
... 6b,7b-Epoxysplendoside (10) was primarily recognized in Fouqiueira spp. (Ericales) (Jensen and Nielsen 1982) and lately was isolated also from M. citrifolia (Sang et al. 2002). This compound has an epoxy group at C6-C7 in the same configuration of tudoside (4), the major compound recognized in P. lanceolata. ...
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The ethanolic extract of Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers was investigated from a phytochemical point of view and in particular on the monoterpenoid glucosides content. Iridoid glucosides have a taxonomic relevance, e.g., asperuloside and its derivative are characteristic of the Rubioideae subfamily where this species is comprised. In the light of earliest phylogenetic molecular study which proposed to merge P. lanceolata in the Spermacoceae tribe, a phytochemical approach also becomes necessary for a correct classification of this species. A total of 12 compounds were identified in detail, ten of these are iridoid glucosides: asperuloside, asperulosidic acid, tudoside, E-uenfoside and Z-uenfoside previously identified in this genus; whereas, deacetyl-asperulosidic acid, ixoside, griselinoside, 6β,7β-epoxysplendoside were recognized here for the first time from P. lanceolata. Among the non-iridoidic compounds ursolic acid and d-xylose were identified.
... The fruit's protein content is surprisingly high, representing 11.3% of the juice dry matter, and the main amino acids are aspartic acid, glutamic acid and isoleucine (Chunhieng, 2003). According to a book on Malaysian medicinal plants, the chemical constituents of M. citrifolia L. are 5,7-Acacetin-7-O-β-D(+)-glycopyranoside, ajmalicine isomers, alizarin, asperuloside, asperulosidic acid, chrysophanol (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), damnacanthol, digoxin, 5,6-dihydroxylucidin, 5,6-dihydroxylucidin-3-β-primeveroside, 5,7-dimethylapigenin- 4'-O-β-D(+)-galacto pyranoside, lucidin, lucidin-3-β-primeveroside, 2-methyl-3,5,6-trihydroxy 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5,7- dimethoxyanthraquinone 4-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-α-L- rhamnopyranoside Sang et al. (2002) Flower 5,8-dimethyl-apigenin 4'-O-β-D- galacatopyranoside (adapted from Chan-Blanco et al., 2006) anthraquinone, 3-hydroxymorindone, 3-hydroxymorindone-6-β-primereroside, α- methoxyalizarin, 2-methyl-3,5,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone-6-β-primeveroside, monoethoxyrubiadin, morindadiol, morindin, morindone (1,5,6-trihydroxy-2- methylanthraquinone), morindone-6-β-primeveroside, nordamnacanthal, quinoline, rubiadin, rubiadin 1-methyl ether, saronjidiol, ursolic acid, alkaloids, anthraquinones and their glycosides, caproic acid, caprylic acid, fatty acids and alcohols (C 5-9 ), flavone glycosides, flavonoids, glucose (β-D-glucopyranose), indoles, purines, and β-sitosterol. ...
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This study aimed to increase resistant starch (RS) content in cooked KDML 105 rice. Various factors were investigated, such as rice type, cultivation area, oil type, rice cooker, and Thai herbs. This study found that the choice of oil and the incorporation of specific Thai herbs had a significant impact on the RS content of cooked KDML 105 rice. Using extra virgin coconut oil increased RS content, while certain Thai herbs, particularly Pandan leaves juice and butterfly pea flower, contributed to both increased RS content. Sao Hai rice had the highest RS content (4.31 ± 0.30 %). Saline soil areas did not significantly affect RS content in KDML 105 rice. Using extra virgin coconut oil and pressure rice cookers increased RS content significantly (1.40 ± 0.23 %). Incorporating four Thai herbs improved RS content. Notably, soaking rice in 2 % citric acid, mixing with extra virgin coconut oil, Thai herb and pressure cooking significantly increased RS content.
Conference Paper
The medicinal plant Morinda citrifolia has been widely used in traditional medicine in Asian countries, including Indonesia. This medicinal plant has a wide therapeutic effect. Many studies have been carried out to verify the efficacy of the medicinal plant M. citrifolia. The study aims to investigate the chemical compounds of M. citrifolia fruit extracts and evaluate osteoporosis activity. This study discusses the molecular docking approach to identify the effect of active compounds of M. citrifolia fruit extracts against osteoporosis. The results showed that the active compounds quercetin, asperuloside tetraacetate, isoscopoletin and scopoletin have strong binding efficiency against osteoporosis protein 1TU6 compared to the positive control risedronate. Overall, this research study can be a predictive reference for further experimental research in vitro, in vivo and clinical applications for the mechanism of the active compound M. citrifolia against osteoporosis.
Article
The phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants and their antibacterial activities are proof of their therapeutic value in treating bacterial infections. Records of phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of medicinal plants are very significant because such documentation can be used for further investigations to obtain novel therapies that can combat bacterial infections. Therefore, this survey evaluates data from extant literature on 45 selected traditional medicinal plants used by the Malays for treating infections, their phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities. The objective is to bridge existing research gaps, make recommendations based on existing knowledge on benefits derived from medicinal plants, suggest further scientific investigations for novel antibacterial therapies and consider present and past values of traditional medicinal plants as bioactive natural compounds. All the species of plants listed in this review have medicinal properties, thus, authenticating their usages in folk medicine.
Article
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Morinda citrifolia fruit (Noni) has been used as a folk medicine in several countries. Noni possessed various pharmacological activities such as; anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antarthritic, and antioxidants. The present study evaluated pharmacognostic properties, profiling of active constituent through High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (LC-HRMS) run for quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis and determining angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity of Noni from three different locations. The physicochemical parameters of crude drugs and extracts met the requirement of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia. Total phenol content was 2.16-3.08 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was 0.11 - 1.58 mg QE/g extract. HPTLC analysis revealed that scopoletin content in Noni was in the range of 0.44 - 0.51%. The results were also corresponding well with LC-HRMS fingerprint analysis. In addition, Noni fruit extract from Bogor potential exhibited activity in inhibiting ACE with an IC50 value of 206.26 µg/mL.
Article
Morinda officinalis How was widely applied to alleviate symptom like impotence, menstrual disorders, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. To expand resources usage, phytochemistry of the aerial parts was studied and the structures of compounds were elucidated based on NMR, HRESIMS, IR and UV. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect and possible mechanism were investigated by Griess kit, RT-qPCR, ELISA, western blot and molecular docking on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. Herein, we isolated and identified 16 iridoid derivatives, including seven new iridoids officinaloside A-G (1–7) and nine known iridoids. All the compounds were safe to RAW 264.7 cells. Luckily, compounds 5 and 6 showed inhibitory effect on production of NO, and decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent way. The possible mechanism of their anti-inflammation may be the affinity interaction between 5 with COX-2 protein, and 6 with iNOS protein. Overall, compounds 5 and 6 exert promising effects in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, indicating that they could be used as lead compounds for developing health products or clinical practice for inflammation, which provides a scientific basis for further sustainable development and usage of the aerial parts of Morinda officinalis How.
Article
Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is a tropical crop with strong antibacterial, antioxidant and other abilities, and its fruit has a strong potential for adjuvant treatment of diseases. This study aimed to explore the dynamic change of endophytic bacteria in Noni fruit at different stages and the correlation between the antagonistic and antioxidant activity of the Bacillus which was screened and the change of the host's growth stage. In this study, though the high-throughput sequencing technology (HTS), 106 endophytic bacteria species were found in A, B, C, D, E and F stages of Noni fruit, among which the dominant group were Pantoea (0.3%-20.9%), and Candidatus_Uzinura (2.3%-35.2%) etc. The endophytic bacteria were isolated by culture-dependent method. Through their antagonistic experiments on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, the results of 16S polyphasic taxonomic identification showed that the 34 antagonistic strains belonged to Bacillus. Five species of these Bacillus were identified by gyrA polyphase taxonomy, including Bacillus subtilis (76% of all Bacillus), Bacillus licheniformis (9%), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (6%), Bacillus velezensis (6%) and Bacillus mojavensi (3%), and the RAPD showed these Bacillus are no signs of stable passage. In C, D, E and F stages, the average total antioxidant activity of Bacillus endophytic antagonists against Noni was 7.812 U/mL, 8.144 U/mL, 7.817 U/mL and 7.144 U/mL, which was much higher than that of Noni fruit, and antioxidant activity of Noni juice and Bacillus bacterial liquid vary with host's growth period showed the same trend, both rose slowly at first, and reached the highest in period E, then declined slightly in period F, it showed that the antagonistic Bacillus of Noni had synergistic function with Noni fruit. This study clarified the relationship of function between Noni fruit and endophytic bacteria, and laid a foundation for future study on the dynamic change of endophytic flora succession and efficacy.
Article
Four new alkaloids, nonialkaloids A–D (1–4) and six known analogues (5–10) were isolated from the noni juice. Among the new compounds, 1 and 2 are indole alkaloids with a seven-membered fused N-heterocyclic ring, 3 and 4 are quaternary ammonium derivatives. The structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and MS analysis, while the absolute configurations of the stereogenic carbons were established based on quantum-chemical electronic circular dichroism calculations or the modified Mosher's method. All the isolates were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compounds 1 and 3 displayed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with the IC50 values of 413.7 and 364.4 μM, respectively.
Article
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) of Morinda citrifolia fruit aqueous extract (AE) in high-fat/high-fructose-fed Swiss mice. The food intake, body weight, serum biochemical, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as histological analyses of the liver, pancreatic, and epididymal adipose tissue, were used to determine the biochemical and histological parameters. The chemical profile of the extract was determined by ultra-fast liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC–DAD–MS), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the gene expressions involved in the lipid and glucose metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferative-activated receptors-γ (PPAR-γ), -α (PPAR-α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), sterol regulatory binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), and fetuin-A. Seventeen compounds were tentatively identified, including iridoids, noniosides, and the flavonoid rutin. The higher dose of AE (AE 500 mg/kg) was demonstrated to improve the glucose tolerance; however, both doses did not have effects on the other metabolic and histological parameters. AE at 500 mg/kg downregulated the PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, and fetuin-A mRNA in the liver and upregulated the PPAR-α mRNA in white adipose tissue, suggesting that the hypoglycemic effects could be associated with the expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis.
Article
Morinda is a largest genus of Rubiaceae family, and its 11 species are found in India. In India, plant species are known by several common names as great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry and cheese fruit. Various Morinda products (capsules, tablets, skin products and fruit juices) are available in the market, used by people for treatment of several health complaints. A diversity of phytochemicals including iridoids, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, anthraquinones, coumarins, lignanas, noniosides, phenolics and triterpenoids have been reported from Morinda species. Morinda species are used in the treatment of inflammation, cancer, diabetes, psyquiatric disorders, and bacterial and viral infections. The noni fruit juice (Morinda citrifolia) and its products are used clinically in the treatment of cancer, hypertension and cervical spondylosis affecting patients. M. citrifolia fuit juice, with different doses, is used in the maintaining blood pressure and reducing of superoxides, HDL and LDL levels. Similarly, oligosaccharide capsules and tablets of root extract of M. officinalis are recommended as medicine for the treatment of kidney problems and sexual dysfunctions of patients. The toxicological studies revealed that higher doses of fruit juice (4,000 or 5,000 mg/kg) of M. citrifolia for 2 or more months cause toxic effects on liver and kidneys. M. officinalis root extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) are found fully safe during treatment of diseases. A large number of reviews are available on M. citrifolia but very few studies are conducted on other Indian Morinda species. This review reports the comprehensive knowledge on state‐wise distribution, botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications and toxicological evaluations of 11 species of Morinda found in India.
Article
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Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) or Indian mulberry is an evergreen tree species of coastal tropics and has several uses as herbal medicine, cosmetic, vegetable, animal feed, dye and timber. It is a storehouse of useful phytochemicals including caprylic acid, damnacanthal, lineolic acid, morindine, octonic acid and xeronine. The species is hardy, tolerant to shade and salinity hence suitable for marginal lands of tropical coastal ecosystem. Nineteen accessions of noni were collected across the Konkan coast of Goa and Maharashtra states of western India. They are conserved in Indian National Gene Bank assigned with national identity as indigenous collection (IC) numbers viz., IC 0595272 to IC 0595277; IC 0598228 to IC 0598231; IC 0598515 to IC 0598516; IC 0598232 to IC 0598235; IC 0612951 to IC 0612953. The field grown germplasm accessions were characterised using quantitative traits of stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seeds. High degree of variation was recorded for fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit. The results are discussed in the light of evolution, dispersal and utilization. This report aims to summarize the various reports on uses, composition of phytochemcials, and diversity of noni to harness its utilization by increasing human inhabitants in tropical coastal lands. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature
Article
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Background: Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been used widely as a complementary and alternative therapy in many countries owing to its potent antioxidant activity and proven health benefits. Traditionally, it finds used as a therapeutic remedy to various diseases as an antibacterial, antitumor, anthelminthic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant. Also it has proved beneficial in conditions like gastritis, skin diseases, respiratory infections, menstrual and urinary tract disorders, fever, diabetes and venereal diseases. Objective: This review emphasizes on the phytochemical and mineral profile of the different parts of Noni plant. In addition, this review corroborates the pharmacological basis for the various health benefits, traditional and medicinal applications of Noni. Materials and Methods: All the available information of Noni were collected from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and other primary and secondary sources. Results: According to our search results pertaining to scientific literature, Morinda citrifolia is used for more than 40 types of ailments worldwide. Crude extract of various parts of plant and fruit juice are reported to contain amino acids, anthraquinones, fatty acids, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, polysaccharides, sterols, sugars, terpenoids etc. which are therapeutically useful for a broad range of pathological conditions. Fourteen human clinical trials have validated the remarkable health benefits of Noni. Conclusion: Literatures prove that Noni is pharmacologically active and is used in different forms of cancer, viz. colon, esophageal, breast, colorectal cancers; cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, hypertension. These properties are substantiated by the preclinical or/and clinical investigations.
Article
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The present review covers chemistry and bioactivities of anthraquinones, iridoids, and flavonoids from the Morindagenus. The plants of Morindaspecies, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, have been used as traditional folk medicine with anti-bacterial,anti-fungal, anti-tumor, anti-helmin, analgesic, antiinflammatory, and immune enhancing effects. They are rich sources of anthraquinones and iridoids. The relevant 2-methoxy-1,3,6-trihydroxyanthraquinone is one of the most potent quinone reductase enzyme inducers with no cytotoxicity with normal cells. Damnacanthol-3-O-β-D-primeveroside and lucidin-3-O-β-D-primeveroside displayed a significant reduction of the blood glucose levels in anti-diabetic tests. Additionally, iridoids, 9-epi-6α-methoxy geniposidic acid,scandoside methyl ester, asperulosidic acid, showed a more potent inhibitory effect of melanogenesis than the commercial available depigmented arbutin used in cosmetic industry.
Article
Morinda citrifolia , commonly called noni, has a long history as a medicinal plant and its use as a botanical dietary supplement has grown tremendously in recent years. This has prompted a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of noni. It has been reported for its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, antihelminthic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing effects. This plant has also been popular as a source of red, yellow and purple dyes. In order to encapsulate the medicinal value and therapeutic effects of the noni fruit and to summarize scientific evidence that supports the traditional claims, a literature review and recent advances in noni research has been detailed.
Thesis
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One of the newest functional foods is the noni fruit and its puree, which is highy bioactive and with high bioavailability level, but had an unpleasant taste and smell. The Master’s thesis consists of a research done to see the potential usage of local berries for improving both the sensory properties and the nutritional value of the noni puree. The Master’s thesis contains a development of the prescriptions of mixtures, by using the noni puree and sweetened sea buckthorn and cranberry juices. The evaluation of sensory properties of the mixtures was done by using the hedonic scale and the arrangement test. Raw material and mixture quality was tested by doing analyses of C vitamin, sugars, fiber, phenol contents and antiradical activities. The nutritional value of the mixture with 20% of sea buckthorn juice has been calculated. The mixture with 20% of sea buckthorn juice has been chosen as the best one. 100 g of this mixture contains 4,87 g of sugar, 0,19 g of pectin, 2,7 g of insoluble fibers, 25,08 mg of C vitamin, 113,48 mg of phenol and it’s antiradical activity is 31,94 %. When making or producing a mixture containing juices made from Latvian berries, special attention should be paid to preserving the C vitamin. Analytical studies should be conducted to check for the amounts of iridoids and carotenoids in the Latvian berries. The Master’s thesis hypothesis – that local berry resources are useable for the improvement of the nutritional value of the noni puree – has been indicated.
Article
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This study describes some characteristics of the Rubiaceae family pertaining to the occurrence and distribution of secondary metabolites in the main genera of this family. It reports the review of phytochemical studies addressing all species of Rubiaceae, published between 1990 and 2014. Iridoids, anthraquinones, triterpenes, indole alkaloids as well as other varying alkaloid subclasses, have shown to be the most common. These compounds have been mostly isolated from the genera Uncaria, Psychotria, Hedyotis, Ophiorrhiza and Morinda. The occurrence and distribution of iridoids, alkaloids and anthraquinones point out their chemotaxonomic correlation among tribes and subfamilies. From an evolutionary point of view, Rubioideae is the most ancient subfamily, followed by Ixoroideae and finally Cinchonoideae. The chemical biosynthetic pathway, which is not so specific in Rubioideae, can explain this and large amounts of both iridoids and indole alkaloids are produced. In Ixoroideae, the most active biosysthetic pathway is the one that produces iridoids; while in Cinchonoideae, it produces indole alkaloids together with other alkaloids. The chemical biosynthetic pathway now supports this botanical conclusion.
Article
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RESUMEN El noni es un fruto tropical climatérico con vida poscosecha muy reducida. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el comportamiento de los frutos de noni, almacenados a 0, 5, 15 y 28 + 2 °C (testigo). Para el experimento se utilizaron frutos libres de plagas y enfermedades, sin defectos físicos, grado de madurez 2 (GM2) (frutos con el 50 % del área de color verde), peso promedio de 122 g, pH de 4.82 y °Brix 7.0. Los resultados indicaron que los frutos almacenados a 0 y 5 °C sufrieron daños severos por frío. Mientras que a 15 °C, se incrementó la vida poscosecha hasta 12 días; y los frutos presentaron los siguientes cambios: 13.40 % de pérdida de peso, pH 5.19, °Brix 10.0 y GM3 (frutos con más del 50 % del área de color perla). En comparación con los frutos almacenados a temperatura ambiente (28 + 2 °C), al tercer día después el experimento, los frutos presentaron las siguientes características: 2.73 % de pérdida de peso (0.23), pH 8.13, °Brix 10 y GM4 (frutos totalmente maduros color pardo oscuro). Se concluye que al almacenar los frutos a una temperatura moderada (15 °C), se mantienen hasta 12 días en buenas condiciones fisicoquímicas, incrementándose la vida poscosecha, para ofrecer frutos frescos en buenas condiciones organolépticas para mercados exigentes y distantes, reduciendo las pérdidas de comercialización.
Article
Changes of volatile compounds of noni juice during the traditional process of fermentation/aging was studied by means of HS-SPME and GC-MS. Major acids, octanoic and hexanoic, diminished their concentration; while esters of ethanol, 1-butanol and 1-hexanol, with their flavour fruity notes, increased. The concentration of esters of methanol and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol decreased during the fermentation/aging process, whereas major alcohols of noni juice, 1-hexanol and 1-octanol, increased their concentration during the process. During the 60 days of the process the volatile composition of the noni juice had reached stability. These chemical changes justify that fermented juice possesses a flavour less pungent than fresh juice due to an important decrease in the hexanoic and octanoic contents, as well as a greater fruity note due to the increment in ester concentrations.
Article
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El noni es un fruto tropical climatérico con vida poscosecha muy reducida. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el comportamiento de los frutos de noni, almacenados a 0, 5, 15 y 28 + 2 °C (testigo). Para el experimento se utilizaron frutos libres de plagas y enfermedades, sin defectos físicos, grado de madurez 2 (GM2) (frutos con el 50 % del área de color verde), peso promedio de 122 g, pH de 4.82 y °Brix 7.0. Los resultados indicaron que los frutos almacenados a 0 y 5 °C sufrieron daños severos por frío. Mientras que a 15 °C, se incrementó la vida poscosecha hasta 12 días; y los frutos presentaron los siguientes cambios: 13.40 % de pérdida de peso, pH 5.19, °Brix 10.0 y GM3 (frutos con más del 50 % del área de color perla). En comparación con los frutos almacenados a temperatura ambiente (28 + 2 °C), al tercer día después el experimento, los frutos presentaron las siguientes características: 2.73 % de pérdida de peso (0.23), pH 8.13, °Brix 10 y GM4 (frutos totalmente maduros color pardo oscuro). Se concluye que al almacenar los frutos a una temperatura moderada (15 °C), se mantienen hasta 12 días en buenas condiciones fisicoquímicas, incrementándose la vida poscosecha, para ofrecer frutos frescos en buenas condiciones organolépticas para mercados exigentes y distantes, reduciendo las pérdidas de comercialización.
Article
Background: Products derived from Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) were commercialized in the USA in the 1990s and are increasingly sold all over the world. A large number of beneficial effects have been claimed for Noni products. Fruit juice of Noni was approved as a Novel Food ingredient by the European Commission in 2003. Objective: To provide an overview on the current knowledge on chemical constituents, pharmacology and toxicology of Noni fruit and derived products. Methods: A systematic analysis of scientific and patent literature on Noni fruit. Results: Knowledge of the chemical composition of Noni fruit has considerably increased over recent years. A number of in vitro and, to a certain extent, in vivo studies demonstrate a range of potentially beneficial effects. However, clinical data are essentially lacking. Based on a toxicological assessment, Noni juice was considered as safe. Due to recent reported cases of hepatotoxicity, the safety issue is under investigation in Europe. Conclusion: Current knowledge on products derived from Noni fruit is incomplete. Comprehensive phytochemical profiles and a comparison of Noni products are needed. To what extent the findings from experimental pharmacological studies are of potential clinical relevance is not clear at present. Reported cases of hepatoxicity need to be followed up by further studies.
Article
Aim: To investigate the chemical constituents of the seeds of M. citrifolia. Methods: The chemical constituents from the seed of M. citrifolia were separated and purified by silica gel, Rp-18, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and Pre-TLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis (including 2D NMR). Results: Twenty known compounds were identified as daucosterol (1), ursolic acid (2), 19-hydroxyl-ursolic acid (3), 1, 5, 15-trimethylmorindol (4), 5, 15-dimethyl-morindol (5), scopoletin (6), 3, 3′-bisdemethylpinoresinol (7), 3, 4, 3′ 4′- tetrahydroxy-9, 7′α-epoxylignano-7α, 9′-lactone (8), americanin D (9), americanin A (10), americanin (11), isoprincepin (12), deacetyl-asperulosidic acid (13), loganic acid (14), asperulosidic acid (15), rhodolatouside (16), quercetin-3-O-α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β- D-glucopyranoside (17), 4-ethyl-2-hydroxyl-succinate (18), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarbox-aldehyde (19), 3-methylbut-3-enyl-6-O-β- D-glucopyranosyl-β- D-glucopyranoside (20). Conclusion: Compounds 9, 11, 14, 16 and 18 are reported from M. citrifolia for the first time.
Article
A new anthraquinone, 1,5,15-tri-O-methylmorindol (1), and two new saccharide fatty acid esters, 2-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-hexanoyl-β-d-gluropyranose (4) and 2-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-octanoyl-β-d-gluropyranose (5), have been isolated from a methanol extract of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (noni) along with 10 known compounds, namely, two anthraquinones (2, 3), six saccharide fatty acid esters (6−11), an iridoid glycoside (12), and a flavanol glycoside (13). Upon evaluation of six compounds (5−7, 9, 10, and 13) for inhibitory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation (1 μg/ear) in mice, four saccharide fatty acid esters, 5−7 and 9, exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity, with ID50 values of 0.46−0.79 mg per ear. In addition, when compounds 1−13 were evaluated against the Epstein−Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by TPA, all of the compounds exhibited moderate inhibitory effects (IC50 values of 386−578 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA).
Article
BACKGROUND: Volatile and non-volatile acids were analysed in noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit by a combination of conventional sampling methods with gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: A total of 34 volatile acids and 26 non-volatile acids were identified in noni fruit. Octanoic acid (3.06 g kg−1) and hexanoic acid (0.33 g kg−1) were the major volatile acids, while malic acid (3.28 g kg−1), malonic acid (1.46 g kg−1) and fumaric acid (1.03 g kg−1) were the main non-volatile acids. CONCLUSION: The combination of conventional isolation methods and instrumental techniques provided the most representative information so far on noni fruit acids. Copyright
Article
Five new saccharide fatty acid esters, named nonioside P (3), nonioside Q (4), nonioside R (8), nonioside S (10), and nonioside T (14), and one new succinic acid ester, butyl 2-hydroxysuccinate (=4-butoxy-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid) (31), were isolated, along with 26 known compounds, including eight saccharide fatty acid esters, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, and 13, three hemiterpene glycosides, 15, 17, and 18, six iridoid glycosides, 21-25, and 27, and nine other compounds, 20, 28, 29, and 32-37, from a MeOH extract of the fruit of Morinda citrifolia (noni). Upon evaluation of these and five other glycosidic compounds, 11, 16, 19, 26, and 30, from M. citrifolia fruit extract for their inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells induced with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), most of the saccharide fatty acid esters, hemiterpene glycosides, and iridoid glycosides showed inhibitory effects with no or almost no toxicity to the cells. These compounds were further evaluated with respect to their cytotoxic activities against two human cancer cell lines (HL-60 and AZ521) and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells.
Article
Morinda citrifolia L., the “noni”, has been used in traditional Polynesian medicine for over 2000 years. Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) is an evergreen shrub whose ripe fruit has a strong butyric acid smell and flavor. The leaves and especially the fruit are consumed in different forms by various communities (e.g., the Polynesians) throughout the world; the root is used as a dye. As a result of these uses and the market that is developing around “noni juice”, it has become increasingly important to confirm the actual therapeutic properties of this plant. While recent studies have shown that this fruit has antibiotic and antioxidant properties in vitro, we still do not have scientific evidence supporting the nutritional and medicinal values of noni in humans. However, both the fruit and damnacanthal, an anthraquinone compound extracted from noni roots, are currently being studied in the context of anti-cancer research. If, in the future, the nutritional and medical values of the noni can be assessed, especially its anti-cancer activity, this fruit could play a noticeable economic role in producing countries.
Article
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New fluorimetric analytical method which is simple, accurate, precise, specific is developed for determination of Lisinopril. The fluorimetric determination of Lisinopril is based on the formation of complex between Lisinopril and Fluorescien, measured at excitation wavelength of 366 nm and emission wavelength of 475 nm. Linearity was observed in the range of 0.03 – 0.15 μg ml-1. The fluorimetric method shows regression coefficient of 0.99971, and Relative Standard Deviation 0.527. Tablet dosage forms were estimated were complied with percentage recovery studies of 99-100 %. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and statistically expressed.
Article
A new iridoid glycoside, 9-epi-6alpha-methoxy geniposidic acid (4), three new hemiterpene glycosides, 3-methylbut-3-enyl 2'-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (nonioside K) (6), 3-methylbut-3-enyl 6'-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (nonioside L) (8), and 3-methylbut-3-enyl 6'-O-(beta-D-xylofuranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (nonioside M) (9), and two new saccharide fatty acid esters, 6'-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1'-O-[(2xi)-2-methylbutanoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranose (nonioside N) (16) and 6'-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-1'-O-[(2xi)-2-methylbutanoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranose (nonioside O) (17), were isolated from a methanol extract of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia (noni), along with 11 known compounds, namely, three iridoid glycosides (1-3), two hemiterpene glycosides (5 and 7), and five saccharide fatty acid esters (10-15). Upon evaluation of compounds 1-17 on the melanogenesis in the B16 melanoma cells induced with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), 13 compounds (1, 3, 4, 6-14, and 17) exhibited marked inhibitory effects with 34-49% reduction of melanin content at 100 muM with no or almost no toxicity to the cells (91-116% of cell viability at 100 microM).
Article
Methylene chloride and methanol extracts of 20 Indonesian plants with ethnomedical uses have been assessed for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal properties by disk diffusion method. Extracts of the six plants: Terminalia catappa, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq., Phyllanthus acuminatus, Ipomoea spp., Tylophora asthmatica and Hyptis brevipes demonstrated high activity in this bioassay system. These findings should stimulate the search for novel, natural product such as new antibacterial and antifungal agents.
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From the ethyl acetate extract of a terrestrial Streptomycete isolate, five new quinone antibiotics, bhimamycin A (2a), B (2b), C (3c), D (5a), E (7) and the new tetralone bhimanone (8) were isolated together with the known microbial products chrysophanol (1a), aloesaponarin II (1b), 3,8-dihydroxy-1-methylanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (1c), adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, phenylacetamide, and 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol. The structures of these natural products were deduced from the spectral data and confirmed by comparison with related compounds from the literature and by synthesis.
Article
Purification of a n-BuOH-soluble partition of the MeOH extract of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruits led to the isolation of two new iridoid glucosides, 6alpha-hydroxyadoxoside (1) and 6beta,7beta-epoxy-8-epi-splendoside (2), as well as 17 known compounds, americanin A (3), narcissoside (4), asperuloside, asperulosidic acid, borreriagenin, citrifolinin B epimer a, citrifolinin B epimer b, cytidine, deacetylasperuloside, dehydromethoxygaertneroside, epi-dihydrocornin, d-glucose, d-mannitol, methyl alpha-d-fructofuranoside, methyl beta-d-fructofuranoside, nicotifloroside, and beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data interpretation. Compound 4, borreriagenin, cytidine, deacetylasperuloside, dehydromethoxygaertneroside, epi-dihydrocornin, methyl alpha-d-fructofuranoside, and methyl beta-d-fructofuranoside were isolated for the first time from M. citrifolia. The antioxidant activity was evaluated for all isolates in terms of both DPPH and ONOO(-) bioassays. The neolignan, americanin A (3), was found to be a potent antioxidant in these assays.
Article
The composition of noni (Morinda citrifolia) products has been investigated. TLC profiles of several commercial juices and capsules were compared. 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol was identified as a typical marker in noni juices. The presence of sorbic acid (E200) was detected in one juice declared as additive free. Quantitative data have been obtained by HPLC-MS. A method for the quantification of characteristic noni constituents, such as iridoid glucosides, scopoletin, rutin, fatty acid glucosides, and anthraquinones, was developed and validated. The separation was performed on a C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% formic acid. Detection was carried out with ESI-MS in the negative ion mode. Significant differences were observed between the products. Asperulosidic acid, deacetylasperulosidic acid, and rutin were present in all samples analyzed, but their concentrations differed considerably between the products. Fatty acid glucosides, noniosides B and C, were present in capsules and most juices. Scopoletin was mainly found in juices. The anthraquinone alizarin, which has been reported from roots and leaves, was not detected in the samples investigated.
Article
Morinda citrifolia, commonly called noni, has a long history as a medicinal plant and its use as a botanical dietary supplement has grown tremendously in recent years. This has prompted a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of noni. A relatively large number of scientific publications on noni have been published in recent years, including a number of review articles. The goals of this review are to provide an updated categorization of the phytochemical constituents found in noni and to provide perspective for its extensive utilization as a major botanical dietary supplement. Included herein are a comprehensive list of known ethnobotanical uses and common names of M. citrifolia, a brief summary of relevant biological studies and a discussion of the safety of noni as a supplement.