... As stress is implicated in all three of the other common disorders, we first review the evidence for the anti-stress effect of WS, and then discuss the evidence for the use of WS in anxiety, depression, and insomnia. [45], exposing animals to cold [40], hypoxia [46], and/or prolonged restraint [17,38,40,47,48], either alone or in combination [41,42,49,50], or applying electrical shocks to the feet of animals [51][52][53][54]. In these studies, WS attenuated a variety of stress-induced changes, including behavioral changes (e.g., memory impairment [45,46,52,53,55]), biochemical changes (e.g., increased glucocorticoids [38, 39, 41, 42, 46-48, 50, 54, 56]) and physical changes (e.g., gastric ulcers [17,38,40,52]). ...