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Inactivation of Candidia albicans in culture media by eight spices native to Indian subcontinent
Abstract
Plant parts of eight spices namely Allium sativum, Brassica nigra, Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cuminum cyminum, Curcuma longa, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Zingiber officinale were screened for their anticandidal activities towards Candida albicans (NCIM 227), in culture media. Aqueous extracts, essential oils and powdered forms of reference spices constituted the test materials for present study. Spice agar method was followed for investigating anticandidal activities of powdered spice samples, while impregnated paper disc method and broth dilution technique were opted for screening inhibitory potentials of aqueous extracts and essential oils. Results revealed that essential oils most effectively inhibited the test microbe followed by powdered forms and aqueous extracts. Among all the powdered spice samples tested, C. zeylanicum inhibited C. albicans most effectively, and among essential oils, B. nigra produced widest growth inhibitory zone against test yeast strain. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of different spice forms were also determined.
... in the lung and skin (Yuan., 2011). While Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibited various bio-regulatory activities such as antibacterial (Baratta et al., 1998, Bayoub, 2010, antifungal (Bhatia, 2012;Carmo et al., 2008, Jantan et al., 2008, Khan et al., 2009, Also Cinnamomum zeylanicum reduce incidence of various pathological conditions including reduction of Fasting Blood Glucose, increasing circulating insulin levels (Ranasinghe et al., 2012) reduced total cholesterol and triglycerides (Hassan et al., 2012) anti-aging treatment (Tsuji-Naito, 2008). Moreover, it affords significant protection against Alzheimer , s disease (Senhaji, 2007). ...
... Anti-microbial properties of Cinnamomum zeylanicumBhatia M, et al.[17] Candida albicans Among all spices tested CZ inhibited C. albicans most effectively (MIC 7.81 μl/ml) India Carmo ES, et al.[18] Aspergillusspecies (A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. terreus and A. ochraceus) CZ essential oil possesses strong anti-aspergillus activity inhibiting the growth, spore germination and causing deleterious cellular morphological changes Brazil Dubey RC, et al. [19] Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis CZ essential oils inhibited growth of all organisms. Gram-negative organisms were more susceptible than gram-positive ones. ...
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume or Ceylon cinnamon is a native medicinal and aromatic plant in Sri Lanka, which has been used extensively in treatment of various diseases in traditional systems of medicine in Asia. It is also a household remedy for primary care in aches, pains and certain other diseases. The claimed health benefits have been extensively tested using modern scientific methods to validate the health properties. It has been used clinically for treatment and management of diseases and in health foods, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The pharmacological properties tested and reported from C. zeylanicum bark, leaf and essential oils are discussed with special reference to antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antilipidemic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, immunomodulatory, antibiotic, antinociceptive, analgesic, cardioprotective, antihypertensive, gastroprotective, skin protection, skin whitening and anti-ageing properties, including clinical studies and toxicology.
... 53 Numerous findings showed that cinnamon has potential hypoglycemic and cholesterol-lowering, insulin-like, antioxidant, wound healing, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities. [54][55][56][57] Although it has been reported as GRAS by USDA, some of the studies were conducted to assess its toxicity. For instance; possible toxicity effect of cinnamon extracts in different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 2.0 g/kg) in rats was tested by Ahmad et al. 34 Their results showed that the cinnamon extract was low-to-moderate in toxicity and the concentration below 0.5 g/kg dose level could be safer to be used in the efficacy studies. ...
Herbs and spices are commonly consumed in different regions for culinary and medical purposes. Herbs and spices may have several positive health effects due to their phytochemical contents that have already been discussed in several studies. In this study, the main aim was to review and discuss the possible toxic effects of commonly used herbs and spices. The dose-dependent toxic effects of herbs and spices are important to create public awareness on the consumption of these phytochemical sources for both culinary and medical purposes. Even though the health-promoting effects of these herbs and spices at lower concentrations have been reported in various studies, each herb and spice may become toxic after a certain dose. In addition to the general evaluation of these herbs and spices, susceptible organs or systems in living organisms were presented in this chapter covering several in vivo studies.
... Anti-microbial properties of Cinnamomum zeylanicumBhatia M, et al.[17] Candida albicans Among all spices tested CZ inhibited C. albicans most effectively (MIC 7.81 μl/ml) India Carmo ES, et al.[18] Aspergillusspecies (A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. terreus and A. ochraceus) CZ essential oil possesses strong anti-aspergillus activity inhibiting the growth, spore germination and causing deleterious cellular morphological changes Brazil Dubey RC, et al. [19] Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis CZ essential oils inhibited growth of all organisms. Gram-negative organisms were more susceptible than gram-positive ones. ...
In traditional medicine Cinnamon is considered a remedy for respiratory, digestive and gynaecological ailments. In-vitro and in-vivo studies from different parts of the world have demonstrated numerous beneficial medicinal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ). This paper aims to systematically review the scientific literature and provide a comprehensive summary on the potential medicinal benefits of CZ.
A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus for studies published before 31st December 2012. The following keywords were used: "Cinnamomum zeylanicum", "Ceylon cinnamon", "True cinnamon" and "Sri Lankan cinnamon". To obtain additional data a manual search was performed using the reference lists of included articles.
The literature search identified the following number of articles in the respective databases; PubMed=54, Web of Science=76 and SciVerse Scopus=591. Thirteen additional articles were identified by searching reference lists. After removing duplicates the total number of articles included in the present review is 70. The beneficial health effects of CZ identified were; a) anti-microbial and anti-parasitic activity, b) lowering of blood glucose, blood pressure and serum cholesterol, c) anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging properties, d) inhibition of tau aggregation and filament formation (hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease), e) inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis, f) anti-secretagogue and anti-gastric ulcer effects, g) anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, h) wound healing properties and i) hepato-protective effects. The studies reported minimal toxic and adverse effects.
The available in-vitro and in-vivo evidence suggests that CZ has many beneficial health effects. However, since data on humans are sparse, randomized controlled trials in humans will be necessary to determine whether these effects have public health implications.
Spices contribute to the quality, nutritive value, and flavor of food. Since ancient times, they hold a great medicinal value. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other numerous properties have made them a potent source of therapeutic agents. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of active constituents such as eugenol, curcumin, carotenoids in clove, turmeric, saffron respectively that explains the efficacious nature of these spices. Owing to their easy availability and consumption, it is advised to make spices daily part of our diet though in balanced amount as sometimes excess usage bear few consequences. Evaluating multiple benefits offered by these as immunity boosters especially in times of pandemic and incorporating them in our routine diet would improve disease management strategies. This chapter discusses the reservoir of activities exhibited by few spices along with the components responsible for these activities. Here, we also discussed their negative effects if at all.
Siddha system of medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine practised among T amil speaking community. The medicines in this system are prepared from r aw materials like herbs, minerals/metals and animal products. Kandhaga Rasayanam is a herbo mineral formulation with 16 ingredients. It is used for treating skin diseases, arthritis, leucorrhoea, urinary diseases etc. This review is aimed to bring out scie ntific evidence for the therapeut ic usage of Kandhaga Rasayanam and focussed on the pharmacological activity responsible for the curative nature of the drug. M ost of its drugs have antimicrobial, anti - inflammatory activity hence justifying its usage in abo ve mentioned diseases.
The antifungal effects of 16 ground herbs and spices, 4 other plant materials, 3 commercial antifungal agents, tannic acid and 2 experimental mold inhibitors were tested against seven mycotoxin- producing molds. Of the 26 substances tested, cloves, cinnamon, mustard, allspice, garlic, and oregano at the 2% level in potato dextrose agar, completely inhibited growth of all seven mycotoxigenic molds for various times up to 21 d. The remaining compounds either caused little or no inhibition. Powdered pomegranate peel was a good inhibitor against four Penicillium species. Potassium sorbate at 0.3% was highly effective against all seven mold strains. The antifungal antibiotic, natamycin (pimaricin), was also highly effective. Combinations of different levels of potassium sorbate and cloves showed an enhanced or possible synergistic inhibitory effect on growth of all seven molds tested, indicating the possibility of using spices and commercial antifungal agents together in small amounts to obtain antimycotic act...
The inhibitory effect of clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) against Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium verrugosum, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus was studied by spice agar method for using clove to stabilize intermediate moisture meat products. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clove at 80% inhibition level was also calculated. Clove exhibited MIC of 0.86, 1.12, 1.08, 1.30 and 0.92% (w/v) against P. chrysogenum, P. expansum, P. verrugosum, Asp. flavus and Asp. parasiticus, respectively. At 5% level of clove all spoilage and toxigenic molds growth was inhibited during 25 days of study period. At MIC of clove, the aqueous extract displayed distict zone inhibition.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a pathogen, which causes the hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in humans. Control of the bacterial cells in foods is an important factor to reduce outbreaks of the foodborne diseases. In this study, cinnamic aldehyde possessing antimicrobial activity against the bacterial cells was purified from the extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Blume) shoot by sequential fractionation with various solvents and silica gel column chromatography. When E. coli O157:H7 cells were incubated at 37°C for 12 h in the presence of 500 μg ml−1 of the purified from cinnamic aldehyde, the viable counts decreased dramatically (from 4.9×106 to 1.0×102 cfu ml−1). In the presence of 1000 μg ml−1 of the substance, most of the cells were killed after 2 h of incubation suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of cinnamic aldehyde is bacteriocidal in E. coli. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that the bacterial cells treated with the cinnamic aldehyde suffered from severe damages in their surface structure. Minimal inhibitory concentration of the cinnamic aldehyde was determined to be 250 μg ml−1 against E. coli strains O157:H7 and O26 or 500 μg ml−1 against strains ATCC11105 and O111.
In the methanolic extract of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae) a number of known compounds, such as acetyl aleuritolic acid, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol-O-glucoside, sonderianin, catechin and gallocatechin were isolated and identified by MS and NMR spectroscopy, HRGC and data from literature. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous-EtOH extract, some fractions of the methanolic extract and some of the isolated compounds, were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Acetyl aleuritolic acid exhibits the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium.