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Roasting and Extruding Affect Nutrient Utilization from Soybeans in 5 and 10 kg Nursery Pigs
Abstract
Ninety nursery pigs were used in two metabolism experiments to determine the effects of roasting and extruding on the nutritional value of Williams 82 soybeans with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Treatments for both experiments were: 1) soybean meal; 2) +K roasted; 3) +K extruded; 4) -K roasted; and 5) -K extruded. Diets were the soybean preparations (96.5% df the diet) with only vitamins and minerals added as needed to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. Daily feed allowance was 5% of initial BW given as three equal meals. In Exp. 1, 50 weanling pigs (4.7 kg average BW and 21 d average age) were used. Apparent values for N digestibility (p<0.001), biological value (p<0.09), percentage N retention (p<0.05),GE digestibility (p<0.001) and percentage ME (p<0.001) were greater for pigs fed extruded soybeans than pigs fed roasted soybeans. Also, N digestibility (p<0.05), biological value (p<0.03) and percentage N retention (p<0.04) were greater for pigs fed -K soybeans than those fed +K soybeans. In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (9.7 kg average BW and 35 d average age) were allowed to adjust to the nursery environment before use in the experiment. In general, the pigs In Exp. 2 (i.e., the older pigs) had greater utilization of nutrients from all of the soybean products than the younger pigs used in Exp. I. Digestibilities of DM, N and GE were greater (p<0.001) for pigs fed -K soybeans than those fed +K soybeans and extruded soybeans had greater digestibilities of DM, N and GE than roasted soybeans (p<0.001). Also, percentage N retention (p<0.01) and percentage ME (p<0.001) for pigs fed extruded soybeans were greater than for pigs fed roasted soybeans. In conclusion, extruded and -K soybeans were greater nutritional value than roasted and +K soybeans for 4.7 and 9.7 kg nursery pigs.
... Extrusion can improve the nutritional value of soybean meal for weanling pigs, by reducing anti-nutritional factors and increasing nutrient and energy digestibility (Friesen et al., 1993;Kim et al., 2000;Palacios et al., 2004;Veum et al., 2017). The feed ingredient is exposed to high temperature, moisture, and mechanical pressure for a short time (Steel et al., 2012), which leads to conformational changes in its components. ...
... The feed ingredient is exposed to high temperature, moisture, and mechanical pressure for a short time (Steel et al., 2012), which leads to conformational changes in its components. The expected effects of extrusion are denaturation of proteins (Marty and Chavez, 1993;Kim et al., 1999Kim et al., , 2000Qiao et al., 2003), starch gelatinization (Cheftel, 1986;Brown, 1996;Lin et al., 1997;Liu et al., 2014), rupture of lipid cells (Adams and Jensen, 1985;Qin et al., 1996), and partial insoluble fiber solubilization (Karr-Lilienthal et al., 2005;Singh et al., 2007), making these nutrients more available to the animals. Moreover, studies reported that extrusion reduces allergenicity of soybean proteins which helps to maintain intestinal function and health (Pierce et al., 2005), and increases weanling pig growth performance (Li et al., 1991a,b;Kim et al., 1999;Qiao et al., 2003). ...
... Toasted and extruded untoasted soybean meal urease activity index were within reference values for soybean products used as animal feed, 0.05-0.30 (Araba and Dale, 1990;Stein et al., 2008;Cȃpriţȃ et al., 2010) and were also similar to values found in research that evaluated SBM (Kim et al., 2000;Woodworth et al., 2001;Stein et al., 2008;Guzmán et al., 2016;Park et al., 2017;Veum et al., 2017). These results indicate that both thermal processing reduced anti-nutritional factors. ...
This study evaluated the nutrient and energy digestibility of untoasted soybean meal (USM) extruded at three different temperatures, compared to toasted soybean meal (SBM), in weaned piglets. Forty crossbred barrows (25-d-old and 7.69 ± 0.89 kg BW) were allotted a N-free diet or to four test diets in a randomized complete block design with 8 replications per treatment. The N-free diet was used to determine endogenous losses of amino acids (AA), and test diets contained 30% of each test ingredient as the only source of protein and AA: untoasted soybean meal extruded at 86°C (USM86), 120°C (USM120) or 149°C (USM149) or with SBM, as a control diet. Titanium dioxide was added to the diets as an indigestible marker. After a 5 d adaptation period (marker flow), feces were collected over a 5 d period and samples of ileal digesta were collected after piglets euthanasia. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of AA, and their respective digestible values were evaluated. Analysis of variance was performed and the means were compared by Tukey when P < 0.05. Increasing extrusion temperature decreased concentrations of soybean trypsin inhibitors. Untoasted soybean meal extruded at 86°C showed lower (P<0.05) ATTD of DM (7 to 11%), GE (3 to 4%), and CP (10 to 13%) compared to SBM, USM120 and USM149, which did not differ. The ATTD of EE of SBM was 17 to 19% higher (P < 0.05) than that of USM86 and USM120, which were similar to each other and greater (P < 0.05) than that of USM149. Extrusion of USM at 86 oC was insufficient to inactivate anti-nutritional factors and reduced (P<0.05) AID and SID of CP and AA by 25 to 29% and 27 to 31%, respectively, compared to SBM, USM120 and USM149, which were mostly similar. Soybean meal extruded at 120 and 149°C presented a similar nutritional value to toasted soybean meal.
... On the other hand, protein solubility in KOH of the same samples were above the range of 70-85%, considered adequate for thermal processing, possibly denoting under-processing of soybeans (Araba and Dale, 1990;Parsons et al., 1991;Mendes et al., 2004). But, TI concentrations of DS, SB122 and SB137 (1.39, 2.24 and 1.48 mg/g CP, respectively) were below 4.00 mg/g CP, considered the maximum tolerated TI content in pigs' diets (Kim et al., 1999(Kim et al., , 2000Clarke and Wiseman, 2007). The TI reduction in SB82 was of 83%, leading to a concentration of 4.92 mg/g CP, but still above the maximum adequate level for piglets. ...
... The greater ATTD of GE observed in SB122 compared to DS and SB82 are probably consequences of the greater ATTD of DM and EE in SB122 than those of DS, and of the greater ATTD of DM and CP, and also SID of CP and AA in SB122 than those of SB82. The ATTD of GE of extruded soybeans in this study were higher than those observed by Kim et al. (2000), in which the ATTD of GE in soybean extruded at 163 • C was measured ranged from 83% to 84% in piglets of 4.70 kg BW and 9.30 kg BW, respectively. The ATTD of GE of DS in the present study was also greater compared to the value found by Toledo et al. (2011), 87 versus 75% respectively. ...
This study evaluated the ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy in soybean extruded at three different conditions, compared to deactivated soybean (DS), in newly weaned piglets. Forty crossbred barrows (28 d old and 7.64 ± 0.88 kg body weight (BW)) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replications per treatment. The diets consisted of an N-free diet, to determine endogenous losses of amino acids (AA), and 4 diets containing 30% of test ingredients as the only source of protein and AA: soybean extruded at 82°C (SB82), 122°C (SB122) and 137°C (SB137), and DS, which was used as a control. The DS was produced by heating the whole raw soybean, from 63°C to 107°C under pressure. Titanium dioxide was added to the diets as an indigestible marker. After a 5 d adaptation period, partial feces collection was performed over 5 d and samples of ileal digesta were collected after piglets euthanasia. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA were evaluated. Analysis of variance was performed and the means compared by Tukey test when P < 0.05. The extrusion of soybean at 122 oC and 137 oC was effective in reducing trypsin inhibitors content, and promoted adequate nutrient and energy digestibility of soybean in piglets. These effects could be observed as the AID of Lys and Trp, and SID of Lys of SB122 and SB137 were greater (P < 0.05) than those of SB82 and DS. The AID and SID of CP and remaining AA were similar among SB122, SB137 and DS, but greater (P < 0.05) than those of SB82. In addition, the ATTD of GE of SB122 was 3 to 4% greater (P < 0.05) than those of DS and SB82, showing an important effect of extrusion on energy use by pigs. Thus, extrusion of soybean at 122 oC is recommended and SB122 is a feed ingredient with greater nutritional value than DS or SB82 for young pigs.
... Among the methodologies used to modify feed materials, hydro-thermal technologies are known to exert a major influence on nutrient absorbance in the gut, but this effect strongly depends on the botanical source of grains and seeds (Sun et al., 2006). In addition to the agglomeration of smaller feed particles and the increase of starch gelatinisation, an enhanced hydro-thermal feed treatment has been successful at improving the nutrient value of feed ingredients rich in dietary fat (Kim et al., 2000;Thacker et al., 2005). In conventionally ground, dietary fat-rich feedstuffs, a substantial amount of oil may be encapsulated in the cell wall by the NSP fraction (Kim et al., 2000;Thacker et al., 2005;Kraler et al., 2014). ...
... In addition to the agglomeration of smaller feed particles and the increase of starch gelatinisation, an enhanced hydro-thermal feed treatment has been successful at improving the nutrient value of feed ingredients rich in dietary fat (Kim et al., 2000;Thacker et al., 2005). In conventionally ground, dietary fat-rich feedstuffs, a substantial amount of oil may be encapsulated in the cell wall by the NSP fraction (Kim et al., 2000;Thacker et al., 2005;Kraler et al., 2014). Moreover, the nutrient-encapsulating effect of NSP in fibre-rich industrial by-products is well known (Bedford and Schulze, 1998;Montagne et al., 2003;O'Neill et al., 2014). ...
In the context of mismanagement of natural resources going with an increasing consumption of protein from animal origin through the world population, one major challenge for the future in animal nutrition is the improvement of its efficiency and hence sustainability. Up to now, a broad range of methods like feed additives or technological treatments have been available to improve the efficiency or the production of pig-derived and poultry-derived food and hence the sustainability in pig and poultry nutrition. Nevertheless, the exact knowledge of the mode of action of these tools is a prerequisite for their successful application. Furthermore, information concerning their impact on the nutrient availability of the different feedstuffs is of great importance, in order to formulate diets that cover the animals’ requirements. Diets covering the animals’ performance level ovoid undersupplies, which can lead to health problems on the on hand, on the other hand the emissions of nitrogen are kept as low as possible.
As a result, the consumption of natural resources like grains can be considerably reduced and the substitution of regional by-products from the feed and food processing industry like wheat bran, dried distillers grains with solubles or rapeseed meal can be dramatically enhanced in diets for monogastric animals, thus contributing to more sustainable livestock production. By improving the efficiency of the production of animal-derived food, the term “sustainable’’ remains highly significant. Increasing efficiency plays an important role in ensuring that the resources required for pig and poultry nutrition are foreseeably available. Currently, there is a combination of different tools like feed additives or technological feed treatments the most promising way of improving sustainability in pig and poultry production systems.
... Los granos tostados de canavalia presentaron valores de energía digestible (3146 kcal/kg MS), similares a los obtenidos con granos de soya tostados en dietas para cerdos en crecimiento (Kim et al., 2000;Woodworth et al., 2001). ...
... En el presente trabajo, además de la reducción en el contenido total de aminoácidos, se observó una baja digestibilidad ileal de los aminoácidos en los granos debido al tostado. Similares resultados, han sido obtenidos en cerdos para otros granos leguminosos (Rodríguez y Bayley, 1987;Kim et al., 2000). ...
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the ileal and faecal digestibilities of various dietary components of toasted Canavalia ensiformis (194±2°C x 18 min) in pigs. Eight castrated male pigs (20 kg, on the average) were surgically modified to create an ileo rectal anastomosis for use in an ileal digestibility trial. In addition, eight pigs (29.5kg) were used in a fecal digestibility trial. In both experiments, apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), ether extract, energy and amino acids were estimated. Chemical analysis of raw and toasted canavalia, including canavanine and haemoagglutinating activity, were determined. A standard basal diet was prepared. Twenty percent of toasted canavalia were mixed thoroughly with the basal diet. The data indicated that toasting of raw canavalia seeds reduced total amino acids and their digestibilities in approximately 50%. The original canavanine content in raw canavalia beans was reduced by 95% following toasting. No haemagglutination activity was detected in toasted canavalia beans. NDF and ADF contents in the raw seeds were markedly increased due to the toasting procedure employed. Total amino acid digestibility in toasted seeds was estimated to be 52.8%. In summary, although toasting the raw beans of Canavalia ensiformis at 194°C/18min was effective to reduce or abolish the antinutricional effects of the raw seeds, the resulting nutritional value of the toasted seeds for growing pigs was rather low.
... The difference in protein digestibility in SBM is due to their structure and their inability to be effectively hydrolysed with enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, appropriate processing procedures such as heating, enzyme treatment, and/or fermentation are needed to inactivate the ANF so as to improve the nutritional values of soybean products for swine (Burnham et al. 2000a(Burnham et al. , 2000bHancock et al. 2000;Kim et al. 2000aKim et al. , 2000bKim et al. , 2000c. Mild heating at 90 C improves the nutritional value of SBM by denaturing proteins and exposing sites for enzymatic hydrolysis. ...
Apparent ileal digestibility and standardised ileal digestibility of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in five cannulated [(Landrace · Yorkshire) · Duroc)] barrows with an initial bodyweight of 27.1 AE 0.58 kg in a 5 · 5 Latin square design. Pigs were fed unfermented soybean meal (USM) as control and fermented soybean meal A, B and C (FSMA, FSMB and FSMC, respectively), with 52.4%, 62.0% and 71.8% protein solubility, respectively, and a nitrogen-free diet. The nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of crude protein and amino acids. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was greater (P < 0.05) in FMSC and tended to improve in FSMA and FSMB compared with the control. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine was greater in all fermented soybean meal whereas that of lysine was greater (P < 0.05) in FSMC compared with USM. Likewise, the apparent ileal digestibility of aspartic acid and proline was greater (P < 0.05) in FSMA and FSMC. The standardised ileal digestibility of crude protein and lysine was higher (P < 0.05) in FSMC and tended to improve in FSMA and FSMB whereas the standardised ileal digestibility of isoleucine was higher (P < 0.05) in FSMA, FSMB and FSMC compared with USM. In conclusion, fermentation of soybean meal showed better digestibility compared with USM regardless of its protein solubility values.
... Woodworth et al. (2001) determined the ileal amino acid digestibility and ME of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESOY) and concluded that the EESOY has a greater ME content compared with solvent-extracted SBM. Previous research has shown that pigs (>12 kg) fed EESOY have equal or better growth performance than pigs fed solvent-extracted SBM (Kim et al. 1995(Kim et al. , 1999a(Kim et al. ,b, 2000Woodworth et al., 2001). The high temperature of the extrusion technology aids in the inactivation of antinutritional factors (Kim et al., 2000), such as trypsin inhibitor (TI), conglycinin, and β-conglycinin, which are potentially antigenic with the intestinal lumen (Friesen et al., 1993a). ...
Three experiments were conducted to compare the effects of increasing solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) or extruded-expelled SBM (EESOY) in diets for early weaned pigs. Pigs were fed a control diet (no SBM) or diets containing 20% or 40% SBM or EESOY. In Exp. 1, diets were formulated with calculated values for SBM and EESOY. In Exp. 1, from d 0 to 14, no differences were observed in ADG or ADFI (P>0.05), but gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) decreased (linear, P<0.03) with increases of either source. We speculated that the differences in performance resulted from the low protein content (lysine) of the EESOY compared with SBM (43.6% vs 46.5%). In Exp. 2, SBM nutrient values were analyzed prior to the experiment and used in diet formulation. From d 0 to 14, increasing SBM decreased (linear, P<0.02) ADFI and G:F. Increasing EESOY decreased ADG, ADFI, and G:F (linear, P<0.01). The EESOY from both experiments had trypsin inhibitor (TI) values > 8 mg TI/g, suggesting under processing, whereas SBM only contained < 2 mg TI/g. In Exp. 3, EESOY and SBM were analyzed for TI and CP; then, these values were used in diet formulation. From d 0 to 14, increasing EESOY decreased (linear, P<0.01) ADG and ADFI and improved (linear, P<0.01) G:F. Increasing SBM decreased ADFI, but improved G:F (linear, P<0.02). No differences (P>0.05) were found between SBM sources. These results suggest that when processed properly, EESOY has similar nutritional value as SBM in nursery pig diets.
... Also, ADG for pigs fed low-inhibitor extruded soybeans was 14% greater than that of pigs fed commercially prepared soybean meal plus soybean oil. Digestibilities of N and DM responded in a similar manner, with improvements for pigs fed low-inhibitor and ( Kim et al. (2000b) fed 90 pigs (5-and 10-kg BW) in two metabolism experiments. For the experiment with newly weaned (5-kg) pigs, N digestibility, biological value, percentage N retention, GE digestibility, percentage ME, and villus height were greater for pigs fed extruded soybeans than for those fed roasted soybeans. ...
INTRODUCTION Once ingredients have been ground and mixed, they can either be fed as a mash or subjected to further processing that usually involves heat or heat and pressure in combination. The most common forms of this "thermal processing" encountered in the feed industry are pelleting, roasting, steam flaking, and extrusion/expansion. Roasting often is used to prepare full-fat soy products (e.g., roasted soybeans) but is not used extensively for processing cereal grains. Steam flaking is used routinely to prepare sorghum grain for feedlot cattle but not to prepare diets for swine. Extrusion is a preferred means to process whole soybeans but generally is considered cost prohibitive as a way to prepare cereals for pig diets (except, perhaps, for weanling pigs and lactating sows). This leaves pelleting and, indeed, pelleted swine diets have become extremely popular during the last four decades. PELLETING From a feed manufacturer's perspective, benefits of pelleting include decreased segregation of mixed feedstuffs, increased bulk density, reduced dustiness, and improved handling characteristics. Additionally, swine producers often complain about poor flowability of feed through storage bins and feeders when diets are made with finely ground (i.e., particle size of < 600 microns) cereals. Pelleting is a process that eliminates bridging problems, making it less problematic to feed diets with finely ground ingredients. Hanke et al. (1972), Baird (1973), and Wondra et al. (1995b) reported that pelleted diets improved ADG. A number of other scientists, however, reported no significant effect of pelleting on growth rate (i.e., NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition, 1969). Nonetheless, when all of the reports in Table 1 were considered, they showed an average improvement of 6% in ADG and improvements of 6 to 7% in efficiency of gain for growing-finishing pigs fed pelleted diets.
... Digestibilities of N and DM responded in a similar manner, with improvements for pigs fed low-inhibitor and(or) extruded soybeans. To further investigate the nutritional value of roasted and extruded soybeanpreparations, Kim et al. (2000b) fed 90 pigs (5-and 10-kg BW) in two metabolism experiments. For the experiment with newly weaned (5-kg) pigs, N digestibility, biological value, percentage N retention, GE digestibility, percentage ME, and villus height were greater for pigs fed extruded soybeans than for those fed roasted soybeans. ...
... Although the soybean meal contains highquality proteins, it showed poor growth performance and low digestibility in weanling pigs because of antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, haemagglutinins, raffinose and stachyose (Anderson et al., 1979). Therefore, processed soy proteins has been developed and used, which were heattreated (Osborne and Mendel, 1917;Hancock et al., 1990), extruded (Kim et al., 1999;Kim et al., 2000a;Kim et al., 2000b;Burnham et al., 2000;Shiyan et al., 2003), purified or defatted (Jones et al., 1989) for decrease level of antinutritional factors. ...
For Exp. 1, one hundred twenty Duroc YorkshireLandrace pigs (6.34 0.70 kg average initial BW) were used in a 35 d growth assay. There were six pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 1) NC (negative control; basal diet), 2) PC (positive control; added 5% HP 300(R), HAMLET PROTEIN A/S, as protein source), 3) PSP 2.5 (added 2.5% Pepsoygen(R), Genebiotech Co. Ltd., as protein source), 4) PSP 5.0 (added 5% Pepsoygen(R) as protein source), and 5) PSP 7.5 (added 7.5% Pepsoygen(R) as protein source). For d 21, ADFI was increased in pigs fed PSP diets compared with PC diet (p
... Extrusion has been used successfully to improve the nutritive value of feed ingredients such as canola and fl ax for broilers (Thacker et al., 2005), and fl ax, pea (Htoo et al., 2008), and FFSB (Kim et al., 2000) for pigs. Extrusion enhances denaturation of proteins via the shear force and heat applied during passage through the extruder, exposing more peptide bonds to enzymatic hydrolysis (Oryschak et al., 2010). ...
Extrusion technology has been employed successfully to improve the nutritive value of full fat oil seeds via the shear force and heat applied during passage through the extruder, exposing more peptide bonds to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the fibrous portion of the seeds is largely intact following extrusion. Therefore, application of carbohydrase mixtures targeting non-starch polysaccharides might further improve the nutritive value of extruded full fat oil seeds. This hypothesis was investigated in a study involving 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (average initial BW = 75.0 kg) fed extruded full fat soybeans (FFSB)-based diets without or with a carbohydrase mixture (CM) to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. The CM supplement provided 500, 50, 400, 1,200, 450, and 45 units of pectinase, cellulase, mannanase, xylanase, glucanase, and galactanase, respectively, per kilogram of diet. A basal diet was formulated to contain FFSB as the sole source of AA, whereas the CM diet was formulated by supplementing the basal diet with CM. Diets contained titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Diets were fed in a 2-period cross-over design to give 6 observations per diet. Each experimental period lasted 7 d, 5-d adaptation period and 2-d ileal digesta collection period. The SID of N and AA were calculated using published values for ileal endogenous N and AA losses from our laboratory. Enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.01) the AID values of DM (68.7 vs. 65.7%), GE (74.6 vs. 70.5%), and N (64.2 vs. 58.5%). Greater (P < 0.05) AID values were recorded for Leu, Met + Cys, Thr, Cys, Ser, and Tyr in the CM diet compared with the basal diet. Compared with the basal diet, the CM diet had greater SID values for N (73.7 vs. 68.6%; P < 0.01), Met + Cys (59.9 vs. 52.2%; P < 0.05), and Thr (66.3 vs. 61.2%; P < 0.05). The average SID for indispensable and total AA increased by 3.4 and 3.8 percentage units, respectively, following enzyme supplementation. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation increased the nutritive value of extruded FFSB for finishing pigs.
... extrusion improves the availability of energy to swine. Rodhouse et al. (1992) reported that extruded soybean meal had greater DE and ME compared with soybean meal that was not extruded. Marty and Chavez (1993) showed that extruded full-fat soybeans had greater DE values than full-fat soybeans processed by jet sploding, micronization, or roasting. Kim et al. (2000) also found that extruded soybeans had greater GE digestibility than roasted soybeans. Furthermore, Featherston and Rogler (1966) reported that extrusion caused the oil seed cells to rupture, and the subsequent release of oil increased fat digestibility when the soybeans were fed to chickens. As expected, in Exp. 3, pigs fed diets contai ...
We conducted three experiments to determine the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids (Exp. 1), metabolizable and digestible energy (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of dry extruded-expelled soybean meal with (DEH) or without (DENH) hulls compared with solvent-extracted soybean meal with hulls removed (SBMNH). Soybeans used to produce DEH were unadulterated prior to extrusion, but those used for DENH were dehulled prior to extrusion. In Exp. 1, six nonlittermate barrows (initially 39 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design digestion trial. Experimental diets (0.80% total lysine) were cornstarch-based and contained soybean meal from one of the three different sources as the sole source of lysine. Apparent ileal digestibilies of nutrients were similar (P > 0.10) for DEH and DENH. Apparent ileal digestibilies of CP, Lys, Ile, Leu, Arg, Phe, and Val were greater (P < 0.05) for DEH and DENH than for SBMNH. In Exp. 2, six barrows (initially 41 kg) were fed three corn-based diets containing 25% of one of the three soybean meal sources. A fourth diet was fed at the end of the trial containing all ingredients except soybean meal, so that energy values of the soybean meal could be determined by difference. Digestible energy and ME contents were similar (P > 0.10) for DEH and DENH and both had greater (P < 0.05) DE and ME contents than SBMNH. In Exp. 3, pigs (n = 216, initially 10.6 +/- 1.3 kg and 35 +/- 3 d of age) were blocked by weight and allotted to six dietary treatments. Corn-soybean meal-based diets (0.95% digestible lysine and 3.44 kcal/g ME) containing DEH or DENH were compared with similar diets containing SBMNH or solvent-extracted soybean meal with hulls (SBMH). In addition, a diet containing a second expelled soybean meal with hulls (ESBM) was compared with a diet containing SBMH and soy oil. Growth performance of pigs fed diets containing DEH or DENH was not different (P > 0.10) than that of pigs fed corresponding diets containing SMBH or SBMNH. Pigs fed ESBM had lower (P < 0.05) ADG and G/F compared with its corresponding SBMH and soy oil diet. In conclusion, DEH and DENH are more digestible than conventional soybean meal and can be successfully used in swine diets.
This study sought to determine whether fermentation could increase apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), energy (E) and amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) greater than that of soybean meal (SBM) in weaned pigs. Four weaned pigs (10.00 ± 0.30 kg) were surgically equipped with T-cannulas and randomly followed a 4 × 4 Latin square design of treatments (SBM, FSBM, fish meal and spray-dried plasma protein). Overall, the fermentation process was able to reduce the amount of anti-nutritional factors (ANF), including trypsin inhibitors, raffinose and stachyose, in the FSBM diet, which were significantly reduced by 39.4, 92.2, and 92.9%, respectively, as compared to the SBM diet. As a consequence of ANF reduction in FSBM, the AID of DM, N and E as well as AA was significantly greater with FSBM than SBM. Taken all together, the fermentation process improved the nutritional quality of SBM, due to ANF reduction, leading to improvement of digestibility of AA. As such, FSBM can be potentially used as a specialized feed ingredient, especially for young animal diets in an attempt to reduce diet costs.
© 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science.
This study was conducted to determine the comparative efficacy of partial fish meal (FM) replacement (up to 50%) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM; SoELAB, PepSoyGen and Soytide) or enzymatically prepared SBM (HP 300) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in weaned pigs. A total of 100 weaned pigs (body weight 6.59 ± 0.29 kg) were used in experimental feeding trials, lasting for up to 6 weeks, and were randomly allotted to five groups with four block replicates of five pigs per pen serving as one block. Dietary treatments were as follows: (i) 100% FM, (ii) 50% FM + 50% SoELAB-54, (iii) 50% FM + 50% PepSoyGen, (iv) 50% FM + 50% Soytide and (v) 50% FM + 50% HP 300. Concerning growth performance, none of the treated SBM preparations demonstrated any significantly different effect compared with FM treatment. With respect to nutrient digestibility, SoELAB and HP 300 treatments demonstrated no significant difference compared with FM treatment. Lastly, none of the SBM preparations demonstrated any significant differences in animal fecal score and all of the differentially treated SBM increased fecal Lactobacillus counts, while maintaining similar Escherichia coli counts compared with FM treatment.
Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in six weanling pigs ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)) fed unfermented soybean meal (SM), yeast fermented soybean meal (SMY), bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMB), yeast and bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMYB), canola meal (CM) and nitrogen-free diet. Pigs having body weights 17.00 ± 0.3 kg were surgically equipped with T-cannulas of approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo-cecal junction and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments and a nitrogen-free diet in 6 × 6 Latin squares. AID and SID of nitrogen (N) was greater (P < 0.05) in SMYB and SMB compared with SM and CM. AID and SID of amino acids such as, Lys (lysine) and Phe (phenylalanine) as well as total essential amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in SMB and tended to be low in CM compared with SM. AID and SID of aspartic acid (Asp) and glycine (Gly) tended to be higher in SMB compared with SM and other diets except CM. In conclusion, fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus showed better digestibility of amino acid and nutrients.
© 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science.
The maximum inclusion rates of grain legumes, rapeseed meal and oil seeds in wheat-soybean meal basal diets have been studied at the ITP experimental unit in Villefranche de Rouergue (France) in several experiments using piglets or pigs. Rapeseed meal and peas can be used respectively in the diets of the second period of post-weaning (after 12 kg – phase 2) at rates of 15 and 35 %, and in growing-finishing feeds at rates of 18 % and 40 %. Their association allows to reduce the soybean meal to 2 % and 0 % of growing and finishing diets containing respectively 32 and 35 % of peas, 15 and 18 % of rapeseed meal. Maximum rates of 10 % of white (Lupinus albus) or blue (Lupinus angustifolius) sweet lupins in phase 2 diets seem advisable. The inclusion in phase 2 diets of 7 % of full-fat rapeseeds or sunflower seeds, or 15 % processed whole soybeans or 3 % rapeseed oil give similar weight gain and feed efficiency. The use of 8 % of oleic acid-rich sunflower seeds after 65kg body weight has no negative effect on carcass fat quality whereas 4 % of ordinary sunflower seeds have.
An experiment was conducted to measure the effect of adding soybean oil to soybean meal (SBM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) on apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP and AA by growing pigs. A second objective was to compare AID and SID of AA in a new high-protein variety of full fat soybeans (FFSB) to values obtained in other soybean products. Commercial sources of FFSB (FFSB-CV), SBM, and SPC, and of a new high-protein variety of FFSB (FFSB-HP) were used in the experiment. Four diets were prepared using each soybean product as the sole source of CP and AA in 1 diet. Two additional diets were formulated by adding soybean oil (7.55 and 7.35%, respectively) to the diets containing SBM and SPC. A nitrogen-free diet was also used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The 2 sources of FFSB were extruded at 150 degrees C before being used in the experiment. Seven growing barrows (initial BW = 26.2 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a 7 x 7 Latin square design. Ileal digesta were collected from the pigs on d 6 and 7 of each period. All digesta samples were lyophilized and analyzed for DM, CP, AA, and chromium, and values for AID and SID of CP and AA were calculated. The addition of oil improved (P < 0.05) the SID of most indispensable AA in SBM and SPC. The SID for 6 of the indispensable AA in FFSB-HP were greater (P < 0.05) than in FFSB-CV, and the SID for all indispensable AA except Met was greater (P < 0.05) in FFSB-HP than in SBM. However, the SID for most AA in FFSB-HP was similar to SBM with oil and SPC, but these values were lower (P < 0.05) than in SPC with oil. In conclusion, the addition of oil improved the SID of most AA in SBM and SPC fed to growing pigs, and the SID of AA in FFSB-HP were greater than in SBM and similar to the SID of AA in SBM with oil and in SPC.
The quality of soya meal is the result of many factors, including bean variety, origin and storage. The various processing
steps employed from the time the bean is received can affect the quality of the resulting meal and oil obtained. Heat treatment
of the meal is essential to optimize its protein quality. The variables of moisture, temperature and time are interrelated
and are important to achieve proper cooking conditions. The magnitude of these variables must be determined for each plant,
preferably using a biological assay for evaluation. Many in vitro tests designed to measure protein quality in soya have been
proposed and evaluated. The merits and limitations of some of the more widely used in vitro tests are discussed. Various processing
conditions have been studied to improve utilization of soya products by infant calves and pigs. The manufacture of soya protein
concentrate (70% protein, d.s.b.) has made products available that are suitable for a substantial replacement of milk protein
in milk replacer formulations.