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Handbook of Herbs and Spices
Abstract
Together with its companion volume, Handbook of herbs and spices: Volume 2 provides a comprehensive and authoritative coverage of key herbs and spices. Chapters on individual plants cover such issues as description and classification, production, chemical structure and properties, potential health benefits, uses in food processing and quality issues. Authoritative coverage of more than 50 major herbs and spices, Provides detailed information on chemical structure, cultivation and definition, Incorporates safety issues, production, main uses, health issues and regulations.
... This change in color indicated the formation of AgNPs. The solution was kept at room temperature for 24 h to complete the development of nanoparticles, after which it was used for analyses [4,7,8]. To achieve optimum conditions for the synthesis of nanoparticles, the experiment was completed under various silver ion concentrations. ...
... 2,2-diphenyl-5-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a dark-colored crystalline powder composed of stable free-radical molecules. The DPPH radical has a deep violet color in solution, and it becomes colorless or pale yellow when neutralized and converted into DPPH-H [8]. ...
... 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 2,2-diphenyl-5-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a dark-colored crystalline powder composed of stable free-radical molecules. The DPPH radical has a deep violet color in solution, and it becomes colorless or pale yellow when neutralized and converted into DPPH-H [8]. ...
... Local names for the plant include rai (Hindi), senafich (Amharic), zwartemosterd (Dutch) and mostazanegra (Spanish). It is extensively grown all over the world as the main source of edible oil and medication [4][5][6][7] . It belongs to the genus Brassica and has distinct genetic ancestor genes 8 . ...
... In different quantities and types, these compounds are produced in many plant tissues and organs. 4 . The seed also contains choline (211 mg/100 g) and ascorbigen 17 . ...
... Additionally, papaverine has demonstrated antiviral activity, notably in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effects, positioning it as a candidate for further exploration in viral therapeutics (10). Despite these promising findings, papaverine's therapeutic potential remains underexplored in many areas, and comprehensive studies are needed to understand its full range of molecular actions, pharmacokinetics, and long-term safety profiles (11). This review aims to summarize and critically analyze the current literature on papaverine's pharmacological properties, with a focus on its emerging roles in various therapeutic contexts. ...
... While morphine and codeine, both derived from P. somniferum, are well-known for their potent analgesic effects, papaverine's primary action lies in its ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase and induce smooth muscle relaxation (10). Unlike morphine, which interacts with opioid receptors in the central nervous system, papaverine exerts its effects peripherally, particularly in vascular tissues, without leading to narcotic effects (11). The pharmacological profiles of these alkaloids reflect their structural variations. ...
Papaverine, a prominent benzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Papaver somniferum L., has long been used for its vasodilatory properties in clinical settings. Despite its structural distinction from opiate alkaloids, papaverine is known for inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase in smooth muscle cells, leading to increased intracellular concentrations of these molecules. This mechanism contributes to the dilation of cerebral, coronary, and pulmonary arteries and enhances cerebral blood flow while reducing vascular resistance. Beyond its established use, recent research has revealed papaverine's extensive pharmacological activities, including its effects in treating erectile dysfunction, managing postoperative vasospasms, and alleviating pulmonary vasoconstriction. Furthermore, its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties have garnered significant attention. Notably, papaverine has demonstrated potential in controlling the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2, positioning it as a candidate for therapeutic development against viral infections. Despite promising findings, further research is needed to understand the full spectrum of its molecular mechanisms and to address concerns about its long-term safety and toxicity. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of papaverine's pharmacological actions, therapeutic applications, and the molecular pathways involved, with an emphasis on its potential as a versatile agent in modern medicine. ÖZET Papaver somniferum L.'den elde edilen önemli bir benzilizokinolin alkaloidi olan papaverin, klinik ortamlarda uzun süredir vazodilatör özellikleri ile kullanılmaktadır. Opiat alkaloidlerinden yapısal olarak farklı olmasına rağmen, papaverin, düz kas hücrelerinde siklik adenozin monofosfat (cAMP) ve siklik guanozin monofosfat (cGMP) fosfodiesterazını inhibe etmesiyle bilinir. Bu mekanizma, bu moleküllerin hücre içi konsantrasyonlarının artmasına yol açar ve bu da serebral, koroner ve pulmoner arterlerin genişlemesine, serebral kan akışının artmasına ve vasküler direncin azalmasına katkı sağlar. Yerleşik kullanımının ötesinde, son araştırmalar papaverinin erektil disfonksiyon tedavisi, postoperatif vazospazmların yönetimi ve pulmoner vazokonstriksiyonun hafifletilmesi gibi kapsamlı farmakolojik aktivitelerini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, antiviral, anti-inflamatuar, kardiyoprotektif, nöroprotektif ve antikanser özellikleri büyük ilgi görmektedir. Özellikle, papaverin, SARS-CoV-2'nin sitopatik etkilerinin kontrolünde potansiyel göstermiş ve viral enfeksiyonlara karşı tedavi geliştirilmesi için bir aday olarak öne çıkmıştır. Umut verici bulgulara rağmen, moleküler mekanizmalarının tam olarak anlaşılması ve uzun vadeli güvenliği ve toksisitesi konusundaki endişelerin giderilmesi için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu derleme, papaverinin farmakolojik etkilerini, tedavi uygulamalarını ve ilgili moleküler yolları derinlemesine analiz etmeyi ve modern tıpta çok yönlü bir ajan olarak potansiyelini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır.
... The oleoresins are obtained by subjecting the ground cumin to different organic solvents such as nhexane, ethanol, methanol etc. The extract obtained is then subjected to rotary evaporation to remove the solvent (Peter, 2001) [17] . Kanakdande et al. (2007) [10] studied the microencapsulations of cumin oleoresin by spray drying using gum arabic, maltodextrin, and modified starch and their ternary blends as wall materials for its encapsulation efficiency and stability under storage. ...
... The oleoresins are obtained by subjecting the ground cumin to different organic solvents such as nhexane, ethanol, methanol etc. The extract obtained is then subjected to rotary evaporation to remove the solvent (Peter, 2001) [17] . Kanakdande et al. (2007) [10] studied the microencapsulations of cumin oleoresin by spray drying using gum arabic, maltodextrin, and modified starch and their ternary blends as wall materials for its encapsulation efficiency and stability under storage. ...
... Репчатый лук, по оценкам продовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организации Объединённых Наций (ФАО) [115], занимает одно из первых мест среди других выращиваемых овощных культур во всем мире, уступая только томатам [116]. Ежегодно лук выращивают в 126 странах на площади 3,6 млн га, производя около 73,20 млн т в год [117]. Одним из побочных продуктов при переработке лука является шелуха, количество которой варьируется от 5 % до 29,9 % от массы исходного сырья [118], что составляет до 500 тыс. ...
... Исследования биологических свойств мякоти репчатого лука ведутся на протяжении многих лет. На сегодняшний день известно, что лук проявляет ряд полезных эффектов, включая антибактериальные, противоопухолевые, гипогликемические, гиполипидемические и антиоксидантные [117,124]. Установлено, что антиоксидантный потенциал растительных оболочек значительно превосходит аналогичный показатель мякоти плодов, что обусловлено защитным функциями кожуры. Внешние слои растений чаще подвергаются экзогенным негативным воздействиям, среди которых резкие перепады температуры, засуха или повышенная влажность, УФ-излучение, обра-ботка удобрениями и токсичными химическими соединениями, направленными на уничтожение вредителей. ...
With the rapid development of a circular economy in developed countries of the world, the use of low-value raw materials obtained through processing is becoming increasingly important. The review considers various types of biologically active substances, such as enzymes, lipids, hormones, proteins, peptides and plant antioxidants. Particular attention is paid to their biological activity and potential application in such areas as the food industry, pharmaceuticals and cosmetology. Examples of the use of these compounds for disease prevention and improving product quality are given. This review emphasizes the importance of further research and innovation in the field of processing by-products of animal and plant raw materials, which will contribute to the development of sustainable and efficient production processes.
... Uma classificação convencional de especiarias, fundamentado no grau de sabor fornecido, divide-as em: especiarias picantes ou intensas, especiarias suaves, especiarias aromáticas e ervas e legumes aromáticos (Peter, 2001). ...
... Os registros mais antigos do consumo de pimentas datam de aproximadamente 9 mil anos, resultado obtido a partir de explorações arqueológicas em Tehuacán, no México. Outros sítios arqueológicos pré-históricos (2500 a.C) são conhecidos no Peru, nas localidades de Ancon e Huaca Prieta (Peter, 2001;Reifschneider, 2000). ...
Cultivada em varias regiões do Brasil e do mundo, a pimenta Capsicum baccatum conhecida como dedo-de-moça é plantada tradicionalmente por pequenos produtores e em propriedades familiares. A diversidade de aplicação das pimentas Capsicum na culinária, principalmente, na indústria de alimentos e farmacologia indicam a importância desta hortaliça. O trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar pimentas Capsicum baccatum quanto a composição físico-química, morfológica, de cor e bioativa. Foram realizadas avaliações de dimensões características, peso, composição centesimal, cor e morfologia por microscopia. Os resultados encontrados foram 86,57% de umidade, 0,78% de cinzas, 0,94% de lipídios, 2,82% de proteínas, 3,90% de fibras e 4,99% de carboidratos. Os frutos apresentaram peso médio de 11,4g, comprimento e largura média de 8,99 cm e 2,35 cm, respectivamente, parâmetros de cor (a) e (b) positivos (+) e ângulo de 38,25 0Hue, indicando coloração alaranjada. O teor de compostos fenólicos foi de 61,99 EAG mg.100g-1, capacidade antioxidante de 88,7 % de inibição do radical DPPH e vitamina C 88,98 mg.100g-1 de pimenta. Conclui-se que a microscopia possibilitou a identificação das partes morfológicas da pimenta apresentando-se as mesmas com boas fontes de compostos capazes de inibir a atividade dos radicais livres, assim como composição centesimal semelhante ao encontrado na literatura, podendo ser utilizada de diferentes formas em produtos alimentícios
... Coriander fruits are frequently used in food preparation as a condiment due to the presence of essential oils in fruits, which enhance the flavor and scent of dishes. The essential oil contains many terpenes, including linalool, a significant constituent for aroma and taste (Peter, 2004;Singh and Davidson, 2013). ...
The results showed that spraying vermicompost tea at various dilutions significantly gave better growth, yield, and essential oil parameters than the untreated plants. Biofertilization also resulted in considerably more significant vegetative growth, yield, and oil measures than the control. According to treatments, linalool was the main component of fruit essential oil, with a range of 72.91 to 77.54%. This study advised organic growers to spray coriander with prepared vermicompost tea at a 1:4 v/v dilution and apply biofertilization as a soil drench throughout the vegetative development stage to enhance all attributes.
... Yenibaharda baskın bulunan fenolik bileşiklerin öjenol, kuersetin, gallik asit ve ericifolin olduğu belirtilmiştir (Zhang & Lokeshwar, 2012). Muskatta ise lignanlar, öjenol, α-pinen, β-pinen, β-karyofilen, psimen ve karvakrolün varlığı rapor edilmiştir (Parthasarathy ve ark., 2008;Peter, 2001). ...
Bu çalışmada, mercanköşk ve halep yedi baharatı ekstraktlarının fitokimyasal taraması yapılarak antioksidan aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiş, ayrıca ekstraktların fenolik bileşen içerikleri ile organik asit içerikleri tespit edilerek, antibakteriyel değerlendirilmeleri de yapılmıştır. Fenolik bileşenler toplamı, mercanköşk ekstraktlarında 41.386,34 mg kg-1 iken; halep yedi baharatı ekstraktlarında ise 52.036,49 mg kg-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mercanköşk ekstraktlarında en yüksek miktarda tespit edilen fenolik bileşen şikimik asit iken; halep yedi baharatı ekstraktlarında ise vanilik asit olarak belirlenmiştir. Mercanköşk ekstraktlarında organik asitler toplamı halep yedi baharatı ekstraktlarına göre daha yüksek tespit edilmiş olup miktarı 54.022,89 mg kg-1 iken; halep yedi baharatı ekstraktlarında ise organik asit miktarı 22.987,28 mg kg-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mercanköşk ve Halep yedi baharatı ekstraktlarının her ikisinde de en yüksek miktarda bulunan organik asit malik asit iken; en düşük bulunan organik asit fumarik asit olmuştur. Mercanköşk ekstraktlarının hem gram pozitif (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) hem de gram negatif bakteri türlerine (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) inhibitör etki göstermesi geniş spekturumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, bu bitkilerin gıda, ilaç veya kozmetik alanlarında ya da yerel geleneksel tıp kullanımına yönelik faydalı veriler sağlayabilir.
... The leaves are rich in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as β-carotene, fiber, and essential minerals like calcium and iron (Girenko, 1982). Coriander seeds contain nearly 11 g of starch, 20 g of fat, 11 g of protein and nearly 30 g of crude fibre per 100 g of seeds (Peter, 2004). ...
... (nutmeg) is native to Indonesia, originating from South Maluku (Kusuma et al. 2023a;Sasikumar 2021). It is also cultivated in Central America, the Caribbean, Thailand, Japan, China, South Africa, and India (Ha et al. 2020;Peter et al. 2001). Nutmeg seeds and extracts exhibit therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-infla m matory, and anticarcinogenic activities (Al-Rawi et al. 2024;Nagja et al. 2016). ...
Myristica fragrans is a native and economically significant species in Indonesia. However, its complete chloroplast genome, particularly from Indonesia, has not been previously reported.
In this study, we successfully sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of M. fragrans using next-generation sequencing technology. The genome has a total length of 155,868 bp and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region (87,062 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (20,664 bp), and a pair of inverted
repeats (IRs) (24,071 bp each). Genome annotation identified 126 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 35 transfer RNA genes. A total of 141 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected, with mononucleotide repeats being the most prevalent (90.07%). Phylogenetic analysis using six Myristica chloroplast genomes and three outgroup species confirmed that M. fragrans is most closely related to M. argentea, providing new insights into the evolutionary relationships within the Myristicaceae family.
... Mace is a delicate, green aromatic tree that belongs to the Myristicaceae family [11] . Nutmeg consists of two distinct spices, which are Nutmeg (seed) and Mace (aril), it is native to Indonesia (Moluccas Islands), and, the nutmeg tree grows abundantly and is now naturalized in the West Indies, Sri Lanka, India, and Philippines, Tropical America, and Pacific Islands [12,13] . The Mace (Aril) is dark orange in color, aromatic, pungent, irregular in shape, and has a rough surface. ...
Spices are an important commercial crop in India. These Spices constitute an essential group of agricultural commodities. A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, and also other plant substance with an aromatic or strong taste used to enhance the flavor of foods. Spices like leaves, flowers, or stems of plants are used for flavoring and garnish. Spices are sometimes used in medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics, or perfume production there are over 80 pieces grown in different parts of the world, and around 50 pieces are grown in India. In India, abundant quantities of spices are pepper, ginger, turmeric, chili, cardamom, fenugreek, dill, cumin ajowan, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg and mace. Spices and herbs are plant-derived substances that add flavor to any dish. This study was carried out on the five spices, star anise family Schisandraceae, Mace family Myristicaceae, Black pepper family Piperaceae, Eugenia caryophyllata, family Myrtaceae, Caraway seeds, family Apiaceae, and to determine the phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides tannins, flavonoids, saponins phenols, and terpenoids, reducing sugars, amino acids, and also to study the βcarotene and lycopene contents in all the five species.
... The yield obtained is slightly lower than that reported by González-Rivera et al. (2016), who achieved a yield of 11%. The yield and quality of the oil can be influenced by various factors, including the origin, variety, and quality of raw materials, the distillation method used, and post distillation processing (Peter, 2012). ...
Background/aim
Syzygium aromaticum L. is a versatile plant traditionally used to treat digestive and respiratory issues, improve oral health, and relieve pain, particularly in regions such as Southeast Asia, South Asia, and parts of the Middle East. Its essential oil (EO), predominantly composed of eugenol, is rich in bioactive compounds. This study aims to clarify the specific contribution of eugenol to the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities of S. aromaticum EO by comparing their individual effects. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to examine the antioxidant mechanism of eugenol and its role in enhancing the overall activity of the EO.
Materials and methods
The EO was obtained from S. aromaticum and analyzed using GC-MS to determine its composition. Antioxidant activity was assessed through the DPPH scavenging assay. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated using the disk diffusion method against various strains, while insecticidal and repellent effects were tested on Bruchus lentis at different concentrations and exposure times. Antioxidant mechanisms were investigated using DFT calculations
Results
The findings underscore the strong antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties of S. aromaticum EO, with eugenol identified as the primary active component driving the antioxidant and insecticidal effects. Additionally, eugenol has been found to exhibit moderate scavenging activity in lipid media. However, its activity is higher in polar media, with a koverall = 1.70 ⊠ 10⁶ M⁻¹s⁻¹ comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The single-electron transfer mechanism from the deprotonated state was found to play a decisive role under these conditions.
Conclusion
S. aromaticum EO exhibits remarkable antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities. A significant portion of these properties can be attributed to the presence of eugenol. This suggests that eugenol plays a critical role in the EO’s overall efficacy, making S. aromaticum a promising candidate for applications in natural health products, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural pest management.
... Mentha aquatica L. a water mint (2n = 96) and Mentha spicata L. a spearmint (2n = 48) naturally hybridize to produce worldwide extensively used peppermint, Mentha piperita L. (2n = 72) member of Lamiaceae family (İşcan et al. 2002;Peter et al. 2006). Although this genus is native to the Mediterranean region, is cultivated globally for its flavor, aroma, and pharmacological applications. ...
Menthapiperita L. commonly known as peppermint, is valued for its essential oil, which is rich in menthol and has various applications. However, challenges such as low oil yield and poor oil quality have limited the potential of peppermint cultivation. This study aimed to develop a noble mutant of Menthapiperita that complements US-type peppermint oil, characterized by higher oil yield and improved oil quality, specifically targeting a menthol content of 36–46% and less than 5% menthofuran. Induced mutagenesis was achieved through gamma radiation, with seeds from a menthofuran-rich variety CIM-Indus of Menthapiperita subjected to varying doses (10 Gy, 20 Gy, 30 Gy, 40 Gy, 50 Gy, 70 Gy, 90 Gy, and 110 Gy). A broad range of diversity was observed among the resulting mutant lines, leading to the selection of improved lines. Notably, CIM-I452 exhibited the highest oil yield along with substantial herb yield, followed by CIM-I332 and CIM-I324. Lines CIM-I43, CIM-I44, CIM-I451, CIM-I32, CIM-I34, CIM-I332, and CIM-I452 were identified as menthol-rich, while CIM-I311 and CIM-I431 were menthofuran-rich. Additionally, CIM-I322 and CIM-I331 were recognized as limonene-rich lines. Because of the high menthol content and low amount of menthofuran, the mutant lines CIM-I452, CIM-I332, and CIM-I324 showed widely acceptance peppermint oil quality. These selected mutant lines exhibit promising mutant lines that may be utilised as parent lines for upcoming recombinant breeding or hybridization initiatives.
... Addressing these gaps is critical for In this article, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are referred to as nonprofits and charities. The non-profit sector is sometimes referred to as the "Third Sector," set apart from public and commercial organizations by its diversity and originality (Peter, 2006). NGOs function similarly to commercial endeavors, but they are not motivated by profit; rather, their mission is to meet the needs of the public without regard to making money. ...
This study examines the relationship between accounting systems, transparency, and financial accountability within non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Gorkha district, Gandaki Province, Nepal. Using a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design, data were collected from 260 valid responses among board members, management committee members, and other stakeholders. The study employed statistical tools, including SPSS (version 23), to analyze correlations, factor analysis, and regression, establishing the association between accounting systems and financial accountability. Findings reveal a significant positive relationship between accounting systems and financial accountability, with transparency identified as a critical moderating variable. Accounting systems enhance accountability by ensuring proper record-keeping, compliance, and monitoring, while transparency amplifies these effects by fostering clarity and trust in financial processes. The regression analysis demonstrates that 56.4% of the variance in financial accountability is explained by accounting systems, transparency, and their interaction. These findings align with previous studies emphasizing the importance of structured accounting practices and adherence to Nepalese Accounting Standards (NAS). The study concludes that implementing robust accounting systems and promoting transparency are essential for improving financial accountability in Nepalese NGOs. Future research could explore other mediating factors and extend the scope to additional regions in Nepal to generalize findings.
... Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), belongs to the Ranunculaceae family, has been used in traditional medicine since ages (Peter, 2012). Nigella sativa and N. damascene are the only two commercially cultivated species among the 14 Nigella species (Hosseini et al., 2018;Sharma et al., 2009). ...
... Additionally, it supports the health of the kidneys, liver, stomach and intestines (9) . N. sativa is said to have antihistamine-like properties that help relieve congestion (10) . Many of these activities have been referred to quinone components in the seed (11)(12)(13) . ...
Previous metabolomics studies have proven the efficiency of infrared (IR) spectroscopy as a tool for authenticity assessment. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), with principal component analysis (PCA) and bidirectional orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (O2PLS-DA), was used to create a model for the discrimination of N. sativa oil samples gathered from three geographical areas; Egypt, Ethiopia and Syria. It is reported that, for herbal drug treatments even from the equal species, the quality and efficacy are somewhat different according to their growing conditions. The unsupervised pattern recognition of variable authentic samples utilizing PCA and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) revealed that each oil type was separately clustered from the others. The data matrix of ATR-FTIR was handled by the supervised pattern recognition technique O2PLS-DA to give a better clustering and a better separation between sample types than given by PCA. For the first time, this study built a partial least square (PLS) model used to predict thymoquinone concentration in any new N. sativa seed oil only by its ATR FT-IR spectrum. Furthermore, OPLS and its HCA model of authentic samples have been used to predict types of commercial oil samples obtained from the Egyptian market and compare them with sellers' claims. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Nihal M. El Newehy, et al. JAPS, 2(1), 2025 45 ISSN: 3009-7061 As demonstrated in this study, the recommended method might be used to regularly evaluate the phytochemical variability in N. sativa seed oil varieties sourced from various regions, which could aid in meeting the demand for their quality and safety.
... It is a source of vitamins (310 µg), protein (12.37 g), carbohydrates (54.9 g), lipids (17.77 g), fiber (41.9 µg), minerals (iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium), niacin (1.1 mg), thiamin (0.06 mg) and riboflavin (0.160 mg). 83,84 The water-soluble constituents from seeds include glycosides, aromatic compounds (norcarotenoid) and monoterpenoid glucoside. 23,85 Essential oil from roots possesses aldehydes (49.22%) while inflorescence essential oil contains citronellol and linalool. ...
Medicinal plants are a source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, which prevent and treat various ailments in humans and animals. One of the medicinal plants cultivated for commercial purposes across the globe, Coriandrum sativum L. (family: Apiaceae), is distributed in the Mediterranean, subcontinent, and other South Asian countries and is the choice of folk healers to treat diabetes, headache, ulcer, fever, constipation, rheumatism, and disorders of the stomach, lungs, stomach, skin, and kidneys. Pharmacological attributes such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nematicidal, cardioprotective, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-leishmaniasis, and anti-infertility are ascribed to different plant parts. The plant consisted of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids for developing pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods. The present review focused on the phytochemistry, traditional uses, commercial production, biological attributes, and preclinical and clinical trials of this multipurpose plant to explore its pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential.
... Aroma is a key quality attribute of black peppercorns, with volatile oils comprising the primary flavor compounds (Peter, 2016). In particular, linalool, β-caryophyllene, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, and 3-carene have been identified as major flavor constituents in black peppercorns (Dosoky et al., 2019). ...
This study evaluated the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium and impact on quality of black peppercorns using radiofrequency (RF), nonthermal plasma (NTP), and their simultaneous combined treatment (RF-NTP). RF-NTP achieved full elimination of both pathogens on black peppercorns within 13 min, whereas RF alone required 17 min to achieve the same level of inactivation. The increased inactivation efficacy of RF-NTP resulted from synergistic effect of RF heating and the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated from NTP. The inactivation kinetics of pathogens on black peppercorns with RF, NTP, and RF-NTP fitted the Weibull model (R2 > 0.96, RMSE < 0.35). RF-NTP reduced maximum temperature of black peppercorns to 68.9 °C, compared to 84.2 °C for RF. Among the ten predominant flavor volatiles of black peppercorns, RF-NTP retained six compounds while RF preserved only three (p < 0.05), salvaging β-caryophyllene, β-selinene, and δ-cadinene. Additionally, RF-NTP lowered water activity of black peppercorns from 0.643 to 0.402 without impacting color or chemical bonds of the sample surface. In conclusion, RF-NTP demonstrated greater efficacy for pathogen control on black peppercorns compared to RF alone, while also better maintaining flavor compounds, indicating its potential as an effective intervention for thermal sensitive spices.
... Tamarind pulp is the fruit of the Tamarind leguminous tree species (Tamarindus indica), which is from the Fabaceae family. Tamarind trees are widespread in India and Africa, as they are typical in semi-tropical and semi-arid regions [28]. Tamarind is served with foods in a variety of forms, such as in sauces, beverages, jams, juices, and ice cream, and as a pickling agent for different foods [29]. ...
... Spices and herbs are used and consumed in little amounts, but because they are added to so many different recipes, particularly ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, keeping track of one's consumption has become more important. Spices' physiological effects [36], health advantages [94][95][96][97][98], anti-inflammatory properties, and pharmaceutical applications [10,11], including cancer therapies [99][100][101], are only a few of the many applications. ...
Spices and herbs are utilised in many different cuisines and food items, but they are consumed in small amounts, making them a special market within the food industry. These plants are rich sources of valuable bioactive components that are utilised for a range of functions, such as flavouring, colouring, medicinal, and preservation. The food industry recognises the potential of plant extracts, and not just because of their nutritional benefits. Antimicrobials and antioxidants, such as various essential oils with antibacterial qualities, are mostly found in plants. Herbs and spices including rosemary, sage, basil, oregano, thyme, cardamom, and clove contain a variety of essential oils. To increase product value and shelf life, plant essential oils are also included as additives to edible or biodegradable films and coatings for active food packaging. However, it is important to consider and thoroughly research any potential harmful consequences of specific phyto-compounds. However, this chapter’s findings are more comprehensive, represent significant and timely advances towards potential applications in food sector as well as the food safety aspects of commodities containing spices and herbs by effectively protecting consumers from potential risks resulting from unintentional or intentional contamination of spices and herbs.
... The concentration of these compounds is constant. Ginger also contains an exceptionally low concentration of essential oils which contain the derivatives of monoterpene (Peter, 2001;Vs, 1983). ...
In recent years, the pursuit of natural and holistic approaches to disease prevention has gained substantial momentum. Among these, the exploration of the intricate relationship between diet and cancer prevention has emerged as a focal point of scientific inquiry. This comprehensive review delves into the captivating realm of Indian spices and their immense potential in hindering the onset and progression of cancer. Spices, renowned for their captivating flavours and aromatic profiles, have been treasured since ancient times for their culinary and medicinal value. However, it is their concealed prowess as reservoirs of bioactive compounds with potential anti-cancer properties that has ignited fervent research interest. Through an intricate interplay of various phytochemicals such as curcumin, capsaicin, gingerol, thymoquinone and many others; spices have demonstrated their ability to impede key processes in tumorigenesis, including uncontrolled cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation. As the scientific community endeavours to unravel the intricate mechanisms behind the link between spices and cancer prevention, this review amalgamates current knowledge, highlights gaps in understanding, and underscores the necessity for multidisciplinary collaborations. The exploration of spices as agents of cancer prevention not only enriches the realm of culinary arts but also unveils an exciting frontier in the pursuit of innovative, complementary strategies to curtail the global burden of cancer.
... Herbs are the fresh or mixtures of dried leaves, seeds, grasses, nuts, barks, fruits, flowers, or other botanical elements [1][2][3]. Based on different theoretical, cultural, and religious principles peoples are using herbs for the preparation of refreshing drinks and medicinal purposes [4][5][6][7]. Herbal tea can be prepared by infusions or decoction [3,8,9] . ...
Herbs are the fresh or mixtures of dried leaves, seeds, grasses, nuts, barks, fruits, flowers, or other botanical elements. The production and uses of herbs are not new to the Worlds and Ethiopia. However, there is no such compiled information about herbal tea and its uses in Ethiopia. Herbs have a long history of both culinary use and health benefits, as well as acting as preservatives. Many herb plants are widely used as cooking to enhancing the flavor of foods including meats, sauces, vegetables, and health benefits by ensuring protection against harmful free radicals which consequently damaging of cellular structures, which contributes to the development of many diseases, have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and antiallergic. Drinking herbal teas has the advantage of boosting energy levels and invigorating the body, quenching the body by preventing hydration of the body, it promotes night sleep due to caffeine-free and it also has distinctive sensory qualities due to it contain the volatile fractions of various aroma active compounds. Herbal tea can be prepared by infusion or decoction using water on the whole or reduced to a suitable size and allowing too steep for a defined period. This review gives information on the production and the uses of herbal in the form of teas.
... In genus Lavandula overall 300 terpenes have been reported including both mono and sesquiterpene (Lis-Balchin and Peter, 2012) [24] . The most important bioactive constituents present in L. bipinnata were steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoid, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponin, phenol, gum and mucilage (Shinde and Kshirsagar, 2014;Pachkore et al, 2019;Upson et. ...
... Herbs and spices are dried fragrant compounds derived from plants. Spices might be rhizomes, flowers, nuts, seeds, or plant bark [2]. Species are and then germinate and grow during meal storage and consumption. ...
Many cooked foods are prepared with spices and dried herbs; these can be contaminated by several types of microorganisms, including aerobic spore-forming bacteria. The Bacillus cereus group is very widespread in nature and is known among the common food contaminants. They are involved in food poisoning, causing two types of syndromes, diarrheal and emetic. The aims of the present work were to determine the prevalence of toxigenic Bacillus cereus spores in spices and herbs marketed in the Laghouat area and to identify their toxigenic genes via PCR. Among the 191 samples, 14.13% were determined to be B. cereus, with concentrations ranging from 2.52 to 5.82 log cfu/g, where the highest level of contamination was observed in allspice and ginger. Moreover, entFM (100%), nhe (88.23%) and cytK (70.58%) were the most frequently identified toxin genes, whereas hbl (23.52%) was less common, and no emetic toxin-encoding gene (cesB) was found in any of the samples. Considering the results of the present study, the B. cereus microbial load and toxin gene profiles of spices show that spices have potential for public health in Algeria. In this context, it is crucial to guarantee the microbiological safety of spices by respecting good hygiene practices, eliminating bacterial spores and toxin production via sterilization and using appropriate packaging for these products.
... The distinct aroma of ginger comes from the presence of volatile compounds such as camphene, borneol, geraniol, limonene, gingerol and other terpenes, while non-volatile molecules are responsible for the sharp, hot sensation in the mouth (Haniadka et al., 2013;Peter, 2006). ...
... (Alencar et al., 2014;Medeiros et al., 2017;Medeiros, 2013). Moreover, most of the plants used as spices have well recognized medicinal properties (Peter, 2001). ...
We analyse the knowledge and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) among Maghrebi women residing in Marseille, France, as means to maintain their cultural identity and describe their sourcing strategies in a pan-Mediterranean context. Our qualitative and quantitative analyses of interviews with 24 participants indicate that knowledge of MAPs is primarily transmitted through female lineages. Participants cited 131 species; the most frequently mentioned and utilized MAPs are those with multiple uses. Mint and olive oil have significant cultural symbolism in terms of familial traditions and identity and likely constitute cultural keystone species. Religious and spiritual beliefs are reflected in the therapeutic practices (e.g., averting the evil eye). Maghrebi women acquire plants from shops in Marseille and their country of origin. Foraging locally and community gardens are also a source of MAPs. Quality and authenticity of plants are validated through cultural quality markers (e.g., ‘local,’ beldi in Arabic) and motivate choice of trusted plant sources. Plants brought directly from North Africa are favoured. Despite the availability of local substitutes, there is minimal replacement of original MAPs due to efficient supply networks and similarities in flora.
... It can be steeped in boiling water, infused with or without tea leaves, or gently decocted in water (Zhao et al. 2013;. Plants classified as herbs can be either fresh or a combination of dried leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, seeds, grasses, nuts, and other botanical components (Peter et al. 2012;Peter, 2006;Ravikumar, 2014). People use plants for therapeutic purposes and to prepare refreshing drinks based on a variety of theoretical, cultural, and religious beliefs (Kamiloglu et al. 2012;Hicks, 2009;Bender et al. 2003;Kumar & Pandey 2013). ...
... The leaf sizes, branch development patterns, and the colors of the flowers, which could be white, pink, purple, or blue differ for different rosemary varieties [6]. Additionally, the content of the plant's essential oils and oleoresins [7,8] differ among the different rosemary varieties. In addition to the volatile constituents, rosemary was found to contain a variety of phytochemicals including flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids [9]. ...
Background
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has a rich historical use for various reasons due to its beneficial characteristics including stimulating hair growth, providing antioxidant and antibacterial effects, and functioning as a skin conditioner and fragrance enhancer. The plant is cultivated in Jordan and using it is gaining popularity among the population.
Aim of the study
To assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of rosemary use among Jordanians.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting at least 385 participants via social media platforms. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was performed by independent researchers. The questionnaire was divided into three main sections including the demographics section, the knowledge section and the attitude toward rosemary use. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multiple linear regression.
Results
The study’s participants (n = 407) had a mean age of 30.98 years old (SD = 12.76). The mean knowledge score for the participants ranged from -5 to 7, with a mean of 2.96 (SD = 2.61), with younger participants exhibiting higher knowledge scores regarding rosemary. Approximately half of the participants (48.2%) reported using rosemary for medical purposes. About three-quarters reported using rosemary oil, but a higher percentage reported using the leaves. Around three quarters administered it orally or applied it topically. Most participants obtained rosemary by growing it at home or from herbalists. Family and friends were the main influencers for rosemary users. Most of the study participants strongly agreed/agreed that plants possess a healing power (94.4%). The most reported reason for using rosemary was improving the hair condition (82.1%) followed by gastrointestinal problems (67.9%).
Conclusions
The study highlights the widespread use of rosemary for different reasons through different methods of application. Addressing misconceptions and enhancing knowledge dissemination may allow informed decision-making and promote the safe and effective use of herbal therapies.
... This indicates that spices hold potential for the development of many tropical countries while meeting the needs of several western countries (Abdou et al. 2012;Djiazet et al. 2022). Most known herbs and spices originate from Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, or Asia, and many have been used since ancient Egyptian and Roman times (Peter 2012). Various types of herbs and spices are utilized as food ingredients by tribes worldwide. ...
Herbs and spices are not merely condiments; they are the essence of our cultural heritage, infusing our cuisine with flavors that do more than tantalize the palate, they offer a spectrum of health benefits. This study meticulously reviews 59 botanicals, 44 spices and 15 herbs, cherished in Cameroon, presenting a treasure trove of ethnobotanical and ethnonutritional wisdom. Fruits emerge as the most favored part of plants used in spices. Herbs often hail from Asia and Europe, and spices from the lush tropics and subtropics of Africa. This review casts a spotlight on the critical role these plants play in culinary artistry and health promotion, thanks to their rich array of bioactive compounds. It navigates through the complexities of sustainable management and conservation, advocating for the longevity of these botanicals for the enrichment of future generations. The paper calls for rigorous scientific research to substantiate the health claims associated with these natural wonders and promotes sustainable harvesting and market expansion. It underscores the necessity of educating the public about the value of these plants. In conclusion, the paper urges continued research into the scientific validation of health benefits, the adoption of sustainable practices, the exploration of value-added products, market development strategies, and heightened public awareness. This research aims to lay a robust foundation for future endeavors, aspiring to holistically manage health and well-being through the sustainable harnessing of these invaluable natural resources.
... The lignans in flaxseed can bind to estrogen receptors, exerting weak estrogenic effects that can help mitigate bone loss in postmenopausal women. By mimicking estrogen, lignans help maintain bone density and reduce the risk of fractures [39]. ...
ffects and compliance issues, prompting the exploration of alternative
therapies. Herbal medicine has garnered attention as a potential adjunct or
alternative to conventional treatments, with Piper nigrum (black pepper) and Linum
usitatissimum (flaxseed) emerging as promising candidates for osteoporosis
prevention and management. This review examines the preventive effects of a
herbal extract combination of Piper nigrum and Linum usitatissimum on
postmenopausal osteoporosis. Beginning with an overview of the background and
prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis, this review discusses the limitations of
current treatments and the growing interest in natural remedies. Phytochemical
analyses reveal the key active compounds in Piper nigrum and Linum
usitatissimum, along with their pharmacological properties relevant to bone health.
Mechanistic insights highlight the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hormonal
modulation effects of these herbal extracts, elucidating their potential mechanisms
of action. Preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrate the efficacy of Piper
nigrum and Linum usitatissimum in improving bone density, reducing bone
resorption, and enhancing bone formation in animal models and postmenopausal
women. Considerations for integration into clinical practice, comparisons with
conventional therapies, and safety profiles are discussed, along with future research
directions, including the need for larger, long-term studies and advances in
formulation technology. Overall, this review underscores the potential of Piper
nigrum and Linum usitatissimum as natural alternatives for the prevention and
management of postmenopausal osteoporosis, offering hope for improved
outcomes and enhanced quality of life for affected individuals.
... In dill flowers, pistillate flower contains ovary of the two ovals. The insect attraction for the pollination work, specially for bees, flies and other pollinating insects, the staminate flowers contain sufficient quantity of nectar with strong odour (Peter, 2012) [18] . Mainly the honey bee species Apis florea as recorded as the main pollinating insects for dill crop (Meena, 2015) [14] . ...
... The ginger plant component has carbohydrates (50-75%) fats (2-7%), and essential oil (1.3-2.8%). As any other fruit, tomatoes have a mandat (45-50%), protein (7-20%), fat (3-8%), water (78-92%), ash (3-9%), along with the other permeable substances and sugar (Peter et al., 2006). Also, including of the terpenes and phenolic compounds in it is another one. ...
This study links the traditional use of celery (Apium graveolens L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) roots in Balkan cuisine and herbal medicine, along with the longstanding role of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizome in Ayurvedic and Asian medicinal practices, with modern technological approaches to develop a functional food formulation. A series of blend variations were evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and sensory quality. The incorporation of turmeric significantly enhanced the antioxidant potential of celery–parsley mixtures. Celery–parsley–turmeric root blend (CPT6), comprising equal parts, was identified as optimal, exhibiting high total phenolic content (9.56 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), strong antioxidant activities, and a favourable sensory profile rated as “very good” (3.58 average score). CPT6 further demonstrated promising biofunctional properties, including potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities (72% and 80%, respectively), alongside moderate antihypertension activity (ACE) (62%) and hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition (55%). Chemometric analyses (PCA) and machine learning modelling (ANN) confirmed the significant role of turmeric proportion in enhancing both bioactivity and consumer acceptability. This research highlights the synergy between tradition and technology in creating novel, multifunctional food ingredients suited for functional food and nutraceutical applications.
Agricultural productivity reduction due to the toxic weed species is one among the various causes of economic losses. A case study was conducted in the 8 plots with different locations from June to October at Chinyali saur, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, to observe the effect of weeds on commercial crop Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae). The different parameters of growth recorded in plots i.e., height of plants and branching per plant, capsules per branch, capsules in whole plant, length of capsule, number of seeds concerning to different plots viz., low weeds diversity, moderate weeds diversity and high weeds diversity. The maximum reduction in all parameters was recorded with high weeds condition. The plots were associated with several weeds but, Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae) is over-dominant in all these plots. Therefore, their impacts on Sesamum indicum L. were investigated in vitro. Aqueous extracts of Commelina benghalensis at various concentrations (control, 10, 20, 30 and 50%) were obtained to examine their allelopathic effects on the test crop. In this study, the highest germination reduction percentage was 7.5 per cent at the 50 per cent concentration of extracts. While the maximum germination percentage was observed at 10 per cent concentration of weed extract. Similarly, the maximum reduction in plumule length (0.4 cm) and radicle length (0.1cm) was also observed at 50 per cent concentration of aqueous extract, whereas, the maximum plumule length (2.8 cm) and radicle length (1.5 cm) recorded at 10 per cent concentration. Additionally, the result from current experiment revealed that the inhibitory effects are concentration-dependent.
The research was carried out in the greenhouse of the Horticulture and Garden Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, at Samarra University, season 2023-2024, to study the response of anatomical qualities to the source of irrigation water and spraying with nanoparticles and brassinolides of Rosmarinus officinalis L. The study encompassed three factors, the first factor water source : river water W 0 , and well water W 1 . The second factor is nano proline, with treatment levels including a control P 0 and concentrations of 250 mg.L ⁻¹ P 1 and 500 mg.L ⁻¹ P 2 . The third factor is brassinolide, also with three treatment levels: a control BL 0 and concentrations of 0.5 mg/L ⁻¹ BL 1 and 1 mg.L ⁻¹ BL 2 . The other two factors were administered through foliar spraying. The experiment utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions, each consisting of 18 experimental units, The results showed that the well water treatment W 1 outperformed in most of the studied anatomical traits, and the nanoproline treatment at a concentration of 500 mg.L ⁻¹ was also superior. The nanoproline treatment resulted in a significant increase in both the length and width of the stomata on the upper and lower surfaces, as well as the frequency of leaf stomata on both surfaces, with measurements of 67.52, 82.06, 15.22, 16.89, 12.83, and 15.94, respectively. Similarly, the brassinolide treatment BL 2 showed improvements in the same parameters, with measurements of 58.80, 77.01, 14.33, 16.61, 12.06, and 14.94, respectively. The interactions between the factors also revealed significant differences across all studied characteristics.
Phytotherapy is attracting increased interest for several reasons. It differs from medical procedures in that it uses the whole herb, although there is often only one component of the plant that works effectively to manage the problem. Plants contain many natural chemicals or phytochemicals that interact with the active ingredient and help prevent any side effects. Medicinal herbs and spices are investigated for their suitability in daily diets for maintaining general wellness or preventing disease. In the past decade, natural health products, dietary supplements, foods with added value, or nutraceuticals have emerged due to the increasing demand for non-pharmaceutical healthcare products. Medical herbs and spices are potential sources for developing new, effective, and safe ingredients to capture a rapidly expanding opportunity in global marketplaces. This book presents up-to-date information on the chemical, pharmacological, and nutritional uses of medicinal herbs and spices in folk medicine, pharmaceuticals, the food industry, veterinary practice, and gastronomy.
Caper (Capparis spinosa) is a plant of significant socio-economic importance in the Mediterranean region which is traditionally used to fight various metabolic diseases. It has indeed long been recognized for its medicinal properties, notably attributed to its rich nutritional content and potent antioxidant activity due to phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites. However, the commercial production of relevant secondary metabolites requires innovative approaches improving the biosynthesis of these metabolites to fulfill the industrial demand and mitigate the overexploitation of natural resources. For this end, different techniques such as cell suspension culture, hairy roots culture, biotic and abiotic elicitors supply as well as genetic engineering could be used to enhance the production of caper-derived secondary metabolites. In addition, omics tools including genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics can help to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway and altering the production of targeted metabolites. While this review first highlights the phytochemistry, ethno-pharmacological uses, and biological activities of caper, it also discusses the significance of in vitro culture systems, omics tools and metabolic engineering approaches to improve the production of caper-derived bioactive compounds.
В настоящее время пряности широко используются для коррекции питания и фитооздоровления. Целью данного исследования явилось выявление спектральных характеристик эфирных масел пряно-ароматических растений, которые могут быть использованы для стандартизации препаратов на их основе. Объектами исследования служили листья лавра благородного, заготовленные в период цветения в городе Сочи; гвоздики бутоны промышленного производства; кора корицы сорта «Alba», поставляемая по импорту из Республики Шри-Ланка, и корневища имбиря свежие, реализуемые в торговой сети. Эфирное масло получали методом гидродистилляции и проводили исследование его УФ-спектра в диапазоне 200–400 нм. Полученные спектры сравнивали со спектрами стандартных образцов эвгенола, коричного альдегида и цингиберена. Было установлено, что мажорным компонентом эфирных масел гвоздики и лавра является эвгенол, в эфирном масле корицы очевидно присутствуют два компонента — коричный альдегид и эвгенол, а в эфирном масле корневищ имбиря эвгенола не обнаружено, его основным компонентом является сесквитерпеноид цингиберен. В целом можно сделать вывод о формировании бактерицидных и фунгистатических свойств исследуемых эфирных масел различными группами биологически активных соединений: эвгенола у лавра и гвоздики, суммы эвгенола и коричного альдегида у коры корицы и цингеберена в имбире лекарственном. Важным является возможность использования УФ-спектров эвгенола, цингиберена и коричного альдегида в качестве стандартов, определяющих доброкачественность масла, обеспечивающих воспроизводимость фармакологического действия препаратов лавра, гвоздики, имбиря и корицы.
The Allium genus belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. These species are native to the Northern Hemisphere and grow in various regions. Among Lithuania’s perennial Allium plant species, the most well known and cultivated are Allium schoenoprasum L., Allium angulosum L., Allium nutans L., Allium fistulosum L., and Allium ursinum L. These Allium species are important for practical insights and are discussed in this review to present their specific features. The changing climate impacts perennial plants’ agrobiological and nutritional properties, but not all kinds can adapt to new conditions, reducing species diversity. Perennial Allium species adapt well in local growing areas, but yields remain constant or may increase when the bulbs are transplanted under conditions similar to the plant’s native growing location. In addition, the susceptibility of garlic to pests and pathogens also poses a serious threat to genetic resources stored in uncontrolled field collections. Since ancient times, Allium species have played a significant role in the human diet, in traditional medicine for many ailments the treatment of, and in official medicine as a supplemental ingredient. This review analyzes the nutritional importance and consumption of the perennial Allium species, their biochemical composition, and their tolerance to environmental conditions.
Agricultural productivity reduction due to the toxic weed species is one among the various causes of economic losses. A case study was conducted in the 8 plots with different locations from June to October at Chinyali saur, Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, to observe the effect of weeds on commercial crop Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae). The different parameters of growth recorded in plots i.e., height of plants and branching per plant, capsules per branch, capsules in whole plant, length of capsule, number of seeds concerning to different plots viz., low weeds diversity, moderate weeds diversity and high weeds diversity. The maximum reduction in all parameters was recorded with high weeds condition. The plots were associated with several weeds but, Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae) is over-dominant in all these plots. Therefore, their impacts on Sesamum indicum L. were investigated in vitro. Aqueous extracts of Commelina benghalensis at various concentrations (control, 10, 20, 30 and 50%) were obtained to examine their allelopathic effects on the test crop. In this study, the highest germination reduction percentage was 7.5 per cent at the 50 per cent concentration of extracts. While the maximum germination percentage was observed at 10 per cent concentration of weed extract. Similarly, the maximum reduction in plumule length (0.4 cm) and radicle length (0.1cm) was also observed at 50 per cent concentration of aqueous extract, whereas, the maximum plumule length (2.8 cm) and radicle length (1.5 cm) recorded at 10 per cent concentration. Additionally, the result from current experiment revealed that the inhibitory effects are concentration-dependent.
The history of the spice route has left a legacy in Indonesia and the rest of the world. To date, Indonesia continues to be a major global player in the spice trade. Pepper, nutmeg, cloves, mace, and cinnamon were the country’s primary exports. Food may foster cross-cultural understanding, which can enhance international cooperation and engagement. Thus, foods rich in spices can be an asset for Indonesia’s gastrodiplomacy. In collaboration with various non-state actors and coordinated by Indonesia‘s Coordinating Ministry of Maritime and Investment Affairs, the Indonesian government has developed an ambitious gastrodiplomacy strategy called ”Indonesia Spice Up the World” (ISUTW). Despite possible hurdles, Australia and Africa could be potential markets for further implementation of ISUTW. The research aims to answer the following questions: 1) To what extent has Indonesia promoted its spice-based gastrodiplomacy? and 2) What are the opportunities and challenges of Indonesia‘s spice-based gastrodiplomacy for the Australian and African markets? The research employs a mixed-method approach, including surveys to gather data about Indonesian cuisine businesses operating in Australia. This research incorporates a literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with both state and non-state actors to strengthen the study, particularly in the context of the African market. Indonesia's gastrodiplomacy strategy, centered around spices, is suggested to prioritize Australia and Africa by leveraging cultural connections and existing market presence to effectively promote Indonesian gastronomy globally.
To streamline germplasm preservation, enhance resource utilization, and improve breeding efficiency, a core germplasm bank was established using 24 phenotypic traits and DNP markers from 155 pepper resources across various regions. Selection of the optimal core germplasm was based on intra-group retention ratio, overall retention scale, and intra-group stepwise clustering retention. Evaluation of phenotypic trait data for the core germplasm utilized mean, variance, range, and coefficient of variation, with principal component analysis confirming the selection. For molecular evaluation, the core germplasm pre-selection plan was based on SSR clustering, allele retention ratio, and Shannon-Weaver diversity index. This approach resulted in a core germplasm of 41 resources, including 6 var. fasciculatum, 7 var. grossum, 3 var. cerasiorme, 6 var. conoides, and 19 var. longum, representing the maximum phenotypic retention and genetic diversity of the 155 pepper resources. Additionally, a core germplasm of 32 resources was generated based on SSR markers, retaining all 54 polymorphic loci. By integrating phenotypic and molecular core collections, a combined core collection of 57 varieties was developed. This collection achieved a 92.55% phenotype retention ratio and a 100% polymorphism site retention ratio. With a 90% compression ratio, it encapsulates the broad genetic diversity of the original germplasm, serving as a comprehensive resource for further research and breeding applications.
There is a growing need for an economical and efficient method capable of removing heavy metals from residual water. The current contribution aimed to evaluate the capacity of onion peel, an abundant agroindustrial waste product, to remove divalent cobalt (Co²⁺) from aqueous solutions. Onion peel was submitted to proximal chemical analysis, and various operational factors involved in biosorption were tested. The most suitable temperature (30 °C), pH (7.0), and biosorbent particle size (300–800 µm) were found. With an initial Co²⁺ concentration of 380 mg L⁻¹, the maximum capacity of Co²⁺ removal was 59.88 mg g⁻¹ in 120 min. The pseudo-second order and Langmuir models provided the best fit to the experimental kinetics and equilibrium of Co²⁺ biosorption, respectively. The thermodynamic study evidenced an exothermic, non-spontaneous, and favorable reaction (ΔH⁰ = −5.78 kJ mol⁻¹; ΔS⁰ = −21.13 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹), suggesting the formation of stable bonds in the biosorbent-Co²⁺ complex. The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups apparently play a fundamental role in Co²⁺ removal, and electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and chemisorption are the principal mechanisms. Thus, the biosorption of Co²⁺ by onion peel has potential as an economical, eco-friendly, efficient, and sustainable treatment for wastewater.
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