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Handbook of weaving
... The dielectric properties, which quantify internal responses of dielectric materials under an alternating electric field, offer a wide-range of knowledge from the atomic and molecular-level information such as chemical composition, bonding strength, polymer backbone chain flexibility, mobility of side chains and impurities, to the structural information such as size, arrangement and orientation of various internal components in both microscopic and macroscopic scales [1,2]. Thus, investigations on the dielectric properties of a variety of fibers and yarns have been carried out for processing and quality control in the field of textile product development and manufacturing [1,[3][4][5]. ...
... where ε is the electric permittivity (farads per meter), which is unique to the polarizability (a constant that relates the dipole moment with the strength of the electric field [89]) of the dielectric material. By comparing (2)(3)(4)(5) and (2)(3)(4)(5)(6), the direct relationship between � ⃗ and �⃗ is found as [45]: ...
... where ε is the electric permittivity (farads per meter), which is unique to the polarizability (a constant that relates the dipole moment with the strength of the electric field [89]) of the dielectric material. By comparing (2)(3)(4)(5) and (2)(3)(4)(5)(6), the direct relationship between � ⃗ and �⃗ is found as [45]: ...
Uncovering relationships between the structural parameters and the dielectric properties of cotton fabrics brings two consequential benefits: development of a structural analysis method for cotton fabrics and establishment of a reference point to engineer the dielectric properties of cotton fabrics for development of high-performance textile-based electronics. In this context, the goal of this research was to explore the structure-dielectric property relationships in cotton fabrics in a wide range of frequencies and their applications in developing a wearable medical apparatus on a cotton fabric platform.
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... Two warps are processed simultaneously in the production of terry fabrics which one of them is the ground warp that are highly tensioned and the other is the pile warp that is lightly tensioned. A special weaving method enables loops to be formed with lightly tensioned ends on either one surface or two surfaces (Adanur, 2001). Two specialized mechanisms are used in terry weaving machines such as reed control and fabric control. ...
... In general, the reed has two beat up positions which do not impose alternative movements to the warp, fabric and various components of the weaving machine. The sley has a special mechanism built in which allows different beat-up positions for pile formation (Adanur, 2001). Fig. 8. Structure of a three-pick terry fabric (Adanur, 2001). ...
... The sley has a special mechanism built in which allows different beat-up positions for pile formation (Adanur, 2001). Fig. 8. Structure of a three-pick terry fabric (Adanur, 2001). ...
... Remarkably flat or heavy yarn, for example, is difficult or even impossible to process via air jet weaving. 2 Rapier weaving is the most flexible weft insertion method, granting a gentle transport of any yarn material. Due to the high mass of the moving parts and the acceleration and deceleration of the alternating movement of the rapiers, the productivity is limited. ...
... Due to the acceleration and deceleration of the alternating movement, a medium energy consumption of about 6 kWh is necessary. 1,2 The weft insertion granting the lowest energy consumption is projectile weaving with about 4 kWh. 1 The insertion rates are similar to those of rapier weaving. Due to the high acceleration at initiation of movement, an impact load is applied to the yarn. ...
... Hence, the flexibility of projectile insertion is limited as only processing of yarns with sufficient tensile strength is possible. 2 Table 1 gives an overview of the common weft insertion methods and their characteristics. The values presented refer to common production performance in industrial weaving. 1 In the present work, the development of a weft insertion is described as combining the advantages of all common insertion methods while avoiding their deficits. ...
The common methods of weft insertion in weaving machines are shuttle, rapier, air jet, water jet and projectile insertion. During weft insertion in the weaving process, a variety of demands are to be fulfilled. Besides transportation of the weft yarn, three of the most relevant demands are energy efficiency, productivity and flexibility. These demands are only partially met by the common methods of weft insertion. This paper describes the investigation of a novel method of weft insertion, which combines the advantages of common insertion methods whilst avoiding their deficits. The developed weft insertion is based on the principle of a magnetic force for the controlled transport of the weft yarn. The new method allows a potential energy saving of about 60% compared to a conventional air jet weaving machine. At the same time, industrially experienced weft insertion rates of about 2000 m/min are within reach.
... At the end of the insertion process a nozzle catches and stretches the yarn at the right side of the machine. A cutter is used to cut the yarn when the insertion is completed, and the beat-up movement completes the fabric production process [3]. ...
... Th e air-jet weaving machine combines high performance (Table 1) with low wear, because no mechanical parts are directly involved in the weft insertion process [3]. However, the main drawback regarding this technology is a very high energy consumption (Table 1) due to the compressed air usage which is required during the weft insertion process. ...
... An overview of the manufacturing costs of a woven fabric can be seen in Table 2 [5]. Table 1: General characteristics of air-jet weaving machine [3,4] Air jet weaving machine ...
Air jet weaving is the most productive method for the production of fabrics. However, the energy consumption of air jet weaving machines is significantly higher than the consumption of other weaving machines. Almost 80% of the energy consumed can be attributed to the losses at the relay nozzles. At the Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany different novel relay nozzle geometries with lower air consumption have been developed on the basis of simulations and trials. The simulations have shown potential energy savings up to 50% compared to conventional relay nozzles. Furthermore, practical validations of the results of these simulations have been done. The velocity, stagnation pressure and volume flow were measured in the reed channel. In addition, an energetic and economic evaluation of the best relay nozzle geometry was done. The evaluations have shown that up to 50% of the energy can be saved.
... At the end of the insertion process, a nozzles catches and stretches the yarn at the right side of the machine. A cutter is used to cut the yarn when the insertion is completed and the beat-up movement complete the fabric production process [2]. ...
... Characteristic of this nozzle is the relatively large internal diameter up to 5 mm, which makes it possible to work with larger volume flows at a lower operating pressure. Current relay nozzles, available on the market, are operating at a pressure of approximately 3-5 bar, depending on the yarn and the type of nozzle and providing an average yarn velocity across the shed of 55-80 m/s [2]. The movement of the yarn is a complex motion and it depends on the outer flow field of the relay nozzles. ...
... Schematic view of air-jet weft insertion system[2]. ...
... The actual air speed depends on the properties such as turbulent air flow or laminar flow, a constant thread diameter, linear density and elasticity. The complex relationship between the air flow speed and productivity of weft in important [1,2]. It is controlled so as to change the count and twist factor at all times. ...
... dA c dF f f (1) At the same time, the diameter D of the weft is defined based on the weft length dx. dx D dA (2) Based on Bernoulli's equation, shear stress is generated in the weft and the air jet is moved. ...
... The driving force for weft yarn moving in air jet is shown in Fig.3 by the friction between the air and the chamber surfaces. 2 2 u X D c F f fr (5) The space between the air stream and the thread is proportional to the square of the relative velocity and the Reynolds number and varies depending on the surface friction coefficient of the driving force. Because deviation from the center of the flow chamber slows down the moving speed of the weft, the turbulence of the air flow will be reduced. ...
The air jet loom is widely applied in the textile industry due to its high productivity, convenient controllability, high filling insertion rate, low noise and low vibration levels. High-Speed air jet weaves the weft yarn, and transports it through the weft passage. In the present study, a computational fluid dynamics method is applied to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with one-equation Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. Which is used to solve the flow filed in a weft passage. The aim of this analysis is to determine the distribution of the flow velocity along the weft passage. Results revealed the strong relationship between air jet velocity and forces on the weft.).
... As shown in Table 3, the warp crimps of HT600-1 and HT600-2 were 4.10% and 2.96%, respectively. Increasing yarn crimp in a particular direction generally decreases fabric strength and modulus because the tensile load is initially used to de-crimp the yarn instead of extending it [13]. Thus HT600-1, which possesses a higher weft weaving density, and therefore a higher warp crimp ratio, exhibited a relatively lower tensile strength along the warp. ...
... This phenomenon may also be explained by the weaving process used to generate the fabrics. A powerful beating motion is required to obtain the higher weaving density [13], which may damage and consequently weaken the yarn. Therefore, HT600-1, with its relatively denser weave, may absorb a considerable amount of damage during weaving, thereby weakening the fibers and the fabric itself. ...
... However, at a high enough velocity, the bullet will pass through the fabric. Differences in the tension of warp and weft yarns during the weaving process result in different crimp values for the warp and weft [13]. Consequently, the weft crimp is generally lower than the warp crimp. ...
Two Heracron? woven fabrics, HT600-1 and HT600-2, were fabricated with different weaving
densities and their resistance to ballistic impact was investigated. While
HT600-1 was inherently stronger along the weft than HT600-2, the latter
exhibited a higher tensile strength along the warp. Crimp values indicate that
HT600-1, which possesses a relatively larger weft weaving density, induces an
excess in the warp crimp ratio, thereby weakening the fabric along the warp.
The dimensionless fiber property U*, which is defined as the product of the
specific fiber toughness and the strain wave velocity, was calculated for each
fabric. The U* values of HT600-1 were lower than those of HT600-2; U* values
along the warp of HT600-1 were extremely low. These analyses show that HT600-2
exhibited improved ballistic properties over those of HT600-1. These findings
further indicate the existence of an optimal weave that would minimize damage
to both yarn and fabric. Establishing these optimal conditions can be crucial
in implementing better ballistic properties into fabrics.
... In some industrial applications, however, the operating frequency needs to be variable. Weaving looms, for example, operate in a specic frequency range in which the maximum frequency is typically the double of the minimum frequency (Adanur, 2000). ...
... To generate a dou- ble dwell period, the setup is equipped with a cam-follower mechanism. Cam-follower mechanisms have been utilized for ages in dierent types of machinery to create this type of dwell motion (Adanur, 2000). They have also been implemented in PEA designs for active prostheses with the aim of shaping the linear torque-angle characteristic of the parallel spring to a more desirable nonlinear characteristic (Realmuto et al., 2015;Gao et al., 2018). ...
In several industrial applications, drivetrains impose highly dynamic oscillating motions to inertial loads. By introducing springs, the system’s natural frequencies can be matched to the required operating frequencies, lowering energy consumption of the drivetrain. However, fixed-stiffness springs only have a positive effect in a limited range of frequencies. To solve this problem, variable stiffness springs are proposed. A discussion of the effect of the series and parallel topology, as well as the possibility of adapting the spatio-temporal characteristics of the motion to the spring, is presented. Furthermore, a practical implementation of a variable stiffness spring is proposed. Its effectiveness is validated in experiments.
Communicated by Marat Z. Dosaev.
... Fibers are present in the MDF and in looms. A loom is a device that interlaces two sets of yarns (i.e., warp and weft) to produce fabric [19][20][21][22][23]. Based on the weft insertion device, weaving machines are divided into shuttle looms and shuttleless looms. ...
... The locking device completes locking P 04 The sliding table completes the shedding process Transitions t 00 The sliding table moves t 01 The locking device moves t 02 The locking device performs the locking operation t 03 The sliding table moves in the shedding direction t 20 The sliding table moves to the middle t 21 The locking device performs the unlocking operation t 22 The locking device moves t 23 The sliding table moves Electronics 2018, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18 and in state P3 during the closing shed (i.e., the state of completing the switching), and the transitions are performing the shedding action t0, the weft insertion action t1, and the closing shed action t2. The Petri net in Figure 15 describes the entire process of switching, and each of these transitions can be divided into subnets. ...
The main distribution frame (MDF) is an important component between the user and the operator that supplies a telecommunication service and is the only layer in the seven-layer communication architecture that is not fully automated. In this paper, a cross-connect method for simulating the rapier picking of a rapier loom (shuttleless loom) is proposed to imitate the shedding and the picking action to achieve quick switching. Using the designed “shedding device” and “picking device”, a model prototype of the automatic optical distribution frame (AODF) was constructed and tested for verification.
... There are a number of past studies on the dyed-yarn based colorful and figured woven fabrics in terms of the selection of warp and weft yarn colors for mixing, fabric structures, effects of fabric structural parameters on fabric color attributes and color prediction models [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Eight kinds of dyed wefts, namely white, black, vermillion, yellow, green, blue, Prussian blue and magenta, together with warps in a dark deep green color, were suggested for producing high-quality colorful silk textiles through converting the digital images [8]. ...
... To lower the lightness of fabrics due to the white warp yarns used, black weft yarns were added into the face layer of fabric for mixing with the blue and red weft yarns of the above-mentioned bluered mixed fabrics. Based on the weaves M(BL+R) (4) and N(BL+R) (4) for the blue-red mixed fabrics, new weaves M(BL+R+BK) (1)(2)(3)(4) and N(BL+R+BK) (1-4) with black weft floats in diverse ratios were designed for adding the black yarn floats into the blue-red mixed fabrics with and without middle layers, respectively. Figure 15a presents the effect of mixing proportions of black yarn on the lightness of blue-red-black mixed fabrics wherein A4, B4, C4, and D4 are blue-red mixed fabrics, and E(1-4), F(1-4), G(1-4), and H(1-4) are their corresponding blue-red-black mixed fabrics in different black mixing proportion. ...
This paper reports the study of the effects of cramming motion implemented during weaving and finer weft yarns used on dyed-yarn mixed woven fabrics produced by using raw white warps and multicolored-wefts. The cramming motion was used to increase the dyed-weft yarns cover factor of fabric, and thus, to reduce the negative effect of white warp floats at the fabric face on the color attributes of fabric. The surface structure of fabric was characterized by using several key geometrical parameters that determined the resultant fabric color attributes. The effects of fabric structure and density, weft yarn count, and the introduction of black yarn on the fabric face layer on the fabric surface geometrical parameters, physical properties, as well as color attributes were investigated under the implementation of cramming motion on the fabric. The color attributes of fabrics using cramming motion and finer yarns were also compared to the fabrics without cramming motion. The experimental results indicate that the weft yarn density and cover factor of fabric face layer are increased by applying cramming motion and finer yarns for fabricating the blue-red and/or black mixed fabrics. Consequently, the fabric lightness can be further reduced for achieving a better color effect on colorful and figured woven fabrics mainly using dyed-wefts for color mixing.
... If it is expressed in quantitative terms, production rate of air jet machines are as high as 1,100 weft insertions per minute covering a wide range of processing yarns like spun and continuous filament yarns while the average specific energy consumption ranges from 3 to 5 kWh/kg at a weft insertion rate of 2,000 m/min [1]. The largest share of energy consumption in air jet looms is due to the pneumatic components specifically through the relay nozzles of the air-jet loom which amount up to 80% of the energy [4]. When hundreds of air jet looms run in a textile factory, energy consumed to generate required amount of compressed air is considerably high and improving compressed air system efficiency is also of key importance [8]. ...
... A profiled reed provides guidance for the air so that a nozzle catches and stretches the yarn at the right side of the machine to mark the end of weft insertion [3]. A novel method based on energy balances has been applied to optimize the energy costs while keeping constant fabric quality [4]. The present relay nozzles, available on the market, are operating at a pressure of approximately 3-5 bar, depending on the yarn and the type of nozzle and providing an average yarn velocity across the shed of 55-80 m/s. ...
... Woven fabrics are described as a rectangular crossing of so-called warp and weft yarns. Woven fabrics are produced on weaving machines or so-called looms [1]. The principle of a weaving machine is shown in Fig. 1. ...
... The reed strikes the inserted weft yarn to the fabric edge and the position of the shafts changes. The produced fabric is taken off and rolled onto the fabric beam [1]. ...
The warp tension is a critical variable of the weaving process. If the warp tension is too high or too low, the weaving process will be interrupted. In order to find a suitable setting for the weaving machine, the experience of the operator is needed. Self-optimization routines can support the operator in finding optimal settings. Within this paper, the model-based self-optimization of the weaving process developed at Institut für Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen University is presented. The self-optimization routine uses an automatic design of experiment to generate data for a full quadratic regression model of the characteristic values of the warp tension. Three weighted quality criteria are used to optimize the machine settings within given boundaries. An improvement is proposed by integrating the vertical warp stop motion position as a factor with high impact on the warp tension. The vertical warp stop motion position is automated and integrated into the optimization process. The adjusted routine is validated on an air jet weaving machine. The test results show that the integration of the warp stop motion position into a self-optimization routine leads to a 35% reduction of tension in the warp yarns. Compared to the existing routine, the integration of the warp stop motion position leads to a 23% higher effect on the warp tension as the target value of the optimization. The statistical validation shows that the quality of the used regression model is high. The described system also reduces the setup time of a weaving machine. Economically, the improvements mean a reduction of production costs by 22%, when producing small lot sizes. The system therefore contributes to the competitiveness of weaving mills in high-wage countries.
... Bunun yanı sıra iplik yapısal parametreleri lifler arası ilişkilerden elde edilir. Kumaşın renginin belirlenmesinde etkili olan iplik parametreleri; iplik tipi, iplik lineer yoğunluğu, iplik bükümü, iplik çapı, renk parametreleri, tüylülük, eğirme tipi, rijitlik ve kompaktlık, nem ve kimyasal madde absorbsiyonu şeklinde sıralanabilir (Adanur, 2001). ...
... Örgü, çözgü ve atkı ipliklerinin kesişimlerini belirlemektedir. Örgü tekrar boyutu, çözgü ve atkı ipliklerinin kesişim noktalarının oranı, sayısı ve dağılımı ve onların birleşimi (oryante ve oryante olmayan örgüler), yüzme uzunluğu, özel tekstür efektleri ve renkli yüzeylerin boyutu ve düzenlenmesi gibi parametreler kumaş yapısının yansıma, renk ve rölyefli yapısını etkilemektedir (Adanur, 2001;Gabrijelčič, 2007). Örgü tekrarının boyutu, ard arda gelen çözgü ve atkı ipliklerinin kesişim noktalarının en küçük birimini belirler. ...
... The cloth take-up roll serves to wind up the woven cloth. [1] Weaving machines can be classified with respect to the method of the insertion of the filling yarn. Common methods are shuttle weaving, projectile waving, rapier weaving and jet weaving. ...
... In the latter method the filling yarn is accelerated by a main nozzle and guided through the open shed by relay nozzles. [1] Air-jet weaving is the most productive weaving procedure. However, it is also the most energy-intensive procedure. ...
Air-jet weaving is the most productive weaving procedure. However, it is also the most energy-intensive procedure. In order to save energy newly developed high-volume-low-pressure relay nozzles can be used. The application of these nozzles requires changes in the heddle shaft movement. The design and development of a suitable mechanism to drive the heddle shaft is presented. After the determination of requirements a structural synthesis is conducted. The outcome of the structural synthesis is a set of mechanisms which in principal can solve the motion task. Subsequently a dimensional synthesis is performed to determine the kinematic parameters of each structure. The different mechanisms are then compared to each other. The most suited mechanism is a combination of a linkage and a cam mechanism. In order to improve the dynamic behavior of the heddle shaft mechanism a Fourier analysis of the shaft motion is carried out. The Fourier series of the shaft motion is then truncated and the disk cam profile is redesigned in order to drive the shaft with the desired harmonic motion. The result of the design and development process is a new heddle shaft mechanism for air-jet weaving machines with high-volume-low-pressure (HVLP) relay nozzles.
... In order to find the optimal configuration for the machine, the operator of the weaving machine has to conduct weaving trials. These time-consuming and wasteful trials require -depending on the experience of the operator -the weaving of up to 120 m of fabric until the optimal parameters are found [3,4]. This research paper presents an algorithm for multi-objective self-optimization of the weaving process and the integration of this algorithm into the machine control of the weaving machine. ...
... Setup of a weaving machine[4]. ...
Real (physical) objects melt together with information-processing (virtual) objects. These blends are called Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). The German government identifies this technological revolution as the fourth step of industrialization (Industry 4.0). Through embedding of intelligent, self-optimizing CPPS in process chains, productivity of manufacturing companies and quality of goods can be increased. Textile producers especially in high-wage countries have to cope with the trend towards smaller lot sizes in combination with the demand for increasing product variations. One possibility to cope with these changing market trends consists in manufacturing with CPPS and cognitive machinery. This paper focuses on woven fabric production and presents a method for multiobjective self-optimization of the weaving process. Multi-objective self-optimization assists the operator in setting weaving machine parameters according to the objective functions warp tension, energy consumption and fabric quality. Individual preferences of customers and plant management are integrated into the optimization routine. The implementation of desirability functions together with Nelder/Mead algorithm in a software-based Programmable Logic Controller (soft-PLC) is presented. The self-optimization routine enables a weaving machine to calculate the optimal parameter settings autonomously. Set-up time is reduced by 75% and objective functions are improved by at least 14% compared to manual machine settings.
... Utjecajni parametri u optimiranju škrobnog nanosa defi niraju se bilan-com tvari koje ulaze i koje izlaze iz škrobljarskog korita. Kontinuiranim mjerenjem izlazne vlažnosti osnove nakon škrobljenja, koncentracije škrobne mase (sredstva) u koritu i automatskom regulacijom sile istiskivanja, moguće je odrediti i održavati škrobni nanos konstantnim [1][2][3][4]. Također, škrobljenje mokre osnove, odnosno cjelokupni proces škrobljenja s prednamakanjem, predstavlja još nepoznato i neistraženo područje. Ono se razlikuje od standardnog procesa škrobljenja u samoj konstrukciji škrobljarskog postrojenja, gdje se ispred škrobljarskog korita postavlja još jedno korito za prednamakanje vrućom vodom. ...
... Istraživanje je provedeno na 100%tnim pamučnim prstenastim pređama nazivnih fi noća 20, 30 i 50 tex, određenih karakteristika prikazanih u tab. 1 ...
The paper compares the pre-wet sizing process to the standard sizing process. On the basis of the performed treatments and investigatios all the advantages as well as disadvantges of the new sizing process are discribed. Sizing was done using PVA size with a concentration of 7.5%. Materials used in this research are ring-spun cotton yarns with counts of 20, 30 and 50 tex, on which for the purpose of the sizing procedure relevant physical mechanical yarn properties were tested by standard methods. Sizing increases yarn strength and abrasion resistance, and reduces yarn hairness, affecting the reduction of warp yarn breaks in the weaving process as well as the increase in weaving machine efficiency and finished fabric quality. The values of the tested sized yarns, regardless of the sizing procedure, do not deviate significantly, meaning that the new sizing procedure has an advantage due to the saving of sizes and energy. The results obtained confirm that the new pre-wet sizing process is a really efficient technological process which can contribute to savings of sizing agents, water, energy and environmental protection without any consequences for the quality of the sized yarn.
... Dobby constructions are classifi ed according to their shedding principles, control program, structure, and motion transmission mechanism to the heald frame [2]. Eren et al. introduced mechanism models for rotary dobbies and cranks, and cam shedding motions have been introduced and equations governing heald frame motion have been derived. ...
The kinematics of the heald frame of a rotary dobby with two different modulator types are analyzed and compared. Kinematic mathematical models of the modulator main shaft, cam unit, and heald frame driven by the rotary dobby with a cam-slider modulator and a cam-link modulator were constructed based on two different cam contours derived from measured points on the conjugate cams of the two modulators. The motion characteristics of the two modulators and a null modulator, the cam unit, and the motion transmission unit are analyzed. The purpose of the present study was to establish the kinematic models, investigate the motion characteristics, and analyze their differences. At the same time, a calculation method for each motion transmission process was established and numerical models were developed. The results demonstrated that the two different modulators produce almost the same heald frame motion characteristics. Despite that both modulator types can be adapted to the requirements of a loom, the cam-link modulator can produce a more stable and reliable motion.
... Most weaving techniques are also applicable only on highly robust material with ability to withstand the weaving tension generated in the warp yarns during shedding, and resist the abrasion resulting from yarn to yarn friction in the beat-up process. In this latter process, the weft yarn is pushed to the cloth fell to form a new fabric surface [207]. A close look at the ultimate tensile strength of some of the frequently used materials in fabricating fiber solar cells such as; titanium wires (434 MPa) [208], carbon Nano-tubes [209] and steel wires (400-550 MPa) [210] among others, indicates that they are strong materials and hence the strength of the resulting fiber shaped PV cells will be sufficient to withstand the tension during weaving. ...
Perovskite-based solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are currently being demonstrated in solid-state device designs. Their elevated performances can possibly be attained with different non-standard geometries, for example, the fiber-shaped perovskite solar cells, in the light of careful design and engineering. Fiber-shaped solar cells are promising in smart textiles energy harvesting towards next-generation electronic applications and devices. They can be made with facile process and at low cost. Recently, fiber-shaped perovskite solar devices have been reported, particularly with the focus on the proof-of-concept in such non-traditional architectures. In this line, there are so many technical aspects which need to be addressed, if these photovoltaic (PV) cells are to be industrialized and produced massively. Herein, a well-organized and comprehensive discussion about the reported devices in this arena is presented. The challenges that need to be addressed, the possible solutions and the probable applications of these PV cells are also discussed. More still, the perovskite fiber-shaped PV cells with other fiber PV devices reported in literature in terms of their scope, characteristic designs, performances, and other technical considerations have been summarised.
... This pressure applied on the beam maintain uniform density and hardness of the beam. Soft beam shows lower beam content, conical cross-section of the beam and missing end problem, thus it is important to apply tension on the warp beam [1][2][3]. The amount of increase in the beam drum pressure related with the elongation of the warp yarn during the warping. ...
Warping is aimed at preparing the weaver's beam to be set up on the weaving machine. In warping, the yarns are taken from the spools placed on the creel and are wound around the warp beam or roll as per the calculated width of the fabric, an uninterrupted length of hundreds of warp yarns results, all oriented parallel to one another. The present study was conducted to determine the number of yarn breaks in the warping process on warping machine. The present study was conducted to determine the number of yarn breakages in the warping. It is the process which involves preparing the weaver's beam for the weaving process with a predetermined number of spools or creel to the warp beam. The research encloses the basic problem of the amount of breakage rate of cotton yarns during the warping process during the production process which results in an increment of waste and poor quality of product. The project is based on approach to find out optimum process parameters based on the results of these experiments and analysis of the process parameters for improvement in warping quality.
... The bar charts with error bars of weft wise dynamic tearing strength of denim fabrics as a function of yarn count and fiber fineness are illustrated in Figure 5. From Figure 5, it is clearly seen that there is a decrease in dynamic strength of the 100% CO denim fabric as the yarn becomes finer [22,24,25]. As the weft density increases, there is less space for individual yarn elongation and thus less resistance to dynamic tearing forces [26]. The dynamic tearing strengths of denim fabrics manufactured from filament core-spun yarns are seen to be similar as a function of fiber fineness, but are higher than those of 100% CO denim fabrics at all yarn count considered. ...
Denim fabric is one of the most popular casual wear fabrics worldwide. The performance characteristics of denim fabrics have been improved by using functional fibers and elastane to make them comfortable to wear. Elastane fibers with high elasticity are used extensively in denim fabric production. Elastane fibers are generally used as the core part of the core-spun yarns as weft yarns. Besides elastane fibers; polyester and polyester derivatives are commonly used. This study examines the effects of filament fineness and yarn count on denim fabric performance. Textured polyester filaments with medium, fine and micro linear densities were used as the core part of the core-spun yarn and cotton fiber was used as sheath material. Yarn samples manufactured with the same production parameters at different yarn count were used as weft yarns of denim fabrics. Denim fabrics were produced with the same fabric cover factor to eliminate yarn count difference effects. Tensile, static tearing and dynamic tearing properties of denim fabrics were determined. To evaluate the effects of core part, 100 % cotton denim fabric was manufactured and tested. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the significance of filament fineness and yarn count ratio. Results showed that there was a significant effect of filament fineness on tensile, static tearing and dynamic tearing properties of denim fabrics. In addition, it was found that yarn count had no significance effect on static tearing properties of denim fabrics. © 2017, Association Nonwoven Fabrics Industry. All rights reserved.
... Compared with the twill weave, the twill line was distorted to achieve more uniform binding points. With fewer harness floats and more intersections than satin, broken twill 1/3 weave might present more stable mechanical properties and better mobility of resin [23]. Weft skew was a common problem in weave materials [24,25]; therefore, the warp and weft yarns did not exactly satisfy the orthogonal relationship ( Fig. 1 b). ...
Thin weave reinforced composites are promising aerospace materials because of their advantages of high deformability, stiffness and strength. However, their tensile, compressive, shear and flexural mechanical properties typically behave differently due to the heterogeneous layout of the reinforcements. In this paper, a recently developed single-ply broken twill 1/3 weave-reinforced polymer composite intended for shape memory applications was thoroughly investigated. The large textile unit cell and ultra-thin specimen made the conventional test fixtures unsuitable. Newly modified compressive and shear test fixtures were proposed to provide reliable measurements. Due to the yarn crimps, the tensile stress-strain curves exhibited obviously three-stage nonlinear characteristics, and the compressive constitutive curves displayed significant stiffness degradation. The resin-dominated shear property values were less than 1/10 of those in tension. Affected by the yarn thickness and layout, the ratios of flexural moduli to tensile moduli were approximately 0.6. In general, this study provides basic observations and comprehensive test guidelines for understanding the mechanical properties of single-ply woven composites.
... The process involves use of a creel, where the given numbers of warp bobbins are mounted and from each bobbin, the warp thread is taken forward up to head stock and then, it is wound on a beam named warper's beam. Due to limitations of accommodating a very large creel, the number of bobbins which can be taken will be limited to 1000 -1200 only (Adanur, 2001). This number is smaller than the requirement of several thousands of warp threads in the final woven fabric. ...
Woven system is still highly preferred for formation of fabrics, mainly for apparel purposes. Warping is an inevitable process for preparing warp for weaving process. Mainly, there are two systems of warping viz. direct and indirect (or Sectional). Both systems have their own application areas and are used for making different varieties of fabrics. Still, not much work has been done to combine both applications into one system, and there by prepare beams containing all one colored or patterned ends. In this paper, a review has been carried out to analyze pros and cons of both systems. The paper also contains a review about various attempts, which have been made to unify both the systems into one.
... Braided structures are lightweight yet robust. Accordingly, they have been having tremendous impact on our economy and economic toolchains-from producing baskets over carpets and straw mats to weaving fabric into textiles [Adanur 2000;Branscomb et al. 2013]. While Flora Robotica researchers have been looking for technological concepts to implement biohybrid systems, we have taken an interest in thinking ahead, asking ourselves how an according biohybrid system could be explored, and how an appropriate simulation for planning and an interface for control and inspection could look like. ...
Swarm-based braiding of structures represents a novel research direction in the domain of building architecture. The idea is that autonomous agents, for instance robots that unroll threads or plants that grow, are programmed or influenced to braid. It is an aspect of biohybrid systems where organisms and robots join forces. In order to harness this idea, we have developed a swarm-based model that allows architects to explore the resulting design spaces in virtual reality. In this paper, we present (1) the model of our swarm-based simulation that aims at growing braided structures, (2) the design elements to guide the otherwise self-organising virtual agents, and (3) the user interface that allows the user to configure, place and grow the swarms of braiding agents. We also present results of a first user study with students and faculty from architecture, in which we tried to capture the usability of our first prototype based on a survey and an analysis of the built results.
... The other important fabric variables effecting strength of woven fabrics are fiber properties, yarn properties, warp and weft densities, fabric weave, crimp and finishing process. Fabric strength tends to increase as the thread densities in both directions increase (Greenwood 1975;Adanur 2001;Mohamed and Lord 1973;Lee et al. 1996;Bassett et al. 1999;Cook 2001). ...
Whip roller settings in a weaving machine is one of the vital factor to adjust warp yarn tension properly as well as delivering fault free fabric. The present study was undertaken with an aim to explore the influence of whip roller settings on various physical and mechanical properties of both grey and finished 100% cotton denim fabric in order to select suitable position of whip roller for producing particular (3/1 twill) denim fabric. For this purpose total eight positions of whip roller were selected keeping constant depth with variable height in five cases and constant height with variable depth in three cases. The samples were produced in an air jet loom and some prominence like EPcm, PPcm, areal density, tensile strength, dimensional stability, air permeability, crimp% and skewness were checked. Data analysis of all the results showed that with the ascendance of whip roller, crimp% of warp yarn was decreased whereas crimp% of weft yarn was increased both in grey and finished state. Decreasing the depth of whip roller caused increment of both warp and weft crimp% in both state. Tensile strength in warp way direction was found to increase gradually up to a certain roller height and then decreased whereas air permeability showed reverse trend in both state. Warp density, Weft density as well as areal density was also affected by the alteration in settings of whip roller. Due to reduction of roller depth, warp way tensile strength and lengthwise shrinkage were reduced but air permeability had improved.
... Although the linear elastic region appears to have similar slope, the yield points are far lower than cycles 1-6.. The fabric used for this study were plain weave, which, has high interlacing of yarns and crimp in the adjacent yarns direction, consequently increase in the yarn crimp leads to a rise in the fabric extension in any direction (Adanur 2002). Fibre swelling could also result in increased fabric extension. ...
The need to satisfy the increasing global demand for textile and clothing material due to population growth and changes in fashion trends have led to the manufacturing of short life span textiles. Current fabrics such as cotton and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) all have deep environmental impacts. This study examines Polylactic acid (PLA) fabric derived from corn as a contending replacement for cotton and polyethylene terephthalate. The use phase has been identified as the dominant contributor to environmental impacts and consequently this research has focused on how the laundry regime (wash performance) affects the life expectancy and the mechanical properties of PLA, PET and Cotton. This study excludes daily wear, dirt and stains. By testing the constituent fabrics after each laundry regime, the results showed a more significant level of impact on cotton than PLA fabric in different laundry treatments with or without softener. There was no effect on PET. The load-extension behaviour showed that PLA and cotton withstood ten laundry cycles before showing any significant signs of damage; however, PET fabric retained its load-extension behaviour beyond 50 laundry cycles. From a practical standpoint, the result of this study suggests that tumble-drying should be avoided; however, the use of softeners during the laundry and air-drying seems to provide stability for PLA and PET fabrics. The influence on the cotton fabric was more from the drying process than the use or absence of softener, buttressing the fact that tumble-drying should be avoided if possible. The life expectancy of PLA fabric showed a lower lifetime (35 washes/lifecycle) compared to PET and cotton (42 and 43 washes/lifecycle respectively). With these results, a comparative lifecycle assessment was conducted during the life expectancy and after a typical school t-shirt use of 75 laundry regimes, PLA offered environmental benefits compared to PET and Cotton. The result also revealed that the environmental impact of cotton decreased by 2%, PET decreased by about 1.2% while PLA increased by 3% when the laundry lifetime was increased to 75 wash cycles. The results obtained in this study showed that enhancing the fabric to increase its laundry lifetime does not automatically lessen the environmental impacts. Nevertheless, it has proven that even a small rise in the lifetime of PLA fabric can make it comparable and competitive with PET and cotton. In addition, the similarities in properties with PET makes PLA a valuable substitute, with a sustainable low environmental burden. In comparison to cotton (Energy Demand 36.5%, Water Consumption 53%, and Global warming potential Contribution 43%), PLA (Energy Demand 28.5%, Water Consumption 21% and Global warming potential Contribution 22%), demonstrates a better alternative in all aspects and is recommended as a suitable replacement due to its potentially low water and energy use, and CO2 emission.
... The process involves use of a creel, where the given numbers of warp bobbins are mounted and from each bobbin, the warp thread is taken forward up to head stock and then, it is wound on a beam named warper's beam. Due to limitations of accommodating a very large creel, the number of bobbins which can be taken will be limited to 1000 -1200 only (Adanur, 2001). This number is smaller than the requirement of several thousands of warp threads in the final woven fabric. ...
... These breakages on the preparatory processes like warping and sizing also creates lots of problems and effects productivity of loom shed. Lesser is the number of yarn breakages results in better quality fabric [5]. The reduction breakages of both warp and weft yarns not only increase the production and quality of the warping, sizing and weaving processes but also reduces wastages of yarn [6]. ...
The fabric manufacturing industries moves from shuttle weaving to shuttle less weaving in order to secure higher production rates in with good quality fabric. The productivity of the loom is govern by the speed, efficiency and quality of the fabric produced. Loom stoppages during the weaving process not only reduces the productivity but also affect the fabric quality as startup marks and differential dye take up are appeared on the fabric as defects. In the woven fabric manufacturing, warps ends are generally sized so that they can withstand various stresses encountered in weaving process. Prime object of the sizing is to improve the weave ability of the warp and make them sustainable for weaving. The breakage rate of cotton sized warp yarn is highly sensitive to the relative humidity and shows large difference with change in relative humidity. In weaving industry it is a challenging task to find out optimum level of relative humidity to get minimum warp breakage rate. The present study was done to analyze the effect of relative humidity to warp breakages in weaving and to optimize relative humidity with minimum warp breakage rate. Key Words: Relative humidity, Warp breakage rate and efficiency. I. Introduction In the every manufacturing industry it is always emphasized to increase production and maintain quality of the product, so the industry can meet the demands of both national and international consumers and markets in terms of cost and quality of the product. Textile industry is the second largest industry in the world and every textile industry is facing the challenge improving productivity to meet the competitiveness in the market [1]. Majority of textile industries are producing similar type of yarns and fabrics [2]. Thus industries need to produce quality product with low cost at high production. In woven fabric manufacturing lower the production costs per meter of woven fabric depends up on the loom stoppages due to yarn breakages [3]. These breakages are essential to be reduced by controlling manufacturing process and atmospheric conditions at every stage of manufacturing the woven fabric. In weaving industry one of the most important and considerable problem is breakages of both warps and weft yarns [4]. These breakages not only reduce the production rate but also deteriorate the quality of the produced fabric, thus affects the productivity of the loom shed. These breakages on the preparatory processes like warping and sizing also creates lots of problems and effects productivity of loom shed. Lesser is the number of yarn breakages results in better quality fabric [5]. The reduction breakages of both warp and weft yarns not only increase the production and quality of the warping, sizing and weaving processes but also reduces wastages of yarn[6]. This reduces the overall cost of the fabric manufactured and improves the profitability of the fabric. The efficiency of weaving is the most important factor considered in terms of productivity. The loom efficiency is mainly decided by the speed as well as the down time of the machine [7]. Efficiency of the loom can be improved by effective control on the breakage of warp or weft yarn. The mechanical condition of the machine, poor quality yarn of the weft or warp, atmospheric conditions in the weaving shed were identified as main reasons for the weft and warp breakages during the weaving process [8]. By carrying out proper maintenance, use of optimal settings of mechanical and technological parameters yarn breakages due to mechanical problems can be almost eliminated. With the use of appropriate technology in modern yarn preparation machines, the required properties of the yarns can be acquired and thereby yarn breakages due to inferior properties can be minimized [9].The change in relative humidity causes a change in the moisture content of the fibers [10].The fiber strength and elasticity proportionately change with humidity[11]. The surrounding temperature and the relative humidity have a great impact on the physical proper ties of yarns [12]. Higher relative humidity than specified, fibers tends to stickiness' on the warp yarns which disrupt the production process[13]. The standard relative humidity in a textile mill producing cotton fabrics is required to be maintained at 80% to 85% in contrast to general relative humidity condition of a room is around 65%. High humidity in a weaving shed also helps to increase the abrasion resistance of the warp [14]. Many studies are available which provides the relationship between humidity and warp breakage rate in a weaving shed. As the fabrics are produced on different looms with different construction using different warp yarns of various counts, twist and fibre type, requirement of relative humidity for all fabrics varies from one another [15]. Effect of Relative Humidity % and temperature in a textile mill Dry air causes lower regain and this contributes to poor quality and lower productivity.
... The precise gathering of weaving loom components has substantial effect on the quality and quantity of fabrics produced. Among loom components, the backrest roller is a crucial part which adjusts the tension of warp yarns and therefore it could affect fabric properties [1,2]. The backrest roller motion has also significant effect in improving the efficiency of the weaving performance, especially when the loom moves faster [3]. ...
The Warp tension has a great influence on fabric quality and production. Warp tension is related with various loom settings like backrest position, backrest height, dropper position, dropper height and fabric structure. If backrest roller is moved at backward position keeping the dropper line intact then the required warp tension will be reduced. But if the intact dropper line comes at the middle due to the changing of backrest roller position then the required tension will be high. Tension is also influenced by backrest height like higher backrest height will need high tension and lower backrest height will need low tension. Again, dropper position and dropper height affect the tension at a large scale. When the dropper position (distance from backrest to dropper line) increases then the required tension will also increase. In case of dropper height, when dropper line is lifted then the required tension will be decreased provided that the dropper line is situated about the middle position of warp yarn. However when the dropper line is situated closer to the heald frame then the effect of dropper height will be substituted by the effect of dropper position. On the other hand fabric structure or weave has substantial influence on warp tension. Plain weave require more tension than any other weave.
... The Jacquard is an attachment to the weaving machine that consists of three main parts, which are the engine, harness, and a mechanism connecting the engine to the weaving machine as the Jacquard loom is a loom having a Jacquard to fulfill the weaving process [4]. Jacquard machines are divided into two groups, which are mechanical and electronic [5]. Since there are only a few firms producing Jacquard machines with different operating speeds, Jacquards are called by the producer's brand, such as Schleicher, Van de Wiele, Bonas, and Stäubli [6]. ...
In this study, we modified the old type of electro-controlled mechanical Jacquard looms for the carpet weaving industry by substituting a Jacquard controller with a modern computer running software called the \Weaving Control System", which has also been developed in the context of this study. By this modification, the Jacquard controller, which requires expensive electronic components and maintenance, has been discarded, and a contemporary computer- based solution that is easy to control and use, and cheap to install and maintain, has been employed in the place of the Jacquard controller. Even though the proposed solution has been tested on the Schleicher-type Jacquard, it is compatible with many different kinds of Jacquard machines. The new control system for the electro-controlled mechanical Jacquard loom with all of its components, which are hardware and software as a whole, has been realized on a real electro-controlled mechanical Jacquard loom.
... While the count of primary yarn (will Chenille) only, as a wide useful counts (4Nm -6Nm -8Nm), while the count of auxiliary yarn often be 30 Nm steadily. Previous results in tables (12,13,14) could show in figures (19,20,21), to relent comparison with warp tension and cloth specifications. The relationship between weft count with warp tension is a direct correlation. ...
This research examines the influence of cloth variables on warp tension, There are two advantages to applied the
suitable tension on warp yarn:
• Increase loom producing by decrease cutting warp yarn that's because use the suitable warp tension.
• Improve the woven fabric specifications by increase its resistance to tension and friction resultant by usage.
Chenille fabric was chosen for the test because it is composed of a complex weave structures, on the other hand it
is one of the most commonly used fabrics in the practical field. The effect four fabric variables have been studied on warp
tension, which are (weft density, weft count, weft type and weave structure). Through identify the cloth specifications at
each value of those variables values. Authentic cloth specifications for comparison are the fabric tensile toward warp,
fabric tensile toward weft and friction resistance.
It has been shown that relationship between weft density with warp tension is an inverse relationship, while the
relationship between weft count and weave float with warp tension is a direct relationship, and there is no effect of the weft
type to warp tension
... It holds good electrical resistance and better elongation properties but it has low colluding energy and difficult to twist, usually which can't be compared to the natural fiber broken joining by knot or twisting [5]. During weaving process carbon fiber tow breakage appeared due to the tangential friction [6]. In loom tangential friction occurred due to warp stretching and warp-weft threads becoming infected. ...
... • Beat up by the reed movement. • Taking up of the fabric by the fabric beam (Adanur, 2001). ...
In this paper, the development of a warp tension simulation is presented. A system analysis of modern weaving machines led to a suitable simulation model to calculate the warp tension. The validation of the simulation demonstrates that the results correspond well with reality. In a second step, an improved model of this simulation was used in combination with a genetic algorithm and a gradient-based method to calculate optimized setting parameters for the weaving process. In order to do so, a cost function was defined taking into account a desired course of the warp tension. Actually, it is known, that a low and constant warp tension course is suitable for weaving. Using the genetic algorithm or the gradient-based method leads to optimized weaving machine parameters. Both algorithms do get nearly the same results for the optimized weaving machine setting. Applying the optimized setting parameters on a loom did not demonstrate that the productivity of a weaving machine can be raised. Analysis of the produced fabrics did not show an influence of optimization on the fabric quality. The reduction of warp tension was not sufficient in order to have an impact on the mechanical properties of the fabric. Thus, fabric defects could be eliminated using the optimized weaving machine settings.
... There are three different principles to perform shedding motion which are cam controlled mechanism, dobby controlled mechanism, and jaquard controlled mechanism. Dobby machine constructions are classified according to their shedding principles, number of stroke, program controlling principle, construction, and motion transmission mechanism to the frames (1). Rotary dobby mechanism, as one of the commonly used dobby types, is known as capable to run up to 1000rpm speeds and capable to be used on all types of weaving machines (2). ...
In this paper synthesis works of a dobby driving mechanism had been explained. Dobby experimental set has been constructed sum of three main parts; driving mechanism, program reading and locking unit; and mechanism for elevating motion to the frames. Sythesis work of driving mechanism is completed using analytical and mathematical approaches. Studied dobby construction is a unique fourteen framed rotary dobby mechanism, design works and experimental set building processes are carried out as part of a research project in a collaborative work of Suleyman Demirel University and Pamukkale University. The most important innovation is in the motion transmission mechanism on the main shaft of the rotational dobby. Main shaft is driven by oscilational motion with dwell period. Constructional analysis and synthesis works carried out during the mechanical designing period of the dobby driving mechanism is given in detail. Proposed dobby design can be considered to be manufactured and advised to be used on most of the standart weaving machines.
... In rapier looms, features such as full-width temple, knot-stop motion, weft yarn feeder, controlled bolt clamp, selvage rollers, controlled weft yarn break, take-up roller with rubber coating, selvage sealing devices and programmable microprocessor can be incorporated to reduce loom stoppages. The Picanol specification for their rapier looms states that airbag fabrics can be woven successfully with loom stoppage rates below 1 stoppage per 10 5 picks [141]. The fabrics can also be woven in double width on projectile weaving machines with configurations such as cam motion, electronically controlled warp let-off, warp tensioner, D12 projectiles with large clamping surfaces, bright polished and stainless reeds, full-width temple across entire fabric width and selvage sealing device. ...
In recent years, safety systems such as seat belts and airbags have been one of the fast-growing sectors within the automotive industry. Seat belts and airbags have made driving substantially safer since their introduction. Airbags are safety systems used to cushion the driver or passenger during a collision and reduce bodily injuries. The technology involved in the manufacturing and working of airbags is complex. Since the early stages of development, airbag technology has been undergoing continual evolution in terms of design, materials and performance. Airbags are typically made from woven fabric, which may be coated or uncoated but must be impermeable to gases and flame resistant. In terms of their operation, modern airbags are smart restraint systems, which can tailor the deployment of the airbag according to the crash severity, body size of the occupant and proximity of the occupant to the airbag system prior to deployment. The future of airbags is extremely promising because there are many diverse applications ranging from motorcycle helmets to aircraft seating. In this article, an outline is given of the historical development of airbags and their value in saving lives is illustrated by supporting statistical data. The essential parameters required for airbag yarn and fabric components are discussed in detail. In addition, the processes involved in the manufacture, assembly and testing of airbag systems are explained. The mechanisms and chemical reactions involved in the deployment of different types of airbags are also discussed, and recent developments in airbag design and their possible future applications are reported.
... In basket weaves, warp and filling yarns are grouped and they interlace together. Basket weaves can be classified as common formula or uncommon formula [17]. ...
The tear strength of a woven fabric is very important, since it is more closely related to serviceability of the fabric. Tearing strength of the fabrics depend on the mobility of the yarn within the fabric structure. In this study, the tearing strength of four types of fabrics warp rib, weft rib, ripstop and plain weave were analysed, which were produced in different densities and with filament and texturised polyester yarns.
... Weaving is the interlacement of two sets of yarns at right angles to each other [1]. One set of yarns runs in longitudinal direction (warp) and the other in crosswise direction (weft). ...
A common problem faced in fabric manufacturing is the production of inconsistent fabric width on shuttleless looms in spite of the same fabric specifications. Weft-wise crimp controls the fabric width and it depends on a number of factors, including warp tension, temple type, fabric take-up pressing tension and loom working width. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of these parameters on the fabric width produced. Taguchi’s orthogonal design was used to optimise the weaving parameters for obtaining controlled fabric width. On the basis of signal to noise ratios,
it could be concluded that controlled fabric width could be produced using medium temple type and intense take-up pressing tension at relatively lower warp tension and smaller loom working width. The analysis of variance revealed that temple needle size was the most significant factor affecting the fabric width, followed by loom working width and warp tension, whereas take-up pressing tension was least significant of all the factors investigated in the study.
... Weaving is the interlacement of two sets of yarns at right angles to each other [1]. One set of yarns runs in longitudinal direction (warp) and the other in crosswise direction (weft). ...
A common problem faced in fabric manufacturing is the production of inconsistent fabric width on shuttleless looms in spite of the same fabric specifications. Weft-wise crimp controls the fabric width and it depends on a number of factors, including warp tension, temple type, fabric take-up pressing tension and loom working width. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of these parameters on the fabric width produced. Taguchi’s orthogonal design was used to optimise the weaving parameters for obtaining controlled fabric width. On the basis of signal to noise ratios, it could be concluded that controlled fabric width could be produced using medium temple type and intense take-up pressing tension at relatively lower warp tension and smaller loom working width. The analysis of variance revealed that temple needle size was the most significant factor affecting the fabric width, followed by loom working width and warp tension, whereas take-up pressing tension was least significant of all the factors investigated in the study.
... A lot of parameters affecting the sizing performance of warp yarn during weaving [6] . If improper and uneven sizing is applied on yarn, they are considered as wastage which is not recoverable [7] . It is possible to minimize the typical sizing complexity, by individual machine parameter setting system. ...
Typical weaving system has been introduced a number of difficulties of fabric manufacturing. Some
faults such as hard sizing, light sizing, excessive warp strain, warp crossing etc. is occurred by typical
sizing which could not be identified before weaving. If the sizing process is carried out on loom, sizing
parameters would be adjustable according to demand. A miniature sizing unit was integrated with an
ordinary power loom. The miniature sizing box was made of wood which consist of electric heater. A hot
air dryer was used to dry the warp yarn after sizing. A conventional loom was used to weave the fabric of
specification with PPM (Picks Per Minute) near to 160. Satisfactory weaving
efficiency (about 90%) was achieved for weaving with proposed integrated sizing-weaving loom. Here
warp yarn entered in weaving zone just after sizing, thus ends breakage rate would be reduced. This
study also proposed a new weaving process which abolish sizing machine from typical weaving flow
chart.
... La foule rectiligne est caractérisée par une course constante de l'évolution des fils de chaîne introduits dans les lisses. La foule oblique est caractérisée par une course variable de l'évolution des fils de chaîne introduits dans les lisses [50]. Dans le cadre de notre étude et de la production qui a été effectuée, une foule oblique a été privilégiée pour permettre une meilleure insertion des duites, notamment pour les tissus multicouches. ...
The aeronautical industry faces new challenges regarding the reduction of fossil fuel consumption. One way to address this issue is to use lighter composite materials. The ability to predict the geometry and the mechanical properties of the unit cell is necessary in order to develop 3D reinforcements in composite materials for these aeronautical applications. There is a difficulty to get realistic geometries for these unit cells due to the complexity of their architecture. Currently, existing tools which model 3D fabrics at a meso scale don't take into account manufacturing process influence on the shape modification of the textile structure. There is already some numerical tools that can model the braiding or knitting process, but none have been developed for weaving so far. Consequently, this study deals with the numerical simulation of the weaving process to obtain a deformed dry fabric structure. During the weaving process of E-glass fabrics, achieved in our laboratory, it has been observed that large deformations led to the modification of transverse section of meshes, or local density changes, that can modify the fabrics mechanical resistance. For this reason, a numerical tool of the weaving process, based on finite element modelling, has been developped to predict these major deformations and their influences on the final textile structure. The correlation between numerical results and fabrics produced with glass fibres has been achieved for plain weave and 2-2 twill.
Textile fabrics are 2D (two dimensional) or 3D (three dimensional) flexible covering materials. The primary purpose of the advent of textile fabric is to cover the human body as well as protect the body from adverse weather conditions. Nowadays, the concept of fabric bears a more significant meaning, from apparel wear to footwear. The jaw-dropping success of technical textiles applications is found in the aftermath of quite a several groundbreaking inventions as well as the advancement of the fabric manufacturing industry. The fabric manufacturing techniques range from simple, straightforward, complex, and elaborate processes. These processes are used a considerable amount of renewable and non-renewable energies, which value depends on the complexity of the technology. Some of the technologies have severe environmental impacts that threaten environmental and technical sustainability. Therefore, in the development of technology or advanced technology, efforts have been made to reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution. At present, fabric manufacturing technologies have focused on sustainable development through continuous development of the existing technologies and reduction of energy consumption as well as environmental pollution.
In this paper, the problem of quality control in the textile industrial field is addressed. Because of the general unavailability of labelled data from real production plants and the imbalanced nature of the problem, this task is faced with novelty detection methods that monitor the behaviour of the system and identify whether shifts from the nominal conditions arise. In particular, we utilize techniques from Elastic Shape Analysis to analyse the shapes created by the yarns intersections of the fabrics and to extract features used to define distance metrics that quantify the shapes variability. The proposed approach is applied to images of four different textiles, where only some defect free images are needed for the training phase. The results of this preliminary study confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
High‐performance melamine formaldehyde (MF) fibers are successfully produced by innovatively utilizing dry spinning with high efficiency and low emission. Three ways are adopted to enhance the mechanical performance of MF fiber. First, MF resin is modified by introducing flexible chain segments into MF three‐dimensional network and reducing the network crosslink density. Second, the energy dissipation capacity of the MF fibers is improved through constructing of hydrogen bond networks among modified MF resin, nano‐SiO2, and/or polyvinyl alcohol and forming interpenetrating network structures of modified MF resin and nano‐SiO2. Third, homogeneous and stable spinning solutions without phase separation are prepared, which can reduce interior defects of MF fibers. The chemical changes in the spinning solutions with increasing temperature and the rheology behavior of the solutions are investigated. In addition, the effects of fiber compositions on microstructure, morphology, and the properties of the MF fibers are also systematically studied. The prepared MF fibers possess high fire retardancy (i.e., limiting oxygen index >40%), thermal stability (i.e., Tmax >360°C), and mechanical properties (i.e., tensile strength >2.5 cN/dtex).
Materials used for composite reinforcements usually have high mechanical performances which are linked to a very sensitive and brittle behaviour to friction. The weaving process applied to delicate yarns, like glass, carbon and some other technical yarns, generate damages which tend to reduce the performances of the final composite. Shedding may be a major weaving stage for the generation of yarn damages. Based on a specific weaving pattern, it was observed that different shedding configurations could influence yarn damages at the shedding step. The specificity of the motorized Jacquard device is used to generate different movements and geometry configurations. A particular methodology needed to be set in order to confirm these observations and bring out a clear effect of shedding parameters on yarn damages. After damages have been identified and classified, some experiments will count the damage occurrences and evolutions in time according to shedding parameters. The aim of this research is first to show a clear effect of shedding on warp damaging thanks to the quantification of damages and then to set out an optimized configuration of shedding parameters which may reduce deterioration involved in high-density multilayer woven fabrics.
Real (physical) objects melt together with information-processing (virtual) objects to create Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). Through embedding of intelligent, self-optimizing CPPS in process chains, productivity of manufacturing companies and quality of goods can be increased. Textile producers especially in high-wage countries have to cope with the trend towards smaller lot sizes in combination with the demand for increasing product variations. One possibility to cope with these changing market trends consists in manufacturing with CPPS and cognitive machinery. This chapter presents a method for multi-objective self-optimization of the weaving process. Multi-objective self-optimization assists the operator in setting weaving machine parameters according to objective functions. The implementation of a self-optimization routine in a software-based Programmable Logic Controller (soft-PLC) is presented. The routine enables a weaving machine to calculate the optimal parameter settings autonomously. Set-up time is reduced by 75 % and objective functions are improved by at least 14 % compared to manual machine settings.
Textile engineering deals with the application of science to reveal the relationships
between the raw material, process and the finished product to achieve the desired
functional or aesthetic effects in the fabric. The success of fabric engineering depends
on reliable objective measurements, prediction and control of fabric quality and performance
attributes. Understanding the theoretical relationships between fabric
parameters enables the fabric designer to play with different fibres, yarn tex, threads
per centimeter and weave to vary texture and other fabric properties. These relationships
provide simplified formulae to facilitate calculations which are of value for
cloth engineering, problems of structure and mechanical properties.
The authors bring together expertise in textiles – raw materials, yarn manufacturing,
fabric manufacturing, textiles processing, clothing, technical textiles,
textiles testing, recycling and disposal of textiles, quality control in textiles and
computer applications in textiles and basic principles of design engineering – as
a tool to support product development. This book is the culmination of teaching,
research and methodology in textile industry. It aims to give the readers a good foundation
in this area through an in-depth understanding of the principles of physical
and mechanical properties of woven textile structures. It is designed as a textbook
for undergraduates in textile engineering and also as a reference book for research
scholars. The concepts and applications have been demonstrated by the liberal use
of examples. The book gives a flavour of the basics and builds up to predictive modeling
of some fabric properties. Each chapter gives an abstract of the contents and
is concluded, wherever possible, with detailing how these contents can be used and
applied in practical situations.
We wish to thank the teachers and researchers in the National Textile University,
Faisalabad Pakistan, for their unstinting support in making this endeavor a reality.
We also owe our indebtedness to many others who are not mentioned for their indirect
contributions in enhancing our knowledge and providing us support. We would
like to acknowledge De Gruyter Publishing Limited for their encouragement and
assistance. It is hoped that this book will fill the vacuum in the literature on textile
engineering. We welcome feedback or suggestions for any errors that may have crept
into the book inadvertently.
Fabric quality is the important from the view of customer satisfaction. About 90% of the fabric defects in the grey fabric originate during weaving in the loom shed. Denim fabric is highly sensitive for defects, mainly like starting marks (crack and thick place), broken pick, snarl and missing end etc. These kinds of defects are broadly responsible for deterioration of fabric quality. This study mainly emphasized on the control of fabric defects in denim weaving at weaving stage by conducting the trials on the respective machine settings of air-jet loom. (Picanol Omniplus 800). Only those fabric defects or faults which are highly contributing to the rejection percentage are taken for trails. Trials are conducted to control the fabric defects by changing the machine settings such as back rest position for starting marks, air pressure setting for snarl, filter value of filling detector and left hand side cutter timing settings for broken pick. Trial results show significant reduction of above fabric defects and also rejection percentage.
Dans ce travail, nous avons décrit mathématiquement les tissus double et triple couches en s’appuyant sur un ensemble des matrices binaires et des équations mathématiques et développé des modules mathématiques programmables, pour générer : 1- Un double tissu lié par chaînes de liage supplémentaire ; 2- Un triple tissu lié par les chaînes de la couche intermédiaires. Ces deux modules mathématiques ont a été vérifiés par un logiciel développé spécifiquement à l’aide de « Visual Basic ». Les deux tissus sont générés automatiquement avec tous les points de liage éventuels. Puis nous avons développé un troisième module mathématique programmé par « Visual Basic » pour classer les points de liage générés. Ce classement se fonde sur la définition de deux termes : l’armure de liage et le taux de liage. Ce module a été vérifié sur un tissu triple couches lié par les chaînes de la couche intermédiaire, dont tous les armures de liage ont été générésautomatiquement par le logiciel développé. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé une procédure pour regrouper les armures de liage suivant la répartition des points de liage dans l’armure du tissu. Pour ce but, nous avons appliqué deux méthodes : la méthode du moment d’inertie des points de liage autour du centre du tissu, tandis que la deuxième méthode est la méthode du plus proche voisin où nous avons calculé l’indice de dispersion des points de liage dans l’armure. L’un des objectifs de ce travail est de comprendre l’action des paramètres de l’étoffe (distribution des points de liage ou armure de liage, armures de différentes couches et le duitage) sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques d’un tissu triple couche à double liage. Pour cela, nous avons choisi trois tissus, dont l’armure de la couche intermédiaire est variée entre toile, sergé, et cannelé. À l’aide du logiciel créé, nous avons généré les différentes possibilités de liage (armures de liage). Nous avons fixé la densité de liage à (25%), puis nous avons choisi 3 armures de liage ayant une répartition différente. Trois duitages (16, 20, et 24 duites/cm) ont été choisi pour réaliser les tissus. À l’aide de la méthode des plans d’expériences, nous avons limité le nombre de tissus à 9 tissus différents. 15 propriétés ont été évaluées à savoir : l'embuvage, le retrait, la masse surfacique, la perméabilité, la rigidité de cisaillement, la compression: (l'énergie de compression, la résilience, la compressibilité, l’épaisseur), la flexion: (la rigidité de flexion, le module d'Yong), la traction: (laforce de rupture, l'allongement maximal, l'énergie de rupture, le module d'Young). Les résultats des tests ont été analysés par analyse de variance et analyse en composantes principales (ACP) à l'aide du logiciel JMP, afin de calculer l’influence de chaque paramètre sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques, et d'estimer les coefficients du modèle statistique qui nouspermet d’obtenir les propriétés théoriques des tissus que nous n’avons pas testé. Nous avons constaté que le liage est le paramètre qui a le moins d’influence sur les propriétés des tissus.
3D warp interlock fabric can be used as a fibrous reinforcement for composite material. Despite of the
numerous research papers dealing with this specific woven structure, few researches were conducted to
clearly define this multi-layer fabric. Moreover, in many research papers, unskilled scientists of weaving
technology have some difficulty to describe the different components of the 3D warp interlock fabric and
sometimes make some confusion between the different architecture. Then, with a lack of a clear definition
of these 3D multi-layer fabrics, most of the research papers are conducted on a very limited
number of structures such as orthogonal, angle and layer to layer interlock.
Thus, based on different definitions proposed by skilled scientists, a new general definition of a 3D
warp interlock fabric has been proposed to better describe the position of the several yarns located inside
the 3D woven structure. Thanks to this improved definition, we hope that the scientific community will
use it in order to better design new architectures and conduct finer research based on these product
parameters.
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