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Global Journal of Pharmacology 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
ISSN 1992-0075
© IDOSI Publications, 2014
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gjp.2014.8.1.81223
Corresponding Author: Shabnam Mollika, Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology,
House 83, Road 4, Block D., Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.
Tel: +8801712912948.
39
Evaluation of Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and CNS Activities of the
Methanolic Extract of Syzygium samarangense Leave
Shabnam Mollika, Nasimul Islam, Nasima Parvin, Asma Kabir,
1 11 1
Md.Wahed Sayem, Luthfunnesa and Rony Saha
2 11
Department of Pharmacy,
1
Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Abstract: Syzygium Samarangense is a potential medicinal drug.We aimed to evaluate the analgesic, anti-
inflammatory and CNS activities of the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave in mice. The
analgesic activity was examined by acetic acid induced writhing and formalin tests. The anti-inflammatory
activity was studied using carrageenan induced hind paw edema model. The analgesic activity of the
methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing and
formalin tests at the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the writhing caused by
acetic acid and the number of licks induced by formalin in a dose dependent manner. The extract of Syzygium
Samarangense leaves caused significant (p <0.05) inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema after 4 hrs in
a dose dependent manner. The CNS depressant activity was evaluated by observing the reduction of locomotor
and exploratory activities in the open field and hole cross tests at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body
weight. The findings of the study suggested that the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave has
remarkable analgesic, moderate effect against inflammation and significant CNS effects, conforming the
traditional use of this plant for inflammatory pain alleviation.
Key words: Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory CNS Activities Leave Pain Syzygium Samarangense
INTRODUCTION results from combinations of secondary product present
Plants are an essential component of the universe. compounds, resins, gums, flavonoids and fatty acids
Human beings have used plants as medicine from the very which are capable of producing definite physiological
beginning of time. After various observations and action on body [3].
experiments medicinal plants were identified as a source Syzygium samarangense belongs to the Myrtaceae
of important medicine, therefore, treatment through this family and is among the fruits of economic importance in
medicinal plants, began in the early stages of human Asia and Taiwan. Jamrul (Zamrul) is a local name at my
civilization [1].The use of these medicinal plants is country Bangladesh. The name is varied at different
increasing in many countries where 35% of drugs contain countries. Common names of Syzygium samarangense are
natural products. At present, thousands of plant wax apple, love apple, java apple, chomphu (In Thai), Man
metabolites are being successfully used for the treatment (In Vietnam), bellfruit (In Taiwan), Jamaican Apple,
of variety of diseases [2].In Bangladesh thousands of Otaheti Apple (In Jamaica), jambu air (In Indonesian),
species are known to have medicinal value and the use water apple, mountain apple, cloud apple, jambu air
of different parts of several medicinal plants to cure (“water guava” in Malay), wax jambu, rose apple, bell
specific ailments has been in vogue since ancient times. offruit, makopa, tambis (Philippines) and chambekka in
The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically Malayalam, jamrul (In Bengali) and jumbu (Sri Lanka).
in plant such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenol
Global J. Pharmacol., 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
40
Jamrul or wax apple doesn't taste like an apple. This is a aureus, candida albicans and mycobacter smegmatis.
juicy fruit like watermelon. The taste of the jamrul is not Investigators have found the flowers principal constituent
too much sweet, but it has a nice smell. Also the leaves of to be tannin. The red, hard wood is used for constructing
the tree has the same smell. In Bangladesh, usually two huts in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
different types of jamrul have been seen-one is pink to red The fruits are used in traditional medicine to cure
or purple color and another one is pale with a bit greenish diabetes. Several Syzygium species are reported to
shade. To carry out this research we have selected red possess antibacterial [13][14],antifungal and anti-
jamrul plant. The plant of red Jamrul is bush type. Red inflammatory activities [15]. The flavonoids isolated from
Jamrul fruit is small, compare with natural jamrul. Syzygium S.samarangense were reported to possess
samarangense is a tropical tree growing to 12 m tall, with antihyperglycemic activity [16],spasmolytic activity and
evergreen leaves 10-25 cm long and 5-10 cm broad. It's immunomodularity activity fractionation of the methanolic
leafs are a bit larger compare to other common fruit of extracts of the pulp and seeds of the fruits of Syzygium
Bangladesh. The flowers are white, 2.5 cm diameter, with samarangense led to the identification of four cytotoxic
four petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is a bell- chalcones and eight antioxidants. Investigators have
shaped, edible berry, with colors ranging from white to red found the flowers principal constituent to be tannin.
or green to red, purple, or crimson, to deep purple 4-6 cm Leave oil largely composed of monoterpenenes (30%
long in wild plants. Here the season of the fruit is May sesquiterpenes, 9% caryophyllene). Prolyl endopeptidase
and June.The flowers and resulting fruit are not limited to inhibitors were isolated from the hexane extract of the
the axils of the leaves and can appear on nearly any point leaves of S.samarangense. A new triterpene methyl-3-epi-
on the surface of the trunk and branches. When mature, betulinate in its native form and 4’, 6’-dihydroxy-2’-
the tree is considered a heavy bearer, yielding a crop of methoxy-3’, 5’-dimethyl chalcone along with ursolic acid,
up to 700 fruits [4].Its leaves, roots, bark, flowers and jacoumaric acid and arjunolic acid have been isolated from
fruits all have potential medical applications. Some the aerial parts of Syzygium samarangense.
Myrtaceae plants have reportedly been used as medicinal
herbs for the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, diabetic MATERIALS AND METHODS
mellitus and inflammation syndromes [5].They exert
potent free radical scavenging, antioxidation, antimutation Animal Selection: Swiss albino mice (25-30g) were used
and anticancer activities [6].The leaves of wax apple also for assessing biological activity. The animals were
contain abundant phytochemicals including ellagitannins, maintained under standard laboratory conditions and had
flavanones, flavonol glycosides, proanthocyanidins, free access to food and water ad libitum. The animals
anthocyanidins, triterpenoids, chalcones and volatile were allowed to acclimatize to the environment for 7 days
terpenoids [7-12]. Wax apple fruit has reportedly prior to experimental session. The animals were divided
demonstrated antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan- into different groups, each consisting of five animals
induced (Type 1 DM) diabetic mice [11].Syzygium which were fasted overnight prior to the experiments.
samarangense invites great attention for researchers Experiments on animals were performed in accordance
worldwide due to its various pharmacological activities with guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics
such as anti-diabetic, antimicrobial activity, antiviral Committee, Atish Dipankar University of Science and
activity, spasmolytic activity, protease Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Animal treatment and
inhibitory/intiamnesiac activity, immunomodulatory maintenance for acute toxicity and analgesic effects were
activity, antihyperglycaemic activity, analgesic and anti- conducted in accordance with the Principle of Laboratory
inflammatory activities [Edible Medicinal And Non- Animal Care (NIH publication No. 85-23,revised 1985) and
Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits] and wound healing. the Animal Care and Use Guidelines of Atish Dipankar
The red fruits are juicier and more flavorful and suitable University of Science and Technology, Dhaka,
for eating out-of-hand. In Malaya, the greenish fruits are Bangladesh.
eaten raw with salt or may be cooked as a sauce. They are
also stewed with true apples. In Indonesia, flowers eaten Collection of Plant Materials: The leaves of the Syzygium
as salads.The flowers are astringent and used in Taiwan Samarangense (red jamrul) were collected from the
to treat fever and halt diarrhea. Malayans use powdered adjoining area of Jahangirnagar University Campus,
dry leaves for cracked tongues. Juice of leaves used for Bangladesh during Aril 2013. The plant material was
baths and lotion. The phytochemicals in the Java apple taxonomically identified by the National Herbarium of
tree show some antibiotic action against staphylococcus Bangladesh-Dhaka.
Global J. Pharmacol., 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
41
Chemicals: Diclofenac Na, Ibuprofen and Diazepam were leave (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, per oral) and 30 min after
obtained from Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh, administration of Diclofenac Na (10 mg/kg,
Acetic acid was collected from Merck, Germany. Normal i.p./intraperitoneal). The mice were observed for 30 min
saline water (0.9%) NaCl was brought from Beximco after the injection of formalin and the amount of time
Infusion Ltd. Bangladesh. Formalin, carrageenan and all spent licking the injected hind paw was recorded. The first
other chemicals were of analytical grade. 5 min post formalin injection is referred to as the early
Preparation of Plant Extract: The plant material was phase. The total time spent licking or biting the injured
shade-dried with occasional shifting and then powdered paw (pain behavior) was measured with a stop watch.
with a mechanical grinder, passing through sieve #40 and
stored in a tight container. The dried powder material (1.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
kg) was refluxed with methanol for three hours. The total Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema Test in Mice: Swiss
filtrate was concentrated to dryness, in vacuo at 40°C to albino mice (25-30g) were divided into six groups of five
render the methanol extract (310 g). The obtained animals each. The test groups received 100 mg/kg and 200
methanolic extract was concentrated deep green colored. mg/kg body weight,( p.o./per oral) of the methanolic
The extract was preserved in a air-tight container as a extract of Syzygium Samarangens leave. The reference
crude extract sample. group received Ibuprofen (10 mg/kg body weight, per
Acute Toxicity Study: Acute oral toxicity assay was normal saline. After 1 h, 0.1 ml 1% carrageenan
performed in healthy nulliparous and non pregnant adult suspension in normal saline was injected into the
female albino Swiss mice (25-30g) divided into different subplanatar tissue of the right hind paw. The paw volume
groups. The test was performed using increasing oral was measured at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hrs after carrageenan
dose of the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense injection using a micrometer screw gauge. The percentage
leaves in water (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 mg/kg body inhibition of the inflammation was calculated from the
weight), in 20 ml/kg volume to different test groups. formula:
Normal group received water. The mice were allowed to
feed ad libitum, kept under regular observation for 48 hrs, % inhibition = (1-D D ) x 100
for any mortality or behavioral change [17]
Analgesic Activity edema) of the control group of mice at a given time, D was
Acetic Acid-induced Writhing Test: The analgesic the average inflammation of the drug treated mice at the
activity of the samples was also studied using acetic acid- same time [20].
induced writhing model in mice. The animals were divided
into six groups with five mice in each group. Group I Statistical Analysis: All values were expressed as the
animals received vehicle (Water), Group II received mean ± SEM of three replicate experiments. The analysis
Diclofenac Na at 10 mg/kg body weight while animals of was performed by using SPSS statistical package for
groups-III and IV were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 WINDOWS (version 16.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago). Results
mg/kg body weight (p.o./per oral) of the methanolic related to the reducing power activities were statistically
extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves.Test samples analyzed by applying the Student t-test and p<0.001 were
and vehicle were administered orally 30 min before considered to be statistically significant. All data are
intraperitoneal administration of 1.0% v/v acetic acid but subjected to ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test and
Diclofenac-Na was administered intraperitonially 15 min p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
before injection of acetic acid. After an interval of 5 min,
the mice were observed for specific contraction of body RESULTS
referred to as ‘writhing’ for the next 10 min [18].
Formalin Test: The antinociceptive activity of the drugs aim at establishing the therapeutic index, i.e., the ratio
was determined using the formalin test [19]. Control group between the pharmacologically effective dose and the
received 5% formalin. 20 µl of 5% formalin was injected lethal dose on the same strain and species. The
into the dorsal surface of the right hind paw 60 min after methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves was
administration of the extract of Syzygium Samarangense safe up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg (p.o.) body weight.
phase and the period between 15 and 30 min as the late
oral) while the control group received 1 ml/kg body weight
t/ o
Where, D was the average inflammation (hind paw
o
t
Acute Toxicity Studies: The acute toxicity studies mainly
Global J. Pharmacol., 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
42
Behavior of the animals was closely observed for the first either phase of the formalin-induced pain in mice
3hrs then at an interval of every 4h during the next in a dose dependent manner (Table 2). The methanolic
48hrs.The methanolic extract did not cause mortality in extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves at the
mice during 48h observation but little behavioral changes, dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, showed the almost
locomotor ataxia, diarrhea and weight loss were observed. similar licking activity against both phases of
Food and water intake had no significant difference formalin-induced pain than that of the standard drug
among the group studied. diclofenac Na.
In vivo Analgesic Activity Anti-inflammatory Activity
Acetic Acid-induced Writhing Test: Table 1. shows the
effects of both extract of on acetic acid-induced writhing
in mice. The oral administration of the methanolic extract
of Syzygium Samarangense leaves significantly (p<0.05)
inhibited writhing response induced by acetic acid in a
dose dependent manner.
Formalin Test: The methanolic extract of Syzygium
Samarangense leaves (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, p.o.)
significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the licking activity in
Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema Test: Table 3 showed
that the anti-edematous effects of orally administered
methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves on
carrageenan induced paw edema in mice-a dose
dependent moderate type of anti-inflammatory activity but
statistically significant (P<0.05). Methanolic extract of
Syzygium samarangens leave showed anti-inflammatory
effects at 200 mg/kg dose (65.20 % of inhibition), whereas
standard diclofenac showed (84.18% of inhibition) of paw
edema.
Table 1: Effects of the methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens(red jamrul) leave on acetic acid-induced writhing in mice
Groups Dose (mg/kg) No. of writhing % inhibition
Group I Vehicle 35.60 -
Group II 10 10.10 71.62*
Group III 100 19.40 45.50*
Group IV 200 12.14 65.89*
Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 5); *p<0.05 as compared to vehicle control (One way ANOVA followed by Dunnet test). Group I animals received vehicle
(water); group II received Diclofenac Na (10 mg/kg body weight); group III, IV were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) of the
methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens leave.
Table 2: Effects of the methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangen(red jamrul) leave hindpaw licking in the formalin test in mice
Groups Dose (mg/kg) Early phase (Sec) % protection Late phase (Sec) % protection
Group-I Vehicle 36.66 ± 1.38 - 42.18 ± 1.03 -
Group-II 10 16.03 ± 0.90* 56.27 17.23 ± 0.70* 59.15
Group-III 100 22.0 ±0. 84* 34.64 16.60 ±0.74* 50.68
Group-IV 200 17.60 ± 0.95* 47.71 12.00 ± 0.84* 64.35
Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 5); *p<0.05 as compared to vehicle control (One way ANOVA followed by Dunnet test). Group I animals received vehicle
(water ); grou p II received Diclofenac Na (10 mg/kg body weight); group III, IV were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o./per oral) of
the methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens leave.
Table 3: Effect of methanolic extract of Syzygium samarengense(red jamrul)leaves in carrageenan induced inflammation
Oedema diameter (mm) Inhibition (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
Group Dose (mg/kg) 1h 2hrs 3 hrs 4 hrs 1h 2 hrs 3 hrs 4 hrs
Group I Vehicle 5.4±0.20 6.35±0.49 6.06±0.58 6.3±0.84
Group II 10 2.4±0.47* 1.86±0.46* 1.44±0.3* 1.0±0.32* 55.33 70.72 76.25 84.18
Group III 100 4.06±0.30* 3.72±0.29* 3.36±0.34* 3.16±0.49* 25.06 41.44 44.57 50.02
Group IV 200 3.66±0.34* 3.56±0.30* 3.02±0.29* 2.2±0.29* 32.45 43.95 50.18 65.20
Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 5); * p<0.05, Dunnet test as compared to vehicle control. Group I animals received vehicle ( water); group II received Ibuprofen
10 mg/kg body weight; group III and group IV were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) of the methanolic extract of Syzygium
samarangens leave
Global J. Pharmacol., 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
43
DISCUSSION cation channels at primary sensory terminals were also
Acetic acid induced writhing response is a sensitive experiments suggest that Ca mobilization through
procedure to evaluate peripherally acting analgesics and TRPA1cation channels is concomitant with noxious
represents pain sensation by triggering localized chemicals and mechanical stimuli as they produce their
inflammatory response. Such pain stimulus leads to the analgesic action. It is likely that the inhibitory effect
release of free arachidonic acid from the tissue methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens leave
phospholipid [21]. The response is thought to be to pain response is due to inhibit the increase of the
mediated by peritoneal mast cells [22], acid sensing ion intracellular Ca through TRPA1, presumably evoked
channels [23] and the prostaglandin pathways [24]. The by formalin. So, the extract of Syzygium Samarangense
organic acid has also been postulated to act indirectly by leave may contain substances that affect the metabolism
inducing the release of endogenous mediators, which of Ca .
stimulates the nociceptive neurons that are sensitive to Carrageenan induced edema has been commonly
NSAIDs and narcotics [25]. It is well known that non- used as an experimental animal model for acute
steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs mitigate inflammation and is believed to be biphasic. The early
the inflammatory pain by inhibiting the formation of pain phase (1-2h) of the carrageenan model is mainly mediated
mediators at the peripheral target sites where by histamine, serotonin and increased synthesis of
prostaglandins and bradykinin are proposed to play a prostaglandins in the damaged tissue surroundings. The
significant role in the pain process [26]. Therefore, it is late phase is sustained by prostaglandin release and
likely that the methanolic extract of Syzygium mediated by bradykinin, leukotrienes, polymorphonuclear
samarangens leaves might have exerted its peripheral cells and prostaglandins produced by tissue macrophages
antinociceptive action by interfering with the local [31-33]. Since the extract significantly inhibited paw edema
reaction caused by the irritant or by inhibiting the induced by carrageenan in the second phase and this
synthesis, release and/or antagonizing the action of pain finding suggests a possible inhibition of cyclooxygenase
mediators at the target sites. The above findings clearly synthesis by the extract and this effect is similar to that
demonstrated that both central and peripheral produced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such
mechanisms are involved in the antinociceptive action of as ibuprofen, whose mechanism of action is inhibition of
the methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens leave. the cyclooxygenase enzyme. Flavonoids and saponins are
Interestingly, compounds like flavonoids and steroids, well known for their ability to inhibit pain perception as
triterpenes in part, have been shown to possess anti- well as anti-inflammatory properties due to their inhibitory
inflammatory and analgesic activity [27]. effects on enzymes involved in the production of the
The formalin model normally postulates the site and chemical mediator of inflammation. This hypothesis is
the mechanism of action of the analgesic. This biphasic strongly supported by the previous study, which has
model is represented by neurogenic (0-5 min) and shown that methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens
inflammatory pain (15-30 min), respectively [28].Drugs that leave possess anti-inflammatory activity due to the
act primarily on the central nervous system such as presence of flavonoid content [34,35].
narcotics inhibit both as steroids and NSAIDs suppress
mainly the late phase [25]. The suppression of neurogenic CNS Depressant Activity
and inflammatory pains by the extract might imply that it Hole Cross Test: The method used was done as
contains active analgesic principle that may be acting described by Takagi et al. [36]. The animals were divided
both centrally and peripherally. This is an indication that into control, standard and test groups (n= 5 per group).
the extract can be used to manage acute as well as chronic The control group received vehicle (water) whereas the
pain. The mechanism by which formalin triggers C-fibers test group received methanolic extract of Syzygium
activation remained unknown for a relatively long time. samarangens leaves (at the doses of 100mg/kg and 200
Recently, however, McNamara [29]demonstrated that mg/kg p.o.) and standard group received diazepam at the
formalin activates primary afferent neurons through a dose of 1mg/kg body weight orally. Each animal was then
specific and direct on TRPA1, a member of the transient placed on one side of the chamber and the number of
receptor potential family of cation channels, expressed by passages of each animal through the hole from one
a subset of C-fiber nociceptors and this effect is chamber to the other was recorded for 30 min on 0, 30, 60
accompanied by increased influx of Ca ions. TRPA1 and 90 mins. during the study period.
2+
reported to mediate noxious mechanical stimuli [30].These
2+
2+
2+
Global J. Pharmacol., 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
44
Table 4: Effect of methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens(red jamrul) leaves on hole cross test in mice
Number of Movements
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group Dose 0 min 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
Group-I 10ml/kg, 118.4 ± 1.20 118 ± 1.30 115.4 ± 0.50 117.4 ± 1.16 -
Group-II 1mg/kg, 117.2 ± 1.15* 64.6± 0.43* 38.8± 0.58* 15.8±. 86* -
Group-III 100 mg/kg 1.80 ± 0.67* 1.60 ± 0.95* 3.8±1.89 1.4± 0.74* -
Group-IV 200 mg/kg 2.40 ± 0.95* 3.8 ± 1.43* 3.4± 1.72 2±1.19* -
Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6); * p<0.05, Dunnet test as compared to vehicle control. Group I animals received vehicle (water), group II received diazepam
1 mg/k g body weight, group III and group IV were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) of the methanolic extract of Syzygium
samarangens leave
Table 5: Effect of methanolic extract of Syzygium samarangens(red jamrul)leave on Open Field test in mice
Number of Movements
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group Dose 0 min 30 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
Group-I 10ml/kg 12.8 ± 1.15 13 ± 1.41 13.6 ± 0.92 14.2 ± 0.86 -
Group-II 1mg/kg 11.2 ± 0.58 6 ± 0.70* 4.0 ± 0.83* 2.4±0.81* -
Group-III 100 mg/kg 169.8± 0.63* 168± 1.76* 63.8±1.97* 61.4±1.48* -
Group-IV 200 mg/kg 274 ± 2.05 148.4±0.35* 52.4±0.35* 44.6±1.70* -
Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 5); * p<0.05, Dunnet test as compared to vehicle control. Group I animals received vehicle (water), group II received diazepam
1 mg/kg body weight; group III and group IV were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o./per oral) of the methanolic extract of Syzygium
samarangens leave.
Open Field Test: This experiment was carried out as CONCLUSION
described by Gupta et al. [37]. The animals were divided
into control, standard and test groups (n= 5 per group).
The control group received vehicle (water), the test group
received the crude extract (at the doses of 100 mg/kg and
200 mg/kg p.o.) and standard group received diazepam at
the dose of 1mg/kg body weight orally. The animals were
placed on the floor of an open field (100 cm×100 cm×40 cm
h) divided into a series of squares. The number of squares
visited by each animal was counted for 3 min on 0, 30, 60
and 90 mins during the study period.
Result of CNS Depressant Activity
Open-field Test: In the open-field test the methanolic
extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave extract exhibited
a decrease in the movements of the test animals at all dose
levels tested. The results were statistically significant for
all doses and followed a dose-dependent response
(Table 5).
Hole-Cross Test: Results of the hole-cross test followed
a similar trend to the ones observed in the open-field test.
They were statistically significant for almost all doses
levels and followed a dose-dependent response.
The depressing effect was most intense during the fourth
(90 mins) observation periods (Table 4).
The results of the experiments suggest that
the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense
leave may be used as an alternative or supplementary
herbal remedy for the treatment of analgesic,
inflammatory and in depressant disease. Because of its
analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant
effects, the methanolic extract of Syzygium
Samarangense leave have beneficial effects together
with drugs known for a remarkable analgesic,
moderate anti-inflammatory as well as antidepressant
effects. Thus the present study warrants further
investigation involving components of the methanolic
extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave for possible
development of new class of analgesic and anti-
inflammatory drugs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere
thanks to my colleagues-Asma Kabir, Md.Wahed Sayem,
Luthfunnesa and my students-Nasimul Islam, Nasima
Parvin, Rony Saha for their kind co-operation in these
research work.
Global J. Pharmacol., 8 (1): 39-46, 2014
45
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