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Some Aspects of Nutrient Analysis of Seed, Pulp and Oil of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)

  • January 2012
DOI:10.9790/2402-0143235
Authors:
G.O. Oyelek
G.O. Oyelek
G.O. Oyelek
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M.A. Salam
M.A. Salam
M.A. Salam
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Rasheed Adetoro at Osun State University
Rasheed Adetoro
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Abstract

Proximate, mineral and selected physicochemical characteristics of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed, pulp and seed- oil were determined using standard analytical methods. The proximate composition (%) of the seed and pulp were as follows; moisture (3.8 ± 0.2 and 11.2 ± 0.2), protein (19.5 ± 0.5 and 3.5 ± 0.1), fat (13.4 ± 0.1 and 0.4 ± 0.1), ash (3.1± 0.1 and 4.5 ± 0.5), crude fibre (15.6 ± 0.5 and 6.1 ± 0.1) and carbohydrate (44.6 and 74.3). Baobab seed, pulp and seed-oil are good source of macro and micro nutrients with potassium (K) being the most predominant element with magnessiun (Mg), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) also present in appreciable quantities. The physicochemical properties also revealed slightly acidic P H for the pulp (5.6 ± 0.2) and oil (6.1 ± 0.1) while the seed was alkaline (8.2 ± 0.1). From the soluble solid content, the pulp contains more sugar than the seed while the titrable acidity of the oil with 3.51 ± 0.10 is higher than 0.65 ± 0.04 of the pulp. The saponification, iodine and acid values of the oil were 218.41 ± 0.20mgKOH/g, 92.10 ± 1.50mgI 2/100g and 6.52 ± 0.02 mgKOH/g respectively while the refractive index and specific gravity were 1.498 ± 0.002 and 0.928 ± 0.001. The results presented here established the edibility of the pulp, seed and oil as well as a pointer to its industrial usage. Keywords: Proximate, mineral, physicochemical, saponification, pulp, oil, seed, edible.
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IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
ISSN: 2319-2402, ISBN: 2319-2399. Volume 1, Issue 4 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 32-35
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Some Aspects of Nutrient Analysis of Seed, Pulp and Oil of
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
G.O. Oyeleke1, M.A. Salam2 and R.O Adetoro3
1,2 Science Laboratory Technology Department, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria.
3 Chemistry Department, Osun State College of Education, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria.
Abstract: Proximate, mineral and selected physicochemical characteristics of baobab (Adansonia digitata)
seed, pulp and seed- oil were determined using standard analytical methods. The proximate composition (%) of
the seed and pulp were as follows; moisture (3.8 ± 0.2 and 11.2 ± 0.2), protein (19.5 ± 0.5 and 3.5 ± 0.1), fat
(13.4 ± 0.1 and 0.4 ± 0.1), ash (3.1± 0.1 and 4.5 ± 0.5), crude fibre (15.6 ± 0.5 and 6.1 ± 0.1) and carbohydrate
(44.6 and 74.3). Baobab seed, pulp and seed-oil are good source of macro and micro nutrients with potassium
(K) being the most predominant element with magnessiun (Mg), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) also present
in appreciable quantities. The physicochemical properties also revealed slightly acidic PH for the pulp (5.6 ±
0.2) and oil (6.1 ± 0.1) while the seed was alkaline (8.2 ± 0.1). From the soluble solid content, the pulp contains
more sugar than the seed while the titrable acidity of the oil with 3.51 ± 0.10 is higher than 0.65 ± 0.04 of the
pulp. The saponification, iodine and acid values of the oil were 218.41 ± 0.20mgKOH/g, 92.10 ± 1.50mgI2/100g
and 6.52 ± 0.02 mgKOH/g respectively while the refractive index and specific gravity were 1.498 ± 0.002 and
0.928 ± 0.001. The results presented here established the edibility of the pulp, seed and oil as well as a pointer
to its industrial usage.
Keywords: Proximate, mineral, physicochemical, saponification, pulp, oil, seed, edible.
I. Introduction
Seed, pulp and seed-oil are important components of plants that could be explored to meet up with the
food demand of the world’s increasing population.
Baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) is a member of the Bombacaceae family which consists of around 20 genera
and 180 species. It is a deciduous tree that was originally located in Africa but can still be found in large
quantities in America, India, Malaysia [1] and hosts of other countries. It is tolerant to high temperature and
long spans of drought. It is also known as “monkey bread tree”. The baobab fruit which is harvested by
collecting from the trees or the ground consists of large seeds embedded in dry acidic pulp and shell [2]. Baobab
pulp is used in juice production while the seed and the seed oil are used in soup preparation as flavouring agents.
Nutritional analysis of baobab fruit pulp has shown that it is an excellent source of pectin, calcium,
vitamin C and iron. Its vitamin C content has been compared with oranges and found that it is about three times
higher (46mg/100 compared to 150-499mg/100g) [3] while Wilkinson, [4] also showed that the vitamin C levels
ranged from 74- 163mg/100g and all parts of the baobab tree are reported to have medicinal properties.
Research attention towards increasing the usefulness of plant protein source for food use includes
peanut [5], fluted pumpkin [6], cashew nut [7] and yam beans [8].
The knowledge of nutrition value of local dishes, soup ingredients and local foodstuffs is necessary in order to
encourage the increase cultivation and consumption [9].
This research work focused on the nutrient and physicochemical compositions of the pulp, seed and
seed -oil of baobab in order to expand the scope of knowledge on its full utilization.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Collection and Preparation of Samples
The baobab fruits used for this work were collected from a co research fellow from Osun State
Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria.
The pulp was separated from the seed manually. The pulp obtained was kept for further analysis while
the seeds were sun dried for two weeks, ground, passed through a 2mm sieve and stored in air tight bags ready
for further analysis.
Some Aspects of Nutrient Analysis of Seed, Pulp and Oil of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
2.3 Methods
2.3.1 Proximate and Elemental Compositions
The moisture, protein, crude fibre, ash, fat and total carbohydrate (determined by difference) contents
of the pulp and seed of baobab as well as the mineral contents were determined by the methods of A.O.A.C,
[10].
2.3.2 Selected Physicochemical Properties of Pulp, Seed and Oil
Titrable acidity and total soluble solids (Brix) of the pulp and seed were determined according to the
methods described by Onimawo, [11]. The PH of the samples were done using Philips Harris PH meter.
The acid value, saponification and the iodine values were done by methods outlined by AOAC, [10].
The specific gravity (25oC) and refractive index (at 26oC) were determined by using universal hydrometer and
Abbe refractometer
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Results Table 1: Proximate Composition of baobab Pulp and Seed (%)
Parameter Seed + S.D Pulp + S.D
Moisture 3.8 + 0.2 11.2 + 0.2
Ash 3.1 + 0.1 4.5 + 0.1
Fat 13.4 + 0.5 0.4 + 0.1
Crude fibre 15.6 + 0.5 6.1 + 0.1
Crude protein 19.5 + 0.5 3.5 + 0.1
Carbohydrate 44.6 + 0.2 74.3 + 0.1
All results are average of duplicate determinations + standard deviation (S.D.).
Table 2: Mineral Composition of baobab Pulp, Seed and Seed-oil (mg/100g)
Parameter Pulp+ S.D Seed + S.D Oil + S.D
Na 35.10 + 0.50 40.72 + 0.20 25.15 + 0.10
K 1410.35 + 0.25 875.15 + 0.05 506.20 + 0.15
Mg 69.12 + 0.02 315.17 + 0.05 116.10 + 0.20
Ca 78.18 + 0.15 521.10 + 0.25 70.50 + 0.20
P 105.20 + 0.10 125.50 + 0.50 87.75 + 0.05
Fe 5.85 + 0.20 10.12 + 0.10 3.50 + 0.10
All results are average of duplicate determinations + standard deviation (S.D.).
Table 3: Selected Physicochemical Properties of baobab Pulp, Seed and Oil
Parameter Pulp+ S.D Seed + S.D Oil + S.D
PH 5.60 + 0.20 8.15 + 0.10 6.12 + 0.50
Soluble solid (brix) 15.0 + 0.1 1.5 + 0.4 ND
Titrable acidity (%) 0.68 + 0.04 3.51 + 0.10 ND
Refractive index (26oC) ND ND 1.498 + 0.002
Specific gravity (25oC) ND ND 0.928 + 0.001
Saponification value* ND ND 218.41 + 0.20
Acid value* ND ND 6.52 + 0.02
Iodine value** ND ND 92.10 + 1.50
All results are average of duplicate determinations + standard deviation (S.D.).
* (mgKOH/g), ** (mgI2/100g) and ND (not determined).
3.2 Discussion
The proximate composition of the seed and pulp is shown in Table 1. The moisture content was 3.8 +
0.2% in the seed while the pulp was found to have 11.2 + 0.2% moisture content. The moisture content of the
Some Aspects of Nutrient Analysis of Seed, Pulp and Oil of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
seed is low compared to 5.8 + 0.04% in groundnut [9] and 4.6% for Citrullus lanatus seed [12] respectively. The
moisture content of the pulp is lower than 81+ 0.72% reported for Anonna muricata [11].
The protein content of the seed was found to be 19.5+ 0.5%. This value is lower than 38.61+ 0.07% and 23.4%
reported for groundnut and C. lanatus seeds [9,12] while the 3.5 + 0.1% protein for the pulp was found to be in
line with 3.2 + 0.1% reported for it by Magdi, [2].
The values of 13.4 + 0.1% fat, 3.1 + 0.1% ash and 15.6 + 0.5% crude fibre were in line with that of
baobab seed. These values were however lower than 31.30% fat but higher than 2.02% ash and 2.12% crude
fibre for fluted pumpkin [6].
The values for fat, ash and crude fibre contents of the pulp with 0.4+ 0.1%, 4.5 + 0.5% and 6.1%
respectively showed some levels of closeness to those of baobab pulp [2]. The values were lower than 1.29 +
0.01% fat, 14.12 + 0.02% ash and higher than 1.88+ 0.01% crude fibre reported for unripe pulp of Carica
papaya [13].
The carbohydrate contents of 44.6+ 0.2% in the seed and 74.3+ 0.1 % in the pulp showed that baobab seed and
pulp can be categorized as carbohydrate rich food. The carbohydrate content of the seed is comparable to 47%
reported for A. muricata [11] and higher than 1.81 + 0.02% for groundnut [9].
Table 2 showed the mineral composition of baobab pulp, seed and oil extract. Generally, all the three
parts revealed a fair deal of being a cheap source of nutritive elements with potassium being the predominant
element. The seed contain higher amount of all the mineral elements relative to the pulp and seed oil except in
potassium where the pulp has the highest concentration.
The seed oil followed those of the seed closely in mineral element composition. Minerals are important
in the diet because they serve as cofactors for many physiologic and metabolic functions and in their absence,
clinical deficiencies may occur [6]. Na/K and Ca/P ratios are also of medical importance especially in blood
clotting and in reducing high blood pressure.
Table 3 showed some physicochemical properties of the seed, pulp and oil of baobab.The PH of 5.60+
0.20 for the pulp indicates that it is acidic and the value is higher than that of 4.56 reported for A. muricata [11].
The PH of 6.12 of the oil is an indication of slightly acidic condition. The soluble sugar (brix) of 15.0 + 0.1 and
1.5+ 0.4 for pulp and seed showed that the pulp contained more sugar compared to the seed and therefore the
pulp will be useful for wine production. The titrable acidity of the pulp and the seed of baobab were found to be
0.68 + 0.04% and 3.51 + 0.10% respectively.
The refractive index (at 26oC) and specific gravity (at 25oC) were found to be 1.498 + 0.002 and 0.928+ 0.001
respectively. The values were similar to that reported by Magdi [2] for baobab and also within the range found
for vegetable oils. The refractive index of 1.498+ 0.02 does not fall within the range of 1.475- 1.485 for drying
oils.
Saponification value of 218.41+0.02 mgKOH/g for the oil was higher than 137mgKOH/g reported for
cashew nut oil [7] but lower than 232.81mgKOH/g for palm kernel oil [14]. The high saponification value
suggests that the oil may be suitable for soap making. The iodine value of 92.10+1.50mgI2/100g for the oil
showed that it contain low degree of unsaturation and can therefore be classified as non-drying edible oil
because 80-100g/100g iodine has been suggested for most edible oils [15].
The high saponification and low iodine values is a pointer to the stability of the oil [2]. The acid value
of 6.52+0.02mgKOH/g was found to be higher than 4.279mgKOH/g reported for soyabean by Akanni et al, [16]
and lower than 10.7mgKOH/g for cashew nut seed [7].
V. Conclusion
The results of this research showed that baobab pulp, seed and oil are of high economic value in terms
of protein, fat and energy contents. They are also good and cheap source of macro and micro elements. The
physicochemical properties of the oil indicated that it is non-drying and edible. Industrially, the oil may be
useful in small, medium and large scale for soap, cosmetic and candle making.
VI. Recommendation
Further work should be carried out on the amino and fatty acids characteristics of the pulp, seed and oil
of baobab to expand its nutritional potentials.
Some Aspects of Nutrient Analysis of Seed, Pulp and Oil of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
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(Anarcardium occidentalis) Oil and Cashewnut Shell Liquid. J. Agric., Food & Environ. Sci. Vol. 2 Issue 1, 2008, 1-12.
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[10] A.O.A.C., Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, 2005, Washington, D.C.
[11] I.A. Onimawo, Proximate Composition and Selected Physicochemical Properties of the Seed, Pulp and Oil of Sour Sop (Anonna
muricata). Plant Food for Human Nutrition 57, 2002, 165-171.
[12] G.C. Ojieh, O.M. Oluba, Y.R. Ogunlowo, K.E. Adebisi, G.O. Eidangbe and R.T. Orole, Compositional Studies of Citrullus lanatus
(Egusi melon) Seed. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness Vol.6 No1, 2008.
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[14] V.N. Atasie and T.F. Akinhanmi, Extraction, Compositional Studies and Physicochemical Characteristics of Palm Kernel Oil. Pak.
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[16] M.S. Akanni, A.S. Adekunle and E.A. Oluyemi, Physicochemical Properties of Some Non-conventional Oil seeds. J. Food Technol.
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... This implies that the outer cover of Hunteria umbellata seed contain notable amount of carbohydrate which is removed when dehulled. The carbohydrate content of DHUS (43.23%) is very close to 44.60% reported for Adansonia digitata [16] and very high compared to 9.10% obtained for calabash whole seed. Carbohydrate level in WHUS (58.88%) is higher than 44.6 and 47.44% reported for baobab pulp seed and Prunus persica respectively. ...
... Potassium acts as Cofactor that functions in protein synthesis and activation of enzymes. The potassium value for DHUS (1130mg/100g) and WHUS (1150mg/100g) are in line with 1410.35mg/100g reported for baobab pulp [16] but extremely high compared to 29.52mg/100g obtained for Blighia sapida [8]. Potassium can be used to balance fluid and nerve transmission. ...
... The value (87.5mg/100g) DHUS and (90mg/100g) WHUS obtained for sodium is higher than the value 29.20mg/100g and 42.7mg/100g reported for Blighia sapida and Baobab seed respectively [8] and [16]. Na/K ratio of less than one is recommended [19] in our diet therefore; Na/K (0.077) and (0.078) will be good for hypertensive patients. ...
Comparative study and nutritional assesm (1)
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The nutritional compositions of Hunteria umbellata were examined in this study. Proximate, mineral and inorganic elements of dehulled Hunteria umbellata seed (DHUS) and whole Hunteria umbellata seed (WHUS) were analyzed. The proximate composition (%) of the DHUS and WHUS seed are as follows; crude protein (13.65) and (9.0), crude fibre (26.79) and (2.74), crude fat (2.87) and (14.97), ash (3.89) and (3.45), moisture (9.57) and (10.95) and carbohydrate (43.23) and (58.88). Hunteria umbellata are good source of macro and micro nutrient (mg/100g) with Potassium (1130) and 1150, Magnesium (180) and (189), Calcium (76) and (78), Sodium (87.5) and (90), Iron (60) and (63), Manganese (5) and (7) also present in appreciable quantities. The result of inorganic element (mg/100g) also revealed in Hunteria umbellata; Nitrogen (7.14) and (2.11), Carbon (52.1) and (68.4), Hydrogen (4.22) and (6.11), Sulphur (2.33) and (2.26) and Oxygen (34.3) and (21.1) respectively. Nitrogen content was determined by micro-Kjeldahl method. Total carbohydrate was calculated by the difference method while mineral analysis was carried out after acid digestion using spectrophotometer and flame photometry. The high value obtained for potassium, carbohydrate, and carbon reveal that Hunteria umbellata seed has potential of serving as supplement for food, source of synthetic and antimicrobial drugs, and traditional herbal medicine.
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... This implies that the outer cover of Hunteria umbellata seed contain notable amount of carbohydrate which is removed when dehulled. The carbohydrate content of DHUS (43.23%) is very close to 44.60% reported for Adansonia digitata [16] and very high compared to 9.10% obtained for calabash whole seed. Carbohydrate level in WHUS (58.88%) is higher than 44.6 and 47.44% reported for baobab pulp seed and Prunus persica respectively. ...
... Potassium acts as Cofactor that functions in protein synthesis and activation of enzymes. The potassium value for DHUS (1130mg/100g) and WHUS (1150mg/100g) are in line with 1410.35mg/100g reported for baobab pulp [16] but extremely high compared to 29.52mg/100g obtained for Blighia sapida [8]. Potassium can be used to balance fluid and nerve transmission. ...
... The value (87.5mg/100g) DHUS and (90mg/100g) WHUS obtained for sodium is higher than the value 29.20mg/100g and 42.7mg/100g reported for Blighia sapida and Baobab seed respectively [8] and [16]. Na/K ratio of less than one is recommended [19] in our diet therefore; Na/K (0.077) and (0.078) will be good for hypertensive patients. ...
Comparative study and nutritional assessment of dehulled and whole hunteria umbellata seed
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The nutritional compositions of Hunteria umbellata were examined in this study. Proximate, mineral and inorganic elements of dehulled Hunteria umbellata seed (DHUS) and whole Hunteria umbellata seed (WHUS) were analyzed. The proximate composition (%) of the DHUS and WHUS seed are as follows; crude protein (13.65) and (9.0), crude fibre (26.79) and (2.74), crude fat (2.87) and (14.97), ash (3.89) and (3.45), moisture (9.57) and (10.95) and carbohydrate (43.23) and (58.88). Hunteria umbellata are good source of macro and micro nutrient (mg/100g) with Potassium (1130) and 1150, Magnesium (180) and (189), Calcium (76) and (78), Sodium (87.5) and (90), Iron (60) and (63), Manganese (5) and (7) also present in appreciable quantities. The result of inorganic element (mg/100g) also revealed in Hunteria umbellata; Nitrogen (7.14) and (2.11), Carbon (52.1) and (68.4), Hydrogen (4.22) and (6.11), Sulphur (2.33) and (2.26) and Oxygen (34.3) and (21.1) respectively. Nitrogen content was determined by micro-Kjeldahl method. Total carbohydrate was calculated by the difference method while mineral analysis was carried out after acid digestion using spectrophotometer and flame photometry. The high value obtained for potassium, carbohydrate, and carbon reveal that Hunteria umbellata seed has potential of serving as supplement for food, source of synthetic and antimicrobial drugs, and traditional herbal medicine.
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... African baobab, Adansonia digitata L., is a massive, perennial, and deciduous tree which can live for up to 1000 years with a large trunk and can achieve a height up to 25 m and a diameter of up to 10 m. 1 Baobab belongs to Malvaceae family which consists of about 20 genera and 180 species. 2, 3 The tree is native to the arid and semiarid parts of Africa as well as in western Madagascar. 4 It has been introduced to America, India, Malaysia and hosts of non-tropical regions of the world. 5 The baobab seeds are rarely eaten as food on contrary to fruits and leaves; in most cases the seeds are a waste after using the pulp. ...
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... (mash, pellet) that is important factor in growth performance of broiler chickens, according to the study of [8] body weight of birds of mash, pellet and crumble group from 4th to 8th weeks of age showed significant differences but the initial body weight of the birds did not differ significantly. The success of poultry meat production has been strongly related to improvements in growth and carcass yield, mainly by increasing breast proportion and reducing abdominal fat [9] found that reasing system of broiler chickens it can be effect on cracass and organs weight (e.x reasing broiler in outdoor can be result on lower weight than reasing in intensive system [10]. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effect of different levels of baobab seed meal on feed utilization and growth rate in broiler chickens, to determine the effect of using graded levels of baobab seeds meal on carcass characteristics in broiler chickenso determine the optimum inclusion of baobab seed meal in broiler diets and to compare the carcass yield and physio-chemical quality of meat of broiler chickens. ...
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... Previous studies have reported the contribution of available carbohydrates by sorghum to contribute to 72% of its total weight (Stefoska-Needham et al., 2015), raw sesame seeds have 20 to 25% (Onsaard, 2012) and baobab fruit pulp at 74% (Oyeleke et al., 2012). Processing of sorghum by fermentation reduced available carbohydrate attributed to decrease in dry matter by Lactobacillus plantarum (Mugula and Lyimo, 2000). ...
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Sorghum, sesame seeds and baobab fruit are commercially viable, underutilized crops in sub-Saharan Africa with potential for use in development of high-quality value-added products for food and nutritional security. This study evaluated effects of processing methods on the nutritional and sensory attributes of a ready to eat snack bar developed from sorghum supplemented with sesame and baobab fruit pulp powder. The moisture content ranged between 6.38 and 10.28%, total fiber content ranged between 5.59 and 10.455 g/100 g while protein and fat content ranged between 11.28 and 16.74 g/100 g and 9.65 g/100 g and 18.58 g/100 g, respectively. The carbohydrates content in the snack bars ranged between 46.37 and 60.31 g/100 g, while energy content averaged 426.33 kcal/100 g for raw materials and 414.38 kcal/100 g for formulated snack bars. Concentrations of iron, calcium and zinc ranged between 5.46 and 14.611 mg/100 g, 82 and 246 mg/100 g, and 1.377 and 4.98 mg/100 g, respectively. Sensory evaluation of the bars formulations was based on a 5-point hedonic scale and revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in color, taste and overall acceptability. The aroma and crunchiness of the snacks were not significant. The study found underutilized crops have the versatility to improve the range of products and spur innovation in new product development.
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... Live weight value varied from 2.87 -3.2kg while the weekly feed intake was between 3.66 and 4.37kg. It was observed that the The observed depressed feed intake that apparently affected the live weight probably indicated that baobab leaf and garlic bulb combination as nutraceaticals was not palatable to the treated hens, thus buttressing the reports of several anti-nutritional constituents in herbs and medicinal plants [3,60,61]. Hen day production value was however lower than 77.33 -87.67% recorded in Nera Black hens when different feed types were offered in a humid environment [44]. It was observed that a combination of baobab leaves and garlic bulbs in D2 appeared to have depressed egg laying potentials in Nera Black strain. ...
EGG QUALITY AND BLOOD PROFILES OF NERA BLACK HENS FED BAOBAB LEAVES, GARLIC BULB, TIGER NUTS AND AMARANTHUS LEAVES AS NUTRACEUTICALS
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Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
Several reports have shown that medicinal herbs have antibacterial properties that can lower diseases outbreak in poultry. However, little is known about utilisation of baobab, garlic, tiger nuts and amaranthus as nutraceuticals to improve poultry eggs production and quality. These herbs may cause depressed physiological integrity of the layers. Therefore, processed baobab leaves, garlic bulbs, tiger nuts and amaranthus leaves were mixed proportionally, added to commercial layers mash and fed to 240 layers for 7 weeks, with the aim of evaluating the egg quality, performance and haematological indices. Eggs were collected on daily basis, processed for external and internal qualities evaluations. Blood samples were collected at week 7, processed for haematological examination following standard procedures. Also, feed intake, live weight and hen day production were determined. Results showed that feed intake varied from 3.66 kg (D3)-4.25 g (D5), while live weight ranged from 2.96 kg (control: D1)-3.2 kg (D5). Egg weight ranged between 40.66 g (D5) and 46.37 g (D1), eggshell thickness was highest (70.9 mm) in D3, compared to 57.18 mm in D5 and albumen pH was 7.06 (D1) but ranged from 6.31-6.41 (D2-D5). Haugh unit varied between 10.58 and 11.09HU, foaming capacity was highest (414.64 mL) in D2 and lowest (307.57 mL) in D1. Hen day production was significantly depressed (P<0.05) in D2 (17.71%), compared to 43.67% (D1). Packed cell volume ranged from 20.0-28.5%, haemoglobin (6.8-9.37g/dL), white blood cells (99.0-207.0 x 10 3 /mm 3), neutrophils (1-5%) and lymphocytes varied between 95.5 and 99%. Although, baobab and garlic bulb combination seemingly depressed egg production, inclusion of baobab, garlic, tiger nuts and amaranthus up to 125-250g, may not distort egg quality and blood profiles in layers. Since there was no mortality during the study, baobab, garlic, tiger nuts and amaranthus could be utilised as nutraceaticals in poultry nutrition to enhance performance.
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... This result is higher than 7.89 % reported by (Danbature et al., 2014). For baoba seed and pulp, the protein observed was 17.85 ± 0.15% and 4.16 ± 0.05 % respectively, this is low compared to 19.5 ± 0.5% and 3.5 ± 0.1% of baoba documented by (Oyeleke, 2012). In this research, the seed has highest crude protein content compared to the pulp. ...
EXPLORING THE NUTRITIONAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF BAOBAB (Adansonia digitata L) FRUIT PULP AND SEED
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Full-text available
  • Jul 2021
This research presents the proximate and elemental compositions of Baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) The proximate analysis gives the composition of the biomass in terms of gross components such as moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon. In this study, the proximate composition was determined using standard methods (AOAC) while the mineral content was analysed with the aid of an Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Flame Photometry. Minerals are micronutrients that occur in foods in minute amounts but are very essential for body metabolism. The results revealed that Baobab seed and pulp are rich in crude protein, fat, carbohydrate and total ash contents. The high amount of total ash (3.15 0.05 %) and (4.65 0.55 %) present in the seed and pulp respectively suggests that they both possess high level of inorganic matter; thus, having high amount of minerals. The study also shows that Baoba seed and pulp have high economic value and are good and cheap sources of mineral element such as calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper and zinc. For these reasons, they can be incorporated into food supplements for both humans and animals, also could have industrial applications
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... Baobab seeds are rich in protein and contains substantial amount of energy (12). Baobab seed meal has been reported to contain 19.50% CP, 15.60% CF, 13.40% EE, 44.60% NFE and 3.10% ash (13). The whole seeds are also said to contain 20.13% CP, 7.89% CF, 24.72% EE, 39.90% NFE and 7.36% ash (14). ...
Performance and toxicological effects of cooked baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed meal on West African dwarf goats
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Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
Twelve West African dwarf bucks aged 5-7 months of age, and having an average weights 6.67 kg were used to evaluate the effect of cooked baobab seed meal (CBSM) on the performance and blood profile of West Africa dwarf (WAD) goats for 12 weeks. The bucks were distributed into four treatment groups (n=3), using completely randomised design. Baobab seeds were cooked in boiling water for one hour, sun-dried and crushed into a meal. Four diets were compounded and designated; A (0%), B (25%), C (50%) and D (75%) CBSM. Results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in all the performance indices measured. The mean daily feed intake values (345.50-367.47 g/day) and mean daily weight gains (7.54-17.06 g/day) were similar (P>0.05) across the treatments. Haematological parameters; packed cell volume, white blood cells, haemoglobin, lymphocytes and neutrophils all showed treatment effect (P<0.05). Treatment effects (P<0.05) were also observed in values of serum albumin, serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase and triglyceride among the treatments, however, all the treatment values were within normal ranges. Cooked baobab seed meal up to 75% could be used by farmers as replacement for soybean in the diets of WAD goats with no toxic effects on blood profile or performance.
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A Note on the Effect of Storage on Physicochemical Properties of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Seedsʼ Oil from Kordofan and Blue Nile States
Article
  • Nov 2022
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is an indigenous forest tree related with the Savannah dry lands of sub-Saharan Africa. Local communities utilize the leaves, pulp, and seeds of Baobab as a source of nutrition and for income generation. Seed oil has been used for centuries by rural communities as food and medicine. The global demand for Baobab seed oil in industrial applications has increased in recent years. The present study was conducted to determine physicochemical properties, mineral content and effect of storage on seeds from two different geographical locations (Kordofan and Blue Nile States). Six different samples of Baobab seeds were collected, prepared and stored in 2017 at room temperature until analysis in 2019. The oil was extracted by cold pressing process and its physicochemical properties were evaluated by standard and established methods. The results showed that the Baobab oil color was golden yellow/ reddish yellow and it showed resistance to change in color and seeds contained reasonable amount of oil. Oil density, PH, refractive index and acid value showed negligible change with the storage. However the peroxide value increased when the storage period increased, while the iodine value, saponification and viscosity of the oil decreased markedly with the storage time. Kordofan seed oil was higher than Blue Nile in density, oil content and saponification value, while Blue Nile seed oil showed higher viscosity, peroxide value and minerals especially potassium content.
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Nutritional composition, polyphenolic compounds and biological activities of marula fruit (Sclerocarya birrea) with its potential food applications: a review
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Marula (Sclerocarya birrea, A. Rich) is an underutilized wild edible fruit tree species that grows naturally across large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Almost every part of the tree, from leaves, bark, wood, roots and fruit has some use. The fruit is consumed fresh or processed. The fruit contains considerable amounts of dietary fiber, protein, vitamins (A, B 3 , C, E and carotene), minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids. The main structural classes of the marula fruit include polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins and polysaccharides (pectin), these components can prevent chronic and degenerative diseases. The marula fruit is functional food because of its components that have beneficial properties on health and prevention of diseases. Different studies have demonstrated the utilization of the marula fruit in juice processing, alcohol based products, jams and jellies, fruit leather, vinegar and animal feed. Therefore, this article reviews the nutritional composition, polyphenolic compounds and biological activities of the marula fruit and its reported use in food applications. ARTICLE HISTORY
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Extraction, Compositional Studies and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Palm Kernel Oil
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Full-text available
Proximate, physico-chemical and elemental analysis of palm Kernel nut were determined to contain fat/oil 42%, crude protein 7.01%, moisture 6.5%, crude fibre 11.09% and carbohydrate (by difference) 33.40%. The elemental composition (mg/100 g), included :Na (37.00±0.40), K (39.51±0.22), Mg (3.60±0.1), Ca (19.0±0.42), Fe (20.04±0.28), Zn (2.82±0.30), P (3.4±0.00). The result of the physico-chemical properties of the palm kernel oil are:-saponification value (232.815 mgKOH/g), refractive index (1.453), iodine value (41.24g/100g), acid value (11.60 mgKOH/g) and peroxide value (1.70meq/kg).
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Chemical and Nutrient Analysis of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Fruit and Seed Protein Solubility
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2004
The baobab seed and pulp were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral content, and amino acid composition. The seed oil and protein were evaluated for their fatty acid profile and protein solubility. The seed was found to be a good source of energy, protein, and fat. Both the kernel and the pulp contain substantial quantities of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Amino acid analyses revealed high glutamic and aspartic acid contents and the sulfur-containing amino acids as being the most limited amino acid. The fatty acid profile showed that oleic and linoleic were the major unsaturated fatty acids, whereas palmitic was the major saturated acid. Of the several solvents tested to solubilize the seed protein, 0.1 M NaOH was found to be the most effective. The protein was more soluble at alkaline than acidic pH. with the lowest solubility at pH 4.0.
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Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis hook F.) seed: A nutritional assessments
Article
  • Feb 2007
The nutritional assessment of the seed of Fluted Pumpkin, Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. was conducted. The objective was to provide the consumers of the seed and nutritionists with information on the nutrients potentials of the seed. The results of the study showed that the seed contained essential nutrients in significant amounts that can supplement other foods. The levels of crude protein (3.47%), crude fat (31.38%), moisture (10.93%), Ash (2.02%), carbohydrate (50.08%), fibre (2.12%), calcium (280μg/g), phosphorus (21000μg/g), iron (69μg/g), sodium (10.80μg/g), potassium (1280μg/g), vitamin A (890IU) and vitamin C (0.7μg/g) detected in the seed were compared with nutritional composition of some common plant foods in Nigeria. The results showed that the seed of Telfairai occidentalis Hook F. is high in carbohydrate, fat and phosphorus. The seed also contained levels of vitamin A, which can supplement other dietary sources.
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Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) oil and cashew nut shell liquid
Article
  • Jan 2008
Proximate composition and mineral concentration of Cashew nut (Anarcadium occidentale) were investigated using standard analytical methods. The physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut shell liquid were also determined. The proximate composition (%) was as follows: moisture (7.2), ash (2.8), crude fat (49.1), crude protein (36.3), crude fibre (3.2) and carbohydrate (by difference) (1.4). The mineral composition (mg/100g) of cashew nut showed potassium (27.5 ± 0.4) to be the highest, calcium (21.5 ± 0.0), magnesium (19.3 ±0.1), sodium (8.2 ± 0.2) and phosphorous (14.0 ± 0.2). Zinc and iron concentrations were lower. The physicochemical properties of cashew nut oil were as follows: colour (yellow), refractive index (1.458), specific gravity (0.962), acid value (10.7mgKOH/g), saponification value (137mgKOH/g), iodine value (41.3mgiodine/100g) and free fatty acid (5.4mgKOH/g). This is an indication that the oil is non-drying, edible and may not be used for soap making. The CNSL extracted was dark brown in colour. Ash and moisture content (%) were: 1.2 and 3.9 (for BRZ species), and 1.3 and 6.7 (for AFR species). Specific gravity and refractive index were 0.941 and 1.693 (for BRZ variety), and 0.924 and 1.686 (for AFR variety). Saponification, acid, free fatty acid (mg KOH/g) and iodine (mg iodine/ 100g) values were (58.1, 12.1, 6.1, 215 respectively (for BRZ species) and 47.6, 15.4, 7.8, 235.(for AFR species). The investigation showed that CNSL is a drying oil and it is useful in industries for paints, varnishes and surface coatings.
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Proximate Analysis and Physico-Chemical Properties of Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)
Article
Proximate, physico-chemical and elemental analysis of groundnut were determined. The results showed that the groundnut oil contained 47.00% fat, 38.61% protein, 5.80% moisture, 1.81% carbohydrate, 3.70% crude fibre and 3.08% ash. Minerals (mg/100g) included: Na (42.00±0.71), K (705.11±0.86), Mg (3.98±0.04), Ca (2.28±1.94), Fe (6.97±1.62), Zn (3.20±0.11), P (10.55±0.68). The physico-chemical characteristics showed; saponification value, 193.20mgKOH/g, iodine value 38.71 (g/100g), acid value 5.99 (mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (mgKOH/g) 3.01 peroxide value 1.50 (meq/kg) and refractive index 1.449. The predominant fatty acid was found to be oleic acid (41.11%). The groundnut can thus be considered as a good source of protein with high nutritional value.
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Chemical Profile of Unripe Pulp of Carica papaya
Article
Unripe pulp of Carica papaya was screened to test for the presence of certain phytochemicals. Chemical composition of the pulp were determined. Phytochemical screening of mature unripe pulp of Carica papaya (dry weight) showed the presence of saponins and cardenolides while chemical analysis revealed the presence of potassium (223.0mg/100g) as well as sodium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, copper, magnesium and manganese in considerable quantities. Proximate analysis of the pulp showed that it contained starch (43.28%), sugars (15.15%), crude protein (13.63%), crude fat (1.29%), moisture (10.65%) and fibre (1.88%). All these results indicate that the pulp of mature unripe Carica papaya contains nutrients and mineral elements that may be useful in nutrition. The presence of some phytochemicals like saponins and cardenolides explained the astringent action of the plant encountered in the numerous therapeutic uses.
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Proximate composition and selected physicochemical properties of the seed, pulp and oil of sour sop (Annona muricata)
Article
  • Feb 2002
Proximate composition and physicochemical analyses were carried out on the seed, pulp and extracted oil of sour sop (Annona muricata). The results showed that the seed contained 8.5% moisture, 2.4% crude protein, 13.6% ash, 8.0% crude fiber, 20.5% fat and 47.0% carbohydrate. The seed also contained 0.2% water soluble ash, 0.79% titratable acidity and 17.0 mg calcium/100 g. The pulp was found to contain 81% moisture, 3.43% titratable acidity and 24.5% non-reducing sugar. Selected physicochemical characteristics included refractive indices of 1.335 for the seed and 1.356 for the pulp, specific gravities of 1.250 for the seed and 1.023 for the pulp, pH values of 8.34 for the seed and 4.56 for the pulp, and soluble solids contents of 1.5 degrees Brix for the seed and 15 degrees Brix for the pulp. The extracted oil (20.5% yield) had a 60.43% unsaponifiable value, 23.54 KOH/g acid value, 100.98 KOH/g saponification value, 1.1 KOH/g peroxide value, 1.464 refractive index, 5.77 pH, 69.5 degrees Brix sosluble solids and 0.2900 specific gravity.
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