EFFECT OF USING MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF MEAL ON PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of feeding Japanese quail chicks on diets containing different levels of Moringa Oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on productive performance, carcass quality and blood constituents. A total of 240 seven days, unsexed Japanese quail chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Each group was further subdivided into 3 replicates, 20 chicks per each. Four levels of MOLM (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) were fed during the experimental period for 6 weeks duration. The results showed that, birds fed on MOLM gained significantly higher body weight and body weight gain than birds fed the control diet. The lowest feed consumption (P≤0.01) , best feed conversion ratio and European Production Efficiency Index (EPEI) were obtained by using 0.2% MOLM compared to control group. Abdominal fat significantly decreased by increasing MOLM levels compared to the control group. Birds fed MOLM insignificantly improved spleen percentage and improved significantly bursa and thymus percentages compared to control group. Plasma AST and ALT decreased with all levels of MOLM and could suggest that MOLM has properties to enhance liver health. Plasma cholesterol had lower level in all treatments compared to control. In addition, HDL fraction was increased and LDL fraction was decreased in all treatments compared to control group. Total antioxidant capacity was significant on 0.6 and 0.4% MOLM. Total protein and globulin were increased with all levels of MOLM compared to control group. While, A/G ratio in all dietary treatments appeared to be decreased. It could be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf meal with levels of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% improved performance, immune organs and blood constituents. The best level occurred by using 0.2% Moringa oleifera leaf meal in Japanese quail diets.

Full text

Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol. (35) (IV): (1095-1108) (2015) (1610)
Egyptian Poultry Science Journal
http://www.epsaegypt.com
ISSN: 1110-5623 (Print) – 2090-0570 (On line)
EFFECT OF USING MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF MEAL ON
PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL
Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa, Riry, F.H. Shata, Mousa, M.A.M., Hanan, A.H.
Alghonimy and Youssef, S.F Anim. Prod. Res. Institute, Agric. Rs. Center. Minis. of Agric. Dokki, Giza
Received: 15/11/2015
Accepted: 30/11/2015
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of feeding Japanese quail
chicks on diets containing different levels of Moringa Oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on
productive performance, carcass quality and blood constituents. A total of 240 seven days,
unsexed Japanese quail chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Each
group was further subdivided into 3 replicates, 20 chicks per each. Four levels of MOLM
(0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) were fed during the experimental period for 6 weeks duration. The
results showed that, birds fed on MOLM gained significantly higher body weight and body
weight gain than birds fed the control diet. The lowest feed consumption (P≤0.01) , best
feed conversion ratio and European Production Efficiency Index (EPEI) were obtained by
using 0.2% MOLM compared to control group.
Abdominal fat significantly decreased by increasing MOLM levels compared to the
control group. Birds fed MOLM insignificantly improved spleen percentage and improved
significantly bursa and thymus percentages compared to control group.
Plasma AST and ALT decreased with all levels of MOLM and could suggest that
MOLM has properties to enhance liver health. Plasma cholesterol had lower level in all
treatments compared to control. In addition, HDL fraction was increased and LDL fraction
was decreased in all treatments compared to control group. Total antioxidant capacity was
significant on 0.6 and 0.4% MOLM. Total protein and globulin were increased with all
levels of MOLM compared to control group. While, A/G ratio in all dietary treatments
appeared to be decreased.
It could be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf meal with levels of 0.2, 0.4 and
0.6% improved performance, immune organs and blood constituents. The best level
occurred by using 0.2% Moringa oleifera leaf meal in Japanese quail diets.
Key words: Japanese Quail, Moringa Oleifera Leaf, Performance, Blood and Carcass.

Corresponding author: dr.koutelkloub@yahoo.com

Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa et al .
1096
INTRODUCTION
The use of antibiotic as growth
promoters in poultry industry has been
banned because of harmful effects on
human health. This was observed by the
development of microbial resistance to
these products (William and Losa, 2001
and McCartney, 2002).Consequently;
herbs, spices, and various plant extracts
considered to be natural products that
consumers would accept have received
increased attention as possible feed
additives such as antibiotic growth
promoter replacements following their ban
by the European Union in 2006 (Catala-
Gregori et al., 2008). Several alternatives to
these growth promoters have been
proposed such as organic acids and
medicinal plants as natural feed additives
are now recently used in poultry diet to
enhance the performance of the immune
response of birds (Saki et al., 2012). One
such plant is Moringa oleifera, commonly
known as the drumstick tree (Makker and
Becker, 1997)
There are about 13 species of
Moringa trees in the family Moringaceae.
They are native to India, the Red Sea area
and/or parts of Africa. Of these species,
Moringa oleifera is the most widely known.
In this document, the term ‘moringa’ refers
to M. oleifera. All other species are referred
to by their Latin name. In Egypt M. oleifera
have been grown for decades in Aswan and
North Sinai and have been a subject for
research to increase the cultivated land.
The leaves are highly nutritious and contain
significant quantities of vitamins (A, B and
C), calcium, iron, phosphorus and protein
(Murro et al., 2003). Furthermore, heavy
metals such as mercury, arsenic and
cadmium which are potentially toxic are
absent from the leaves of M. oleifera, thus
making their incorporation into poultry diet
safe (Donkor et al., 2013).
The presence of vitamin C, vitamin
E, carotenoids, flavonoids and selenium
make M.oleifera a potential antioxidant
(Moyo et al., 2012). The antioxidant
compounds (phenols, Vitamin C, Vitamin
E, β carotene, zinc, selenium, flavonoids)
in M. oleifera have been reported (in some
studies) to improve shelf-life and the
quality of meat products in the pre-
slaughter or post-slaughter stages (Valeria
and Williams, 2011); that is incorporating
natural antioxidants in animal diets or onto
the meat surface or active packaging.
Moringa is concentrated in nutrients and in
the raw form, it seems to reduce the activity
of pathogenic bacteria and moulds and
improves the digestibility of other foods,
thus helping chickens to express their
natural genetic potential (Gaia, 2005).
Moringa oleifera leaves are widely
used traditionally for its antimicrobial
abilities (Suarez et al., 2005) and its
pharmacological properties (Mehta et al.,
2003). This plant is known to contain 23%
crude protein, 12 MJ/Kg of metabolizable
energy and to possess 79.7% of
digestibility (Becker, 1995). It also contents
sufficient quantities of carotene, ascorbic
acid, iron, methionine and cystine (Makkar
and Becker, 1996). Apart from these
nutritional constituents, Moringa leaves are
known to contain phenols, anti-nutritional
factors such as tannins, saponins, phytate
and oxalate (Gupta et al.,1989).
Dietary supplementation of
Moringa formulated diets for broilers was
effective in enhancing the oxidative
stability of chicken meat (Qwele et al.,
2013). David et al. (2012) found that
replacing antibiotic growth promoters with
Moringa leaf powder of 0.1 or 0.05% or
Moringa fruit powder of 0.1 or 0.05% has
beneficial effects on the growth
performance and carcass yield of broiler
chicken. Banjo (2012) investigated the
effects of inclusion of four levels (i.e., 0%,
1%, 2% and 3%) of Moringa oleifera leaf

Japanese Quail, Moringa Oleifera Leaf, Performance, Blood and Carcass.
1097 
meal on growth performance, significantly
enhanced weight gain. But, not
significantly enhance feed intake and feed
conversion.
Therefore, the objective of the
present study was to evaluate the beneficial
effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the
growth performance and carcass quality of
Japanese quail chicks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental work was carried
out at El – Fayoum Poultry Farm, Animal
Production Research Institute, Agriculture
Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture,
Egypt.
Experimental birds and design: 240
unsexed birds of Japanese quail-7 days old
were having nearly equaled live weights
(49g) were distributed randomly into four
treatment groups. Sixty birds were assigned
to each treatment group, three replicates per
each, each containing 20 birds. Birds were
fed on 24 % CP and 2900 Kcal. Dietary
treatments were designed to contain 0.0
(control), 0.2, 0.4and 0.6% Moringa
oleifera leaves meal (MOLM) as growth
promoters in Japanese quail diets. All birds
received feed and water ad libitum. Body
weight, feed consumption and mortality
rate were recorded biweekly and average
body weight gains; feed conversion ratio
and European Production Efficiency Index
(EPEI) were calculated guide (1999).
EPEI = BW (kg) x LA x 100/PP x FCR.
Where:
BW : Body weight (kg).
LA : Livability (100-% mortality
PP : Production period (days)
, FCR : Feed conversion ratio (kg
feed / kg gain).
At the end of the experiment (42
day), three birds from each treatment were
slaughtered to obtain the carcass; giblets
(gizzard, liver and heart) and the lymphoid
organs were separately weighed. Blood
samples were taken to determine serum
content of total protein, glucose, albumin,
globulin, cholesterol, calcium, phosphor
and liver enzymatic activity (AST and
ALT) using commercial kits.
Obtained data were statistically
analyzed using linear models procedure
described in SAS users guide (SAS, 1999).
Differences among means were tested
using Duncan’s multiple range test
(Duncane’s,1955). One – way analysis
model was applied for experiment:
Y ij =µ+ Ti +Eij
Where: Y ij =Observations
µ =The overall mean
Ti =Effect of ith treatments
Eij =Experimental error
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Productive performance:
Live body weight and body weight gain:
The live body weight and body weight gain
as affected by dietary treatments are
illustrated in Table 2. The results indicated
that BW at four and sex weeks of age was
significantly (P<0.01) higher in chickens
received basal diet with 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 %
MOLM as compared to the control group.
Average body weight gain of experimental
groups showed that at the 15-28 day and 7-
42 day of age, were significantly (P<0.01)
higher in chicks fed MOLM compared to
the control, The present data showed that
final BW and BWG at the last interval days
7-42 d of age in MOLM treated groups
were significantly higher compared to
control group. The improved weight gain of
birds fed on 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% MOLM
compared to control group could be
attributed to high digestibility of Moringa
leaves (Backer, 1995) which could improve
absorption of nutrients. This effect of
MOLM leads to higher daily weight gain
and improve feed conversion ratio in
0.2,0.4 and 0.6% MOLM groups compared
to control group. These results are in
harmony with the finding of Banjo (2012)
who mentioned that the inclusion of
Moringa oleifera leaf meal with 1,2 and 3%
levels in the diet of the broilers
significantly (P<0.05) enhanced their

Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa et al .
1098
weight gain at 1% level which was
significantly higher than the control. In this
respect, David et al.(2012) used seven
experimental diets control, 0.0125%
flavomycin (positive control), 0.1%
Moringa leaf powder (MLP), 0.05%
(MLP), 0.035% Zigbir (commercial herbal
product), 0.1% Moringa fruit powder
(MFP) and 0.05% (MFP) and negative
control. The study revealed that all selected
herbal dietary supplements significantly
(P<0.05) improved the growth performance
of broiler chicken compared to the negative
control. Furthermore, the body weight gain
of chicks were increased with the
increasing percentages of both Moringa
leaf and fruit powder during the finisher
and total periods. Also, Dey and De (2013)
found that 0.25 or 0.40 % MOLM in broiler
diets gave a significant (P< 0.01)
improvement in BW compared to control.
Teteh et al. (2013) showed that overall
chick weights and daily BWG increased
significantly with age (P<0.05) when used
1 and 2 % MOLM compared to the control
group. On the other hand, Nkukwana et al.
(2014) used positive control (+C) with 668
g salinomycin and 500 g zinc bacitracin
per kg of feed, MOLMlow (ML; 1, 3 and
5g); MOLMmedium (MM; 3, 9 and 15 g);
MOLMhigh (MH; 5, 15 and 25 g)] per kg of
feed, and a negative control. At 7 and 21 d
of age, birds fed MH had the highest BW,
while +C had the lowest (P<0.05). Also,
Karthivashan et al.(2015) reported that
feed supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%
and 1.5% of MOLM extracts significantly
(P<0.05) increased weight gain compared
to control group, although there were no
significant differences in weight gain for
the dietary treatments with MOLM.
On the contrary, Makanjuola et al.(2014)
indicated that adding MOLM 0.2, 0.4 and
0.6% MOLM to the diets lasted 28 days,
had no adverse effect on final weight and
body weight gain in broiler chicken. Along
the same line, Paguia et al.(2014) found
that using 0.20% ,0.30%,0.40% and 0.50%
MOLM on broiler diets did not (P<0.05)
significantly influence the broilers BW and
BWG. Table 2 showed the effect of dietary
treatments on mortality. The MOLM
inclusion in the diets did not cause any
adverse effects on health and chickens
mortality. Generally the viability of all
birds during the experimental period was
improved by MOLM supplementation.
These results agreed with those obtained
by Kakengi et al. (2007) who reported that
non adverse effect on mortality rate of
birds receiving dietary MOLM. However,
Dey and De (2013) noted that dietary 0.25
or 0.40 % MOLM significantly (p< 0.01)
reduced in mortality rate compared to
control. Karthivashan et al. (2015) noted
that dietary 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of
MOLM extracts showed 2% mortality for
all groups and there were no significant
differences.
Feed consumption and feed conversion
ratio:
The effect of feeding different
levels of Moringa Oleifera leaf meal was
showed in Table 3. The average feed
consumption (FC) during 7-14d of age was
significantly higher in 0.2% MOLM group
compared to other treatments. At the
interval of 15-28d, 29-42d and 7-42d of
age with birds received 0.4 and 0.6%
MOLM were significantly higher in feed
consumption as compared to control and
0.2% MOLM. The lowest FC at the overall
period (7-42d) obtained by using 0.2%
MOLM. The best significant feed
conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained by
using 0.2% MOLM in all periods studied-
except for the period of 7-14 d compared
to control and other treatments. This may
be attributed to birds fed MOLM based
diets adequately utilized the nutrients they
consumed. The results coincided with the
finding of Ebenebe et al., (2012) who
reported that, chicks fed on Moringa based
diets performed significantly (P<0.05)
better than the birds of control group in
term of higher weight gain and better FCR.

Japanese Quail, Moringa Oleifera Leaf, Performance, Blood and Carcass.
1099 
This improvement in body weight gain and
FCR may be attributed to rich content of
nutrients in MOLM (Kakengi et al.,2003)
and antimicrobial properties of Moringa
(Fahey et al.,2001). These results agree
with those obtained by Banjo (2012) who
showed that using 0,1,2 and 3% MOLM in
broiler diet significantly increased feed
intake up to 2% MLOM, on the other
hand, the different levels of MOLM
recorded significantly the best FCR than
control group. Also, David et al. (2012)
studied the effect of feeding seven
experimental diets namely negative
control, 0.0125% flavomycin (positive
control), 0.1% Moringa leaf powder
(MLP), 0.05% MLP, 0.035% Zigbir
(commercial herbal product), 0.1%
Moringa fruit powder (MFP) and 0.05%
MFP. Chicks fed all selected herbal and
positive control increased significantly
feed intake compared to negative control
only in the total period. But, significantly
improved FCR during finisher and total
periods compared to negative control. This
result is in harmony with those of Dey and
De (2013) who reported that MOLM
supplementation into broiler diets at levels
of 0.25 or 0.40 % significantly (P< 0.01)
improved the FCR compared to control.
Karthivashan et al. (2015) showed that
using 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of
MOLM extracts, gave significantly better
FCR compared to the control. While, 1.5%
gave the best FCR and the lowest feed
intake compared to other treatments in
broiler diets. Other investigators reported
no beneficial effect of dietary MOLM on
feed consumed and feed conversion ratio.
Teteh et al. (2013) revealed that using
MOLM at 1 and 2% did not influence feed
intake and FCR .However, Makanjuola et
al. (2014) observed no effect on FCR when
broilers were fed 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%
MOLM . While birds fed control, 0.2 and
0.6 % had higher feed intake than birds fed
0.4%. Also, Nkukwana et al. (2014) found
that no significant differences were
observed in feed intake between treatments
during periods from 0 to 21 d and 0 to 35 d
while, FCR was the highest (P<0.05) in
birds supplemented with MOLM, except
for 3,9 and 15 g/kg. Paguia et al. (2014)
found that used 0.20 , 0.30, 0.40 and
0.50% MOLM in broiler diets did not
(P<0.05) significantly influence the
broilers feed consumption and FCR.
The technical evaluation expressed
as European Production Efficiency Index
(EPEI) in the present study Table 3,
cleared that fed Japanese quail chicks on
diets supplemented with 0.2% MOLM
recorded significantly the highest EPEI
value (19.67) than those fed other
treatments. This result may be due to the
increase in BWG and the best FCR.
Carcass characteristics:
Statistical analyses of carcass yield in
different groups are illustrated in Table 4.
The dietary supplementation of MOLM
did not significantly affect the relative
weights of dressing, breast, thigh, liver,
heart, giblets and total edible parts. On the
other hand, abdominal fat was significantly
decreased by increasing levels of MOLM.
Also, Gizzard significantly decreased by
using all levels of MOLM compared to
control group.
As shown in Table 4, dressing
weight had similar trend with Ologhobo et
al. (2014) who concluded that, feeding
MOLM at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% levels had no
negative influence on the carcass quality
but rather improved the breast and
drumstick of broiler chicks. While, David
et al. (2012) found that 0.1% Moringa leaf
powder or 0.1% Moringa fruit powder, had
significantly (P<0.05) improved dressing
percentage compared to the negative
control. Also, they found that the dietary
herbal supplement of 0.1% of MFP
increased the gizzard fat content while
0.1% of MLP reduced the gizzard fat .
However, Karthivashan et al. (2015) found
that broiler feed supplemented with 0%,
0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of MOLM extracts,
had significantly (P<0.05) higher dressing
percentage and meat :fat compared to

Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa et al .
1100
broilers fed control, while 1.0% MOLM
showed the highest dressing percentage
and meat: fat.
Results in Table 4, showed
significantly increased of bursa relative
weight by dietary all levels of MOLM
compared to control group. The results
also explained that 0.2% MOLM
significantly improved the percentage of
thymus compared to the control and other
treatments. The results also explained that
0.2, 0.4 or 0.6% MOLM improved the
percentage of spleen without significant
differences compared to the control. High
relative weights of spleen, bursa and
thymus in groups 0.2 0.4 and 0.6% MOLM
compared to control group can be
occurred. This important production of the
immune cells may be due to
antioxidxwrant activities of some
components of Moringa leaves like
vitamins C and E (Rocha et al.,2010) and
phenols especially flavonoids (Diallo et al.,
2009) and to the capacity of plants
polysaccharides to modulate the immune
system (Dong et al ., 2007). The results are
in agreement with those reported by
Nkukwana et al. (2014) who found that
bursa weights in MH ( 5,15 and 25g/kg)
birds was the largest and it was smallest in
birds fed ML(1,3 and 5g/kg). However
Teteh et al. (2013) found that relative
organ weights of spleen, burse and thymus
of birds fed control were smaller than
those of groups fed 1% and 2% MOLM .
Blood constituents:
The results of the estimated blood plasma
parameters at 42 days old as affected by
dietary Moringa oleifera leave meal are
presented in Table 5. Plasma calcium and
phosphorous insignificantly increased
when used 0.2% MOLM compared to
other treatments. Plasma AST and ALT
decreased with all levels of MOLM. Since
liver is reported to contain enzymes like
ALT and AST, it releases these enzymes to
the blood when damaged (Kaplan et
al.,2003). Hence, the absence of significant
differences among treatment diets in
plasma AST in the present study may
reflect normal liver function of the birds
fed diets containing MOLM. Although the
decrease in ALT activity observed in birds
on diet contained 0.4% and 0.6% MOLM
could suggest that MOLM has properties
that can enhance liver health.
Plasma cholesterol had lower level
in all treatments compared to control
(Table 5). In addition, HDL fraction was
increased and LDL fraction was decreased
in all treatments compared to control
group. These results could be evidence of
the effect of MOLM on plasma cholesterol
reduction especially LDL. The best level
of MOLM was 0.2 % which recorded
decrease in plasma cholesterol and LDL
and increase plasma HDL compared to
control group.
Similar results have been obtained
by Dey and De (2013) who found that
0.25 or 0.40 % MOLM in broiler diets was
significant (P< 0.01) reduced in total
cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol
and increase in HDL-cholesterol in MOL
supplemented birds. The concentrations of
total antioxidants capacity values, in
plasma were high in 0.6% followed by
0.4% and 0.2% MOLM compared to
control group (Table 5). Supplementing
with 0.4% and 0.6% MOLM lead to
significant increasing in the plasma
glucose as compared to control and 0.2%
MOLM. Also, results showed that total
protein was significantly increased in
group 0.2 and 0.4% MOLM as compared
to those treated with 0.6% MOLM or
control group. Total plasma protein has
been reported as an indication of the
protein retained in the animal body
(Akinola and Abiola,1991). The relatively
greater total plasma protein content of
broilers receiving dietary MOLM might be
an indication of the good protein content
and/or quality of the leaf meal.
The dietary 0.6% MOLM inclusion on
plasma levels of globulin led to significant
improvements and decreased significantly
in plasma albumin compared with control

Japanese Quail, Moringa Oleifera Leaf, Performance, Blood and Carcass.
1101 
group. Generally, Total protein and
globulin were increased with all levels of
MOLM compared to control group. While,
A/G ratio in all dietary treatments
appeared to be decreased, and this means
that immunity of birds fed different
MOLM additives was improved compared
to the control group. This result is also
supported by the works of Olugbemi et al.
(2010) who reported that Moringa oleifera
leaves had a beneficial effect on the
immune responses and improve intestinal
health of broilers. Though Moringa
oleifera has been claimed to boost immune
systems (Fuglier, 1999), such property of
the plant most likely might be contained
and restricted to the pods which possesses
lection, a substance that modulates the
body defense system (Jayavardhanan et al.,
1994). On contrary, Makanjuola et
al.(2014) found that 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6
MOLM did not influence the serum total
protein, albumin, globulin and AST. But
ALT significant decrease was observed in
the birds on diet (0.4 %).
Thus, the efficient nutrient utilization
noted in this study in MOLM
supplemented birds may suggest tissue
bio-efficiency of polyphenols or their
metabolites present in M. oleifera leaves
(Brenes et al., 2008).
CONCLUSION
It could be concluded that Moringa oleifera
leaf meal improved performance, immune
organs and blood constituents. The best
level occurred by 0.2% Moringa oleifera
leaf meal in Japanese quail diets.
Table (1):The composition and calculated analysis of diets.
INGREDIENTS
%
Yellow corn ground
Soybean meal 44%
Corn gluten
Dicalcium phosphate
Limestone
Salt
(V&M.)Premix*
DL.Methionine
L.Lysine
Total
Calculated values %
CP%
ME.KCal/Kg
Ca %
Avail. P%
Meth. %
Lysine%
55.39
34.35
7.30
0.8
1.35
0.35
0.30
0.05
0.11
100
24
2900
0.81
0.30
0.50
1.3
*Each 3 kg contains: 15000.000 IU Vit. A, 4000.000 IU Vit. D3, 50000 mg Vit. E,
4000 mg Vit. K3,3000mg Vit. B1,8000mg Vit. B2,5000mg Vit. B6,16000mg
pantothenic acid, 20mg Vit. B12,2000mg folic acid,4000mg niacin,150mg
cobalt,1000mg iodine,150mg selenium,100000mg manganese, 30000mg iron

Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa et al .
1102
Table (2): Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MOLM) at different levels on body weight, body weight gain and mortality rate of
Japanese quail
MOLM
%
Body weight(g)
Body weight gain(g)
mor*
7d
14d
28d
42d
7-14d
15-28d
29-42d
7-42d
7-42d
Con.
29.61
68.51b
160.9 b
232.6 b
38.90 b
92.42 b
71.76
203.08 b
2
0.2
29.61
70.53 a
180.53 a
253.90 a
40.92 a
110.00 a
73.37
224.29 a
3
0.4
29.60
69.18 ab
181.43 a
253.26 a
39.58ab
112.47 a
71.81
223.66 a
1
0.6
29.60
69.98 ab
183.73 a
257.88 a
40.38 ab
113.75 a
74.15
228.28 a
1
SEM
±0.04
±0.53
±5.14
±4.86
±0.52
±4.80
±1.73
±4.88
a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).
*mortality
Table (3): Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MOLM) at different levels on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and EPEI
of Japanese quail
MOLM
%
Feed consumption (g/bird)
Feed conversion ratio
EPEI*
7-14d
15-28d
29-42d
7-42d
7-14d
15-28d
29-42d
7-42d
7-42d
Con.
98.33b
258.83 b
332.28 b
689.50 b
2.53 a
2.82 a
4.63 b
3.33 a
16.33 b
0.2
108.33a
252.92 b
256.14c
617.39 c
2.65 a
2.30 b
3.50 c
2.82 b
20.58 a
0.4
100.00 b
335.75 a
383.25 a
818.99 a
2.53 a
2.99 a
5.35 a
3.62 a
16.47 b
0.6
83.40 c
327.92 a
400.80 a
812.12 a
2.07 b
2.89 a
5.42 a
3.46 a
17.58 b
SEM
±4.88
±12.89
±6.49
±16.35
±0.12
±0.15
±0.13
±0.08
±0.58
a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).
*EPEI= European Production Efficiency Index.


Japanese Quail, Moringa Oleifera Leaf, Performance, Blood and Carcass.
1103
Table (4): Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MOLM) on carcass characteristics and lymphoid organs of Japanese quail at 42
days old.
Items
Moringa oleifera leaves meal %
SEM
Control
0.2
0.4
0.6
Live weight(g)
217.67
230.33
237.63
231.83
±8.04
Carcass characteristics %
Dressing
72.71
74.72
73.91
74.83
±0.85
Breast
43.42
45.56
43.24
44.55
±1.10
Thigh
25..00
25.33
26.67
25.66
±0.77
Abdominal fat
0.43 a
0.17 b
0.07 c
0.00
±0.01
Gizzard
2.01 a
1.47 b
1.53 b
1.62 ab
±0.14
Liver
2.20
2.24
1.79
2.03
±0.28
Heart
0.89
0.92
0.88
0.92
±0.04
Giblets*
5.11
4.63
4.21
4.57
±0.27
Total edible parts**
77.81
79.35
78.12
79.40
±0.83
lymphoid organs %
Spleen
0.063
0.067
0.073
0.069
±0.01
Bursa
0.09 c
0.12 b
0.14 ab
0.16 a
±0.01
Thymus
0.23 b
0.35 a
0.26 b
0.27 b
±0.03
a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).
*giblets = gizzard= liver=heart.
** total edible parts = dressing + giblets

Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa et al .
1104
Table (5): Effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MOLM) on some blood constituents of Japanese quail at 42 days old.
Items
Moringa oleifera leaves meal %
SEM
Control
0.2
0.4
0.6
Calcium(mg/dl)
10.43a
10.44 a
10.34 a
10.10 b
±0.03
Phosphorus(g/dl)
2.32
2.48
2.18
2.13
±0.12
ALT (U/L)
48.33 a
44.67 a
40.33 b
40.33 b
±1.13
AST (U/L)
12.00
11.83
11.97
10.67
±1.09
Cholesterol(mg/dl)
199.48 a
149.39 b
143.87 b
148.15 b
±5.57
HDL- Cholesterol(mg/dl)
50.29 b
90.21 a
57.59 b
64.86 b
±5.16
LDL- Cholesterol(mg/dl)
149.18 a
59.17 c
86.28 b
83.29 b
±7.44
Total antioxidants capacity (mmol/l)
0.53 c
0.55 c
0.60 b
0.71 a
±0.01
T .lipids (mg/dl)
454.18 b
474.07 a
474.41 a
405.05 c
±1.41
Glucose (mg/dl)
154.29 b
154.92 b
168.52 a
173.77 a
±2.25
T. protein(g/dl)
4.15 b
4.36 a
4.41 a
4.20 b
±0.03
Albumin (A) (g/dl)
1.78 a
1.43 ab
1.57 ab
1.01 b
±0.19
Globulin (G) (g/dl)
2.37 c
2.93 b
2.84 b
3.19 a
±0.19
A/G ratio
0.84
0.49
0.55
0.32
±0.16
a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).

Japanese Quail, Moringa Oleifera Leaf, Performance, Blood and Carcass.
1105
Kout Elkloub, M. EL. Moustafa et al .
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             

   

 HDL LDL   
   
            

          
 