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Coherence: Bridging personal, social and global health

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"All nature is a continuum. The endless complexity of life is organized into patterns which repeat themselves - theme and variations - at each level of system. These similarities and differences are proper concerns for science. From the ceaseless streaming of protoplasm to the many-vectored activities of supranational systems, there are continuous flows through living systems as they maintain their highly organized steady states." "Even more basic to this presentation than the concept of "system" are the concepts of "space," "time," "matter," "energy," and "information, because the living systems exist in space and are made of matter and energy organized by information." James Grier Miller, Living Systems (1978).
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10 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 
Rollin McCraty, PhD,
Doc Childre

Altern Ther Health Med

Corresponding author: Rollin McCraty, PhD
E-mail: rollin@heartmath.org
All nature is a continuum. The endless complexity of life is organized
into patterns which repeat themselves—theme and variations—at
each level of system. These similarities and differences are proper con-
cerns for science. From the ceaseless streaming of protoplasm to the
many-vectored activities of supranational systems, there are continu-
ous ows through living systems as they maintain their highly orga-
nized steady states. Even more basic to this presentation than the
concept of “system” are the concepts of “space,“time,” “matter,”
“energy,” and “information,” because the living systems exist in space
and are made of matter and energy organized by information.
Living Systems,
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ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 11
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auto-coherence
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   
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    


    physiological coherence 


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   
  
      
   
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
12 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 
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  

    
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   
  
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   
      
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   
  
  
    
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energetic systems  
    
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   
 
   
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  
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    
 
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    
  

    
  

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    

    


 




  
   
 
    
physiological
coherence
  
   

150
100
50
Mental Focus
(Simple task)
Heart rate (BPM)
150
100
50
0
150
100
50
Relaxation
(“Open-focus” relaxation exercise)
Heart rate (BPM)
150
100
50
Psychophysiological Incoherence
(Anger)
Heart rate (BPM)
0 60 120 180 240 300
150
100
50
Psychophysiological Coherence
(Appreciation)
Heart rate (BPM)
PSD (ms /Hz)
2
150
100
50
0
PSD (ms /Hz)
2
150
100
50
0
PSD (ms /Hz)
2
700
600
150
100
50
0
PSD (ms /Hz)
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
FIGURE 1



Mental focus
Psychophysiological Incoherence


Relaxation


Psychophysiological coherence
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
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   
    


    
     
 


   
    
 
    

 
060 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
70
80
90
Time (seconds)
(BPM)
(Seconds)
AMP (mV)
Heart Rate Variability
Heart Rate Variability
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
Respiration
Respiration
0.00E+0
2.00E-5
4.00E-5
6.00E-5
8.00E-5
0.00E+0
2.00E-6
4.00E-6
6.00E-6
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.050.1 0.15 0.20.250.3 0.35 0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Frequency Frequency
0.05 0.10.150.2 0.25 0.30.35 0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FIGURE 2





14 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 

   

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   
   
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    
     
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     
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     
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  
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    






   
    
    
Mental
Physical Emotional
Spiritual
Coherence
• Physical flexibility
• Endurance
• Strength
• Attention span
• Mental flexibility
• Optimistic world view
• Incorporating multiple
points of view
• Emotional range
and flexibility
• Positive feelings
• Self-regulation
• Relationships
• Commitment to
core values
• Flexibility and
tolerance of others’
values and beliefs
• Intuition
FIGURE 3
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 15
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    
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   
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
     
      

   the intuitive heart heart
intelligence  
     
     
Cerebral cortex
Dorsal vagal complex
Nucleus of tractus
solitarius (NTS)
• Body perception
• Pain perception
• Arousal (sleep/waking)
• Fear/Anxiety
• Analgesia
Fight-or-flight
• Affective defense
• Receives afferent input from
heart,lungs, baroreceptor nerves,
chemoreceptors,upper respiratory
and alimentary tracts, and face
Blood monitoring
Food poisoning
• Motion sickness
• Emesis (vomiting)
• Emotional perception
• Hunger perception
Olfactory
input Periaqueductal gray
(PAG)
Hypothalamus Thalamus
Visual and
auditory input
Parabrachial
complex
Facial
input
Vagus
nerve
Taste
input
Arena
postrema
Medulla oblongata Subcortical
Amygdala
FIGU R E 4 



16 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 
   
    
    
    
    

   


   

   
     

  
  
     
  



    
 
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    
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     
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18 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 
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   
    
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  
   

     







Social coherence Global coherence
Individual coherence
FIGURE 5







20 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 
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  
   
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   
    
   
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   
    
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   
    
1750 1770 1790 1810 1830
1750 1770 1790 1810 1830
1840 1880 1860 1900 1920
1840 1880 1860 1900 1920
Year
N
o. of important
historical events
N
o. of sunspots
No. of important
historical events
No. of sunspots
15
10
5
0
150
100
50
0
15
10
5
0
150
100
50
0
FIGURE 6
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
22 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 


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   
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
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      
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     
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    
   
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      
 


 The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory

  The Interconnected Universe: Conceptual Foundations of Transdiciplinary Unied
Theory
 Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New Scientic Reality Can Change Us
and Our World.
   The Random House College Dictionary 

     S ci Am.

 The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms

 Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain
 A User’s Guide to the Brain: Perception, Attention, and the Four Theaters of the Brain

 Prog Brain Res.
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  
Behav Brain Sci. 
   
Nature. 
  
      Integ
Rev. 
 
Altern Ther Health Med. 
 J Soc Evol Syst.

 
Bioelectromagnetic Medicine

     The Coherent Heart: Heart-Brain
Interactions, Psychophysiological Coherence, and the Emergence of System-wide Order

  
      
Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 
     Shift. 

      
   The Psycholog y of Gratitude

 
     Stress in Health and Disease

       
       
  Clinical Psychology and Heart Disease. 

 
Subtle Energies. 
          
       Am J Cardiol.

       Handbook of Cognition and
Emotion
       Handbook of Positive
Psychology
     
        
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Bioelectromagnetic Medicine
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 
         Am J Cardiol.

  
       Dev
Psychopathol. 
 
       
Ann Behav Med. 
   
Chest. 
 
   Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations 

 
    Mechanisms of Blood Pressure
Waves
 
Mechanisms of Blood Pressure
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
Waves
   
Psychosom Med. 
 
Med Biol Eng Comput. 
    
Am J Physiol. 
  Visceral Sensory Neuroscience: Interoception     

 
Epilepsia. 
  
Neurocardiology
  
          Exp Neurol.

 
Neurocardiology
         Basic
and Clinical Neurocardiology
 Sci Am. 
 Endoc Rev. 
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      
J Clin Invest. 
    
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 Reex Control of the Circulation

  Neurocardiology: Anatomical and Functional Principles  

       
J Altern Complement Med. 
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J Altern Complement Med. 
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  
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    J Altern Complement
Med. 
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  
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 
 The HeartMath Solution
 Overcoming Emotional Chaos: Eliminate Anxiety, Lift Depression and
Create Security in Your Life
  Transforming Stress: The HeartMath Solution to Relieving Worry,
Fatigue, and Tension
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 
    Appl Psychophyisol Biofeedback.

 
Biol Psychol. 
 
        J Trauma
Dissociation. 
 
 
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.
 

Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.
 
         A ppl
Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 
     
Chest. 
      
Appl
Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 
       Chest.

 
        Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.

         
      Prev Cardiol.

 
     Appl Psychophysiol
Biofeedback. 
  
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 
 
   Psychological Stress: Issues in Research 

   
Physiological Correlates of Emotion
          J Pers Soc
Psychol. 
   
Psychosom Med. 
  
Arch Psychol (Frankf). 
 
J Psychophysiol. 
 
Psychobiology: Issues and Applications

  
Am J
Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 
      
Altern Ther Health Med. 
  
Alter Ther Health Med. 
  

Int J Psychophysiol. 
     
J Adv Med. 
 
Stress Med. 
 
 Brain and
Values: Is a Biological Science of Values Possible  

 
Appl Psych Biofeedback. 
    Emotio nal Self- regulation Program Enhances
Psychological Health and Quality of Life in Patients With Diabetes  

      
       Appl
Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 
    
Psychosomatics. 
 Altern Ther Health Med. 
 Encounter: Education for
Meaning and Social Justice. 
 
Stress Med. 
   Heart-brain Neurodynamics: The Making of Emotions  

      Impact of the Power to Change
Performance Program on Stress and Health Risks in Correctional Ofcers

 Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and
Transformation
 Self-
Awareness: Its Nature and Development
 
Am J Epidemiol. 
 

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 
 
Am J Epidemiol. 
 
Am J Epidemiol. 
 The Healing Brain: Breakthrough Discoveries about How the Brain Keeps
Us Healthy
 A Cry Unheard: New Insights into the Medical Consequences of Loneliness

 

Psychol Bull. 
 Social Support and Health
24 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, jul/aug 2010, VOL. 16, NO. 4 
  Love and Survival: The Scientic Basis for the Healing Power of Intimacy

     The Effect of Employee Self-
management Training on Personal and Organizational Quality. 

 White Paper. 
        Reducing Test
Anxiety and Improving Test Performance in America’s Schools: Results from the TestEdge
National Demonstration Study

 
Advances. 
 
Altern Ther Health Med. 
 

Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 
    
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 Cycles. 
 
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   
       Progr Theor Phys Suppl.
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... Resilience refers to a system's ability to return to its preshock state (7). It involves self-management and optimal use of energy resources across four areas: physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual (8). Numerous studies indicate that spirituality can positively influence resilience and contribute to people's overall health (9)(10)(11). ...
... There are various definitions regarding the concept of spiritual resilience. In most definitions, it has been described as seeking help from the relationship with Higher being in difficult situations (8). What was important in this study was to explain the conceptual framework of spiritual resilience in disasters and emergencies in Iran. ...
... Compared to other definitions of spiritual resilience provided by researchers (8,30,31), this description presents a relatively novel and comprehensive approach, incorporating attributes of spiritual resilience in disasters and emergencies based on the insights of experts. For instance, McCarthy (2011) defines spiritual resilience as follows: Figure 1. ...
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Background and Objectives: Resilience is related to self-management and optimal use of energy resources in four areas: physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. The existence of different components of spirituality can have a positive effect on the resilience process of people in disasters. This study was conducted to explore the concept of spiritual resilience in disasters and identify its properties in the Iranian society. Methods: For this study, semi-structured interviews were held in 2022-2023. The interviewees were selected from Iranian subjects with sufficient knowledge and experience in spiritual resilience through purposive sampling. Data were collected and analyzed based on a qualitative approach using inductive content analysis. Results: After categorizing the codes obtained from 27 interviews, three categories, i.e., "the concept", "the properties", and "the consequences" of spiritual resilience in disasters and emergencies, were identified. Five subcategories, namely patience, preserving of one's existence, flexibility, recovery, and faith in a supernatural source, collectively formed the concept of resilience. According to the experts' opinions, spiritual resilience in disasters could be explored from three properties, including self-awareness, awareness of others, and theology. Conclusion: The originality of this paper can be valuable for decision-makers and managers in relevant organizations, as they can utilize the results to plan and implement essential intervention measures. By understanding the factors that contribute to spiritual resilience, these interventions can be designed to improve the overall spiritual resilience of society and mitigate the adverse impacts of disasters.
... Education is a means for humans to enhance their self-worth (Crocker et al., 2006;Komara, 2016), increase the welfare of society, and create a greater national culture than they had before (Rizal et al., 2022). Human quality refers to how effectively people solve problems, control their emotions, and form mutually beneficial relationships with others (King & Seminary, 2020;Robinson et al., 2016) and with the universe (McCraty, 2011). That is what distinguishes human value. ...
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The low self-confidence of students in Indonesia has an impact on many aspects. In education, students often plagiarize their friends' answers to get good grades. Apart from that, cases of bullying, body shaming, and even suicide are caused by students' low self-confidence. This article aims to bibliometrically examine research trends on self-confidence in Indonesia. This article uses bibliometric analysis to conclude the position of the self-confidence crisis on the research map in Indonesia. With the help of Publish or Perish software from Harzing and VOSviewer, 1,000 articles were obtained. These articles were then analyzed based on scientific impact categories from Google Scholar, assisted by Publish or Perish, as well as visual displays from VOSviewer. The display produced by VOSviewer shows that self-confidence is still something that can be researched, especially if it is associated with several keywords that are far from the word self-confidence. Apart from that, from the search results, it was found that parents and educators have a great impact on efforts to increase self-confidence.
... Coherent states are associated with the stability of the system, the correlation measures, and efficient energy utilization within a body signal [34]. These concepts are intrinsically linked to frequency domain analyses; hence, entropy and spectral centroid measures were also implemented for each of the aforementioned variables due to their relevance to information quality, order, and energy distribution within the power spectrum. ...
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Depression is a significant risk factor for other serious health conditions, such as heart failure, dementia, and diabetes. In this study, a quantitative method was developed to detect depressive states in individuals using electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals. Data were obtained from 59 people affiliated with the high-specialized medical center of Bajio T1, which consists of medical professionals, administrative personnel, and service workers. Data were analyzed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) to discern potential false positives. The statistical analyses performed elucidated distinctive features with variable behavior in response to diverse physical stimuli, which were adeptly processed through a machine learning classification framework. The method achieved an accuracy rate of up to 92% in the identification of depressive states, substantiating the potential of biophysical data in increasing the diagnostic process of depression. The results suggest that this method is innovative and has significant potential. With additional refinements, this approach could be utilized as a screening tool in psychiatry, incorporated into everyday devices for preventive diagnostics, and potentially lead to alarm systems for individuals with suicidal thoughts.
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Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are two key measures with significant relevance in psychophysiological studies, and their measurement has become more convenient due to advances in wearable technology. However, photoplethysmography (PPG)-based wearables pose critical validity concerns. In this study, we validated four PPG wearables: three consumer-grade devices (Kyto2935, Schone Rhythm 24, and HeartMath Inner Balance Bluetooth) and one research-grade device (Empatica EmbracePlus, successor to the widely-used but discontinued Empatica E4). All devices were worn simultaneously by 40 healthy participants who underwent conditions commonly used in laboratory research (seated rest, arithmetic task, recovery, slow-paced breathing, a neuropsychological task, posture manipulation by standing up) and encountered in ambulatory-like settings (slow walking and stationary biking), compared against a criterion electrocardiography device, the Vrije Universiteit Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS). We determined the signal quality, the linear strength through regression analysis, the bias through Bland-Altman analysis, and the measurement error through mean arctangent absolute percentage error for each condition against the criterion device. We found that the research-grade device did not outperform the consumer-grade devices in laboratory conditions. It also showed low agreement with the ECG in ambulatory-like conditions. In general, devices captured HR more accurately compared to HRV. Finally, conditions that deviated from baseline settings and involved slight to high movement, negatively impacted the agreement between PPG devices and the criterion. We conclude that PPG devices, even those advertised and designed for research purposes, may pose validity concerns for HRV measurement in conditions other than those similar to resting states.
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Background: The human sensorimotor system can naturally synchronize with environmental rhythms, such as light pulses or sound beats. Several studies showed that different styles and tempos of music, or other rhythmic stimuli, have an impact on physiological rhythms, including electrocortical brain activity, heart rate, and motor coordination. Such synchronization, also known as the “entrainment effect”, has been identified as a crucial mechanism impacting cognitive, motor, and affective functioning. Objectives: This review examines theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on entrainment, with a particular focus on the physiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and its role in cognitive, motor, and affective functions. We also address the inconsistent terminology used in the literature and evaluate the range of measurement approaches used to assess entrainment phenomena. Finally, we propose a definition of “physiological entrainment” that emphasizes its role as a fundamental mechanism that encompasses rhythmic interactions between the body and its environment, to support information processing across bodily systems and to sustain adaptive motor responses. Methods: We reviewed the recent literature through the lens of the “embodied cognition” framework, offering a unified perspective on the phenomenon of physiological entrainment. Results: Evidence from the current literature suggests that physiological entrainment produces measurable effects, especially on neural oscillations, heart rate variability, and motor synchronization. Eventually, such physiological changes can impact cognitive processing, affective functioning, and motor coordination. Conclusions: Physiological entrainment emerges as a fundamental mechanism underlying the mind–body connection. Entrainment-based interventions may be used to promote well-being by enhancing cognitive, motor, and affective functions, suggesting potential rehabilitative approaches to enhancing mental health.
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Diese Arbeit ist ein Supplement zu unserem Buch über „Coherent Breathing – the coherence-transcendence-cycle“ – „Kohärenz-Atmung – Der Hypoxie-Hyperoxie-O2-Zyklus als Kohärenz-Transzendenz-Zyklus“ (Band II, 2023). Band II beinhaltet unsere mehrere Dekaden umfassenden Erfahrungen mit Atmung und Meditation und die ausführliche Darstellung unserer Studien der damit verbundenen Bewusstseins- und Körperzustände, die wir mehrere Jahre mit Erfahrungsprotokollen und Messungen der Herzkohärenz (Herzratenvariabilität) begleitet und dokumentiert haben.
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Heart rhythm measurements over time reflect important elements of Autonomic Nervous System dynamics. Synchronization among the heart rhythms of multiple participants has been observed, but this study uses the first global dataset collected that measures synchronization at several locations across the globe continuously for multiple weeks. For 15 days, 104 participants located in California (USA), Lithuania, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, and England underwent continuous ambulatory heart rhythm monitoring. They were not instructed to perform tasks together. Significant long-term correlations were observed across participants within the same region, for just the groups in Saudi Arabia and New Zealand. This is surprising, given that each participant has an individualized life and distinct heart rate. In a different analysis using population-mean cosinor, only in these two locations was a significant circaseptan (about 7-day) rhythm observed. It appears that weekly rhythms in these groups partially contribute to correlations, in addition to long-term movements. A hypothesis with supporting evidence is proposed to explain this, that participants in these groups were socially closer than in the other groups. It would then appear that heart rhythms synchronize over the long term due to social connectedness, even when they are not physically near each other or performing tasks together.
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Psychological stress among frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic, elevating mental health risks. Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV‐BF) is an evidence‐based intervention with potential to reduce psychological burden on frontline HCWs; however, no studies have examined its use among this population since the pandemic began. We designed a trial to assess the effects of a brief HRV‐BF intervention delivered via telemedicine on measures of anxiety, depression and stress, and heart rate variability, compared to an in‐person intervention. We hypothesised that the telemedicine intervention would be non‐inferior to the in‐person intervention. Using a randomized comparison trial design, we tested a 10‐day brief heart rate variability biofeedback intervention among frontline HCWs during the COVID‐19 pandemic. They received remote, 30‐min guided sessions every other day and were taught methods of heart rate variability biofeedback. Depression, anxiety and stress were assessed at baseline, 10 days, and 40 days with additional measures of anxiety measured before and after each session. HRV scores were collected at baseline, as well as during the course of the 10 days. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the change in depression, anxiety, stress and HRV scores across multiple time points and session types (telemedicine vs. in‐person). There was no significant differences between telemedicine ( n = 32) and in‐person ( n = 15) interventions on the main outcomes. Both session types showed a significant decrease in depression, anxiety and stress scores across the entire intervention, and HRV scores significantly increased across both groups. Anxiety levels also significantly decreased after each session. The non‐inferiority of the telemedicine intervention to a comparable in‐person intervention affirms its promise for decreasing anxiety, depression and stress among frontline HCWs and may offer a cost‐effective and feasible tool to use in crises situations.
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Background Intervention studies examining meditative movement (MM) often demonstrate benefits on physiological and psychological health. A potential mechanism associated with these outcomes is heart rate variability (HRV), an important neurophysiological biomarker of optimal and resilient health and functioning. Objective We aimed to synthesize existing literature on the effects of two related forms of MM, Tai Chi (TC) and Qigong (QG) on HRV parameters in adult populations. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane Collaboration recommendations, four databases (MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Academic Search Premier, and PubMed) were searched for articles (through December 15, 2023) that included TC and/or movement-based QG intervention versus any control condition (active or inactive) and reported at least one HRV outcome. Two reviewers independently completed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. Results We identified 148 for potential inclusion. After removing 61 duplicates, 87 full-text reviews yielded 23 articles, and 16 qualified for meta-analysis based on common HRV outcomes. Meta-analyses indicated a significant overall effect of TC/QG interventions on high-frequency power and standard deviation of the beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN), two critical HRV parameters, compared with control conditions: for HF power, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.29, P = 0.003, 95% Confidence interval (CI) [0.10, 0.48]; heterogeneity: I ² = 46%, χ ² (8) = 14.89, P = 0.06; and for SDNN: SMD = 0.83, P = 0.02, 95% CI [0.16, 1.51]; heterogeneity: I ² = 90%, χ ² (7) = 71.62, P < 0.001. Other HRV parameters did not demonstrate significant changes upon meta-analyses, but overall effect sizes showed a trend toward the expected direction. Conclusion Based on the strength of the evidence, we conclude TC/QG interventions may shift HRV parameters toward improved health status and resilience. In addition, we offer suggestions to improve the design and measurement of future TC/QG research interventions exploring HRV.
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Objective This article aimed to understand the neurobiological origins of adolescent behavior and how the possibility of practicing physical exercises can attenuate the maturational tendency for impulse behaviors in this age group. Method For this purpose, a bibliographic research of a narrative nature was carried out in the databases SciELO, Web of Science, PubMed, and in books. Results The data revealed that during adolescence there is a propensity as a function of neurobiological development to search for rewarding behaviors in the short term. In this sense, bodily practices, including exercise, can be an essential component in the search to increase the neural control of impulses through a neurobiological and sociological bias. Conclusion It is concluded that exercise can be a propelling means in the search to attenuate the immediate and even risky behaviors of the adolescent brain, increasing higher cognitive functions with this better cortical control.
Book
It has been known for over a century that there is an afferent (body-to-brain) component to the visceral-autonomic nervous system. Despite the fundamental importance of bodily afferent information - sometimes called interoception - to central nervous system control of visceral organ function, emotional-motivational processes, and dysfunctino of these processes, including psychosomatic disorders, its role did not receive much attention until quite recently. This is the first comprehensive review of this topic and it covers both neurobiological and psychobiological aspects. The author first defines the issues and gives an historical background starting with the James-Lange theory of emotion, and addresses learning and motivation, roots in Pavlovian conditioning research, and operant conditioning of visceral function. In the second section he reviews recent scientific findings in the neural basis of visceral perception and studies in cardiovascular-respiratory and alimentary interoception. Finally, he discusses several related areas of research and theory including drug state issues, interoception and psychiatric disorders, and bodily consciousness, and suggests directions for future investigation.
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The relationship between social and community ties and mortality was assessed using the 1965 Human Population Laboratory survey of a random sample of 6928 adults in Alameda County, California and a subsequent nine-year mortality follow-up. The findings show that people who lacked social and community ties were more likely to die in the follow-up period than those with more extensive contacts. The age-adjusted relative risks for those most Isolated when compared to those with the most social contacts were 2.3 for men and 2.8 for women. The association between social ties and mortality was found to be independent of self-reported physical health status at the time of the 1965 survey, year of death, socioeconomic status, and health practices such as smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, obesity, physical activity, and utilization of preventive health services as well as a cumulative index of health practices.
Conference Paper
Most organisms, from cyanobacteria to mammals, are known to use circadian mechanism to coordinate their activities with the natural 24-hour light/dark cycle and/or interacting socio-ecologic schedules. When the human clock gene was discovered in 1997, it was surprising, to see that it was very similar in all earthly life. Recent findings suggest that organisms which evolved on Earth acquired many of the visible and invisible cycles of their habitat and/or of their cosmos. While circadian systems are well documented both time-macroscopically and time-microscopically, the temporal organization of physiological function is much more extensive. Long-term physiological quasi-ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate, among other variables, Such as diose of the ECG and other tools of the neuroendocrinologic armamentarium, have already yielded information, among, others, oil circaseptan (about 7-day), transyears and cisyears (with periods slightly longer or shorter than one year, respectively), and circadecennian (about 10-year) cycles: the nervous system displays rhythms, chaos and trends, mapped as chronomes. Chronomes are time structures consisting of multifrequency rhythms covering frequencies over IS orders of magnitude, elements of chaos, trends in chaotic and rhythmic end points, and other, as-yet unresolved variability. These resolvable time structures, chronomes, in Lis have counterparts around us, also consisting of rhythms, trends and chaos, as is increasingly being recognized. In 2000, we began a community-based study, relying on 7-day/24-hour monitoring of blood pressure as a public service. Our goal was the prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction and of the decline in cognitive function of the elderly in a community. Chronomic detection of elevated illness-risks aim at; the prevention of diseases of individuals, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes, and, equally important, chronomics resolves illness of societies, such as crime and war. all exhibiting some already mapped cycles, that are indispensable for the study of underlying mechanisms. A variety of cognitive, neurobehavioral and neuropsychological as well as cardiovascular functions will need to be investigated to more precisely map their chronomes in space and time, in order to understand chronoastrobiology, based on both the system times and time horizons yielded by chronomes assessed in communities worldwide. Thus, we critically introduce a preventive health care, while keeping the flow of data, for the assessment of space weather and its consequences in the evolution thus far of terrestrial life.
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The conceptual chasm separating conventional medicine and alternative medicine can potentially be overcome by deriving hypotheses from modern systems theory and applying them to biophysical energy - what we call a dynamical energy systems approach. In this paper we present five such hypotheses, using the heart, the largest generator of electromagnetic energy in the body, as a model system. Living systems are defined here as dynamic organizations of intelligent information expressed in energy and matter. When the biophysical consequences of organized energy are considered, far-reaching implications for the role of the heart in health and healing unfold (for example, the heart, in concert with the brain, may be the major organizer and integrator of coordinated cellular functioning in the body). Procedures for measuring cardiac synchronized energy patterns are explained, and novel experimental predictions are illustrated (for example, that cardiac synchronized energy patterns may interact between people and be involved in certain therapies). Applications of energy cardiology hypotheses for conventional and alternative medicine are challenging, testable, and controversial. In the case of mind-body medicine, this approach both illuminates and expands the central role of the mind in health.