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Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Sweet Basil-Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)
Abstract
Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) belongs to family Lamiaceae. The family Lamiaceae comprises the most employed medicinal plants as a worldwide source of spices and also as a consolidated source of extracts. The chemical composition of sweet basil essential oil has been investigated and by now more than 200 chemical components have been reported from many regions of the world. The chemical constituents showed the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpene, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpene, triterpene, flavanoids, aromatic compounds, etc. The compounds have been reported to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal, antiproliferative/anticancer, antidyspepsia, antigiardial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiviral, insecticidal and wound-healing activities. They also showed antiwormal response, cardiac stimulant, effects on CNS, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects and inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Various parts of the plant of O. basilicum (sweet basil) have been widely used in traditional medicine. Leaves and flowering parts of O. basilicum are traditionally used as antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, galactogogue, stomachic and tonic agent. They have also been used as a folk remedy to treat various ailments such as feverish illness, poor digestion, nausea, abdominal cramps, gastro-enteritis, migraine, insomnia, depression, gonorrhea, dysentery and chronic diarrhea exhaustion. Externally, they have been applied for the treatment of acne, loss of smell, insect stings, snake bites and skin infections.
... Among them, safrole and quercetin are associated with the carcinogenic properties, wherein, their irrational usage may lead to a few contraindications and adverse drug reactions. [26,36] Ocimum basilicum extracts contain compounds that have both anticancer and carcinogenic activity, even though the latter is present at a negligible level. Methyl eugenol and estragole are two components that are presumed to possess carcinogenic and genotoxic properties, but due to the protective effect of the plant matrix along with its high flavonoid content, it should not represent a risk for human beings, even in case of continuous consumption. ...
... It is also used as a first aid in the management of wasp stings and snake-bite cases. [20,36] Topical application of O. basilicum is done for the treatment of acne and other skin infections. [36] The bioactive agent responsible for the anti-bacterial activity of O. basilicum if isolated can contribute greatly to the therapeutic management of several diseases that are difficult to treat with the conventional antibiotic therapy. ...
... [20,36] Topical application of O. basilicum is done for the treatment of acne and other skin infections. [36] The bioactive agent responsible for the anti-bacterial activity of O. basilicum if isolated can contribute greatly to the therapeutic management of several diseases that are difficult to treat with the conventional antibiotic therapy. [38] Some of the therapeutic agents that are used to treat different diseases have marked side effects. ...
... These results strongly support the potential use of O. sanctum as an effective male contraceptive agent (Rahman et al. 2011;Mahajan et al. 2013). Two further studies The plant is a perennial woody shrub with dark green lobed ovate leaves with lanceolate lamina Paton (1992) and Bhasin (2012) O. sanctum leaves Baruah et al. (2018), Devi et al. (1999) and Uma Devi et al. (2000) 45 Lee et al. (2007) and Marwat et al. (2011) Anthocyanins 108 Cyanidin Gastroprotective against: (Pylorus ligation, dose 12.5 mg kg -1 ), (stress, dose 100.0 mg kg -1 ) (Phenylbutazone, dose 22.0 mg kg -1 ), (Indomethacin, 100.0 mg kg -1 ), (Reserpine, 100 mg kg -1 ), (Ethanol, 24.9 mg kg -1 ), (Cysteamine, 50.0 mg kg -1 ) ...
... An analogue of Quercetin 1, is Isoquercetrin 5, with an acceptable oral daily intake of 5.4 mg kg -1 day -1 , and an oral LD 50 in Sprague-Dawley rats of [ 25 g kg -1 , showed a high degree of safety (Valentová et al. 2014). It also displayed a significant anti-asthmatic potency, in comparison with cromolyn sodium as a control, against the ovalbumin antigenic and leukotriene-induced response in guinea pigs airways at 10 mg kg -1 dose and with MIC value of 6.4 lM (Marwat et al. 2011). ...
Ocimum, commonly known as Tulsi, is a huge genus within family Lamiaceae, comprising about 64 species of annual to perennial aromatic medicinal herbs with a long history of traditional uses. The aromatic plants of the genus Ocimum have long been used as flavouring agents, as well as diverse medicinal applications. Our comprehensive review covers the published literature through the period from 1961 to April 2019 and provides a complete survey of nearly all the studied species up to date. Additionally, all related taxonomic data, geographical distribution as well as different traditional uses are discussed here in details. The major chemical classes within the genus Ocimum include flavonoids, phenolic acids and ter-penes. The bioactivities of various extracts or individual compounds, both in vitro and in vivo, include antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic and antioxidant. This comprehensive review will serve as a database for future research and drug development from the genus Ocimum.
... The extract demonstrated significant dose-dependent inhibition against rat intestinal sucrose, maltose, and porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase [108]. The ethanolic extract of the leaves exhibited hepatoprotective effects against H 2 O 2 -and CCl 4 -induced liver damage [108]. ...
... The extract demonstrated significant dose-dependent inhibition against rat intestinal sucrose, maltose, and porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase [108]. The ethanolic extract of the leaves exhibited hepatoprotective effects against H 2 O 2 -and CCl 4 -induced liver damage [108]. ...
Diabetes is one of the most dangerous metabolic disorders, with high rates of mortality worldwide. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases, including diabetes and its related complications. Plants are widely accepted, affordable, and perceived to have minimal adverse side effects. The Lamiaceae family is a potential source of therapeutic agents for the management of metabolic disorders, including diabetes. Hence, this review paper summarizes the antidiabetic use of Lamiaceae species in folk medicine globally. Furthermore, we present the antidiabetic activities and phytochemical constituents of twenty-three (23) Lamiaceae species and the antidiabetic activity of some notable chemical constituents isolated from some of these Lamiaceae species.
... The outcomes from the phytochemical subjective examination of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract demonstrated that most of the credited bioactivty, for example, cancer prevention agents and anticancer activities of basil blossoms aqueous extract has been ascribed to its secondary and primary metabolite composition [18][19][20]. Presumably, basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract content recorded higher TFC and TPC (34.25 and 186.31 mg/g) separately, which surpassed what recently detailed by [7,10,30]. The aqueous extract was tested particularly for its phenolic composition via elite aqueous chromatography before continuing to cancer prevention agent and anticancer effect assessment. ...
... Data were recorded as means ± SEM (n = 10) of three tests. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 contrasted with same treatment without Act-D accounted for as a solid cell reinforcement constituents of basil in [18,19]. The present investigation gives, as far as anyone is concerned, the principal robotic proof for the capacity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) blossoms aqueous extract to fundamentally restrain the development and multiplication of breast MCF7 malignant growth cells through apoptotic and oxidative stress intervened systems. ...
Background
The preventive and therapeutic medical utilization of this plant is an age-long practice across the globe. This study aimed to validate the impact of dark purple blossoms of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. ) aqueous extract at low temperature (0 °C) mediated mitochondrial fission contributed to induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.
Methods
Fresh blossoms were extracted at low temperature (0 °C) using a watery solvent. Human MCF7 breast cancer cells were then treated with 3 separate fluctuated concentrations of 0, 50, 150 and 250 µg/mL for 24 and 48 h.
Results
The outcomes demonstrated the presence of anthocyanins, anthraquinones, tannins, reducing sugars, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids and volatile oils and nonappearance of Terpinoids and alkaloids. Contrastingly, frail presence of steroids in basil blossoms aqueous concentrate was noted. In addition, the results from a phytochemical subjective examination of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. ) blossoms aqueous extract demonstrated that most of the credited natural impacts containing more remarkable contents of antioxidants and anticancer compounds in basil blossoms aqueous extract. Moreover, the restraint of glucose take-up was alleviated mediated by a dose-dependent manner in MCF7 cells with basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. ) blossoms aqueous extract inducted for 24 h, resulting in mitochondrial fission.
Conclusion
This is the first study that shows the impact of the aqueous extract of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. ) blossoms was extracted at low temperature (0℃/6 h) underlined high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds bearing more anticancer and antioxidant activities compared to another aqueous extract (using boiled water solvent) and alcoholic extracts.
... Minerals are present in high quantities along with numerous classes of secondary metabolites which broaden its range of effects [12]. Basil has been shown to have antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, mosquito larvacidal, anti-parasitic, lipidemic, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-convulsant qualities [13,14]. Extensive research has been carried out on linalool, the principal constituent of essential oil of O. basilicum, followed by methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol [15][16][17][18]. ...
Ocimum basilicum L. is used to cure many types of fever in traditional medicine. This study aims to explore the antiviral activity of the lipophilic fraction of the stem of O. basilicum (LFOB) against dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The LFOB was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The antiviral activity of LFOB was studied using the Vero CCL-81 cell line. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). In vitro antiviral activity and FFU assay were used to determine and confirm antiviral activity against DENV and CHIKV. Twenty-six compounds were identified in LFOB using GC/MS. The most abundant compounds were β-sitosterol (22.9%), stigmasterol (18.7%), and campesterol (12.9%). Significant reduction in DENV titre was observed under pre- and post-infection treatment conditions at a concentration of 3.125 µg/mL, but no anti-CHIKV activity was observed. Our earlier and the present AutoDock-Vina-based in silico docking study revealed that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol could form strong interactions with the DENV E glycoprotein and DENV RdRp domain, respectively. Our findings suggest that LFOB can inhibit DENV infection and might act as a potent prophylactic/therapeutic agent against DENV-2. In silico results suggested that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol may block the viral entry by inhibiting the fusion process and viral replication respectively.
... Minerals are present in high quantities along with numerous classes of secondary metabolites which broaden its range of effects [12]. Basil has been shown to have antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, mosquito larvacidal, anti-parasitic, lipidemic, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-convulsant qualities [13,14]. Extensive research has been carried out on linalool, the principal constituent of essential oil of O. basilicum, followed by methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol [15][16][17][18]. ...
Ocimum basilicum L. is used to cure many types of fever in traditional medicine. This study aims to explore the antiviral activity of the lipophilic fraction of the stem of O. basilicum (LFOB) against dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The LFOB was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The antiviral activity of LFOB was studied using the Vero CCL-81 cell line. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). In vitro antiviral activity and FFU assay were used to determine and confirm antiviral activity against DENV and CHIKV. Twenty-six compounds were identified in LFOB using GC/MS. The most abundant compounds were β-sitosterol (22.9%), stigmasterol (18.7%), and campesterol (12.9%). Significant reduction in DENV titre was observed under pre- and post-infection treatment conditions at a concentration of 3.125 µg/mL, but no anti-CHIKV activity was observed. Our earlier and the present AutoDock-Vina-based in silico docking study revealed that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol could form strong interactions with the DENV E glycoprotein and DENV RdRp domain, respectively. Our findings suggest that LFOB can inhibit DENV infection and might act as a potent prophylactic/therapeutic agent against DENV-2. In silico results suggested that β-sitosterol and stigmasterol may block the viral entry by inhibiting the fusion process and viral replication respectively.
... Traditionally, it was topically applied on the skin to treat acne and other infections. [86] Tulsi also protects the skin by avoiding blackheads and treating fungal infections and wounds. [87] This article summarizes Tulsi's antioxidant and anti-oncogenic ability against MSCs, as shown in Table 3. ...
Melanoma skin cancer (MSC) is considered the most aggressive among all skin cancers due to its
tendency to fast growth, metastasis, and high relapse rate. Although MSC is treatable if identified
early, several side effects and aesthetic issues associated with its treatment impose a psychological
burden and compromise patients’ quality of life. Thus, there is a dire need for primary prevention by
adopting alternative remedies, which are accessible, safe, and cost-effective. The present review
emphasizes the role of selected Ayurveda herbs, viz., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Ocimum tenuiflorum
L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Santalum album L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. F. and Thoms., and
Withania somnifera L. Dunal, which are long being utilized in the Indian traditional system to tackle
diverse health problems in preventing MSCs. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search
various research articles on the anti-oncogenic and chemopreventive roles of Ayurveda herbs. This
review emphasizes the beneficial effects of Ayurveda herbs so that the ordinary public includes these
herbs in their routine to prevent MSC and other cancers. The available literature clearly states that
these herbs are beneficial in preventing MSCs. However, the scarcity of clinical trials on these herbs
warrants extensive research in this area to obtain an efficacious drug.
... Por su parte, la albaca (Ocimum basilicum L) es nativa de Asia tropical, África, América y Europa; crece en temperaturas cálidas por lo que es intolerante a temperaturas de congelamiento. Los compuestos fitoquímicos presentes principalmente son el ácido rosmarínico y el ácido caféico (Kintzios, Makri, Panagiotopoulos, & Scapeti, 2003) y presentan actividad antioxidante, además de actuar como atrapadores de sustancias reactivas al oxígeno (ROS; por sus siglas en inglés) (Marwat et al., 2011); razones por las cuales, los extractos acuosos de esta planta son muy utilizados para la formulación de productos para el cuidado de la piel. Se ha reportado que las antocianinas presentes en la albaca, tienen efecto inhibitorio de la enzima 5-alfa reductasa, por lo que es utilizada para la preparación de productos que evitan la caída del cabello (Kumar, Chaiyasut, Rungseevijitprapa, & Suttajit, 2011). ...
Palabras Clave: Cosmeceútica, compuestos bioactivos, plantas. Introducción Una gran variedad de compuestos extraídos de plantas se utilizan como ingredientes para productos cosméticos, hidratantes etc; estos compuestos generalmente aportan benefi-cios a la salud debido a que poseen actividades comprobadas que mejoran la piel, o aportan algún otro beneficio además del cosmético; ahí es donde tiene su campo de acción la cosme-céutica. Actualmente conocemos una gran variedad de plantas con actividades antioxidantes, an-tiinflamatorias, calmantes, inmunomoduladoras, queratolíticas y antimicrobianas, entre otras. Algo importante que debemos mencionar es que los productos cosmecéuticos deben ser desa-rrollados al igual que probados antes de salir al mercado para que los consumidores obtengan el beneficio adecuado y el producto sea seguro, ya que debemos saber y tomar en cuenta que no por contener un ingrediente natural o que proviene de plantas puede ser inocuo. Se requiere de estudios y pruebas para determinar la concentración benéfica y tomar en cuenta las afeccio-nes previas de la persona que desea utilizarlo. En este capítulo mencionamos algunas espe-cies de plantas qu son el claro ejemplo de ingredientes utilizados en cosmecéutica y por qué. Cosmeceútica y la búsqueda de la piel perfecta La constante búsqueda para tener una piel saludable y perfecta forma parte de la historia de la humanidad. Los sumerios, asirios, babilonios, egipcios, griegos, romanos, judíos, árabes, japoneses e incluso las civilizaciones precolombinas en América (González Minero & Bravo Díaz, 2017) usaban ungüentos, lociones y mascarillas para tener la piel libre de manchas, arrugas, im-Capítulo 8
... Basil is used in traditional medicines, and it is a popular herb in the North American and Mediterranean diets. It is widely used in the food and cosmetic industries, as it contains phytochemical constituents with different pharmacological activities [19,20]. Ocimum basilicum var. ...
Leaf wounding is a common stress that triggers a great number of plant mechanisms, while the overall plant status and age could also be critical for these mechanisms. However, there are not sufficient data about plants’ physiological responses after leaf wounding that has been imposed at different developmental stages. In this study, physiological parameters, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance, as well as the chlorophyll and anthocyanin leaf contents, of Ocimum basilicum var. minimum L. plants were measured for seven days on wounded plants during three different developmental stages (vegetative, budding, and flowering). All of the measurements were conducted on control and wounded plants, while on the latter they were conducted on both wounded and intact leaves. The physiological parameters mentioned above revealed a remarkable decrease in wounded leaves of the budding and flowering plants, while they seemed to be only partially affected on the leaves of vegetative plants. The physiological parameters’ decrease was not only an immediate plant response that was observed 1–2 h after wounding, but, in general, it was constant (during the seven days of treatments) and diurnal (from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.). The wounded leaves revealed an immediate and constant anthocyanin content decrease during all of the developmental stages, while the corresponding chlorophyll decrease was mainly evident in the flowering plants. Regarding the intact leaves, they exhibited, in general, a similar profile to that of the control ones. The results above reveal that at the vegetative stage, basil plants are more tolerant to leaf wounding than those at the budding and flowering stages, implying that the plant’s response to wounding is a phenomenon that depends on the plant’s developmental stage.
... In the past, basil was used to prevent cardiovascular-related diseases, and as an antispasmodic, digestive, stomachic, carminative, and tonic agent (Kwon et al., 2019). Basil extract contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds, such as cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and sinapic acid (Marwat et al., 2011;Ghasemzadeh et al., 2016;Srivastava et al., 2016a;Pandey et al., 2022). Several previous studies have reported that basil extract has various biological properties, such as anti-aging, anticancer, antifungal, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, nematocidal, and insect-repellent activities. ...
The hairy root (HR) culture system is an excellent alternative strategy to the whole plant system for producing valuable compounds. However, selection of suitable Agrobacterium strain for the successful induction of HR is an essential step for enhanced production of beneficial secondary metabolites. In this study, we examined the transformation efficiency of various A. rhizogenes strains (ATCC 13333, ATCC 15834, A4, R1000, R1200, and R1601) for transgenic HRs induction in Ocimum basilicum. Among the tested strains, the R1601 was found to be one of the most promising strain for mass production of HR in terms of transformation efficiency (94%) and the number and length of HR (8.4 ± 0.52 and 1.68 ± 0.14 cm). The HR induced by the same strain exhibited highest levels of rosmarinic acid level (62.05 ± 4.94 µg/g DW) and total phenolic content (62.3 ± 4.95 µg/g DW). A total of 55 metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The PCA and PLS-DA plot of the identified metabolites showed that HR induced by A4 and ATCC 15834 displayed variation in primary and secondary metabolite contents. Analysis of the metabolic pathway identified a total of 56 pathways, among which 35 were found to be impacted. A heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that HR induced by different Agrobacterium strains exhibited differential metabolites profiles. In conclusion, Agrobacterium strains
R1601 is one of the best and most promising strains for inducing mass HR
production and enhanced levels of secondary metabolites in O. basilicum.
... O. sanctum, also famous as "Queen of Herbs", is a member of the Labiatae family that originated in north-central India and now grows throughout the eastern world tropics (Africa, America, Asia, China). In ancient times, it was topically applied to the skin to heal acne and wounds (Marwat et al., 2011). Tulsi also protected the skin by avoiding blackheads and treating fungal infections (Khan et al., 2010) and wounds (Mandal et al., 2022). ...
The high incidence of NMSC (non-melanoma skin cancer) and the side effects of the available treatments disrupt the quality of life in more than one way. Particularly in the later stages, pain management and palliative care is the sole mean of alleviating the agony, all this warrants the need for alternative strategies with enhanced efficacy, better tolerance, and wide safety margins. Therefore, herbs in NMSC prevention and intervention are engaging due to their accessibility, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and tolerated nature. Various components in the crude extracts follow 'Pharmacodynamic synergy', augment the beneficial effects of the active constituents, and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. The extracts/active constituents of Azadirachta indica, Catharanthus roseus, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica, Santalum album, Tinospora cordifolia, and Withania somnifera demonstrated the anti-cancerous effect on distinct cancerous cells and animal models. Nonetheless, there is a lack of in vivo investigations validating its chemopreventive efficacy in experimental models of skin carcinogenesis. Therefore, the current review suggests the scientific community emphasize the extensive research on these herbs to obtain an efficacious drug as well as the people around the globe incorporate these herbs in their daily dietary habits/meals to obtain maximum benefit from these herbs.
... In many parts of Asia, the seeds are used frequently in soups, meat products as a flavouring agent, in traditional beverages (Sharbat) and in making several varieties of ice desserts like Falooda (Masooma, et al, 2017). It is also used in Traditional Medicine in treatment of dyspepsia, ulcer, diarrhoea and other illnesses (Marwat, et al., 2011). The seeds contain amazing medicinal properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial and mosquito repellent activities and radio productive effects (Alcicek, et al., 2004). ...
he genus Ocimum possesses several species of plants which are distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America. Ocimum basilicum L. is a popular culinary plant known as Tiruniruppaccai, Tiruneetruppachcilai in Tamil, Sweet basil in English, Sabzah, Babuli, Jangli Tulsi in Hindi and Faranjmusk, Firanjmishk in Urdu. The plant produces oval shaped black coloured seeds which swells up and produces a gelatinous mass when soaked in water. The seeds are used prevalently all over the world as flavouring agent in the preparation of soups, beverages (Sharbat), in making ice desserts like Falooda, etc. The seeds, apart from its culinary usage, have a long history of folklore claims, but their health effects have been tested in very few studies. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the antimicrobial property of the basil seeds against few pathogenic organisms that cause urinary tract infection (UTI) in human beings. The ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum seeds was studied for its potency against certain UTI causing organisms namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and the yeast Candida albicans. The obtained results revealed that the seeds of Ocimum basilicum have a significant effect on most of the organisms tested and could be concluded that the seeds can be taken as herbal drug at the time of UTI by people of all age groups. The study drug also validates the claims of ancient Unani physicians about its beneficial effects on symptoms of UTI, viz. micturition, dysuria, diuresis, etc.
... Ocimum basilicum ( O. basilicum ) is an annual herbaceous plant with a distinctive scent and is commonly grown in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and other tropical areas around the world [10] . More than 200 chemical compounds have been identified in this plant, such as hydrocarbon monoterpenes, hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, and essential oils such linalool, cineol, and methyl chavicol [11] . O. basilicum is also commonly used to flavor dishes and dental and oral products [12] . ...
A machine learning algorithm-based model is a powerful tool for discovering candidate compounds on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Using the Lazy Predict Python package, the “Random Forest” algorithm indicates that the highest accuracy is 83.57% in discovering potential compounds. Essential oils from the leaves and stems of Ocimum basilicum, as identified by GC−MS analysis, are selected as a test dataset. Among them, eight essential oils, including alpha-pinene, trans-beta-ocimene, estragole, alpha-cubebene, gamma-muurolene, delta-cadinol, gamma-cadinene, and beta-ocimene potentially exhibit activity against MCF-7. The anticancer mechanisms of these essential oils are analyzed using molecular docking simulation based on the structure-activity relationship between these candidates and the two protein targets, BRCA1 and BRCA2. This study shows that our model can potentially screen bioactive compounds targeting breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and offer the basis for further research into substances derived from Ocimum basilicum that can potentially be utilized as a novel treatment for breast cancer.
... Its antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal potentials are high (Snoussi et al., 2016;Piras et al., 2018). In addition, it is used by the public for carminative, galactagogue, digestive system and spasm (Marwat et al., 2011). ...
With the advancement of nanotechnology, various potential applications of nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention. In recent years, plant tissue culture applications in agricultural nanotechnology have become more popular. However, there are very few studies evaluating the effect of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) on enzyme activity and pigment content after plant tissue culture application. For this purpose, Ocimum basilicum L. callus growth effects, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and chlorophyll content were investigated. As a result of this application, callus formation percentage and callus weight of the stem segment were found to be better than the leaf as the source of explants. The highest callus formation percentage (100%) was recorded as 741 mg stem and 324 mg leaf in (MS + 75 mg/l Al2O3) nutrient medium. In the (B5 + 75 mg/l Al2O3) nutrient medium, the stem was found to be 675 mg and the leaf 350 mg. Stress caused by Al2O3NP application was evaluated by chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment measurement. The highest Chl-a was detected at 75 mg / l Al2O3 NP concentration. The lowest total carotenoid was reported at 100 mg/l. The lowest Chl-a was detected at 25 mg / l. It was observed that the test groups treated with Al2O3 nanoparticle were significantly higher than the control group. In particular, the malondialdehit (MDA) level at 50 mg/l was quite high (7,409 times compared to control).
... O. basilicum has more than 100 bioactive ingredients including various vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, and phytonutrients (Marwat et al., 2011;Da Costa et al., 2015). The chemical compositions of essential oils (Özcan and Chalchat, 2002) of O. basilicum include methyl chavicol (estragole), cineole, eugenol, methyl eugenol, elemicin, myristicin, rosmarinic acid, linalool, apigenin, ursolic acid, and methyl cinnamate (Mullane, 2011;Amer et al., 2021;Senthoorraja et al., 2021). ...
Ocimum basilicum L. ( O. basilicum ) and its constituents show anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. The plant has been mainly utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory disorders. In the present article, effects of O. basilicum and its main constituents on respiratory disorders, assessed by experimental and clinical studies, were reviewed. Relevant studies were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, and Embase databases using relevant keywords including “Ocimum basilicum,” “basilicums,” “linalool,” “respiratory disease,” “asthma,” “obstructive pulmonary disease,” “bronchodilatory,” “bronchitis,” “lung cancer,” and “ pulmonary fibrosis,” and other related keywords. The reviewed articles showed both relieving and preventing effects of the plant and its ingredients on obstructive pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders such as bronchitis, aspergillosis tuberculosis, and lung cancer. The results of the reviewed articles suggest the therapeutic potential of O. basilicum and its constituent, linalool, on respiratory disorders.
... O. basilicum extract showed potential biological activities such as analgesic, anti-inflammation, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and anti-ulcer (Ahmad et al. 2015). The plant is reported to contain chemical constituents such as monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, oxygenated monoterpenes, triterpenes, and aromatic compounds (Marwat et al. 2011). ...
This study was performed to establish anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties, and to carry out phytochemical analysis of selected local plants which are traditionally used as medicinal plants. Local plants involved in this study were Lawsonia inermis, Punica granatum, Dryobalanops aromatica, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Ocimum basilicum. Solvent extraction was performed using maceration method with solvents of increasing polarity. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay was performed on all extracts to ascertain their anti-diabetic potentials. The extracts were screened for antioxidant activity using anti-oxidant assays (FRAP, DPPH, TAOC, ABTS, and BCB) and quantitative phytochemical analyses (TPC and TFC). Chemical profiling using LCMS and GCMS was performed on extracts with high biological activities. Methanol extracts of D. aromatica bark and leaves showed the most potent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.63 ± 0.03 µg/mL and 0.98 ± 0.02 µg/mL, respectively. Both extracts exhibited similar anti-oxidant activity on all five assays and possessed high phenolic contents with values of 266.79 and 261.69 GAE, respectively. The results obtained suggested that amongst the selected plants studied, D. aromatica showed high anti-oxidant activity and anti-diabetic activity (via inhibition of alpha-glucosidase). This is the first report that highlights the anti-diabetic potential of D. aromatica.
... Les spasmes douloureux sont ainsi réduits. En outre, cette fine herbe facilite également le transit intestinal, très pratique dans le cas des pathologies inflammatoires digestives [44,72]. Certains travaux scientifiques ont mis en exergue les propriétés thérapeutiques des essences végétales de verveine odorante citronnée (Aloysia triphylla), de menthe poivrée (Mentha piperita) ou encore de nigelle (Nigella sativa), principalement leurs vertus antispasmodiques, anti-inflammatoires et apaisantes, capables de favoriser une bonne flore intestinale [41,42]. ...
Les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin (MICI) regroupent la rectocolite hémorragique (RCH) et la maladie de Crohn qui sont considérées comme des pathologies multifactorielles, résultant de l'inflammation chronique le long de la muqueuse digestive ou sur des zones précises. Ces maladies s'imposent aujourd'hui comme un véritable problème de santé publique. Les symptômes digestifs de la RCH sont principalement constitués d'une diarrhée sanglante, douloureuse et fréquemment accompagnée de glaires mélangées ou non aux selles. Et si de nombreuses recherches scientifiques s'intéressent à ces maladies, aucune thérapeutique n'offre, actuellement, des possibilités de guérison aux patients. Pourtant, de nombreuses pistes naturelles se dessinent pour apporter des réponses en complément ou en lieu et place des traitements pharmacologiques. Les patients atteints de MICI sont classés parmi les plus grands consommateurs de thérapies complémentaires et alternatives. Ces dernières deviennent actuellement très populaires y compris dans les pays développés. C'est pourquoi, afin d'améliorer la qualité de vie, patients et médecins sont de plus en plus nombreux à se pencher sur des approches complémentaires aux traitements classiques. De nombreuses études ont montré, sur des modèles animaux d'inflammation intestinale, les effets protecteurs des fines herbes et certaines plantes aromatiques et médicinales. Notre travail se veut une revue de synthèse avec comme objectif de faire le point sur les données de la littérature concernant l'apport préventif de la phyto-aromathérapie sur terrain des MICI, et de les discuter par rapport aux tests in vivo et aux études cliniques réalisées, et ce pour leur éventuelle intégration dans l'arsenal préventif-thérapeutique des pathologies inflammatoires digestives. ABSTRACT Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease which are considered to be multifactorial pathologies, resulting from chronic inflammation along the digestive mucosa or in specific areas. These diseases are emerging as a real public health problem. The digestive symptoms of UC are mainly bloody, painful diarrhea that is frequently accompanied by mucus. While several studies are interested in these diseases, no potent therapy BOUKHATEM & BELKADI. (Maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin : Quelle place pour la phyto-aromathérapie ?) Page 60 currently offers a cure for patients. However, many natural products are emerging to provide answers instead of pharmacological drugs. Patients with IBD are classified among the highest consumers of complementary and alternative medicines. These are currently becoming very popular, including in Western countries. In order to improve the quality of life, patients and doctors are trying to test complementary and alternative medicines. Different reports and investigations have shown the protective effects of aromatic herbs and medicinal plants, in vivo, using animal models of intestinal inflammation. Our article is intended to be a comprehensive review with the objective of taking stock of the data in the literature concerning the preventive-therapeutic effects of phytomedicine and aromatherapy against IBD, and to discuss them in relation to in vivo assays and clinical studies.
... Hal ini dikarenakan terdapat kandungan antioksidan dan antihiperlipidemia seperti flavonoid, asam fenolik , dan asam rosmarinik yang terkandung dalam kemangi sehingga dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total dalam darah. Kandungan senyawa tersebut umumnya ditemukan di bagian daun kemangi, dan senyawa asam rosmarinik dapat ditemukan di seluruh bagian tanaman kemangi (Marwat et al., 2011). ...
Obesitas merupakan penumpukan lemak yang berlebihan akibat tidak seimbangnya asupan energi (energy intake) dengan energi yang digunakan (energy expenditure) dalam waktu lama. Obesitas memiliki hubungan erat dengan kejadian hiperkolesterolemia. Hiperkolesterolemia merupakan kondisi saat konsentrasi kolesterol dalam darah melebihi batas normal. Hiperkolesterolemia terjadi akibat akumulasi kolesterol dan lipid pada dinding pembuluh darah. Kemangi diketahui memiliki kandungan senyawa kimia seperti senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid berperan sebagai antioksidan yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Hewan coba menggunakan tikus dikarenakan mempunyai kemiripan fisiologis dengan manusia dan tikus termasuk hewan coba yang mudah dipelihara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) terhadap kadar Kolesterol total, mengetahui dosis dan lama penelitian yang efektif dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol total. Desain penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian deskriptif. Studi literatur (literature review) menggunakan database scholar.google.co.id dan ncbi.mlm.nih.gov dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang digunakan dalam pencarian data untuk menelusuri jurnal yang terkait dengan ekstrak kemangi, kolesterol total, tikus, dan diet tinggi lemak. Hasil penelitian dari 13 jurnal yang telah ditelaah didapatkan bahwa kadar kolesterol total mengalami penurunan yang signifikan. Ekstrak kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) terbukti secara preklinis dan klinis mampu menurunkan kadar Kolesterol dan sebagai upaya pencegahan hiperlipidemia. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil bahwasannya ekstrak kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, dosis 350 dan 700 mg/kgBB dan lama pemberian 30 hari menurunkan kadar kolesterol total sebanyak >50%.
... Using a GC-MS, Andrew et al. [45] carried out a chemical analysis that showed α-Pinene, β.-Myrcene, 4-Hexen-1-ol acetate, and other important bioactive compounds in its essential leaf oil. Sarfaraz et al. [46] also documented the presence of these compounds in a report on their analysis. Reported compounds isolated from the various Ocimum species have been outlined in table 2, while some of the structures are shown in figure 1. ...
Plant species belonging to the Ocimum genus are among the most popular medicinal plants and are being used for several purposes in ethnomedicine. Ocimum is universally cultivated however; the geographical distribution highlights three major centers of Ocimum diversity, these are: the tropical areas of America, the tropical region of Asia and the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. Ocimum species have been employed traditionally for several medicinal purposes including antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective, antiviral and other medicinal purposes. Though scientists have carried-out studies and chronicled the pharmacological potentials of Ocimum species, documents containing these data seem to be disassembled, making it difficult to really distinguish the pharmacologically useful species from those that are not and also to get comprehensive information about the medicinal species in this genus. Hence, the aim of this review is to outline classified information on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological importance of some Ocimum species that have been reported by different researchers. In carrying-out this review, the search for literature was done via relevant databases including PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, SciFinder, Google Scholar and Scopus. The species reviewed are the most widely used from the Ocimum genus in traditional medicine and they are also the most researched for intended use in conventional therapeutic practice. Literature reveals that these species contain several compounds which are responsible for the numerous pharmacological activities elicited by them including antimalarial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects.
... O. basilicum is considered a rich source of natural phenolic compounds [18,19,55] and their accumulation is strongly stimulated by UV-B light conditions [25,[56][57][58][59][60]. In this study and in agreement with previous investigations [24,27], the main caffeic acid derivate detected at a significant level in sweet basil leaves was RA. ...
Elevated UV-B radiation (UV-B) has been previously reported to affect plant development, physiology, and promote the biosynthesis of UV-absorbing compounds. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic herb, widely cultivated worldwide for its use in the food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industry. This species exhibits high diversity among different ecotypes based on their geographical locations. There has been little research on intra-specific photosynthetic and metabolic differences in UV-B tolerance across ecotypes from different geographical areas. This study evaluated the protection responses to high UV-B radiation of nine O. basilicum accessions with different geographic origins. Specifically, the changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and the leaf rosmarinic acid (RA) compound were assessed using an “in vivo-vitro system” in a closed-type plant production system. Our results revealed a significant variation in UV-B protection mechanisms among accessions when plants were treated with high UV-B doses. The accumulation of RA increased significantly by UV-B light treatment in OCI142, OCI148, OCI30, OCI160, and OCI102, with the highest concentration measured in OCI160 plants. This ecotype showed the highest value of the Fv/Fm ratio, 0.70, after 48 h. Recovery of leaf functionality was more rapid in OCI160 than in other sweet basil accessions, which may indicate better photosynthetic capacity associated with enhanced biosynthesis of UV absorbing compounds. This study shows that the biosynthesis of the UV-absorbing compound (RA) represents an effective mechanism to reduce the photoinhibitory and photooxidative damage caused by high UV stress.
... The phytochemical screening of O. basilicum revealed the presence of glycoside, gums, mucilage, proteins, amino acids, tannins, phenolic compound, triterpenoids, steroids, sterols, saponins, flavones and flavonoids (Bihari et al., 2011). Moreover, the essential oil of O. basilicum is a potential source of natural antioxidants and biologically active compounds due to its phenolic acids and aromatic compounds (Marwat et al., 2011;Taie et al., 2010;Tepe et al., 2007;Wannissorn et al., 2005). It is a source of essential oil containing biologically active constituents such as linalool, estragole, methyl cinnamate, bicyclosesquiphellandrene, eucalyptol, αbergamotene, eugenol, γ-cadinene and germacrene D, which possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Ahmed et al., 2019;Hanif et al., 2011). ...
In the present study, Indian shrimp, Penaeus indicus, were fed on diets supplemented with basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil (BO) to observe the growth performance, antioxidant and innate immune responses, and the resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. The animals (5.0–5.5 g) were fed on diets supplemented with 0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.5 and 5 g BO/kg diet over 90 days. After the feeding trial, animals were intramuscularly injected by V. parahaemolyticus and observed for 96 h for mortality or any abnormal signs. Growth‐stimulating effects of dietary BO supplementation on final weight, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate and feed intake were observed. No significant differences were found in feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and animal survival. Feeding the animals on BO‐enriched diets did not significantly affect the chemical proximate composition of animals’ muscles. Increased values of total protein, albumin and globulin were observed in BO‐fed animals; meanwhile, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases as well as creatinine and urea levels significantly decreased in animals fed 2.5–5.0 g BO/kg diet. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme and phenol oxide activity significantly (p < .05) increased in the BO‐fed fish, with highest values in treatments of 2.5–5.0 g/kg diet. The dietary BO supplementation significantly (p < .05) decreased levels of malondialdehyde and nitrous oxide. After the bacterial challenge, 66.7 percent of animals in the control group were dead. The BO‐fed animals were more resistant against bacterial challenge especially at levels of 2.5–5.0 g/kg diet, which showed high relative percentage of survival (80.0–86.7 percent). In conclusion, dietary BO supplementation with levels of 2.5–5.0 g/kg diet proved beneficial effects to Indian shrimp where growth performance, antioxidant systems and innate immunity were stimulated. It also promoted the challenge of Indian shrimp against V. parahaemolyticus infection.
... The O. basilicum plant has been reported to show insecticidal properties against Sitophilus oryzae, Lasioderma serricorne, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Tribolium castaneum, etc., [12,9,16] . Compounds like linalool, estragole, 1,8-cineloe, α-pinene, β-pinene, farnesene, germacrene, hexadecenoic acid, menthol pulegone, ocimene, D-camphor etc., were identified in O. basilicum which may be the inherent character for its toxic nature to insects [2,11] . Moreover, these plant derived compounds are biodegradable, have low mammalian toxicity, are selective in action and also delay the development of pesticide resistance in insects. ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal property of Ocimum basilicum (L.) against cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fab.). The bioactive compounds from the leaves were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. Five different concentrations viz., 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% were used against adult beetles of L. serricorne. In contact toxicity, highest mean mortality was effected by 5% methanol extract (66.67%), followed by 4% methanol extract (58.33%), 3% methanol extract (52.22%), 2% methanol extract (47.22%) and 1% methanol extract (43.33%). In repellency test, 5% methanol extract produced highest mean repellency (86.88%) (Class V) followed by 4% methanol extract (80.00%) (Class V), 3% methanol extract (73.75%) (Class IV), 2% methanol extract (68.13%) (Class IV) and 1% methanol extract (64.38%) (Class IV). Introduction Cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fab. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) occurs all over the world from tropics to sub-tropics [7]. They are also called as tobacco beetle, since their main host is tobacco. They also infest a wide range of products like turmeric, seed spices, paprika seeds, onion seeds, sesame seeds, wheat flour, corn flour, dried yeast, biscuits, milk powder, dried flowers, processed cereal products and even materials like books, museum specimens, dead insects, fish meal, animal meal etc., The annual loss caused by L. serricorne on stored spices at normal unprotected condition is 58.02 per cent on fennel, 49.58 per cent on coriander, 47.75 per cent on ajowan, 51.02 per cent on cumin and 39.0 per cent on dill [8]. Synthetic pesticides and fumigation are commonly used to control this notorious pest in godowns and ware houses. Excessive use of fumigants like methyl bromide, carbonyl sulphide and aluminium phosphide has lead to development of insecticide resistance, disruption of natural enemies, high mammalian toxicity, etc., Hence, it is necessary to discover an ecofriendly management strategies to reduce the usage of chemical pesticides. Sweet basil, O. basilicum (L.) is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to the family Lamiaceae. They are distributed generally in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, Central and South America and cultivated in India over an area of 25,000 ha. The O. basilicum plant has been reported to show insecticidal properties against Sitophilus oryzae, Lasioderma serricorne, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Tribolium castaneum, etc., [12, 9, 16]. Compounds like linalool, estragole, 1,8-cineloe, α-pinene, β-pinene, farnesene, germacrene, hexadecenoic acid, menthol pulegone, ocimene, D-camphor etc., were identified in O. basilicum which may be the inherent character for its toxic nature to insects [2, 11]. Moreover, these plant derived compounds are biodegradable, have low mammalian toxicity, are selective in action and also delay the development of pesticide resistance in insects. The present study reveals the insecticidal activity of O. basilicum against L. serricorne.
... Rosmarinic (10 mg/g dry weight) (Kintzios et al., 2003) and caffeic acid are the phytochemicals that show antioxidant activity. They also act as ROS scavengers (Marwat et al., 2011). 8. Curcuma longa Linn. ...
... Bacopa monneri suitably termed as 'Medhya Rasayana', well known as nootropic [21], this wonder plant is a brain tonic to increase the memory and relive in epileptic disorders and effective against neurological disorders from ancient times [22] and contain bacoside A & B, brahmin as the main alkaloid, nicotine, herpestine [23,24]. Ocimum basilicum in French 'Herbe royale' named for its peculiar pleasant smell [25] has a group of 20 monoterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, phenols, and steroids [26,27] that acts as hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic [28]. Asparagus racemosus, "queen of herbs" is an amazing herb which promotes cellular vitality and the roots are reported as antidiabetic, galactagogue, a nutritive tonic that contains 10 different steroidal groups like shatavaroside, alkaloids like Asparagamine A, and some flavonoids [29,30] and traditionally indicated in 'Vata', hypertension, cardiac disorders [31]. ...
Background
Traditional medicine adequately emphasis plant resources for addressing a wide variety of human ailments by utilizing the naturally occurring phytoconstituents; in particular medicinal plants or parts of plants in combination have prodigious antioxidant potentials.
Objective
The present study aims to analyze methanolic extract of W. somnifera (W) individually, and in dual combination with five Rasayana herbs P. emblica - (W:P), B. monnieri - (W:B), T. sinensis - (W:T), O. basilicum - (W:O), A. racemosus - (W:A) in three dual ratios [4:1, 1:1, and 1:4]. The efficacy of the combinations is assessed based on their chemometric profiling.
Material and methods
A total of 15 dual combinatorial methanolic extracts together with W. somnifera were evaluated for their preliminary phytochemical profiles, antioxidant potentials using DPPH and FRAP assays. Five dual samples were selected and analyzed for High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) image-based chemometric profiling followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)-Heatmaps.
Results
Qualitative phytochemical analysis of combinatorial extracts exhibited a richness for a variety of phytoconstituents. The antioxidant activity was significantly higher for DPPH IC50 (μg/mL): W = 11.56 ± 3.69; W:P/1:4 = 7.89 ± 1.52; W:O/1:4 = 8.995 ± 2.64 and FRAP (μM FeE/g): W = 4.56 ± 0.54; W:P/1:4 = 138.34 ± 9.25; W:O/1:4 = 15.32 ± 1.64. Chemometric data acquisition displayed improved secondary metabolite close cluster combination with W:O/1:4 and W:P/1:4 than W. somnifera (W) alone.
Conclusion
The dual herbal combinatorial study revealed that the methanolic combinatorial extracts phytoconstituents correlated with an increase in the antioxidant potential and would serve as a promising source for phytomedicine.
... Interference of motility and reduction in biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii [99] Malabaricone C Reduction in pyocyanin production and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa [100] Rosamarinic acid Influence the protease and elastase production, biofilm formation, and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa [101] Salicylic acids Reduction of AHL production, interference towards twitching and swimming motility of P. aeruginosa [102] Tea polyphenols (Camellia sinensis L.) ...
In the environment, bacteria can communicate with a known mechanism called quorum sensing (QS). These bacteria will communicate in a group for social interactions like a multi-cellular organism. It provides significant benefits to the bacteria in host colonization, the formation of biofilms, defense against competitors, and adaptation to environmental changes. The bacteria that organize in biofilms are difficult to control and manage, resulting in a higher dosage of antibiotics to clear the infectious biofilms. Also, many QS-controlled activities are involved in virulence and pathogenicity. Hence, understanding the details of quorum sensing mechanisms, its phenotype regulation (biofilm), and QS inhibitors (which attenuate virulence/pathogenicity) may open a new avenue for controlling bacterial infections.
... The UVA exposure of skin, for a long time, leads to the appearance of sags and wrinkles, so called skin aging process, termed photo aging [21]. Marwat et al. [22] insinuated that the possible anti-aging effect which Ocimum basilicum extract possess, is due to the antioxidant compounds like kaempferol, quercetin, isoquercetin, caffeic acid, rutin, catechin, rutinoside, apigenin, rosmarinic acid and ferulic acid. As a confirmation, Yoshikawa and co-workers [23] have evaluated the potential of Ocimum basilicum extract and his major component-rosmarinic acid, as anti-photoaging materials. ...
The current study was aimed to evaluate the phenolic composition parameters of two hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (OB) obtained from the aerial part (without leaves) and leaves, in order to determine their contribution to the antioxidant activity (AOA). Both hydro-alcoholic extracts have proven to be rich in polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavonols and tannins. Therefore, the leaves’ extracts reveal an inhibition percentage of 89%, almost comparable with the standard reference (95%). To complete the toxicological profile, the study also assessed the potential cytotoxicity of basil hydro-alcoholic extracts on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), skin human fibroblasts (1BR3), mice epidermis (JB6Cl41-5a) and primary human melanocytes (HEMa) cells, correlated to A375 antitumor in vitro activity. The extracts did not induce significant cytotoxic effect on any of the selected normal cell lines but showed relevant activity on A375 cells. Considering the low values obtained regarding the irritative effects in the chorionallantoic membrane of the egg on blood vessels, we can emphasize that both extracts can be considered as biocompatible ingredients. Regarding the potential activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts on human skin, the decrease of erythema values after the application of extracts was a relevant observation which indicates the anti-inflammatory potential of Ocimum basilicum L.
... An analogue of Quercetin 1, is Isoquercetrin 5, with an acceptable oral daily intake of 5.4 mg kg -1 day -1 , and an oral LD 50 in Sprague-Dawley rats of [ 25 g kg -1 , showed a high degree of safety (Valentová et al. 2014). It also displayed a significant anti-asthmatic potency, in comparison with cromolyn sodium as a control, against the ovalbumin antigenic and leukotriene-induced response in guinea pigs airways at 10 mg kg -1 dose and with MIC value of 6.4 lM (Marwat et al. 2011). ...
Ocimum, commonly known as Tulsi, is a
huge genus within family Lamiaceae, comprising
about 64 species of annual to perennial aromatic
medicinal herbs with a long history of traditional uses.
The aromatic plants of the genus Ocimum have long
been used as flavouring agents, as well as diverse
medicinal applications. Our comprehensive review
covers the published literature through the period from
1961 to April 2019 and provides a complete survey of
nearly all the studied species up to date. Additionally,
all related taxonomic data, geographical distribution
as well as different traditional uses are discussed here
in details. The major chemical classes within the genus
Ocimum include flavonoids, phenolic acids and terpenes.
The bioactivities of various extracts or individual
compounds, both in vitro and in vivo, include
antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antinociceptive, antiinflammatory,
antihyperglycemic and antioxidant.
This comprehensive review will serve as a database
for future research and drug development from the
genus Ocimum.
Keywords Lamiaceae � Ocimum � Taxonomy �
Phytoconstituents � Biological activities
... Marwat et al. 2011). The essential oil from the plant alleviates neuronal atrophy, increases neurogenesis in hippocampal regions, and induces antidepressant effects(Ayoub et al. 2017). ...
Presently, neurological disorders form a major proportion of non-communicable diseases. Their incidence has increased due to several factors such as lifestyle changes, changes in dietary patterns, and increased psychological stress. Due to increase in awareness regarding these disorders by health-care professionals and general public, increasing number of cases are diagnosed with every passing year. This presents a challenge, especially in under-developed and developing countries, where the public health-care systems are not well established and penetration of health insurance cover is relatively much lower. Alternative medicine has traditionally been used in several cultures around the world to treat neurological problems. Essential oils and other plant volatiles have a long history of traditional use for ameliorating symptoms of neurological and psychological disorders. Essential oils of lavender, rose, lemon balm, etc. have shown good promise. Further, modern research has validated some of the claims with regard to relieving of neural and psychological issues by plant VOCs. Some of these have been shown to modulate key enzymes that are targets for depression therapy. In the present chapter we have presented an overview of above, and toward the end we have attempted to identify lacunas in this area which may help to formulate future research strategies.
Endophytes are primarily endosymbiotic bacteria and fungi that colonize the interior tissues of their host plant. They enhance the host plant’s growth and attenuate adverse effects of biological stress. Endophytic species of many indigenous plants are an untapped resource of plant growth-promoting microorganisms that can mitigate abiotic stress effects. Thus, this study aimed to isolate endophytes from the roots and leaves of the medicinal plant Endostemon obtusifolius to evaluate their in vitro growth-promoting capacities and drought tolerance and to characterize the most promising species. Twenty-six endophytes (fourteen bacteria and twelve fungi) were isolated and cultured from the roots and leaves of E. obtusifolius. All 26 endophytes produced flavonoids, and 14 strains produced phenolic compounds. Of the 11 strains that displayed good free radical scavenging capability (low IC50) in the 1-1-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, only three strains could not survive the highest drought stress treatment (40% polyethylene glycol). These 11 strains were all positive for ammonia and siderophore production and only one strain failed to produce hydrogen cyanide and solubilize phosphate. Seven isolates showed aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity and differentially synthesized indole-3-acetic acid. Using molecular tools, two promising symbiotic, drought stress tolerant, and plant growth-enhancing endophytic species (EORB-2 and EOLF-5) were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Fusarium oxysporum. The results of this study demonstrate that P. polymyxa and F. oxysporum should be further investigated for their drought stress mitigation and plant growth enhancement effects as they have the potential to be developed for use in sustainable agricultural practices.
Endophytes are primarily endosymbiotic bacteria and fungi that colonize the interior tissues of their host plant. They enhance the host plant’s growth and attenuate adverse effects of biological stress. Endophytic species of many indigenous plants are an untapped resource of plant growth promoting microorganisms that can mitigate abiotic stress effects. Thus, this study aimed to isolate endophytes from the roots and leaves of Endostemon obtusifolius, evaluate their in vitro growth-promoting growth promoting capacities and drought tolerance and to characterize the most promising species. Twenty-six endophytes (fourteen bacteria and twelve fungi) were isolated and cultured from the roots and leaves of E. obtusifolius. All 26 endophytes produced flavonoids and 14 strains produced phenolic compounds. Of the 11 strains that displayed good free radical scavenging capability (low IC50) in the 1-1-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, only three strains could not survive the highest drought stress treatment (40% polyethylene glycol). These 11 strains were all positive for ammonia and siderophore production and only one strain failed to produce hydrogen cyanide and solubilize phosphate. Seven isolates showed aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity and differentially synthesized indole-3-acetic acid. Using molecular tools, two promising symbiotic, drought stress tolerant and plant growth-enhancing growth enhancing endophytic species (EORB-2 and EOLF-5) were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Fusarium oxysporum. The result of this study demonstrated that P. polymyxa and F. oxysporum should be further investigated for their drought stress mitigation and plant growth enhancement effects as they have the potential to be developed for use in sustainable agricultural practices.
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a problem in nephrology with a fairly high incidence rate, the final condition of CKD is the presence of kidney fibrosis in the tubulointerstitial region depending on the polarization of macrophages. Basil antioxidant efficacious leaves can prevent damage to tubular cells in animals.Objective: To determine the effect of giving basil leaf extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) on the amount of M2 macrophages in mice (Mus musculus) with the Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction method.Methods: This research use an experimental study using a posttest only with randomized controlled group design.Results: Data on administration of basil leaf extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) to mice can reduce damage to the kidneys analyzed using LSD test obtained p value (0.000 <0.005). The amount of M2 macrophages in mice given basil ethanol extract with the largest dose was 24 mg /20grBW compared to the administration of basil ethanol extract at a dose of 12 mg/20grBW and 48mg/20grBW.Conclusion: Administration of basil leaves extract (Ocimum basilicum L. ) in mice can reduce damage to the kidneys.
Basil is rich in bioactive components such as linalool, eugenol, 1,8‐cineole, caffeic, rosmarinic, chicorinc, and caftaric acids, which provide carminative, galactogogue, digestive, antispasmodic, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, and anticarcinogenic activities. The level of bioactive components is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Plants have been used since ancient times for the treatment of an enormous number of diseases. O . basilicum L . has a vast spectrum of pharmacological activities. Extracts and essential oils of the various parts have been used for their antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, anti‐inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Future research should be emphasized on O. basilicum L . for evaluation of its pharmacological properties for control of various diseases especially in cancer, cardiac, and neuropsychological disorders.
Belonging to Lamiaceae family, the genus Teucrium L. is a rich source of secondary metabolites used in pharmacology and industrial medicine. This study aimed to investigate the flavonoid contents of methanol extract and the chemical markers of Teucrium at specific and infraspecific levels and identify the chemotypes of its accessions. Nineteen accessions, eight species, and five subspecies were collected from three sections ( Teucris, Polium , and Scordium ) belonging to the natural habitats in the west, southwest, centre, and south of Iran. Total flavonoid extraction was attained by the air-dried leaf of Teucrium species and 90% methanol. HPLC coupled with triple quadrupole mass analyser was applied to screen and identify the chemical constituents. Multivariate analyses were implemented by cluster and principal component analysis. Chemical investigation specified 148 chemical compounds, of which 135 flavonoids were tentatively identified. The most abundant derivatives belonged to flavones (41 derivatives), flavonols (37 derivatives), and isoflavonoids (22 derivatives). Based on the cluster analysis, 13 groups of chemical markers were formed in sections Teucris and Scordium and five groups in section Polium as chemotaxonomic indicators. The specified chemotypes were represented by ten in the sections Teucris and Scordium and by six in the section Polium . A relationship was suggested between type and flavonoid quantity (number), altitude, and geographical location. The present study provided valuable information for pharmacological research, bioactivity assessment, and chemotaxonomic purposes. This is the first report on the presence of chemotypes, chemical markers, and quality assessments for the genus Teucrium .
Ocimum basilicum is a valuable source of bioactive metabolites with high preventive and therapeutic effectiveness. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of phenological stages (vegetative and flowering stages) on essential oil composition and biological activities of two varieties of O. basilicum (Fino Verde variety and Genovese varieties). To this end, the level of essential oils, flavonoids and phenols, as well as antioxidant and antifungal activities were measured. At the metabolic level, essential oil at vegetative stage of O. bailicum Fino Verde and Genovese variety was constituted by 22 and 26 compounds representing 71.68% and 82.54% of the total oil, respectively. Where germacrene D (10.07%), bicyclogermacrene (6.07%) and β-elemene (4.88%) were the most present components in Fino Verde variety. Moreover, 22.19% are oxygenated monoterpenes represented mainly by the linalool (15.18%) and 1.8 cineole (6.36%) in Genovese variety. The individuals of essential oils were significantly increased to 40 components in Fino Verde variety (98.01% of total essential oil) and decreased to 15 components (95.6% of total essential oil) in Genovese variety at flowering stage. At this stage, the oxygenated monoterpenes (78.4%) were the major fraction represented by linalool (40.1%) and 1.8 cineole (30.96%) in Fino Verde variety, however 64.69% were esters which mainly represented by the methyl cinnamate (64.69%), and 16.83% of oxygenated monoterpenes and Linalool (12.7%) were recorded for Genovese variety. Genovese variety showed the highest levels at both vegetative and flowering stage compared to Fino Verde variety. At flowering stage, the two varieties showed high antioxidant and antifungal activities. Overall, O. basilicum properties offer prospects for their use as a source, particularly at flowering stage to extend new medicines based on natural bioactive molecules.
Gurez is situated along the Kishanganga river in Kashmir valley. It is remotely located but the most beautiful valley. Owing to connectivity problems, this valley has largely remained unexplored and thereby its various features have generally gone unnoticed. This beautiful valley harbors a diversity of the medicinal plants. These medicinal plants are not only used in traditional health care system for the treatment of various diseases but also provide an edge for socio-economic upliftment for households. The socio-economic profile of the people of this remote area depicts that these people live in underprivileged conditions. The medicinal plants indigenous to Gurez, like Bunium persicum, Achillea Millefolium, and Carum carvi besides others, have high commercial value and can be utilized as a source of income. These phytochemically rich plant species can contribute to the development of various formulations of herbal therapies. However, overexploitation of these plant species has caused a decline in the frequency of these species in the past few years. Planned cultivation, proper exploitation, and the commercialization of these medicinal plants can serve as a primary source of income to the people of this downtrodden community of Gurez, particularly marginalized farmers and landless poor people. These plants have the potential to broaden livelihood opportunities of these people by framing proper policy that can give topmost priority to proper exploration of these plants.
The demand for natural-based products for industrial applications is increasing sharply and therefore the search for new alternatives to the plants traditionally used is growing. These alternative plants can be an important source of bioactive compounds under a circular economy approach. Considering the potential future use of new plant products by the industry, it is necessary to assess the risk associated with their introduction into the ecosystem. This work aims to provide an insight into the volatile profiles and evaluate the potential (eco)toxic effects of essential oils (EO’s) and hydrolates of four plant species, namely rockrose (Cistus ladanifer), curry plant (Helichrysum italicum), conehead thyme (Thymbra capitata) and basil (Ocimum basilicum). Chemical analysis were performed by GC-MS and acute toxicity tests were performed using the model organism Daphnia magna. The essential oil and the hydrolate from H. italicum, as well as all the other hydrolates caused no immobilization up to the highest concentrations tested, suggesting that all hydrolates present low to no risk towards D. magna. Similarly, the essential oil of H. italicum, presented negligible risk towards D. magna. For C. ladanifer and T. capitata essential oils, the EC50 (the concentration estimated to immobilize 50 per cent of the Daphnia) at 48 h varied between 199.7 mg/L and 12.1 mg/L, respectively. The essential oil from C. ladanifer was mainly characterised by monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the H. italicum was richer in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Both essential oil and hydrolate from T. capitata contained exclusively monoterpene hydrocarbons with a particularly high content of carvacrol. The higher acute toxicity of T. capitata essential oil can be attributed to the high amount of carvacrol present in the distillate. Overall, of the essential oils and hydrolates tested, all can be classified as practically non-toxic, except for T. capitata essential oil that, according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) of the United Nations, can be classified as moderately toxic.
Background
Ocimum basilicum was grown under three levels of drought stress (100% Field capacity, 70% Field capacity, and 40% Field capacity). Half of the plants were inoculated with Arbuscular mycorrhiza and the other half was not inoculated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were applied to improve plant growth and to alleviate drought stress on sweet basil.
Results
Drought Couse inhibition in the colonization of Arbuscular mycorrhiza, reduction in plant growth, decrease stomatal size increase stomatal density, a decline in soluble carbohydrates, accumulation of amino acids, proline, and glycine betaine, and reduction in some minerals such as P, K, and Na.
Conclusions
The effect of drought was alleviated by the application of inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhiza.
This book reviews the applications of polyphenols in cancer treatment. The initial chapter of the book classifies different polyphenols and discusses their biological and chemical properties. The subsequent chapters then explore the diverse role of polyphenols in modulating signal transduction pathways in cancer including, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This book highlights the usefulness of polyphenol enriched seafood in modulating the anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. The book also presents nanoformulation of polyphenol as a promising strategy for their enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery. Lastly, the book examines the toxicity and safety evaluations of polyphenols as anticancer agents.
Рhytосhemiсаls аs biоасtive соmроnents of plants shows promising results in curing many diseases. Therefore, the demand for these natural medicines increases day by day. Phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids seem to act in various ways to protect health. Protection of cells can be done through different types of means such as change of reactive oxygen species to non-radicle type by breaking sequencing of auto oxidative reactions commenced by reactive oxygen species and by lowering the oxygen saturation of diseased area. Many phytochemicals balance antioxidants and free radicals in our bodies. Some recent studies have shown that intake of synthetic antioxidants for a long duration may cause many health problems, like allergies, digestive problems, and according to few studies may also increase the chances of cancer.
Despite the concerted efforts in pursuit of developing effective therapy, the human race has merely succeeded in its fight against cancer. The limited success in this battle against cancer may be attributed to the development of resistance to the available therapeutic regimens, frequent recurrence, metastasis, tumor heterogeneity, and immune evasion. The sub-populated cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often held responsible for cancer relapse, therapy resistance, and metastasis. The stemness and tumorigenicity of CSCs are regulated by various pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, PI3K-AKT, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, and notch signaling. Various therapeutic agents targeting CSCs are now being considered for the treatment of various malignancies. However, conventional therapies are associated with various side effects. Therefore, current therapeutic approaches are witnessing a paradigm shift towards natural compounds. To this end, dietary polyphenols are considered promising drug candidates for their both preventive as well as therapeutic properties. In this chapter, the non-flavonoid polyphenols are discussed in the context of their ability to target CSCs and their role in attenuation of fundamental pathways involved in the maintenance of CSCs such as Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, notch, and induction of programmed cell death pathways has been explored. The overview of this chapter will help the oncologist to devise more efficacious combinatorial therapies, utilizing naturally occurring non-flavonoid polyphenols and their derivatives along with chemotherapeutic drugs, which will offer the advantage of eliminating both the CSCs and other malignant cells in the heterogeneous tumor mass as a multipronged approach. The traditional knowledge of phytomedicines along with the current advancements of molecular and precision medicine and suitable delivery system hold a great promise to combat cancer and exterminate it from the root.
The history of aroma and fragrance dates back through several ages and civilizations. The sagacity of smell plays a remarkable role for human being to recognize right food. Best fruits can be judged when they are ripe and fit for consumption emitting lovely smell or aroma. The same attribute from flowers attract insects leading to cross-pollination. India has enjoyed a paramount place in the fabrication of quality perfumes and aromatics since prehistoric era. The celebrated Chinese voyager Fa-Hien described India as the land of aromatic plants. Visitors, at Nawabi banquets, were welcomed essentially with attar. Indian cities like Delhi, Agra, Kannauj, Lucknow, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Aligarh, Bharatpur, Mysore, and Hyderabad, emerged as centers of the national and international trade in perfumery and other aromatic compounds, and were known for their quality across Asia, Europe and Africa. Aromatic plants precisely possess odorous volatile substances in root, wood, bark, stem, foliage, flower and fruit. The typical aroma is due to an assortment of composite chemical compounds. At present, information on the chemistry and properties of essential oils of only about 500 aromatic plants species is known in some detail out of a total of about 1500. Of these, about 50 species find use as commercial source of essential oils and aroma chemicals. It is realized now that perfumes are not the essentials of sumptuousness as they were in the past. It has given birth to new streams of medicinal therapy, aromatherapy, involving the use of essential oils and aromatics derived from plants to treat diseases. Essential oils are also reported to be better than antibiotics due to their safety and broad spectrum activity. Natural essential oils are also potentially safe insecticides. The essential oil obtained from Acorus calamus having ß-asarone as an active principle, produces sterility among a variety of insects of either sex. It has, therefore, been found very useful and secure for the storage of food grains. However, there is still very inadequate research for the cultivation of aromatic crops and extraction of essential oils across the globe.
This book has been designed to highlight the associated issues of aromatic plants including the aspects of their classification, importance, uses and applications for human wellbeing, botany, agrotechniques, major bioactive constituents, post harvest extraction, chemistry and biochemistry of aroma compounds alongwith an informative modern global research on these plants throughout the world. Hope this book will cater the scholastic services and rewards to diverse professionals and stakeholders and serve as an informative handbook for theoretical as well as practical purposes.
Growers usually apply elevated nitrogen levels when plants are established at high densities to obtain improved yields. It is not known how this practice affects phytochemical and antioxidant properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and rocket [Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC]) during postharvest storage, which are important quality aspects of these crops for human health. This study investigated effects of N application (60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 kg.ha⁻¹), plant density (40,000; 62,500 and 93,750 plants.ha⁻¹ for basil; 40,000; 80,000 and 133,333 plants.ha⁻¹ for rocket), and postharvest storage duration (0, 5, 10 or 15 days) on phytochemical and antioxidant properties of basil and rocket. After harvest, leaves were packaged in biaxially oriented polypropylene (anti-mist) bags and kept at 12°C and 85% relative humidity in a cold temperature room. Nitrogen application of 120 kg.ha⁻¹ at day 0 of storage, caused the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), strong-free radical scavenging activity, and % antioxidant with limited effect due to plant density on basil. In rocket, application of 60 to 120 kg.ha⁻¹ N at day 0 of storage had high TPC; FC was high at 90 to 180 kg.ha⁻¹ N and 10 days of storage. Rocket had strong scavenging activity, as a result of 120 to 180 kg.ha⁻¹ N, at 15 days of storage, and for 60 and 90 kg.ha⁻¹ N at 0 and 10 days of storage. Postharvest quality of basil was affected by storage time and N application; TPC, FC, and free radical scavenging activity (FRS) were reduced as storage time lengthened. Rocket had improved postharvest quality at 10 days of storage. Spacing had limited effect on all parameters in basil and rocket. The most economic treatment in basil was 60 kg.ha⁻¹ N for TPC, FC, FRS, and antioxidant activity; in rocket, it was 120 kg.ha⁻¹ with longer shelf-life of 10 days of storage with regard to antioxidant activity. Optimization of agronomic practises for improved production should consider phytochemical quality assurance to ensure crop health benefits to consumers are not compromised.
The novel strain of human coronavirus, emerged in December 2019, which has been designated as SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Since then, it has arisen as a serious threat to the world public health. Since no approved vaccines or drugs has been found to efficiently stop the virulent spread of the virus, progressive inquiries targeting these viruses are urgently needed, especially those from plant sources. Metabolic profiling using LC-HR-ESI-MS of the butanol extract of Ocimum menthiifolium (Lamiaceae) aerial parts yielded 10 compounds including flavonoids, iridoids and phenolics. As it has been previously reported that some flavonoids can be used as anti-SARS drugs by targeting SARS-CoV-1 3CLpro, we chose to examine 14 flavonoids (detected by metabolomics and other compounds isolated via several chromatographic techniques). We investigated their potential binding interactions with the 4 main SARS-CoV-2 targets: Mpro, nsp16/nsp10 complex, ACE2-PD and RBD-S-protein via molecular docking. Docking results indicated that the nsp16/nsp10 complex has the best binding affinities where the strongest binding was detected with apigenin-7-O-rutinoside, prunin and acaciin with −9.4, −9.3 and −9.3 kcal/mol binding energy, respectively, compared to the control (SAM) with −8.2 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the stability of these complexes was studied using molecular dynamics of 150 ns, which were then compared to their complexes in the other three targets. MM-PBSA calculations suggested the high stability of acaciin-nsp16 complex with binding energy of −110 kJ/mol. This study sheds light on the structure-based design of natural flavonoids as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting the nsp16/10 complex.
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Insecticidal activity of methanol extracts from 18 species of medicinal plants was tested on 3rd instar larvae of the Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts were toxic to larvae. Extracts from Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Picea excelsa and Salvia officinalis were highly toxic (LC50 – 1.7, 3.6, 4.1 and 4.7 µg/ml, respectively). Extracts from Melilotus officinalis, Pinus silvestris, Taraxacum officinalis and Achillea ptarmica were moderately toxic (LC50 – 5.6, 7.3, 8.4 and 9.1µg/ml, respectively). The relative growth rate, consumption of food and conversion efficiency of the digested food were calculated. Clear correlations were found between weight increase, quantity of ingested food, and the quantity of excrements produced during the whole assay period. These results indicate an antifeedant property of the tested extracts.
Studies were carried out to examine the growth potential of the two species of Basil viz., Ocimum basilicum L., and Ocimum sanctum L., in sandy soil of Karachi. Basil seeds were imported from U.S.A and various stages of their life cycle were investigated in open field. It is shown that both species not only successfully completed their life cycle (germination, vegetative /reproductive growth and seed production) but produced higher amount of viable seeds. It is suggested that these important herbs may be cultivated successfully in Karachi region.
Ocimum basilicum. L. (Lamiaceae) is an Egyptian plant used as a folkloric remedy in Egyptian traditional medicine. In the current study, the aerial part of this plant was used, and its essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. (OB) was screened for its composition and some CNS activities (viz., sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, local anesthetic). When tested in mice, OB essential oil had no effect on motor activity up to a dose of 1.2 mL kg−1 at 90 min postadministration. However, higher doses produced motor impairment at all time intervals. Pentobarbitone sleeping time tested in mice was significantly increased by all doses of the essential oil higher than 0.2 mL kg−1. Intraperitoneal administration of OB essential oil significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner the latency of convulsion and percent of animals exhibiting clonic seizures. Likewise, it reduced lethality in response to different convulsive stimulus used in this study. The ED50 values of the essential oil of OB were 0.61 mL kg−1, 0.43 mL kg−1, and 1.27 mL kg−1, against convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, and strychnine, respectively. A study of the local anesthetic activity of the OB essential oil by using a nerve block model employing in frog revealed that it had no local anesthetic effect. The LD50 of the essential oil was 3.64 mL kg−1 [correlation coefficient r = 0.961 and linear regression y. = 147 ln(x.) − 141.7]. Gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of linalool (44.18%), 1,8-cineol (13.65%), eugenol (8.59%), methyl cinnamate (4.26%), iso. caryophyllene (3.10%), and α.-cubebene (4.97%) as the main components. The observed anticonvulsant and hypnotic activities in this study could be related to the presence of a variety of terpenes in the essential oil.
Abstract: In order to characterize the essential oils of leaves and inflorescences, water distilled volatile oils of hydroponically grown Ocimum basilicum L. were analyzed by GC/EI-MS. Fifty components were identified in the inflorescence and leaf essential oils of the basil plants, accounting for 98.8 and 99.9 % of the total quantified components respectively. Phenylpropanoids (37.7 % for the inflorescence vs. 58.3 % for the leaves) were the predominant class of oil cons- tituents, followed by sesquiterpenes (33.3 vs. 19.4 %) and monoterpenes (27.7
vs. 22.1 %). Of the monoterpenoid compounds, oxygenated monoterpenes (25.2 vs. 18.9 %) were the main subclass. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (25 vs. 15.9 %) were the main subclass of sesquiterpenoidal compounds. Methyl cha- vicol, a phenylpropane derivative, (37.2 vs. 56.7 %) was the principle com- ponent of both organ oils, with up to 38 and 57 % of the total identified components of the inflorescence and leaf essential oils, respectively. Linalool (21.1 vs. 13.1 %) was the second common major component followed by α- cadinol (6.1 vs. 3 %), germacrene D (6.1 vs. 2.7 %) and 1,8-cineole (2.4 vs. 3.5 %). There were significant quantitative but very small qualitative differences between the two oils. In total, considering the previous reports, it seems that essential oil composition of hydroponically grown O. basilicum L. had volatile constituents comparable with field grown counterparts, probably with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Essential oils from leaves of Lippia multiflora, Mentha x piperita and Ocimum basilicum from Burkina Faso were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Major components were p-cymene, thymol, b-caryophyllene, carvacrol and carvone for L. multiflora, menthol and iso-menthone for M. x piperita and, linalool and eugenol for O. basilicum. The essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols were tested against nine bacterial strains using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The essential oils with high phenolic contents were the most effective antimicrobials. The checkerboard method was used to quantify the efficacy of paired combinations of essential oils and their major components. The best synergetic effects among essential oils and major components were obtained with combinations involving O. basilicum essential oil and eugenol, respectively. As phenolic components are characterized by a strong spicy aroma, this study suggests that the selection of certain combinations of EOs could help to reduce the amount of essential oils and consequently reduce any adverse sensory impact in food.
Deeper knowledge of the potentiality of aromatic plants can provide results of economic importance for food and pharmacological industry. The essential oils of seven Lamiaceae species were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antibacterial, antifungal and mutagenic activities. Monoterpenes in the oils ranged between 82.47% (hyssop oil) and 97.48% (thyme oil), being mainly represented by oxygenated compounds. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against six pathogenic and five non-pathogenic bacterial strains. Oregano and thyme oils showed the strongest antibacterial activity against the pathogenic ones. The antifungal activity was evaluated against six fungal strains of agrifood interest: the oils tested exhibited variable degrees of activity. Two Salmonella typhimurium strains were used to assess the possible mutagenic activity. No oil showed mutagenic activity. Data obtained let us hypothesise that the use of essential oils could be a viable and safe way to decrease the utilisation of synthetic food preservatives. Further research is needed to obtain information regarding the practical effectiveness of essential oils to prevent the growth of food borne and spoiling microbes under specific application conditions.
There are distinct varieties of basil types in the genus Ocimum which makes them very special. Genus Ocimum is widespread over Asia, Africa and Central & Southern America. All basils are member of the Lamiaceae family. The colors of the leaves vary from bright green to purple-green and sometimes almost black. Fresh basil leaves have a strong and characteristic aroma, not comparable to any other spice, although there is a hint of clove traceable. Ocimum Sanctum, also addressed as Ocimum Tenuiflorum is a sacred plant in the Hindu culture and known as Tulasi in Tamil or Holy Basil in English. Meanwhile Ocimum Basilicum, known as Common or Sweet Basil has very dark green leaves. The genus Ocimum is cultivated for its remarkable essential oil which exhibits many usages such as in medicinal application, herbs, culinary, perfume for herbal toiletries, aromatherapy treatment and as flavoring agent. Due to varying essential oil profiles even within the same species, plants may often be classified as a different species as a result of different scents. In the present study, volatile constituents of Ocimum Sanctum and Ocimum Basilicum were extracted using various solvents and their chemical constituents were identified and quantified by using GC-MS in optimized conditions. The profiles of extract from both species were compared in an effort to investigate effects of seasonal variation on their chemical compositions. The predominant species in Ocimum Sanctum and Ocimum Basilicum was found to be methyl eugenol and methyl chavicol, respectively, during different months of analysis.
Six triterpene acids identified as betulinic, oleanolic, ursolic, 3-epimaslinic, alphitolic and euscaphic acids have been isolated from a dichloromethane extract of hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae). These cultures were obtained by genetic transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The extract as well as the isolated compounds were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activity by measuring their effect on the oxidative stress status of liver, induced by carbon tetrachloride, in albino rats and in liver homogenate in vitro. All tested compounds displayed hepatoprotective activity comparable to oleanolic and ursolic acids.
The essential oils of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum Linn.var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth., an endemic medicinal plant growing in China, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. Fifteen compounds, representing 74.19% of the total oil were identified. The main components were as follows: linalool (29.68%), (Z)-cinnamic acid methyl ester (21.49%), cyclohexene (4.41%), alpha- cadinol (3.99%), 2,4-diisopropenyl-1-methyl-1-vinylcyclohexane (2.27%), 3,5-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-dimethyl-diethyl ester (2.01%), beta-cubebene (1.97%), guaia-1(10),11-diene (1.58%), cadinene (1.41%) (E)-cinnamic acid methyl ester (1.36%) and beta-guaiene (1.30%). The essential oils showed significant antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi.
The vapors of peppermint oil and two of its major constituents (menthol and menthone), and sweet basil oil and two of its major constituents (linalool and eugenol), were tested against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. exFr.) Vuill and Mucor sp. (Fisher) in a closed system. These fungi cause deterioration and heavy decay of peach fruit during marketing, shipping and storage. The essential oils, their major individual aroma constituents and blends of the major individual constituents at different ratios inhibited the growth of the fungi in a dose-dependent manner. Menthol was found to be the individual aroma constituent responsible for the antifungal properties of peppermint essential oil, while menthone alone did not show any effect at all doses. In the case of basil oil, linalool alone showed a moderate antifungal activity while eugenol showed no activity at all. Mixing the two components in a ratio similar to their concentrations in the original oil was found to enhance the antifungal properties of basil oil indicating a synergistic effect.
The antioxidant activity of a methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) was examined using different in vitro assay model systems. The crude extract was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and six fractions were identified. The DPPH scavenging assay system and the oxidation of the soy phosphotidylcholin liposome model system were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of each fraction. Fraction IV showed the strongest activity followed by fractions V and VI. Phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidative activity of the fractions were characterized by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major antioxidant compound in fraction IV was confirmed as rosmarinic acid by (1)H NMR and characteristic fragmentations in the mass spectrum. Moreover, the native of antioxidant activity of rosmarinic acid in the liposome system was examined. The results showed that one rosmarinic acid can capture 1.52 radicals, and furthermore, the existence of a synergistic effect between alpha-tocopherol and rosmarinic acid was revealed.
Essential oils are volatile and can have good antimicrobial activity. We compared the effects of oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and essential oil components (thymol, carvacrol, and salicylaldehyde) to those of a placebo when placed in the ear canal
of rats with experimental acute otitis media caused by pneumococci or Haemophilus influenzae. Progress was monitored by otomicroscopic examination and middle ear cultures. The treatment with oil of basil or essential
oil components cured or healed 56%–81% of rats infected with H. influenzae and 6%–75% of rats infected with pneumococci, compared with 5.6%–6% of rats in the placebo group. Essential oils or their
components placed in the ear canal can provide effective treatment of acute otitis media
The antioxidant properties of plants have been investigated, in the light of recent scientific developments, throughout the world due to their potent pharmacological activities and food viability. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) is used as a kitchen herb and as an ornamental plant in house gardens. In the present study, the possible radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the water (WEB) and ethanol extracts (EEB) of basil was investigated using different antioxidant methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, scavenging of superoxide anion radical-generated non-enzymatic system, ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities. Experiments revealed that WEB and EEB have an antioxidant effects which are concentration-dependent. The total antioxidant activity was performed according to the ferric thiocyanate method. At the 50 microg/mL concentration, the inhibition effects of WEB and EEB on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion were found to be 94.8% and 97.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage inhibition of a 50 microg/mL concentration of BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol was found to be 97.1%, 98.5% and 70.4% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, WEB and EEB had effective DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Additionally, these various antioxidant activities were compared with BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol as reference antioxidants. The additional total phenolic content of these basil extracts was determined as the gallic acid equivalent and were found to be equivalent.
In this study, we investigated the effects of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on Giardia lamblia and on the modulation of the interaction of these parasites by peritoneal mouse macrophage. The essential oil (2 mg/ml) and its purified substances demonstrated antigiardial activity. Linalool (300 microg/ml), however, was able to kill 100% parasites after 1 h of incubation, which demonstrates its high antigiardial potential. Pretreatment of peritoneal mouse macrophages with 2 mg/ml essential oil dilution reduced in 79% the association index between these macrophages and G. lamblia, with a concomitant increase by 153% on nitric oxide production by the G. lamblia-ingested macrophages. The protein profiles and proteolitic activity of these parasite trophozoites, previously treated or not with 2 mg/ml essential oil or with the purified fractions, were also determined. After 1 and 2 h of incubation, proteins of lysates and culture supernatants revealed significant differences in bands patterns when compared to controls. Besides, the proteolitic activity, mainly of cysteine proteases, was clearly inhibited by the essential oil (2 mg/ml) and the purified linalool (300 microg/ml). These results suggest that, with G. lamblia, the essential oil from O. basilicum and its purified compounds, specially linalool, have a potent antimicrobial activity.
Studies on the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum have led to the isolation of a new ferulate, 4'-carbomethoxy-2'-hydroxy phenyl ferulate (1) and a new cinnamate, (E)-3'-hydroxy-4'-(1''-hydroxyethyl)-phenyl-4-methoxycinnamate (2). Their structures have been elucidated through spectral studies including 2D-NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, COSY-45 degrees , NOESY and 2D-J resolved).
Objective: To evaluate the cardiac effects of extracts derived from the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Material and Methods: The aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum Linn. were extracted with 95% ethanol and double distilled water. The extracts were screened for their effects on frog-heart in situ preparation. Enzyme studies such as Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were done on the heart tissue aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were estimated in the heart tissue and serum of albino rats after administering the extracts for 7 days. Results: The alcoholic extract produced significant positive ionotropic and negative chronotropic actions on frog heart. The positive ionotropic effect was selectively inhibited by nifedipine. A significant decrease in membrane Na+/K+ ATPase, Mg2+ATPase and an increase in Ca2+ATPase pointed the basis for the cardiotonic effect. The aqueous extract produced positive chronotropic and positive ionotropic effects which were antagonized by propranolol indicating that these might have been mediated through β-adrenergic receptors. Nifedipine also blocks the'action of the aqueous extract. Conclusion: The alcoholic extract exhibited a cardiotonic effect and the aqueous extract produced a β -adrenergic effect.
Aroma compounds in the extracts of basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major aroma constituents of basil were 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (linalool; 3.94 mg/g), 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) benzene (estragole; 2.03 mg/g), methyl cinnamate (1.28 mg/g), 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol; 0.896 mg/g), and 1,8-cineole (0.288 mg/g). The major aroma constituents of thyme were 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol; 8.55 mg/g), 4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol (carvacrol; 0.681 mg/g), linalool (0.471 mg/g), α-terpineol (0.291 mg/g), and 1,8-cineole (0.245 mg/g). Twelve aroma constituents of basil and thyme were examined for their antioxidant activities using the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay. Eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, and 4-allylphenol showed stronger antioxidant activities than did the other components tested in the assay. They all inhibited the oxidation of hexanal by almost 100% for a period of 30 days at a concentration of 5 μg/ml. Their antioxidant activities were comparable to those of the known antioxidants, α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT).
Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from aerial parts of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as affected by four seasonal, namely summer, autumn, winter and spring growing variation were investigated. The hydro-distilled essential oils content ranged from 0.5% to 0.8%, the maximum amounts were observed in winter while minimum in summer. The essential oils consisted of linalool as the most abundant component (56.7-60.6%), followed by epi-α-cadinol (8.6-11.4%), α-bergamotene (7.4-9.2%) and γ-cadinene (3.2-5.4%). Samples collected in winter were found to be richer in oxygenated monoterpenes (68.9%), while those of summer were higher in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (24.3%). The contents of most of the chemical constituents varied significantly (p<0.05) with different seasons. The essential oils investigated, exhibited good antioxidant activity as measurements by DPPH free radical-scavenging ability, bleaching β-carotene in linoleic acid system and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the essential oils and linalool, the most abundant component, against bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pasteurella multocida and pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, Fusarium solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus solani was assessed by disc diffusion method and measurement of determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. The results of antimicrobial assays indicated that all the tested microorganisms were affected. Both the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the oils varied significantly (p<0.05), as seasons changed.
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Background: Traditionally some people employ Ocimum basilicum (Shaspram) to relieve the symptoms of dyspepsia. We therefore studied the effects of oral extract of this medici- nal plant on functional dyspepsia. Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, the effect of a four-week treatment of Shaspram was evaluated on functional dyspepsia. Two hundred cases from all patients referred for dyspepsia without having any obvious pathologic signs were randomly divided into case and control groups (100 each). The hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Shaspram was prepared and used. Patients were asked to have 30 drops of pre- scribed medications (placebo or the extract, equal to 1.5 gram leaves powder) daily at 30 min before lunch and dinner for four-weeks. Severity was scored for each symptom on a num- bered scale and the results compared with the results of placebo group or pretreatment period. Results: Patients in drug group responded to treatment better than patients in placebo group (P
As part of our research on aromatic plants from Africa, we have analyzed, via GC and CG/MS, the essential oils from fresh leaves of five Ocimum species from tropical Africa: Ocimum basilicum L., O. gratissimum L., O. americanum L. (syn: O. canum Sims), O. lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. and O. minimum L. The chemical compositions of O. basilicum, O. gratissimum and O. minimum essential oils could be related to some chemotypes already defined for these three species: linalool- or methyl chavicol-types for the first species, thymol- or eugenol- or ocimenes/far- nesenes-types for the second one; finally, a high content of methyl chavicol (34.3%) and linalool (17.8%) was found in O. minimum oil, similar to that already described for a Brazilian species. On the other hand, an essential oil dominated by 1,8-cineole was described for the first time for a sample of O. americanum. Finally, the oil of O. lamiifolium, which was rich in sabinene, is chemically described for the first time.
Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) is a well- known perennial herb in Indian medicine used to treat various disorders like upper respiratory tract infections and wound healing. Primarily we inves- tigated the anti-inflammatory activity of crude ex- tracts of Ocimum basilicum using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy individuals. Ocimum basilicum crude methanolicextractshowed a good inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of PBMC in mitogenic lymphocyte proliferation assays. Furthermore, gene expression studies on lipopolysac- charide (LPS) induced production of proinflamma- tory cytokines like Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β )a nd IL-2showed down regu- lation of the markers. It also suppressed the induc- tion of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the subsequent production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a time- dependent manner. Our results showed that Ocimum basilicum crude methanolic extract inhibits the key proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, which ac- counts for its anti-inflammatory effect.
The experiments were commenced in March 2003 and repeated in June 2003 at Sutton Bonington Campus, the University of Nottingham, UK, to investigate the effect of irradiance on plant growth and volatile oil content and composition in plants of basil. Four levels of irradiance were provided in the glasshouse, i.e. no shade (control), 25, 50 and 75% glasshouse irradiance. It suggested that basil grows well in full sun, however it can tolerate light shade. Heavy shading (75%) to provide a light integral of 5.3 moles m −2 d −1 resulted in shorter plants, lower weight, smaller leaf area, less shoots and higher specific leaf area, and also strongly reduced the rate of photosynthesis. There was no difference in CO 2 assimilation rate between 24.9 moles m −2 d −1 light integrals (no shading) and 13.5 moles m −2 d −1 light integrals (25% shading). Shading effectively reduced leaf temperature when air temperature was less than 30 • C, but heavy shading (75%) could not reduce leaf temperature when air temperature was above 36 • C due to a limitation of free air convection. Consequently, leaf temperature increased. Heavy shading strongly reduced total volatile oil content in fresh leaves, especially in older plants (shading treatment applied at the 3 leaf-pair growth stage). There were three chemical compounds in basil leaves, namely linalool, eugenol and methyl eugenol, influenced by the shading treatments. Linalool and eugenol, which contribute to the characteristic taste of basil, were significantly increased by high daily light integrals, whereas methyleugenol was increased by lower daily light integrals. No differences in the relative content of 1,8-cineole, one of the key aromatic compounds of Ocimum species, were observed.
Essential Oils from Ocimum basilicum and their components showed different inhibition effects against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Rhizopus nigricans, The different antifungal activity of the essential oils is determined mainly by the percentage of the main components: cineol, linalool, methylchavicol and eugenol.
Food poisoning remains a major health problem, affecting both industrialized and developing countries. Here, we show that essential oils from Ocimum basilicum (basil), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Origanum vulgare (oregano) exhibit bactericidal properties against Bacillus cereus in rice-based foods. The optimal bactericidal activities were observed at room temperature in a concentration-dependent manner.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a multifunctional caffeic acid ester present in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Untransformed normal roots of O. basilicum harbored the maximum titers (0.98% g fresh weight basis) of RA compared to leaves and shoots. Hairy root cultures of O. basilicum transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC-15834) showed three-fold increases in growth and RA production compared to the untransformed normal roots. Upon elicitation with fungal cell wall elicitors (CWE) from Phytophthora cinnamoni, the production of RA was enhanced 2.67-fold compared with the untreated control. Roots were induced to exude RA by fungal in situ challenge with Pythium ultimum, to our knowledge an undocumented observation. Absence of RA in the root exudates of unchallenged root cultures proves that RA under normal circumstances is not exuded. RA showed antimicrobial activity against a range of soil-borne microorganisms, with its most deleterious effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic soil bacterium and human pathogen. Confocal and scanning imaging of Aspergillus niger hyphae treated with RA (250 μM) exhibited damaged cytoskeletons with broken interseptas and convoluted cell surfaces resulting in a multinucleated stage compared to the untreated control. Both strains of P. aeruginosa tested, PAO1 and PA14, showed increased spatial division and condensation of DNA upon RA treatment compared to the untreated control. Our findings suggest that in nature RA is a constitutive antimicrobial compound that may be released into the surrounding rhizosphere upon microbe challenge.
This is the first report to identify the presence of chicoric acid (cichoric acid; also known as dicaffeoyltartaric acid, which is a caffeic acid derivatized with tartaric acid) in basil leaves. Rosmarinic acid, chicoric acid and caftaric acid (in the order of most abundant to least; all derivatives of caffeic acid) were identified in fresh basil leaves. Rosmarinic acid was the main phenolic compound found in both leaves and stems. Chicoric acid was not detected in sweet basil stems, although a small amount was present in Thai basil stems. Other cinnamic acid monomers, dimers and trimers were also found in minor quantities in both stems and leaves. Basil polyphenolic contents were determined by blanched methanol extraction, followed by HPLC/DAD analysis. The characterization of the polyphenolics found in the basil extracts were performed by HPLC/DAD/ESI–MS/MS and co-chromatographed with purchased standard. The influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus intraradices, on plant phenolic composition was studied on two basil cultivars,‘Genovese Italian’ and ‘Purple Petra’. Inoculation with AMF increased total anthocyanin concentration of ‘Purple Petra’ but did not alter polyphenolic content or profile of leaves and stems, of either cultivar, compared to non-inoculated plants. In the US diet, basil presents a more accessible source of chicoric acid than does Echinacea purpurea, in which it is the major phenolic compound.
The antibacterial potential of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) was evaluated for controlling the growth range of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves and stems were analyzed by GC-MS. Fifty-seven compounds representing 94.9 and 96.1% of the total leaf and stem oils, respectively, were identified, of which methyl chavicol (36.7 and 29.9%), gitoxigenin (9.3 and 10.2%), trimethoquinol (10.3 and 8.4%), beta-guaiene (3.7 and 4.1%), aciphyllene (3.4 and 3.0%), alizarin (3.2 and 4.4%), naphthaline (2.2 and 3.8%), (-)-caryophyllene (2.0 and 1.9%), and mequinol (1.6 and 1.8%) were the major compounds. The essential oils (10 microL/disc of 1:5, v/v dilution with methanol) and methanol extracts (300 microg/disc) of O. basilicum displayed a great potential of antibacterial activity against Bacillius cereus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, and Salmonella typhi with their respective zones of inhibition of 11.2-21.1 mm and MIC values of 62.5-500 microg/mL. The results of this study suggest that the natural products derived from O. basilicum may have potential use in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries as antimicrobial agents.
Essential or volatile oils of plants have been variously reported to have many medicinal applications. Their probable uses against oral microbes have received little attention. Oral swabs obtained from eighteen dental patients at the University of Benin teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, led to the isolation of twenty nine bacteria. Using standard methods, the microorganisms were identified as Streptococcus viridians (16; representing 55.17%), Staphylococcus albus (9; 31.04%), Klebisiella pneumonia (2; 6.90%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1, 3.45%) and Proteus vulgaris (1, 3.45%). The antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L. were evaluated on the twenty nine organisms using agar diffusion and agar dilution methods. In the susceptibility tests, the volatile oils of O. basilicum and O. gratissimum independently inhibited the growth of Klebisiella pneumonia at a concentration of 0.51% in the agar; Streptococcus viridians and Staphylococcus albus at 1.10% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10.0%. Proteus vulgaris was inhibited at 0.53% by the volatile oil of O. gratissimum and 0.67% by O. basilicum. Separate incorporation of the volatile oils into tooth pastes (2 and 5%), the volatiles oils showed antibacterial activities comparable to a commercial tooth paste (which contains O. basilicum 0.01% among others) against most resistant organisms. As components of mouth washes, the volatile oils completely inhibited the growth of organisms at a concentration of 0.5%.
Ocimum species are used in traditional Iranian medicine, as a culinary herb, and as a well-known source of flavoring principles. Horticultural characteristics, including quantitative and qualitative traits along with the chemical variation of phenolic acids, of 23 accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) from Iran were studied. Morphological studies of accessions showed a high level of variability in recorded traits. Quantification of phenolic acids was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and showed drastic variations between accessions. Chemical studies revealed that rosmarinic acid is the predominant phenolic acid present in both flower and leaf tissues. Unusual basil accessions were identified that can serve as genetic sources of phenolic acids for crop improvement.
The essential oil basil is obtained from the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum L. After gas chromatographic separation, the following components were identified: linalol (54.95%), methylchavikol (11.98%), methylcinnamat (7.24%) and linolen (0.14%). The activity of basil against multidrug resistant clinical isolates from the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas has been studied. For this purpose, standard and modified broth macrodilution methods were used and time kill kinetic of basil was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were reported between 0.0030% and 0.0007% (v/v). These concentrations were compared with the inhibitory concentrations (ICs) and the logs of the bacterial counts reduction both obtained by basil diluted in 1% Tween (Tw) 80, saline test solution (STS) and spiritus vini (Sv) 95 degrees instead in a broth. The data, obtained after application of different methods of investigation and validated with membrane filtration, showed a strong inhibitory effect of basil on the test bacteria. The chosen bacteria are widespread and pose serious therapeutic difficulties because of their high level of resistance. For this reason, the results obtained were considered encouraging.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a popular culinary herb, and its essential oils have been used extensively for many years in food products, perfumery, and dental and oral products. Basil essential oils and their principal constituents were found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and mold. The present paper reviews primarily the topic of basil essential oils with regards to their chemical composition, their effect on microorganisms, the test methods for antimicrobial activity determination, and their possible future use in food preservation or as the active (antimicrobial), slow release, component of an active package.
To investigate the antibacterial effect of five essential oils (EO) extracted from aromatic plants (Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimumbasilicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Thymus vulgaris and Zingiber officinale) of Cameroon against strains of Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua and Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of selected EO to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of L. innocua was also examined.
The antibacterial activity of the EO determined by the agar diffusion method showed that T. vulgaris had the highest activity followed by O. gratissimum and C. citratus. Lowest activity was recorded from Z. officinale and O. basilicum. Significant differences in sensitivity between strains of Listeria and S. aureus were observed. Flow cytometry of L. innocua stained with carboxy-fluorescein diacetate showed that the fluorescence intensity of cells exposed to EO decreased faster than nonexposed cells, indicating that EO permeabilized the cytoplasmic membrane with the leakage of carboxy-fluorescein.
Almost all the EO tested showed antibacterial activity to a different extent. The antibacterial effect was due to permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane.
This study has identified the preservative potential of the EO examined. The use of sensitive method, such as flow cytometry, is advantageous for quick generation of data on the antibacterial effect of EO.
Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil from 17 Thai medicinal plants on human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) and murine leukemia (P388) cell lines using MTT assay were investigated. An amount of 1 x 10(4)cells/well of KB cell line and 1 x 10(5) cells/well of P388 cell line were treated with the oil samples at different concentrations ranging from 0.019 to 4.962 mg/ml. In KB cell line, Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf oil showed the highest anti-proliferative activity with the IC(50) value of 0.0379 mg/ml (4.37 times more potent than vincristine) whereas Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) oil gave the highest anti-proliferative activity with the IC(50) value of 0.0362 mg/ml (12.7 times less potent than 5-FU) in P388 cell line. The results demonstrated the potential of essential oil from Thai medicinal plants for cancer treatment.
