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Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Linn. Maton) Seeds in Health
Abstract
This chapter presents a report on cardamom seeds and their health benefits. As a spice, cardamom is used for culinary purposes in curry, coffee, cakes, and bread and for flavoring sweet dishes and drinks. The seeds and the essential oil are used as a flavoring component in a variety of foods. Medicinally, cardamom has been used locally in India and some other Asian countries to treat depression, some heart disorders, dysentery, and diarrhea. It has also been used to counter vomiting and nausea. The seed, which is where the essential oils are mainly found, has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antioxidant, and is also reported to act as an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs. The essential oils from the seeds of Elettaria cardamomum have been reported to show good skin permeation activity for certain drugs. The oils from Elettaria cardamomum seeds exhibited in vitro anticarcinogenic activity by inhibiting the formation of DNA adducts by aflatoxin B1 in a microsomal enzyme-mediated reaction. The extracts from Elettaria cardamomum exhibited antimicrobial activity against oral microbes. Elettaria cardamomum seed extract is one of the ingredients of the polyherbal formulation used for treating the dementia of Alzheimer's disease. The extract is also used in herbal combinations to treat anxiety, tension, and insomnia. The seed extract finds applications in some of the herbal-based cosmetic formulations, which include skin-whitening, anti-dandruff, hair-shine, and hair-growth preparations. Due to the extensive appliance of cardamom, its production needs to be increased by adopting modern technology. It is believed by some that its overuse could cause impotence. On the other hand, a daily dose is said to maintain general health and improve eyesight.
... There are no conflicts of interest. Pippali, [60][61][62] Ela, [63] Maricha, [78] Dhanyaka, [69] Twaka [73] Anti-inflammatory Pippali, [64,65] Jeeraka, [83,84] Shunthi, [66,67] Ela, [70] Maricha, [68,74] Twaka, [73] Dhanyaka [69] Anti-bacterial Tejpatra, [67] Ela, [70,71] Twaka [72] ...
... There are no conflicts of interest. Pippali, [60][61][62] Ela, [63] Maricha, [78] Dhanyaka, [69] Twaka [73] Anti-inflammatory Pippali, [64,65] Jeeraka, [83,84] Shunthi, [66,67] Ela, [70] Maricha, [68,74] Twaka, [73] Dhanyaka [69] Anti-bacterial Tejpatra, [67] Ela, [70,71] Twaka [72] ...
... Jeeraka, [67,68] Ela [70,71] ...
Respiratory ailments represent over 10% of all disability-adjusted life-years, a statistic that reflects the measure of active and productive life lost owing to a condition. A large number of Confections (Avaleha) have been recommended in various authoritative treatises by ancient seers for different respiratory disorders. Kushmanda Avaleha is one such multi-ingredient Ayurvedic formulation, which is advocated for the first time in Ashtanga Sangraha for Cough, Hiccups, Fever, Dyspnea, etc. Its chief constituent is Benincasa hispida Thumb. It has also been included in the Essential drug list published by the Ministry of AYUSH. Thus, this article is emphasized on compiling and exploring various classical references as well as reported current literature in various scientific journals and online databases about the therapeutic potential of Kushmanda Avaleha as well as its ingredients with special reference to respiratory illness. All the information has been placed here in comprehensive manner. Moreover, a number of studies have also been conducted and published which established the efficacy of its all ingredients in diverse respiratory pathologies through manifold mechanisms such as Bronchodilator, Anti-tussive, Mucolytic, etc. Therefore, on meticulous appraisal, it can be inferred that Kushmanda Avaleha is a complete care and an effective medication for various respiratory disorders.
... Seeds Cardamom oil. Cardamom oil has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant (Sengottuvelu 2011), anticancer, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and stomachic (Kumari and Dutta 2014). Moreover, it is an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs agents (Sengottuvelu 2011). ...
... Cardamom oil has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant (Sengottuvelu 2011), anticancer, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and stomachic (Kumari and Dutta 2014). Moreover, it is an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs agents (Sengottuvelu 2011). The major compounds present in the cardamom oleoresin are 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate comprising about 66% of the total volatiles. ...
Microencapsulation is a process of building a functional barrier between the core and wall material to avoid chemical and physical reactions and to maintain the biological, functional, and physicochemical properties of core materials. Microencapsulation of marine, vegetable, and essential oils has been conducted and commercialized by employing different methods including emulsification, spray-drying, coaxial electrospray system, freeze-drying, coacervation, in situ polymerization, melt-extrusion, supercritical fluid technology, and fluidized-bed-coating. Spray-drying and coacervation are the most commonly used techniques for the microencapsulation of oils. The choice of an appropriate microencap-sulation technique and wall material depends upon the end use of the product and the processing conditions involved. Microencapsulation has the ability to enhance the oxidative stability, thermostability, shelf-life, and biological activity of oils. In addition, it can also be helpful in controlling the volatility and release properties of essential oils. Microencapsulated marine, vegetable, and essential oils have found broad applications in various fields. This review describes the recognized benefits and functional properties of various oils, microencapsulation techniques, and application of encapsulated oils in various food, pharmaceutical, and even textile products. Moreover, this review may provide information to researchers working in the field of food, pharmacy, agronomy, engineering, and nutrition who are interested in microencapsulation of oils.
... The carnosic acid present in rosemary protects nerve cells from ischemic injury by generating the quinone derivatives which are accompanied by the loss of hydrogen radicals from their phenolic groups (Kumar and Kumari, 2021). The derivative of rosemary plays an important role in Aβ mechanism as they modulate amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways; the major pathways associated with AD pathogenesis (Sengottuvelu, 2011). Carnosic acid reduces the generation of amyloid-β 1-42, Aβtau agglomeration and protects the cells from beta-amyloidinduced toxicity (Kumar and Kumari, 2021). ...
... Carnosic acid reduces the generation of amyloid-β 1-42, Aβtau agglomeration and protects the cells from beta-amyloidinduced toxicity (Kumar and Kumari, 2021). Rosemary leaf extract enhances memory and learning ability and is directly proportional to the activity of enzymes like AChE, BuChE, etc., (Sengottuvelu, 2011). ...
The current scientific community is facing a daunting challenge to unravel reliable natural compounds with realistic potential to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The reported compounds/drugs mostly synthetic deemed the reliability and therapeutic potential largely due to their complexity and off-target issues. The natural products from nutraceutical compounds emerge as viable preventive therapeutics to fill the huge gap in treating neurological disorders. Considering that Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial disease, natural compounds offer the advantage of a multitarget approach, tagging different molecular sites in the human brain, as compared with the single-target activity of most of the drugs so far used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. A wide range of plant extracts and phytochemicals reported to possess the therapeutic potential to Alzheimer’s disease includes curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, morin, delphinidins, quercetin, luteolin, oleocanthal, and other phytochemicals such as huperzine A, limonoids, and azaphilones. Reported targets of these natural compounds include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, amyloid senile plaques, oxidation products, inflammatory pathways, specific brain receptors, etc. We tenaciously aimed to review the in-depth potential of natural products and their therapeutic applications against Alzheimer’s disease, with a special focus on a diversity of medicinal plants and phytocompounds and their mechanism of action against Alzheimer’s disease pathologies. We strongly believe that the medicinal plants and phytoconstituents alone or in combination with other compounds would be effective treatments against Alzheimer’s disease with lesser side effects as compared to currently available treatments.
... Even current ethnopharmacological applications include its use to relieve diseases and conditions such as bronchitis, depression, gallbladder problems, dysentery, influenza, infections, and impotence, to name a few. [15][16][17] Currently, preclinical studies have identified analgesic, antiseptic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. [15][16][17][18] Despite this, few human clinical trials examined cardamom's impact on health outcomes for various diseases and conditions. ...
... [15][16][17] Currently, preclinical studies have identified analgesic, antiseptic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. [15][16][17][18] Despite this, few human clinical trials examined cardamom's impact on health outcomes for various diseases and conditions. This narrative review discusses human investigations of cardamom's effects on blood glucose and lipid regulation, inflammation, hypertension, and gastrointestinal discomfort of pregnancy. ...
The spice cardamom, also known historically as the “queen of spices,” is produced from the seeds of the plant Elettaria cardamomum, which is cultivated commercially on plantations in the south of India, Sri Lanka, Central America, and Southeast Asia. It enhances both sweet and savory dishes in many regions around the world. In ancient traditional medicines, cardamom was used to alleviate digestive disorders and obesity, and even today, it is used in local cultures for individuals with ailments such as bronchitis, depression, dysentery, influenza, and infections. This narrative review discusses human investigations of cardamom's effects on blood glucose and lipid regulation, inflammation and hypertension, and gastrointestinal discomfort of pregnancy. To date, the limited and inconsistent outcomes from these trials are insufficient to support recommendations for human use. Related animal studies are also summarized, and recommendations for future research are highlighted.
... Cardamom is considered safe for use by pregnant and breast-feeding mothers if taken in food amounts. But caution should be taken if to be taken in large doses as there is no sufficient studies that determines its full effects(Sengottuvelu, 2011). In addition, large doses of cardamom may trigger allergic reaction for sensitive people. ...
... In addition, large doses of cardamom may trigger allergic reaction for sensitive people. Severe side effects include difficulty in breathing, hive, swelling of skin, and heaviness of chest(El Malti, Mountassif, & Amarouch, 2007;Sengottuvelu, 2011).The strengths of this study included the identification of RCTs with a detailed search strategy and subgroup analysis of intervention duration, participant's age, and health status categories. Also, analysis were performed based on between-group's mean changes, which is more precise than within-group changes, leading to find greater effect sizes, favoring intervention (Furlan, Pennick, Bombardier, & van Tulder, ...
Cardiovascular disease is a highly prevalent issue worldwide and one of its main manifestations, dyslipidemia, needs more attention. Recent studies have suggested that cardamom has favorable effects beyond lipid lowering, but the result are contradictory. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effect of cardamom on lipids. The search included PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library (up to March, 2019) to identify RCTs investigating the effects of cardamom supplementation on serum lipid parameters. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were pooled using a random‐effect model. Meta‐analysis of data from five eligible RCTs showed that cardamom supplementation did not significantly change the concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD: −6.11 mg/dl, 95% CI [−13.06, 0.83], I2 = 0.0%), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: −4.31 mg/dl, 95% CI [−9.75, 1.13], I2 = 0.0%), or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: 1.75 mg/dl, 95% CI [−1.95 to 5.46], I2 = 71.4%). However, a significant reduction was observed in serum triglyceride (TG; WMD: −20.55 mg/dl, 95% CI [−32.48, −8.63], I2 = 0.0%) levels after cardamom supplementation. Cardamom might be able to change TG, but for confirming the results, more studies exclusively on dyslipidemia patients and considering the intake of lipid lowering agents as exclusion criteria are necessary.
... Seeds Cardamom oil. Cardamom oil has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant (Sengottuvelu 2011), anticancer, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and stomachic (Kumari and Dutta 2014). Moreover, it is an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs agents (Sengottuvelu 2011). ...
... Cardamom oil has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant (Sengottuvelu 2011), anticancer, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and stomachic (Kumari and Dutta 2014). Moreover, it is an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs agents (Sengottuvelu 2011). The major compounds present in the cardamom oleoresin are 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate comprising about 66% of the total volatiles. ...
... Seeds Cardamom oil. Cardamom oil has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant (Sengottuvelu 2011), anticancer, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and stomachic (Kumari and Dutta 2014). Moreover, it is an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs agents (Sengottuvelu 2011). ...
... Cardamom oil has potential applications as an antimicrobial, antibacterial, antioxidant (Sengottuvelu 2011), anticancer, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant, and stomachic (Kumari and Dutta 2014). Moreover, it is an efficient skin permeation enhancer for certain drugs agents (Sengottuvelu 2011). The major compounds present in the cardamom oleoresin are 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate comprising about 66% of the total volatiles. ...
Microencapsulation is a process of building a functional barrier between the core and wall material to avoid chemical and physical reactions and to maintain the biological, functional, and physicochemical properties of core materials. Microencapsulation of marine, vegetable, and essential oils has been conducted and commercialized by employing different methods including emulsification, spray-drying, coaxial electrospray system, freeze-drying, coacervation, in situ polymerization, melt-extrusion, supercritical fluid technology, and fluidized-bed-coating. Spray-drying and coacervation are the most commonly used techniques for the microencapsulation of oils. The choice of an appropriate microencap-sulation technique and wall material depends upon the end use of the product and the processing conditions involved. Microencapsulation has the ability to enhance the oxidative stability, thermostability, shelf-life, and biological activity of oils. In addition, it can also be helpful in controlling the volatility and release properties of essential oils. Microencapsulated marine, vegetable, and essential oils have found broad applications in various fields. This review describes the recognized benefits and functional properties of various oils, microencapsulation techniques, and application of encapsulated oils in various food, pharmaceutical, and even textile products. Moreover, this review may provide information to researchers working in the field of food, pharmacy, agronomy, engineering, and nutrition who are interested in microencapsulation of oils.
... The seeds of E. cardamomum yield essential oils that have been reported to show good skin permeation activity for certain drugs. The oils of E. cardamomum interact with the lipids of the horny layer of the skin, resulting in the damage of the structural order of the skin and thus increasing the diffusion capacity of the active components by the lipid intercellular pathway (Sengottuvelu, 2011). ...
Cardamom is one of the most expensive species in the world which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and it's used as traditional medicine. Cardamom is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Guatemala. It's available in two types; black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) and green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). In folk medicine, different parts of E. cardamomum is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, stomachic, retentive, digestive, antiemetic, carminative and anti-putrefactive (during embalmment) agents, and also in treating gums, teeth and throat infection, lung congestion, pulmonary tuberculosis, high blood pressure, heart disease and digestive disorders. Cardamom oil is used as a spice in food and as liquors/flavours in pharmaceutical industries. In medicine, its oil is used as a powerful antiseptic, stomachic, aromatic and diuretic agent. The capsules have been used traditionally for teeth, gum infections, asthma and preparations of digestive ailments. In this chapter, we have consolidated the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of cardamom and their medicinal uses and the antioxidant activities present in cardamom along with its popular and traditional uses.
... Initially, cardamom cultivation was solely placed in India by British planters. Nowadays, cardamom is grown in India, Guatemala, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Tanzania; being Guatemala the major producer, followed by India [3,4]. ...
Green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is an outspread spice native to Asia, which is well appreciated for its sensory characteristics, delicate aroma, and unique taste. Currently, the main cardamom extracts are essential oils (EOs), and regarding current market tendencies, this market is in high growth. For this reason, technologies such as the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) have been applied to reach higher yields and better quality of EO. Then, this study explores the impact of DIC as a pretreatment before hydrodistillation (HD) on the EO yield and their antioxidant activity. Obtained results showed that the coupling of DIC-HD increased the yield of essential oil and also had a positive impact on their antioxidant capacity. The EO yield of DIC-HD (140 �C and 30 s) was 4.43% vs. 2.52% for control; the AOX of DIC-HD (165 �C and 30 s) was 86% inhibition vs. 57.02% for control, and the TEAC of DIC-HD (140 �C and 30 s) was 1.44 uMTE/g EO vs. 13.66 uMTE/g EO.
... The cardamom has been used in various food to impart special aroma and mouthfeel. It is reported to have positive affects against cardiovascular diseases, diarrhea, depression, nausea and vomiting (Sengottuvelu 2011). The black pepper (Piper nigrum L) used for culinary purposes is proven to improve the functions of digestive system. ...
The need for production of more health‐promoting, nutraceutical properties and affordable drinks prompted the idea of establishing ginger‐based beverages. This study is aimed to produce a new innovative ready to drink splash of ginger. Standard methods were applied for sensory analysis and physicochemical (proximate) analysis. Among the various combinations, the newly developed ginger-based beverage containing 2.0g/10ml ginger extract was found to be better for its nutritional quality and sensory evaluation. Both of the products, control and newly established ginger-based beverage have been found highly acceptable according to sensory evaluation. The acidity, pH, brix, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity and IC50 of newly developed ginger-based beverage were found to be 26%, 3.0, 9.4%, 18.1%, and 85.65ppm respectively. On the sensory and microbiological point of view, the presently developed ginger-based beverage was found highly acceptable. Analysis during storage for a period 60 days shows good quality attributes of ginger splash. A reducing trend was observed in ascorbic acid and in acidity content during storage. The pH has been observed increased by the passage of time. Ascorbic acid content of ginger splash was observed to be changes significantly during storage period. The newly developed ginger splash also has the market competent price therefore the product is likely to gain the attraction of consumer and improves the market trends.
... The seeds of E. cardamomum yield essential oils that have been reported to show good skin permeation activity for certain drugs. The oils of E. cardamomum interact with the lipids of the horny layer of the skin, resulting in the damage of the structural order of the skin and thus increasing the diffusion capacity of the active components by the lipid intercellular pathway (Sengottuvelu, 2011). ...
This reference book is based on the history, cultivation, processing, breeding, protection, phytochemistry, and pharmacological importance of cardamom. Cardamom is scientifically known as Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and is a member of the Zingiberaceae family. It's a shade-loving plant that grows well at an altitude between 600 and 1400 metres above sea level, with annual rainfall ranging from 1300–4000 mm and temperatures ranging from 10 to 35°C. Cardamom is highly cross-pollinated and depends on honeybees for pollination. Cardamom is classified into three types based on the nature of the panicles, namely, Malabar (prostrate panicle), Mysore (erect panicle) and Vazhukka (semi-erect panicle), a natural hybrid between Mysore and Malabar varieties. In India, currently, six research institutions, namely, Cardamom Research Station (CRS), Pampadumpara (Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala), ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, Kerala; Cardamom Research Centre, Appangala, Karnataka; Indian Cardamom Research Institute (ICRI), Myladumpara, Kerala and its Regional Research Station, Sakleshpur, Karnataka and Regional Research Station, Mudigere (University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences) are engaged in research for the improvement of cardamom farming. These research institutions have begun doing routine surveys to exploit desirable genes using a variety of traditional and modern crop improvement techniques. Also, these research centres/institutes are holding enormous genetic wealth of different accessions. Recently, many researchers have used various biotechnological approaches to conduct studies on micropropagation, assess the diversity in germplasm collections, and elucidate the biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in cardamom.
Fungal, bacterial and viral diseases pose severe threats to the successful cultivation of this crop. Major pests of cardamom include thrips, shoot and capsule borer, root grub, and whiteflies. Injudicious pesticide applications to manage pests and diseases rises the residue levels in the cured product, limiting its export value. Bio-pesticides control pest in an eco-friendly manner and are considered as the best alternatives to synthetic pesticides. It includes the effective utilization of microbials (bacteria, fungi, virus, and nematodes), macrobials (predators, parasitoids, and parasites), botanicals, organic amendments, semiochemicals, endophytes, and reduced risk pesticides in managing pest and diseases.
Cardamom is grown in the throughout tropical mountains mainly for its capsules and its essential oil. Cardamom capsules/seeds accumulate essential oil and other bioactive metabolites, which contribute to their distinctive aroma and are used in the functional food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. More than 100 secondary metabolites have been identified from cardamom essential oil. The essential oil of cardamom capsules possesses predominantly monoterpene constituents, such as 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, α-terpineol, linalool, linalyl acetate and nerolidol and the ester constituent α-terpinyl acetate all of which have therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral and gastroprotective activities. Cardamom capsules contain substantial concentration of flavonoids like catechin, myricetin, kaempferol and quercetin. Lutein is said to be the most abundant carotenoid in small cardamom. According to recent investigations, cardamom phenolic constituents’ flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins are being used to treat cardiovascular, pulmonary, kidney, and lung disorders. Cardamom capsules are a nutraceutical and functional food that can protect humans from several chronic diseases when taken daily. Cardamom oil is a new potential natural source for food, aroma, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Since the 4th century BC, Indian Ayurvedic physicians, as well as Greek and Roman doctors, have used small cardamom capsules to treat bronchitis, asthma, and constipation, as well as colds, coughs, diuretics, carminatives, teeth and gum infections, urinary and kidney disorders, congestion of the lungs, pulmonary tuberculosis, irritation of the eyelids, cataract, nausea, and diarrhoea. Cardamom was used to treat constipation, stomach aches, bladder infections, and dysentery in children in traditional Chinese medicine. Cardamom is also used in Ayurvedic medicine to cure food sickness. Cardamom oils are being employed in the production of plant-based hand lotions and soaps. Digestive problems can be treated with powdered cardamom capsules mixed with pulverised cloves, ginger, and caraway. In addition, using cardamom capsules helps to relieve inflammation and headaches.
This reference book entitled “Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]: Production, Breeding, Management, Phytochemistry and Health Benefits” is comprises of twelve chapters contributed by different authors and provide complete information about this wonderful herb. Its occurrence, history, cultivation, post-harvest processing, botany, crop improvement, biotechnology, protection, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities are well described with supporting references.
The book contains latest information pertaining to cardamom and its cultivation. The information provided in this book will be very useful for students, academicians, researchers, and scientists, as well as others interested/involved nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
... Therefore, the use of cardamom in breastfeeding women should be discouraged. Also, there are studies that cardamom seeds oil can interfere with medications, such as liver inflammatory and gallstones drugs (67,68). ...
Stomachic mixture is used widely for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. However, the evidence for its efficacy and safety is scarce. The review of pharmacology and toxicity of stomachic mixture constituents provides information for patients and healthcare providers in deciding the use of this drug. Stomachic mixture products registered in Thailand as shown in the Thai Food and Drug Administration database in 2018 contained sodium bicarbonate as their main active ingredient of the stomachic mixture. The herbal components in the stomachic recipe registered to Thai FDA were volatile oils, anthraquinone glycosides, bitter substances, and spicy substances. The amount of each ingredient in the stomachic mixture, when the mixture was used as recommended, was lower than toxic doses of the component. However, the sodium amount in the stomachic mixture could be high for patients requiring sodium restriction. Data regarding the use of stomachic mixture in pregnant and lactating women were insufficient. Therefore, the stomachic mixture should be avoided in patients requiring sodium restriction, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women. Side effects of stomachic mixture on the liver, kidney, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system and hypoglycemia are possible.
... The most important compounds (99.04%) were monoterpenes, among which α-terpinyl acetate (42.65%) and 1,8-cineol/eucalyptol (33.78%) dominated. In addition to many proven pharmaceutical properties of cardamom EO (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and insecticidal effects) [3,14], the recently published study also showed that α-terpinyl acetate has multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) potential in Alzheimer's disease [44]. The other compounds with a significant content in cardamom EO were α-terpineol (2.98%), linalool (2.72%), limonene (2.32%), 4-terpineol (1.85%), and sabinene (1.82%). ...
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) includes plants that are known worldwide to have a distinctive smell and taste, which are often used as spices in the kitchen, but also in various industries (pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic) due to their proven biological activity. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) of essential oils (EOs) of four characteristic ginger species: Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton (cardamom), Curcuma Longa L. (turmeric), Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (ginger), and Alpinia Officinarum Hance (galangal). Furthermore, the total phenolic content (TPC) and AA of crude extracts obtained after using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and different extraction solvents (80% ethanol, 80% methanol and water) were evaluated. A total of 87 different chemical components were determined by GC-MS/MS in the EOs obtained after hydrodistillation, 14 of which were identified in varying amounts in all EOs. The major compounds found in cardamom, turmeric, ginger, and galangal were α-terpinyl acetate (40.70%), β-turmerone (25.77%), α-zingiberene (22.69%) and 1,8-cineol (42.71%), respectively. In general, 80% ethanol was found to be the most effective extracting solvent for the bioactivities of the investigated species from the Zingiberaceae family. Among the crude extracts, ethanolic extract of galangal showed the highest TPC value (63.01 ± 1.06 mg GA g −1 DW), while the lowest TPC content was found in cardamom water extract (1.04 ± 0.29 mg GA g −1 DW). The AA evaluated by two different assays (ferric-reducing antioxidant power-FRAP and the scavenging activity of the cationic ABTS radical) proved that galangal rhizome is the plant with the highest antioxidant potential. In addition, no statistical difference was found between the AA of turmeric and ginger extracts, while cardamom rhizome was again inferior. In contrast to the crude extracts, the EOs resulted in significantly lower ABTS and FRAP values, with turmeric EO showing the highest AA.
... The analogs of CD identified are 2 0 ,4 0 -dihydroxy-6 0 -methoxy chalcone (DHMC), and 4, 4 0 -dihydroxylchalcone (DHC) (de Oliveira Cabral et al., 2017;He et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). CD can be isolated from Piper aduncum, Ginkgo biloba, Boesenbergia pandurate, Elettaria cardamomum; the rhizome of Boesenbergia pandurata and Boesenbergia rotunda, Alpenia pricei, Kaempferia parviflora; fruit of Campomanesia reitziana; fruit and the rhizomes of Alpinia rafflesiana, Alpinia conchigera, and leaves and seeds of Carya cathayensis, Amomum subulatum, Cedrelopsis grevei (Murakami et al., 1993;Voon et al., 2017;Tewtrakul et al., 2009;Nawaz et al., 2020;de Castro et al., 2015;Gonçalves et al., 2014;de Oliveira Cabral et al., 2017;Jaiswal et al., 2015;Liao et al., 2019;Qin et al., 2012;Ghosh and Rangan, 2013;Bisht et al., 2011;Chahyadi et al., 2014;Ongwisespaiboon and Jiraungkoorskul, 2017;Mingorance et al., 2008;de Souza Duarte et al., 2020;Tian et al., 2014;Sengottuvelu, 2011;Chan et al., 2007;Chaturapanich et al., 2008;de Almeida et al., 2009;Hseu et al., 2011;Ongwisespaiboon and Jiraungkoorskul, 2017). ...
Although chronic diseases are often caused by the perturbations in multiple cellular components involved in different biological processes, most of the approved therapeutics target a single gene/protein/pathway which makes them not as efficient as they are anticipated and are also known to cause severe side effects. Therefore, the pursuit of safe, efficacious, and multitargeted agents is imperative for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Cardamonin is one such agent that has been known to modulate different signaling molecules such as transcription factors (NF-κB and STAT3), cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) enzymes (COX-2, MMP-9 and ALDH1), other proteins and genes (Bcl-2, XIAP and cyclin D1), involved in the development and progression of chronic diseases. Multiple lines of evidence emerging from pre-clinical studies advocate the promising potential of this agent against various pathological conditions like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, etc., despite its poor bioavailability. Therefore, further studies are paramount in establishing its efficacy in clinical settings. Hence, the current review focuses on highlighting the underlying molecular mechanism of action of cardamonin and delineating its potential in the prevention and treatment of different chronic diseases.
... The previous study has shown the use of E. cardamomum seeds in a poly-herbal formulation for the treatment of AD. An Ayurveda formulation containing cardamom showed CNS-depressant and anticonvulsant activity in mice (Sengottuvelu, 2011). A previous study has also shown anticholinesterase activity of few monoterpenes such as α-pinene, terpineol, linalool, ß-myrcene, nerol and geraniol (Zarrad, Laarif, Ben, Chaieb, & Mediouni, 2017). ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive deficit. Various drug targets implicated in AD are β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, cholinesterase enzymes, and free radicals. Plants derived phytoconstituents provides a vast pool of diverse compounds as a source of novel drugs. In view of this, the Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton. extract and its active phytoconstituents alpha-terpinyl acetate were used to study the disease-modifying effects in AD. The present study successfully demonstrated for the first time the therapeutic potential of alpha-terpinyl acetate as it binds to multiple drug targets, resulting in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzyme, reduced Aβ induced neurotoxicity, reduced hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and anti-amyloidogenic property. In conclusion, alpha-terpinyl acetate can be used as a suitable lead to develop a molecule that might have multi-targeted directed ligand (MTDL) potential and disease amelioration effects in AD.
... Its dried fruits have great economic importance, being one of the most highly priced spices [10]. Cardamom fruits have stomachic, spasmolytic, anti-foaming, expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties [16, 20]. Besides medicinal purposes, cardamom fruits are used as a condiment and flavouring agent in food industry [19, 20]. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cardamom essential oil and antibiotics combinations against methicillin-resistant clinical isolates and ATCC 25923 reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The interaction of the essential oil with the antibiotics was assessed by the checkerboard method. The chemical composition of essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and α-terpinyl acetate (39.59%) and 1,8-cineole (31.27%) were identified as main compounds. Combinations of cardamom essential oil with amoxicillin or ciprofloxacin exerted mainly additive and indifferent effects on methicillin-resistant clinical isolates while combinations of 1,8-cineol with antibiotics generated antagonistic and indifferent effects. Additive effects on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were generated by the following combinations: cardamom essential oil – ciprofloxacin, 1,8-cineol – amoxicillin and 1,8-cineol – ciprofloxacin. The antagonistic interactions noted here, particularly for 1,8-cineol, suggest that its concomitant administration with amoxicillin or ciprofloxacin, depending on the combination ratios, can diminish the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics in infections with Staphyloccocus aureus isolates.
Cardamom (cardamum) is a spice produced from the seeds of several Elettaria and Amomum plants of the Zingiberaceae family. Cardamom has been demonstrated to offer numerous benefits, including its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other metabolic (anti-diabetic) properties, and its potential to reduce cancer risk. Recently, researchers have extracted and tested multiple phytochemicals from cardamom to assess their potential effectiveness against various types of human malignancy. These studies have indicated that cardamom can help overcome drug resistance to standard chemotherapy and protect against chemotherapy-induced toxicity due to its scavenging properties. Furthermore, chemical compounds in cardamom, including limonene, cymene, pinene, linalool, borneol, cardamonin, indole-3-carbinol, and diindolylmethane, primarily target the programmed cell death lignin-1 gene, which is more prevalent in cancer cells than in healthy cells. This review provides the medicinal properties and pharmacological uses of cardamom, its cellular effects, and potential therapeutic uses in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as its use in reducing drug resistance and improving the overall health of cancer patients. Based on previous preclinical studies, cardamom shows significant potential as an anti-cancer agent, but further exploration for clinical use is warranted due to its diverse mechanisms of action.
Bu çalışmanın amacı Elettaria cardamomum’un tohumlarından hazırlanan ekstraktların çeşitli bakterilere karşı olan antibakteriyel aktivitelerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu çalışmada, Elettaria cardamomum bitkisinin tohumlarından farklı çözücüler (etanol, aseton, etil asetat, kloroform, soğuk su, sıcak su) kullanılarak ekstraktları hazırlanmıştır. Ekstraktların beş patojen bakteri suşuna (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 29853) karşı olan antibakteriyel aktiviteleri disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları etanol, aseton, etil asetat ve kloroform ekstraktlarının Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 ve Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 bakterilerine karşı farklı derecelerde antibakteriyel aktiviteye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmadaki tüm ekstraktlar Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 29853 bakterilerine karşı antibakteriyel aktivite göstermemiştir. En yüksek antibakteriyel aktiviteyi etil asetat ekstraktı Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 bakterisine karşı göstermiştir.
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), also known as true cardamom and green cardamom, is a herbaceous perennial plant that originated in India. The seeds of cardamom are commonly used as flavoring compounds in a variety of foods. The seeds are also incorporated into nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical formulations. This chapter overviews the cardamom seed’s physical, nutrient, and phytochemical traits. In addition, the functional properties of the seed are also compiled and discussed.KeywordsCardamom seed
Elettaria cardamomum
PhytochemicalsBioactive compounds True cardamom
Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] is an essential member of the Zingiberaceae family. This species has several known names, such as green cardamom, small cardamom and true cardamom. The plant is cultivated in several Asian countries; Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, North and Latin America, Mexico, Costa Rica, and African countries, including Tanzania. After saffron and vanilla, cardamom is the third most expensive spice, and it is considered the “Queen of Spices” for its unique taste and aroma. In traditional medicine, it is used to manage several ailments and diseases such as asthma, teeth infections, digestive and kidney disorders, diarrhea, nausea, cataracts, and cardiac disorders. In addition, cardamom capsules are commonly used as flavor agents in Indian and middle-eastern cuisine. It possesses several pharmacological traits, such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, cardio-protective, diuretic, gastro-protective, immunomodulatory, and sedative, with tremendous food and medical applications.KeywordsCardio-protectivetraditional medicinebioactive compoundsAlzheimer’s disease
The current scientific community is facing a daunting challenge to unravel reliable natural compounds with realistic potential to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The reported compounds/drugs mostly synthetic deemed the reliability and therapeutic potential largely due to their complexity and off-target issues. The natural products from nutraceutical compounds emerge as viable preventive therapeutics to fill the huge gap in treating neurological disorders. Considering that Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial disease, natural compounds offer the advantage of a multitarget approach, tagging different molecular sites in the human brain, as compared with the single-target activity of most of the drugs so far used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. A wide range of plant extracts and phytochemicals reported to possess the therapeutic potential to Alzheimer’s disease includes curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, morin, delphinidins, quercetin, luteolin, oleocanthal, and other phytochemicals such as huperzine A, limonoids, and azaphilones. Reported targets of these natural compounds include inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, amyloid senile plaques, oxidation products, inflammatory pathways, specific brain receptors, etc. We tenaciously aimed to review the in-depth potential of natural products and their therapeutic applications against Alzheimer’s disease, with a special focus on a diversity of medicinal plants and phytocompounds and their mechanism of action against Alzheimer’s disease pathologies. We strongly believe that the medicinal plants and phytoconstituents alone or in combination with other compounds would be effective treatments against Alzheimer’s disease with lesser side effects as compared to currently available treatments.
Anxiety is a disorder with known etiology and clinical symptoms which is managed by combination therapy or the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), such as psychopharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and herbal medicine. The approach of scientists is to identify natural anxiolytics, based on their active components and their mechanism of action. So far, several medicinal plants have been identified and their effective components have been isolated and characterized as having cellular and molecular targets to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the progress made in identification, application and drug interaction issues of such products, further studies should be planned to minimize their side effects and enhance their efficiency and specificity for a given health condition. The use of natural anxiolytics, either alone or in combination with other remedies can be improved by managing the preparation protocols, the route and the form of administration. In this context, natural drinks such as coffee with high levels of caffeine may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of anxiety. On the other hands, theanine (present in tea leaves) can alleviate the symptoms of the disorder. The current information available on traditional medicine and pharmacognosy is promising for formulation of nutraceuticals more specifically, with highest efficiency for prevention and treatment of anxiety. This review article attempts to introduce major herbs/plants recognized for their anti-anxiety effects and explain the feasibility for their specific application. The methods for the extract preparation and optimum condition for using such materials as traditional medicine or for their use in new formulations as nutraceuticals is suggested. The review also includes information about anxiety disorders, etiology, symptoms, types, neurobiology and different approaches to ameliorate anxiety conditions.
This study aimed to investigate the inactivation effect of 150 KeV low-energy X-ray on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes that were inoculated in dry cardamom. The D10 value for E. coli O157:H7 was 71.43 Gy and the tR values for S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus were 53.57, 87.74, and 114.64 Gy, respectively. The irradiation did not significantly affect the amount of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in cardamom; however, the content of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased by approximate 20%. No 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), dimethyl disulfide and 3-methyl-thiophene were detected in the irradiated dry cardamom. These findings indicated that 150 KeV low-energy X-ray could be applied to effectively inactivate pathogens in dry cardamom.
Industrial relevance
It was shown that low-energy X-ray irradiation up to 350 Gy did not generate 2-ACBs, dimethyl disulfide and 3-methyl-thiophene in dry cardamom, which are among the major concerns with the application of food irradiation. The outcomes of this research highlight the potential of low-energy X-ray for the preservation of low moisture foods.
Elettaria cardamomum, known as the small cardamom, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and grows in rainforest. Its seeds contain a volatile oil that is used for culinary purposes but which also has pharmacological properties. However, knowledge of its antimicrobial potential against oral biofilm remains scarce. The present book chapter proposes to demonstrate the effect of an Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (ECE) against oral biofilm bacteria through an in vitro study. The ECE's composition (e.g., moisture, proteins, fat) was also evaluated. Antibacterial activity of the ECE for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei was investigated as part of an ex vivo experiment. Salivary samples of children were collected, homogenized (saliva pool), and spread (20 μL) on cellulose membranes over brain heart infusion agar for biofilm formation (5% CO2, 37°C). After 48 h, the cellulose membranes were treated for 1 min with the following (n = 4), respectively: 0.12% chlorhexidine, ECE (7.34 mg/mL), ECE × 2 (15.45 mg/ mL), and deionized water. Microorganisms were quantified after treatment and analyzed by analysis of variance/Tukey's test (α = 5%). The ECE presented moisture = 13.04 ± 0.48 g/100 g, proteins = 9.62 ± 0.54 g/100 g, and fat = 2.74 ± 0.40/100 g. The ECE thus presents antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms and reduces the microbial viability levels of a biofilm formed from a pediatric saliva pool. As such, this chapter aims to present a review and discussion about the oral antibiofilm effect of cardamom.
Different conventional methods for synthesizing zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnONPs) significantly involves physical and chemical routes. But, often these synthesis processes are quite expensive and also involve the profuse use of many hazardous reagents. To overcome these problems, we have employed a convenient single step phytochemical synthesis of ZnONPs by using abundantly available bioresource, green cardamom. Aqueous extract of green cardamom served the purpose of reducing agent in the formation of ZnONPs, as the extract contains a high amount of flavonoids which hold great reducing properties. Various characterization analyses such as XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, SEM has been done to confirm the formation of ZnONPs and their size and shape. Antibacterial activity of the green ZnONPs was identified against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacterial strains. Significant growth inhibition was found against all. The further anti-cancerous potential of synthesized nanoparticles was also studied on hepatocellular cell lines showing its potential to be a trustworthy anti-cancerous agent.
Background
Cardamom is the flavouring spices mainly cultivated all over the word. Aprt from using as the spices, it has many medicicial values. There the present study aimed to investigate the potential use of cardamom on the ability of learning, developmental, and various biochemical factors of Swiss-Webster mice offspring at different stages.
Methods
In this method Swiss-Webster mice offspring at different stages was used for the analysis of biochemical factors. After administration of the cardamom orally, the pups were subjected to various tests like social and defense behaviors of males and females, anxiety behavior; locomotor and neuromuscular activities, haemotological parameters, hormonal factors from the male and females.
Results
The present findings indicated that the cardamom induced some deficits in social and defense behaviors of males and females respectively, and anxiety behavior. Interestingly, the locomotor and neuromuscular activities were decreased significantly. In addition, the packed cell volume, red blood count, hemoglobin content, AChE in forebrain, the testosterone in males and progesterone in females were increased significantly, whereas the blood platelets and total white blood count were decreased non-significantly. Perinatal exposure of cardamom can pass through placenta or/and lactation and it reaches fetus. Care must be taken when using cardamom and especially during pregnancy and lactation.
Conclusion
The administration of cardamom enhances the ability of learning, developmental, and various biochemical factors of Swiss-Webster mice offspring at different stages.
Purpose
The purpose of this review is to address the consumer’s preferences that have varied greatly in the past decade appraising the use of flavor and aroma compounds in the development of functional foods rather than consuming artificial additives. A growing interest in natural flavoring agents and preservatives have made the researchers to explore the other bio-functional properties of natural flavors beyond their ability to give a remarkable flavor to the food.
Design/methodology/approach
In this review, five major flavoring agents used significantly in food industries have been discussed for their bioactive profile and promising health benefits. Vanilla, coffee, cardamom, saffron and cinnamon, despite being appreciated as natural flavors, have got impressive health benefits due to functional ingredients, which are being used for the development of nutraceuticals.
Findings
Flavoring and coloring compounds of these products have shown positive results in the prevention of several diseases including carcinoma and neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Such effects are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, which possesses free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory antiviral and antimicrobial properties. These properties not only show a preventive mechanism against diseases but also makes the food product shelf-stable by imparting antimicrobial effects.
Originality/value
This paper highlights the opportunities to increase the use of such natural flavoring agents over synthetic aroma compounds to develop novel functional foods. Phenols, carotenoids and flavonoids are the major health-promoting components of these highly valued aroma ingredients.
The Tibetan herbal remedy PADMA 28 revealed promising results to support treatment of atherosclerosis, Charot syndrome (intermittent claudication), chronic active hepatitis and infection of the respiratory tract. The remedy was confirmed to be closely linked with anti- and pro-oxidative properties in vitro. In this study, apoptogenic and survival effects of PADMA 28 were investigated in the T cell-derived lymphocytic leukaemia cell line CEM-C7H2.
PADMA 28 led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation accompanied by the accumulation of CEM-C7H2 cells in subG1 phase, fragmentation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and nuclear body formation. Treatment with PADMA 28 rescued to some extent cells over-expressing Bcl-2 from apoptosis. This finding suggests that the mechanism of action of PADMA 28 may be via interference with Bcl-2 triggered survival pathways.
Inhibitory effects of eugenol, a compound present in many spices such as cloves, cardamom etc. and the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum and Spilanthes calva which are traditionally used in India during the preparation of chewable tobacco, on tobacco-induced mutagenesis were evaluated using Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Eugenol significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) tobacco-induced mutagenicity at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/plate. Anacyclus pyrethrum extract (1 mg/plate) produced 74.33% inhibition while the extract of Spilanthes calva at 2 mg/plate inhibited tobacco-induced mutagenesis by 86.4%. Eugenol and the plant extracts also inhibited the nitrosation of methylurea in a dose-dependent manner.
The in vitro and in vivo effect of pretreatment by cardamom oil, a crude drug extract, in ethanol/water vehicles on the transdermal delivery of indomethacin was investigated. The cyclic monoterpene components in cardamom oil were also determined and quantified in this study. The permeation of indomethacin was significantly enhanced after pretreatment of cardamom oil both in the in vitro and in vivo studies. The result of various pre-treatment periods showed that the indomethacin flux decreased as the length of the pretreatment increased. Both natural cardamom oil and a cyclic monoterpene mixture composed of the components of the oil showed similar enhancement on indomethacin permeation, indicating cyclic monoterpenes are the predominant components altering the barrier property of stratum corneum. The results also showed that three minor components in cardamom oil (alpha-pinene, 6.5%; beta-pinene, 4.8%; alpha-terpineol, 0.4%) had a synergistic effect with 1,8-cineole (59.3%) and d-limonene (29.0%) to enhance the permeation of indomethacin.
'Unmadnashak Ghrita' (UG) is a ayurvedic formulation containing Ferula narthex (6 g), Gardenia gummifera (6 g), Ellataria cardamom (6 g), Bacopa monneri (6 g), and cow's ghee (clarified butter fat) (76 g). In the present study, neuropharmacological activities of UG were evaluated for its gross behavioural effect, pentobarbitone sleeping time, spontaneous locomotor activity, antagonism to amphetamine induced hyperlocomotor activity, analgesic activity by tail flick test, rota-rod performance (motor coordination test), maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures, and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced convulsions in mice. The formulation showed CNS-depressant activity in gross behavioural test, potentiated pentobarbitone sleeping time and there was significant decrease in spontaneous locomotor count in mice. The formulation also antagonized the behavioral effects of CNS-stimulant drug amphetamine, and showed analgesic effect in mice. UG failed to affect the motor coordination test. The formulation also protected mice from MES and PTZ induced convulsions. These results suggest that UG has CNS-depressant and anticonvulsant activity in mice.
This study was designed to investigate the influence of volatile oil pretreated skin on in vitro permeation from films containing ionized and dodecylamine ion-paired diclofenac sodium (DS). The involvement of skin cholesterol was investigated to determine its possible role in enhancing the permeation of ion-paired DS. Cardamom oil produced the maximum (10 x) in vitro permeation enhancement for ion-paired DS. The carrageenan induced rat paw oedema reduction (up to 12 hr) by cardamom oil was comparable to that of diclofenac injection (s c). Leaching of cholesterol from excised skin in addition to increased partition coefficient following volatile oil skin pretreatment appears to be responsible for in vitro permeation enhancement of DS. Whereas, a mild barrier perturbation effect due to altered cholesterol levels following pretreatment with volatile oils appears to increase the permeation of ion-paired DS across viable skin, thereby producing significant reduction of carrageenan induced paw oedema.
Recently, considerable attention has been focused on identifying naturally occurring chemopreventive compounds capable of inhibiting, retarding, or reversing the multi-step carcinogenesis. The primary aim of the present study was to identify the effects of a commonly consumed spice, viz., cardamom against azoxymethane (AOM) induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Swiss Albino mice. The secondary aim, was to explore the ability of cardamom to modulate the status of proliferation and apoptosis, and to understand its role in altering cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Male Swiss albino mice were injected with AOM (dose: 5mg/Kg body weight) or saline (Group 1) weekly once for two weeks. The AOM-injected mice were randomly assigned to two groups (Groups 2 and 3). While all the groups were on standard lab chow, Group 3 received oral doses of 0.5% cardamom, in aqueous suspension, daily for 8 weeks. Following treatment, significant reduction in the incidences of aberrant crypt foci (p<0.05) was observed. This reduction in ACF was accompanied by suppression of cell proliferation (mean Brdu LI in carcinogen control =13.91+/-3.31, and 0.5% cardamom =2.723+/-0.830) and induction of apoptosis (mean AI in carcinogen control=1.547+/-0.42 and 0.5% cardamom = 6.61+/-0.55). Moreover, reduction of both COX-2 and iNOS expression was also observed. These results suggest that aqueous suspensions of cardamom have protective effects on experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis. Cardamom as a whole and its active components require further attention if the use of this spice is to be recommended for cancer prevention.
Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO), petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100-500, 12.5-50, 12.5-150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI) significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by about 70% in the EtOH-induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions, the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine at 50mg/kg.
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is traditionally used in various gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neuronal disorders.
To rationalize cardamom use in constipation, colic, diarrhea, hypertension and as diuretic.
Cardamom crude extract (Ec.Cr) was studied using in vitro and in vivo techniques.
Ec.Cr caused atropine-sensitive stimulatory effect in isolated guinea-pig ileum at 3-10mg/ml. In rabbit jejunum preparations, Ec.Cr relaxed spontaneous and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions as well as shifted Ca++ curves to right, like verapamil. Ec.Cr (3-100mg/kg) induced fall in the arterial blood pressure (BP) of anaesthetized rats, partially blocked in atropinized animals. In endothelium-intact rat aorta, Ec.Cr relaxed phenylephrine (1 microM)-induced contractions, partially antagonized by atropine and also inhibited K+ (80 mM) contractions. In guinea-pig atria, Ec.Cr exhibited a cardio-depressant effect. Ec.Cr (1-10mg/kg) produced diuresis in rats, accompanied by a saluretic effect. It enhanced pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. Bio-assay directed fractionation revealed the separation of spasmogenic and spasmolytic components in the aqueous and organic fractions respectively.
These results indicate that cardamom exhibits gut excitatory and inhibitory effects mediated through cholinergic and Ca++ antagonist mechanisms respectively and lowers BP via combination of both pathways. The diuretic and sedative effects may offer added value in its use in hypertension and epilepsy.