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Wood Coatings
Abstract
Wood Coatings addresses the factors responsible for the performance of wood coatings in both domestic and industrial situations. The term 'wood coatings' covers a broad range of products including stains, varnishes, paints and supporting ancillary products that may be used indoors or outdoors. Techniques for coating wood go back many centuries but in recent decades there has been a move towards more environmentally-friendly materials, for example, the use of water-borne rather than solvent-borne chemicals. A major objective of Wood Coatings is to explain the underlying factors that influence selection, application and general operational issues. Basic information on the chemistry and technology of coatings is included for the benefit of students and laboratory technicians. Additionally, the book includes individual chapters of interest to architects, specifiers, and industrial users. © 2009 Franco Bulian and Jon A. Graystone Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
... This proved that Method 3 gave a higher color intensity. This better result is related to the fact that the drying step between the dipping phases allows the formation of a first layer on which the subsequent dye deposits can accumulate [39]. ...
... This proved that Method 3 gave a high color intensity. This better result is related to the fact that the drying step between th dipping phases allows the formation of a first layer on which the subsequent dye deposi can accumulate [39]. ...
Naturalized dyes (NDs) are innovative and eco-friendly synthetic compounds in which a chromophore is covalently linked to a natural sugar (e.g., lactose). The sugar moiety confers water-solubility and biocompatibility to the dye molecule as a whole. NDs have demonstrated potential application in dyeing textiles and leather. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate that selected NDs can be also applied to dye wood. To that aim, two NDs were tested to color beech and poplar wood. The NDs were applied as a simple aqueous solution or mixed with a waterborne, biogenic staining agent (commercially available Gemma U50). Moreover, the effect of the application of a biogenic waterborne top coat (commercially available Resina Plus U49) was also studied. Different methods were tested to investigate the potential application of these NDs to wood. The dyeing behavior was analyzed in terms of penetration into the substrate, covering capacity and color homogeneity through macro- and microscopic observations and colorimetric measurements. The color fastness to water washout and the color stability to light, in particular by exposing the wooden samples to artificial aging (UV radiations in a Solar Box), were also investigated. The NDs, when used as water solutions, were able to afford a homogeneous coating and a pleasant appearance on the wood surface, as well as a good color fastness to washout with water. Dissolving the dyes in the stain or applying the top coat generally resulted in even better color fastness to washout. However, all the application methods tested showed limited resistance to fading in the Solar Box, which therefore remains a drawback for this type of product.
... The world scientific community is constantly searching for the new methods and approaches to the production of coatings that will reduce the stresses in the wood, having a high water resistance and biological stability [1,2]. In recent decades, protective coatings having superhydrophobic surfaces have been attracting increasing attention. ...
... Both synthetic and natural waxes are used as additives in various paint and varnish compositions. It improves gloss and smoothness, improves hydrophobic properties of the wood surface [1]. ...
Tetraethoxysilane-derived silica sols stable to sedimentation as well as kinetically and “sol-gel@paint” compositions based on beeswax dissolved in tetraethoxysilane with addition of polyorganosiloxanes, siloxane block copolymer, and hydrophobized aerosil synthesized within this study served as a base for the development of a new technique for preparation of coniferous wood protective coatings. The surface morphology of the coatings was investigated along with their chemical composition, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, and adhesion and water absorption. The laboratory tests for biostability with respect to wood-destroying fungi and full-scale climatic tests in the conditions of Extreme North of Russia were performed upon the pine wood coated with developed coatings and their results are presented in this study.
... Commonly used contact methods are brushing, dipping, immersion vacuum and roller systems. In addition, commonly used non-contact methods are conventional, low pressure pneumatic atomization (HVLP), hydraulic atomization, and powder coating spray application (Bulian andGraystone 2009, Sulaiman et al. 2011). ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı, daldırma ve atomizasyon yöntemlerini kullanarak ısıl işlem görmüş ahşap malzemenin yapışma direnci performansını değerlendirmektir. Isıl işlem sıcaklığı, işlem süresi, ahşap yönü ve uygulama türleri bağımsız değişkenler, yapışma mukavemeti ise bağımlı değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Isıl işlem görmüş ahşap malzemelere uygulanan yüzey kaplamasının performansını belirlemek için yapay yaşlandırma testi kullanılmıştır. Yapay yaşlandırma testi sonrası yüzey işlem performansını etkileyen faktörler, çok yönlü varyans analizi (MANOVA) ve pareto analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 190°C sıcaklıkta ve 2 saatlik uygulama süresinde her iki yöntemde de yapışma mukavemeti daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Radyal yöndeki yapışma mukavemetinin teğetsel yönden daha iyi olduğu görülmüş ve özellikle daldırma yönteminin malzeme yönü üzerinde önemli bir etkileşim oluşturduğu ve yapışma mukavemetini önemli ölçüde etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir.
... In particular, it offers significant advantages in increasing the resistance of heat-treated wood materials against external weather conditions, providing colour stability and creating an aesthetic appearance. The main purpose of the surface coating is to protect the appearance the properties of wood materials and to prevent physical and chemical deterioration due to weathering conditions [3,4]. With the application of surface coating, it is possible to increase the service life of wood materials. ...
The aim of this work is to improve the heat-treated wood coating performance using experimental design methodology and air–plasma treatment. Firstly, two different heat treatment processes were applied to the wood samples. In the second stage of the study, air atmospheric
plasma treatment was applied to heat-treated samples. These samples were coated with water-based varnish. Adhesion strength and colour change values of these samples before and after the artificial
weathering test were measured. The design of experiments method was used to investigate the significant factors. The heat treatment process (212 ◦C—1 h and 212 ◦C—2 h) and atmospheric plasma
treatment parameters (pressure, distance, and feed) were selected as independent variables, while adhesion strength and colour change were determined as dependent variables. The factors affecting
the surface coating performance before and after the artificial weathering test were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pareto plot. In addition, the factor levels that maximise the adhesion strength value and minimise the colour change were found using the multiobjective optimisation technique. According to the multiobjective optimisation method, results of treatment feed, working distance, and pressure of 60 mm/s, 7.69 mm, and 1 bar were considered as optimum plasma treatment conditions, respectively, for heat treatment process A. Corresponding values for the heat treatment process B were 60 mm/s, 10 mm, and 2 bar.
... Hemicellulose is a branched polysaccharide containing sugar monomers with shorter chains and various conformations. It exists together with cellulose and lignin in the plant cell wall [12]. On the other hand, lignin is a complex polymer consists of three phenylpropane units which are cross-linked together by alkyl-aryl, alkyl-alkyl, aryl-aryl ether bonds and carbon-carbon bonds [5,13,14]. ...
The effect of chemical treatment on the chemical composition, functional group, crystallinity and thermal stability of palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber were investigated. Chemical treatment was conducted by treating EFB with 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 2% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution separately. The results indicated that chemical treatment managed to affect chemical composition of the fiber. FTIR analysis proved the removing of hemicellulose and lignin during the treatment based on the peak disappearance around 1700 cm⁻¹ and 1600 cm⁻¹. The XRD diffractogram showed an increase in crystallinity index of the fiber especially for NaOH treatment. Removal the amorphous component of the fiber influences the thermal degradation of the fiber. © 2016, Malaysian Society of Analytical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Many products made from wood and plastics are coated in factories; examples are wood furniture, cabinets, flooring and paneling, hardboard paneling and siding, and plastic auto body parts. This chapter addresses such factory-applied coatings. Other nonmetallic substrates are also coated in factories, for example, paper, textiles, glass, and films. The chapter focuses on wood and plastics. Historically, the majority of factory wood finishes have been solventborne. Considerable effort has been expended on waterborne finishes for wood furniture, and sustained progress has led to increasing market share for waterborne finishes. Application of a waterborne coating directly on wood leads to excessive grain raising, which may limit their use to applications where there is already a solventborne or UV sealer on the wood. Design of coatings for plastics is complicated by the variety of polymers used in plastics and the range of approaches. For molded plastics, there are two alternatives: in-mold coating, and post-mold coating.
The article contains sections titled: 1Introduction2Laminate Bonding2.1Laminated Structural Timber (Glulam)2.1.1Development2.1.2Construction and Production2.1.2.1Raw Materials2.1.2.2Adhesives2.1.2.3Production2.1.3Properties2.1.4Standards and Testing2.1.5Uses2.2Veneer and Plywood2.2.1Development2.2.2Production of Plywood Elements2.2.3Principal Types of Plywood2.2.4Adhesives and Additives2.2.5Production of Veneer Plywood2.2.6Properties2.2.7Testing and Standards2.2.8Uses3Engineered Wood Products3.1Development3.2Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)3.3Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)3.4Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)3.5Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL)3.6Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)3.7Properties3.8Standards and Testing3.9Uses4Wood-Based Panels4.1Particleboard4.1.1Development4.1.2Types of Particleboard4.1.3Raw Materials4.1.4Adhesives and Additives4.1.5Production4.1.1.1Manufacture of Particles4.1.1.2Particle Drying4.1.1.3Screening and Sifting4.1.1.4Adhesive Application4.1.1.5Mat Forming4.1.1.6Press Process4.1.1.7Finishing4.1.6Properties4.1.7Standards and Testing4.1.8Uses4.2Oriented Strand Board (OSB)4.2.1Development4.2.2Raw Materials4.2.3Adhesives and Additives4.2.4Production4.2.5Properties4.2.6Standards and Testing4.2.7Uses4.3Fiberboard4.3.1Development4.3.2Types of Fiberboards4.3.3Raw Materials4.3.4Binders and Additives4.3.5Production Processes4.3.6Properties4.3.7Standards and Testing4.3.8Uses5Wood-Based Materials with Mineral Binders5.1Development5.2Cement-Bonded Boards5.3Gypsum-Bonded Boards6Wood–Polymer Composites (WPC) and Natural Fiber Composites (NFC)6.1Definition and Composition6.2Applications and Processing6.3Raw Materials6.4Properties6.5Standards and Testing6.6Uses7Coating with Sheets, Short-Cycle Films, and Decorative Laminates7.1General Chemistry of the Coating Materials7.2Coating with Foils7.3Decorative Films (Short-Cycle Films)7.4Decorative Laminates7.5Edge Coatings7.6Properties7.7Standards and Testing7.8Uses8Environmental Aspects8.1Emissions during Production of Wood-Based Materials8.1.1Wood Dust8.1.2Formation of Secondary Compounds during Drying and Production8.1.3Emission of Adhesives during Production8.2Emissions from Wood-based Materials in the Indoor Environment8.2.1Wood and Indoor Climate8.2.2Regulations and Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality8.2.3Very Volatile and Volatile Organic Compounds (VVOC and VOC)8.2.4Formaldehyde8.2.5Health Assessment of Emissions from Wood Products9Recycling of Wood-Based Materials10Economic Aspects
Ten-ply high pressure paper laminates were prepared by impregnating filter paper with mimosa tannin solution mixed with furfuryl alcohol and formurea concentrate. Abrasion resistance tests, a cross-cut test, and water vapour resistance measurements were carried out. The effect of 10-ply paper laminates on the shear strength of plywood was also determined. It was demonstrated that 10-ply paper laminates with mimosa tannin resin may increase the dry shear strength of plywood and reduce the absorption of water into the plywood. 10-ply paper laminates pressed at 140°C temperature at 120 kg cm-2 pressure for 600 s gave the best appearance compared to other laminates.
Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, Second Edition gives extensive information on the microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of materials, along with the biocides which are permitted for use according to the most up-to-date worldwide legislation. Mechanisms of biodegradation and biodeterioration, results of biodeterioration, and methods of biostabilization are covered for a large number of products, making the title relevant for a range of industries and applications, including construction, coatings/paints, medical and pharmaceutical applications, and electronics. In addition, the health and safety aspects of biocide application are covered in detail, as well as the personal protection of practitioners who are required to use them. The contents and the most-up-to-date information make this book essential for almost all the fields of applied chemistry. © 2015 ChemTec Publishing Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Artificial weathering plays an important role in the development of improved coating systems by providing a means of obtaining performance assessments in much shorter time than it is possible using natural weathering. However, there exists at present no agreed artificial weathering test applicable to wood substrates. At the end of 1996 the European Community has approved an extensive European research project called “Arwood.” This project involved ten wood research institutes (CTBA, BRE,WKI, VTT, TRAETEK, EMPA, CC,NIT and RUG) and four industrial partners (Tikkurila Oy, Gori-Dyrup,ICI Paints and Cecil) between 1996 and 2000. The project was co-ordinated by CTBA. The principal aim of the project was to develop an artificial weathering method to assess the durability of exterior wood coatings in a short period of time and consequently to speed up the industrial development of new types of coatings systems required to meet increasingly demanding environmental regulations. The development of the test itself had to comply with a particular economic criterion—to wit, the use of a device that is accessible to small and medium-sized companies. This is why the studies have been directed at cycles using fluorescent lights which have, moreover, turned out to be effective in other industrial sectors (steel, plastics). The work of this project had to be the basis for a new CEN standard within the frame of EN 927 “Paints and varnishes-Coating materials and coating systems for exterior wood” describing an artificial weathering test for exterior wood coatings. This standard should complement several existing standards which are addressing the artificial exposure with fluorescent UV, but which are not specific regarding the exposure on a wood substrate. Within this research project several natural and artificial round-robin exposure trials with different coating systems and wood substrates were carried out. This paper mainly reports the findings of two subsequent series of tests which were especially designed to develop and test an “optimized” exposure cycle for the fluorescent UV devices for the artificial weathering of exterior wood coating systems.
Summaries For years there has been debate about the optimal permeability characteristics for the many types of wood coating now available.
Some coatings stand accused of ‘trapping’ moisture; others make claims of allowing ‘breathing’ but may not control movement.
The question therefore stands, ‘is there an optimal band for moisture transport, for a given set of conditions?’. This paper
reviews the evidence of past and more recent work and sets out to consider whether the issue can yet be resolved. A new Performance
Standard for wood coatings is now nearing completion. It is thus vital that the question be answered to enable realistic performance
criteria to be included in the specification.
[This review is adapted from a paper first presented at the PRA Symposium ‘Advances in Exterior Wood Coatings and CEN Standardisation’
October 19–21 1998]
The use of medium density fibreboard in the building and furniture industries has initiated demand for powder coatings for this substrate. Kris Buysens reveals how the formulations measure up to their new tasks.
The issues related to planned maintenance painting of housing stock in the UK which relates to exterior timber windows and doors are discussed. Five components that are part of a strategic review include product specification, repair of damaged substrates, practices and methods, routine care, and partnering initiatives. Some of the benefits for housing stock owners include reduced tendering activities that save resources, reduced inspection activities that save resources, initial efforts deliver cost savings, and premature failure agreements. The main opportunity for improvement has been identified as partnering initiatives between the housing stock owners, painting contractors and coating manufacturers.
The flow of a viscous liquid film on a plane surface, under the influence of gravity and surface tension, is analysed mathematically, taking into account the initial surface profile of the liquid and any inclination of the underlying surface. The approach adopted is suitable for liquids such as paint where the Reynolds number is extremely low and the viscosity may be shear or time dependent. The surface profile is represented by a complex Fuorier Series and the hydrodynamic analysis centres on the biharmonic equation for the stream function. Two velocity components are derived for each point on an arbitrary initial grid and the displacements are obtained on multiplying by a short time interval from which the next grid is obtained. In this way the progress of the surface profile can be followed. Such a numerical method is eminently suitable for computer graphic simulation.
Correlations among the three components, δd2 (dispersion), δh2 (hydrogen-bonding), and δp2 (polar) that make up the Hansen solubility parameter equation, δo2 = δd2 + δh2 + δp2, have been analyzed for a large number of organic solvents. A relationship is found that enables δh and δp to be estimated if δo and δd are known. This relationship is applied to a variety of common polymers and remarkably good agreement is obtained with tabulated values for δh and δp. Additional correlations are found that can be expressed in approximate functional form. The analysis also reveals relationships, expressed as inequalities, among the parameters that limit their range of possible values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4337–4343, 2004