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Caladium genetics and breeding: Recent advances
Abstract
Caladiums are important ornamental aroids; they are valued for their colourful and variably-shaped leaves. Numerous advances have been made in recent decades in caladium breeding and genetic studies. Techniques have been developed to increase flower production, store pollen, and maintain seed viability. Sources of genetic resistance have been identified for important diseases and pests (such as Fusarium tuber rot, Pythium root rot, bacterial blight, and root-knot nematodes) and abiotic stress factors including chilling injury. Mode of inheritance for important foliar traits has been elucidated through analysis of trait segregation in progeny populations. Caladiums have evolved three alleles at one locus that control colour of leaf main veins (red, white or green) and two co-dominant alleles at an independent locus that determine leaf shapes (fancy, lance, or strap). Gene loci for leaf spotting and blotching are both simply inherited but tightly linked to green veins. In vitro culture and plant regeneration were successful with several types of tissues/organs through somatic embryogenesis and/or organogenesis. Shoot-tip culture has been used to eliminate viral and fungal pathogens and invigorate planting stock; protoplasts isolated from leaf callus regenerated into whole plants; foreign genes from maize or humans have been introduced into caladium through Agrobacterium co-cultivation. Molecular markers, including highly specific and informative SSRs, have been developed and applied to caladium to distinguish cultivars, assess genetic diversity, and analyze genetic relationships. The availability of these improved techniques, sources of desirable traits, and cellular or molecular tools will be very valuable for enhancing caladium breeding efficiency, achieving specific breeding objectives, and developing valuable new cultivars.
... Because of this, they are frequently grown in the floriculture industry as potted plants or hanging baskets as well as accent or border plants in the landscape. The ornamental value of caladiums is mostly determined by the characteristics of their leaves (Deng, 2012). Commercial cultivars exhibit an enormous variety of leaf shapes, colors, and coloration patterns that are uncommon in other cultivated plants. ...
... Commercial cultivars exhibit an enormous variety of leaf shapes, colors, and coloration patterns that are uncommon in other cultivated plants. As a result, caladium has a variety of fascinating leaf and colour patterns (Deng, 2012). ...
... Commercial propagation can also be carried out using seeds. However, it is challenging to use seeds as planting materials due to the small size and high mortality of the seeds as well as the high cost, difficulty in maintaining pathogenfree plants, and significant risk of variability (Deng, 2012., Ali et al., 2007. Hence, techniques for in vitro propagation enable the creation of clonal plants with consistent physiological characteristics and possibly quick multiplication. ...
The majority of contemporary research has focused on the cosmetic application in fresh plant materials but there is a lack of critical analyses on the potential of plant waste material for the cosmetic industry. In this regard, this study was conducted with aid the literature from the 2000-2022 period. Accordingly, we can conclude that the nonedible plant materials such as seeds and peels and food wastes contain a significant number of phytochemicals which are the key ingredient of natural cosmetic products, and low-cost as well as non-toxic ingredients for cosmetic products. But using food waste can be challenging since plants are biodegradable, before using for cosmetics it should be tested for any microorganism activity which can affect the skin as well. Then availability and collection of waste such as soaked water, seeds, and peels will be difficult since first of all it has to be consumed in the food used in the cosmetic industry. However, the analysis result of the phytochemical content of plant waste has shown a significant value in the cosmetic industry due to their anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase, and elastase activity for the skin.
... Caladiums (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) are cultivated as important ornamental aroids due in large part to their long-lasting, colorful, and variably shaped foliage [21,22]. In search of new and novel cultivars for containers and landscapes in caladium, traditional cross-breeding between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has always been the main breeding approach [21][22][23]. ...
... Caladiums (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) are cultivated as important ornamental aroids due in large part to their long-lasting, colorful, and variably shaped foliage [21,22]. In search of new and novel cultivars for containers and landscapes in caladium, traditional cross-breeding between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has always been the main breeding approach [21][22][23]. Up to now, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing the caladium cultivars with enhanced colors or coloration patterns, tuber yield potential, resistance to diseases and pests, and tolerance to sunburns or chilling stress [21,22]. ...
... In search of new and novel cultivars for containers and landscapes in caladium, traditional cross-breeding between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has always been the main breeding approach [21][22][23]. Up to now, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing the caladium cultivars with enhanced colors or coloration patterns, tuber yield potential, resistance to diseases and pests, and tolerance to sunburns or chilling stress [21,22]. Nevertheless, this conventional breeding strategy has encountered difficulties such as the increasing scarcity of novel leaf characters in germplasm after continuously intensive sexual hybridization and selection [21]. ...
Aneuploids are valuable materials of genetic diversity for genetic analysis and improvement in diverse plant species, which can be propagated mainly via in vitro culture methods. However, somaclonal variation is common in tissue culture-derived plants including euploid caladium. In the present study, the genetic stability of in vitro-propagated plants from the leaf cultures of two types of caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) aneuploids obtained previously was analyzed morphologically, cytologically, and molecularly. Out of the randomly selected 23 and 8 plants regenerated from the diploid aneuploid SVT9 (2n = 2x − 2 = 28) and the tetraploid aneuploid SVT14 (2n = 4x − 6 = 54), respectively, 5 plants from the SVT9 and 3 plants from the SVT14 exhibited morphological differences from their corresponding parent. Stomatal analysis indicated that both the SVT9-derived variants and the SVT14-originated plants showed significant differences in stomatal guard cell length and width. In addition, the variants from the SVT14 were observed to have rounder and thicker leaves with larger stomatal guard cells and significantly reduced stomatal density compared with the regenerants of the SVT9. Amongst the established plants from the SVT9, two morphological variants containing 3.14–3.58% less mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) lost one chromosome, and four variants containing 4.55–11.02% more MFI gained one or two chromosomes. As for the plants regenerated from the SVT14, one variant with significantly higher MFI gained two chromosomes and three plants having significantly lower MFI resulted in losing four chromosomes. Three, out of the twelve, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified DNA band profile changes in four variants from the SVT9, whereas no polymorphism was detected among the SVT14 and its regenerants. These results indicated that a relatively high frequency of somaclonal variation occurred in the in vitro-propagated plants from caladium aneuploids, especially for the tetraploid aneuploid caladium. Newly produced aneuploid plants are highly valuable germplasm for future genetic improvement and research in caladium.
... Caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) is an important ornamental plant belonging to the Araceae (aroid) family. The main approach for new caladium cultivar development has been through sexual hybridization between existing commercial cultivars and breeding lines (Cao et al. 2014;Deng et al. 2007;Deng 2012;Wilfret 1993). After decades of intense caladium breeding and selection, finding novel leaf characters has become very difficult (Deng 2012). ...
... The main approach for new caladium cultivar development has been through sexual hybridization between existing commercial cultivars and breeding lines (Cao et al. 2014;Deng et al. 2007;Deng 2012;Wilfret 1993). After decades of intense caladium breeding and selection, finding novel leaf characters has become very difficult (Deng 2012). This difficulty is due to the restricted variability in the current germplasm. ...
... The variants identified in this study can be a very valuable source of novel or improved foliar characteristics for caladium breeding. Due to the intensive selection for generations, the restricted genetic variability in the caladium breeding germplasm significantly bottlenecks the development of new caladium phenotypes, even in large breeding populations (Deng 2012). In this study, we observed several caladium variants displaying novel foliar phenotypes. ...
Somaclonal variation and induced mutation are highly valuable sources of genetic variation for genetic improvement and research in horticultural crops; cellular and molecular characterization can greatly facilitate their uses in these areas. In the present study, 20 caladium variants were identified among ‘Tapestry’ plants that were regenerated from leaf cultures treated with or without colchicine. These variants showed changes in leaf main vein color and coloration pattern and were separated into ten groups based on leaf morphological changes. Five variants contained 3.3–9.7% more nuclear DNA than the wildtype and gained one, two or three chromosomes, while four variants contained 3.0–4.8% less nuclear DNA and lost one chromosome. Five, out of 22, simple sequence repeat-based molecular markers detected DNA banding pattern changes in 13 of the 20 variants. Two molecular markers (CaM24 and CaM62) detected DNA banding pattern changes in the same four variants, suggesting that these two markers may be located in the same chromosomal segment. Strong association between leaf characteristics (leaf blotching and main vein color) and molecular banding pattern changes with molecular marker CaM42 were observed in six variants, indicating that CaM42 may be associated with gene loci controlling leaf blotching and leaf main vein color in caladium. Detailed characterization of ‘Tapestry’ caladium variants revealed changes in nuclear DNA content, chromosome number and molecular marker banding pattern and associated gene loci controlling leaf characters with molecular markers.
... Caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey, Araceae) is a herbaceous monocotyledon plant and is well known for its attractive, colorful foliage (Wilfret 1993, Deng 2012, Cao et al. 2014. Several breeding strategies were developed to improve the ornamental value or enhance biotic and abiotic-stress tolerance of caladium, including sexual hybridization, induction of mutants, and somaclonal variation (Deng 2012, Cao et al. 2016 and recently reported in vitro chromosome doubling (Cai et al. 2015). ...
... Caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey, Araceae) is a herbaceous monocotyledon plant and is well known for its attractive, colorful foliage (Wilfret 1993, Deng 2012, Cao et al. 2014. Several breeding strategies were developed to improve the ornamental value or enhance biotic and abiotic-stress tolerance of caladium, including sexual hybridization, induction of mutants, and somaclonal variation (Deng 2012, Cao et al. 2016 and recently reported in vitro chromosome doubling (Cai et al. 2015). Among these approaches, sexual hybridization between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has been most commonly used for improving horticultural traits and developing new cultivars in caladium (Wilfret 1993, Deng 2012. ...
... Several breeding strategies were developed to improve the ornamental value or enhance biotic and abiotic-stress tolerance of caladium, including sexual hybridization, induction of mutants, and somaclonal variation (Deng 2012, Cao et al. 2016 and recently reported in vitro chromosome doubling (Cai et al. 2015). Among these approaches, sexual hybridization between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has been most commonly used for improving horticultural traits and developing new cultivars in caladium (Wilfret 1993, Deng 2012. However, conventional breeding has encountered numerous difficulties, such as lack of blooms, sporadic and unpredictable flowering, short-term pollen storage, and seed longevity, and scarcity of novel types in breeding populations. ...
The effects of explant types and plant growth regulators on callus induction, callus proliferation, and plant regeneration in caladium were investigated, with the aim to develop an efficient procedure for producing friable callus with sustained regeneration potential. Callus was successfully induced from fully expanded leaves, young unexpanded leaves and petioles from greenhouse-grown plants, and tissue culture-derived leaves on all six media used. In vitro cultured leaves were found to be the optimum source of explants for callus induction, yielding 100% callus induction regardless of the medium used. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg l⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) showed the best response for callus induction. The induced calluses exhibited a compact appearance, grew slowly, but regenerated adventitious shoots or roots. The texture of calluses was further improved on MS medium containing 2 mg l⁻¹ TDZ and 2 mg l⁻¹ NAA, and calluses were capable of plant regeneration after 2 years of subculture. The results indicate that TDZ has a highly positive effect on organogenic callus induction and proliferation in caladium.
... The ornamental value of caladiums comes from their dramatic leaves, which come in many different shapes, colors, and variegation patterns. Development of new cultivars with novel leaf traits has been the main goal of caladium breeding (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). The main approach for caladium cultivar development has been through sexual hybridization between existing cultivars and/or breeding lines (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). ...
... Development of new cultivars with novel leaf traits has been the main goal of caladium breeding (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). The main approach for caladium cultivar development has been through sexual hybridization between existing cultivars and/or breeding lines (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). After decades of intense breeding and selection, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to find novel leaf traits in hybrid breeding populations, even in large breeding populations (Deng 2012). ...
... The main approach for caladium cultivar development has been through sexual hybridization between existing cultivars and/or breeding lines (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). After decades of intense breeding and selection, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to find novel leaf traits in hybrid breeding populations, even in large breeding populations (Deng 2012). This bottleneck is probably due to the restricted variability in the available germplasm and gene pool. ...
Somaclonal variation is a major concern to many applications of plant cell and tissue culture techniques, yet it could be a useful source of variation for plant genetic improvement. High frequencies of somaclonal variants were reported in caladium, but little was known about changes in caladium somaclonal variants at the cellular and molecular levels. Twenty-four somaclonal variants were identified among ‘Red Flash’ caladium plants regenerated from two types of leaf explants and on two media containing different auxins. Results showed that the type of leaf explants and auxin affected the occurrence of somaclonal variants in ‘Red Flash’. The highest percentage of variants (25.0 %) was observed among plants regenerated from mature leaf explants cultured on the media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These somaclonal variants exhibited considerable changes in leaf shape, coloring of the main veins, spots, margins, and leaf size, and could be separated into 10 somaclonal variant groups. Twelve variants contained 1.1–5.4 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost one chromosome. Two variants contained 5.4–9.2 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost two chromosomes. One variant contained 95.0 % more nuclear DNA and 2n = 58 chromosomes. Two SSR markers (CaM1 and CaM103) revealed DNA banding pattern changes in nine variants, including allele loss in eight variants and allele size change in one variant. These results suggested that several cytological and/or molecular causes were involved in the somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ and chromosome number change was a frequent cause leading to a high frequency of aneuploids and marker allele loss. The CaM1-carrying chromosome seemed to be unstable and prone to loss during tissue culture.
... plant and is frequently used in containers, hanging baskets, and landscapes for its variable-shaped and long-lasting colorful foliage (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). Selection of caladium cultivars has been primarily based on their foliar characteristics, including leaf shape, leaf color and coloration pattern, color attractiveness, leaf sun tolerance, and fullness of foliage. ...
... Sexual hybridization between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has been the primary approach to improving the horticultural traits and developing new cultivars in caladium (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). Several biological factors, such as few blooms, sporadic and unpredictable flowering, very short pollen longevity, and short seed longevity, severely limit breeding efficiency in caladium. ...
... Several biological factors, such as few blooms, sporadic and unpredictable flowering, very short pollen longevity, and short seed longevity, severely limit breeding efficiency in caladium. However, the most challenging issue in caladium breeding is the increasing scarcity of novel types of progeny in breeding populations, even when the size of these populations is substantially increased (Deng 2012). There is a strong need to explore other breeding approaches to generating novel phenotypes in caladium. ...
Caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) is an important ornamental aroid that is valued for its long-lasting colorful foliage. Genetic improvement and cultivar development in caladium have been primarily achieved through sexual hybridization, and there is a strong need to explore in vitro-based approaches to generate novel phenotypic variations in caladium. This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro chromosome doubling technique for caladium, to assess the effects of chromosome doubling on caladium leaf morphology, and to identify promising caladium tetraploids for breeding. Leaf segments of ‘Tapestry’ caladium were pre-cultured in vitro, treated with colchicine, and then cultured to regenerate tetraploid plants. Out of 501 established plants, 56 showed considerable variation from the wildtype in leaf shape, color, coloration pattern, and/or thickness. Ploidy analysis showed that 48 appeared to be tetraploids, and the remaining eight appeared to be diploids. In two treatments with 0.1 or 0.2 % (w/v) colchicine for 4 days, 13.74 and 24.14 % of the regenerated plants were tetraploids. Caladium tetraploids exhibited round and thick leaves with thick petioles. These morphological changes were a reliable morphological indicator for visual screening for tetraploids in caladium. Based on observed morphological changes, the eight diploid variants were categorized into five variant types (VT1–VT5), and the 48 tetraploid variants were categorized into another five variant types (VT6–VT10). Most caladium plants in VT1, VT2, VT3, VT6, and VT7 showed much improved ornamental values and held potential as promising new selections for container and landscape performance trials and tuber yield tests. Nuclear DNA content and chromosome number analysis were conducted on 17 representative variants; results revealed the two diploid variants had gained one or two additional chromosomes, one tetraploid variant gained four additional chromosomes, and two tetraploid variants lost two or four chromosomes. These results demonstrate for the first time in caladium that in vitro induction of tetraploids is a very powerful tool for generating novel phenotypes for genetic improvement and breeding and that chromosome gain or loss is a common type of cytological variation in caladium.
... These results demonstrate for the first time in caladium that in vitro induction of tetraploids is a very powerful tool for generating novel phenotypes for genetic improvement and breeding and that chromosome gain or loss is a common type of cytological variation in caladium. plant and is frequently used in containers, hanging baskets, and landscapes for its variable-shaped and long-lasting colorful foliage (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). Selection of caladium cultivars has been primarily based on their foliar characteristics, including leaf shape, leaf color and coloration pattern, color attractiveness, leaf sun tolerance, and fullness of foliage. ...
... Sexual hybridization between commercial cultivars and breeding lines has been the primary approach to improving the horticultural traits and developing new cultivars in caladium (Wilfret 1993;Deng 2012). Several biological factors, such as few blooms, sporadic and unpredictable flowering, very short pollen longevity, and short seed longevity, severely limit breeding efficiency in caladium. ...
... Several biological factors, such as few blooms, sporadic and unpredictable flowering, very short pollen longevity, and short seed longevity, severely limit breeding efficiency in caladium. However, the most challenging issue in caladium breeding is the increasing scarcity of novel types of progeny in breeding populations, even when the size of these populations is substantially increased (Deng 2012). There is a strong need to explore other breeding approaches to generating novel phenotypes in caladium. ...
Caladium is an ornamental aroid commonly used in containers, hanging baskets and gardens for its long-lasting colorful foliage. This study was conducted to induce tetraploids and to assess their values for caladium breeding. Leave segments of 'Tapestry', a fancy-leaved caladium cultivar with large pink blotches on leaves, were treated with colchicine and cultured in vitro to regenerate plantlets. Out of 445 plantlets regenerated and established in the greenhouse, 82 showed variation from the control plants in leaf shape, color, and/or thickness. These variants were analyzed for nuclear DNA contents, and 50 plants were found to be tetraploids. The highest rate of tetraploid induction was 31.7% and occurred in the treatment where leaf segments were cultured in 0.2% colchicine for 4 d. Morphological characterization revealed that tetraploids had much smaller leaf length/width ratio, longer stomata but lower stomata densities, thicker petioles, thicker leaves, and thicker main veins, compared to their diploid counterparts. The remaining 32 variants were found to be diploids, but their nuclear DNA contents varied to some extent, which may indicate potential chromosomal changes in these variants. Several types of leaf coloration pattern changes were observed on these variants. Results from the present study suggest that induced tetraploidy can result in significant morphological changes in caladium, thus it can be a valuable tool in caladium breeding.
... Caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) is an important ornamental plant valued for its long-lasting colorful foliage, and is commonly grown in containers and in the landscape (Deng 2018(Deng , 2012. A great deal of reports indicated that caladium could be propagated by in vitro culturing of leaf segments, meristematic tissues or petiole segments (Ahmed et al. 2004;; Thongpukdee et al. 2010), and morphological variants were frequently observed among these regenerated plants (Cai et al. 2015;Cao et al. 2016). ...
... The results of the physiological parameters showed that the caladium plantlets could grow well with normal physiological metabolism in the three nutrient solutions, which is a strong proof of the feasibility of the static hydroponic method for acclimatisation of in vitro caladium plantlets. Similar results have also been reported by Nhut et al. (2006) Caladium is very sensitive to low temperature and chilling stress (Deng 2012). Due to the limitation of temperature conditions, its growth and ornamental period are usually short when cultivated in open fields in most of China. ...
... Nowadays, caladium cultivation is rapidly developing to meet increasingly consumer demands (Deng, 2012;Feild et al., 2001), such as hot water treatments for pest management (Gu et al., 2022), tissue culture-based proliferation (Cai and Deng, 2016), root transcriptomics (Cao and Deng, 2017), breeding for disease resistance (Deng et al., 2011) and sunburn tolerance (Deng et al., 2021). In addition, in vitro somaclonal propagation (Bairu et al., 2011;Sarmah, 2017), molecular breeding (Cao and Deng, 2020;Zhou et al., 2023), and interspecific hybridizations are promising techniques to produce remarkable color variations of caladium (Deng, 2018). ...
... Caladium is a crop most found in the regions around Bangkok, including the provinces of Pathum Thani and Nonthaburi. Caladium production is currently worth around 3 million Thai baht annually (Caladium Association of Thailand, 1997;Deng, 2012;Essien et al., 2015;Hussain et al., 2017). In the ornamental trade, Caladium 'Candidum' is generally sold as a potted plant. ...
The result showed that the 1 cm of tuber cutting size was higher significant differed
in the days to sprouting, tuber size, plant height, canopy width, and the number of leaves than
the 0.5 cm of tuber cutting size. Besides, IBA at 150 ppm was higher significantly differed in
the average survival rate, days to sprouting, tuber size, plant height, canopy width, and number
of leaves than the others. The interaction between the tuber size at 1 cm and IBA at 150 ppm
gave the highest days to sprouting, plant height, canopy width, and the number of leaves.
Therefore, the Caladium ‘Candidum’ was cut at 1 cm size and soaked in 150 ppm of IBA that
appropriated to induce growth after cutting within four months.
... In Thailand, Caladium production was located in the regions around Bangkok, including the provinces of Pathum Thani and Nonthaburi. Caladium production is worth around 3 million Thai baht annually [1][2][3][4]. Caladium 'Candidum' is generally a potted plant produced as a tuber. Growing Caladium was a popular technique for propagation in the landscape or home garden or as a bedding plant for late spring or early summer [1,5]. ...
Caladium is a tuberous plant propagated by the tuber section technique to increase the plant quantity. Gibberellin (GA3) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) have great capability in various agricultural practices, such as growing rapidly and enlargement tuber size. The effects of different tuber section sizes and PGRs levels having the following constituents (GA3 and IBA) in different levels by 2x5 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replications. The treatments involved 2 factors: The first factor was separating two sizes of tuber section into a squall length of each size 0.5 and 1 cm, and the second factor was drenching the tuber in two different levels of each IBA (100 and 150 ppm) and GA3 (100 and 150 ppm). The results obtained from this experiment showed that the 1 cm of tuber section size was a higher significant difference in bud germination, tuber size, plant height, canopy width, and the number of leaves than the 0.5 cm of tuber section size. However, IBA at 150 ppm was a higher significant difference in the average survival rate, bud germination, plant height, canopy width, and the number of leaves than others. The interaction between the tuber size at 1 cm and IBA at 150 ppm gave the highest survival rate, bud germination, plant height, canopy width, and the number of leaves. Therefore, the Caladium was separated at 1 cm size and immersed in 150 ppm of IBA appropriated to induce growth after the section within two months.
... In addition, the tuber separation method poses a high risk of soft rot disease caused by Fusarium sp. [1,3]. Caladium may also be propagated by seeds, but it is difficult because the seeds are very small and have very high mortality. ...
... At present, over 500 plants are known to be useful for medicinal purposes in Africa, but only a few have been described or studied in detail [2,16]. Caladium bicolor is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae [17,18]. They are known by the common name elephant ear (which they share with the closely related genera Alocasia, Colocasia and xanthosoma), Heart of Jesus and Angel wings [17]. ...
... world production of caladium tubers occur in a small geographical area in Highlands County in Florida (Deng, 2012;Deng et al., 2005). ...
There is a need to identify postemergence (POST) herbicides for weed control in field-grown caladium [Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.]. The objective of this research was to evaluate the tolerance of two caladium cultivars Florida Cardinal and Florida Fantasy to POST applications of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, imazosulfuron, and mesosulfuron. At 8 weeks after treatment (WAT), ‘Florida Cardinal’ and ‘Florida Fantasy’ treated with the highest rate of imazosulfuron (1680 g a.i./ha) had <10% visual injury, leaf number, height, and tuber weight reduction compared with the nontreated control. Both caladium cultivars exhibited greater susceptibility to flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, and mesosulfuron as compared with imazosulfuron. The labelrecommended rate of flazasulfuron (52 g a.i./ha), foramsulfuron (29 g a.i./ha), and mesosulfuron (15 g a.i./ha) reduced ‘Florida Cardinal’ height 35%, 27%, and 35%, respectively, and reduced ‘Florida Fantasy’ height 43%, 31%, and 21% compared with the nontreated plants, respectively. Caladium tuber weight exhibited a differential cultivar response to the evaluated SU herbicides, except imazosulfuron. The highest rate of flazasulfuron (420 g·ha–1), foramsulfuron (232 g·ha–1), and mesosulfuron (120 g·ha–1) reduced ‘Florida Cardinal’ tuber weight 50%, 65%, and 58% compared with the nontreated control, respectively, whereas these treatments reduced ‘Florida Fantasy’ tuber weight <25%. The mesosulfuron rate required for 20% tuber weight reduction (T20) in ‘Florida Cardinal’ was 2 g·ha–1, but the T20 value was 28 g·ha–1 for ‘Florida Fantasy’. We concluded that the caladium cultivars Florida Cardinal and Florida Fantasy are highly tolerant to the POST applications of imazosulfuron, whereas these caladium cultivars are more susceptible to flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, and mesosulfuron.
... Caladium species are members of the plant family Araceae and are widely used as landscape and container plants. After years of plant breeding, cultivars and hybrids are available in a wide range of plant heights and leaf colors, patterns, shapes, and sizes ( Bell et al. 1998;Cai et al. 2015;Cao et al. 2014Cao et al. , 2016aCao et al. , 2016bCao et al. , 2017aCao et al. , 2017bDeng et al. 2012Deng et al. , 2016Miranda and Harbaugh 2003). Caladium tuber production typically occurs on high organic and wellaerated soils. ...
Control of broadleaf weeds in caladium is difficult due in part to a lack of selective POST herbicides. Cultivation is not an option due to the dense canopy and potential for tuber injury. As a result, growers currently rely on preemergence (PRE) herbicide and hand-weeding. The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of four common broadleaf weeds of field grown caladium with POST applications of halosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, and trifloxysulfuron, and determine the tolerance of caladium cultivars ‘Florida Fantasy’ and ‘Florida cardinal’ to POST applications of halosulfuron. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), thifensufluron-methyl at 28 g ai ha ⁻¹ and trifloxysulfuron at 84 g ai ha ⁻¹ provided approximately 90 and 70% common purslane control, respectively, while halosulfuron at 210 g ai ha ⁻¹ provided 55% suppression. Trifloxysulfuron controlled ≥90% spotted spurge at 42 g ha ⁻¹ , whereas the highest rate of halosulfuron and thifensulfuron-methyl only achieved 60% suppression. In field experiments, the evaluated sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides were less efficacious on hairy indigo and sharppod morningglory as control never exceeded 65 and 50%, respectively. In greenhouse experiments, the evaluated halosulfuron rates ranging from 26 to 420 g ha ⁻¹ did not significantly reduce caladium tuber weight from the nontreated control. Averaged over halosulfuron rates, ‘Florida Fantasy’ damage was 5 and 6% at 2 and 4 WAT, respectively, while ‘Florida Cardinal’ damage was 11%. We conclude that none of the herbicide treatments effectively controlled all species evaluated. Sequential treatments, higher rates, or tank-mixtures may be necessary to adequately control these species. We also conclude that caladium cultivars ‘Florida Fantasy’ and ‘Florida Cardinal’ have acceptable tolerance to POST applications of halosulfuron. Further research is needed to evaluate caladium tolerance to other SU herbicides.
Caladium × hortulanum 'Fancy' is an important ornamental plant grown in pots and landscapes and known for its colorful leaves often used for interior decorations. In this work, we present a method of in vitro regeneration from three explants source through direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE) wherein the regenerated plants were screened for ploidy changes through flow cytometry analysis. Tuber, leaf and petiole explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 1-napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and N-phenyl-N'-1, 2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ) concentrations. Tuber explants induced highest direct somatic embryos on NAA (1 mg L −1) + BAP (0.5 mg L −1) with 55.6 mean number of embryos per explant while as leaf and petiole explants amended with 1 mg L −1 TDZ developed 18.7 and 12.27 mean number of embryos per explant respectively. The highest embryo conversion frequency was achieved on BAP (2 mg L −1) + NAA (0.2 mg L −1) with 44.2, 18.7 and 7.5 mean number of plantlets produced per tuber, leaf and petiole explant respectively after 4 weeks of culture. Plantlets were later rooted and maximum number of roots (6.33) per shoot was achieved on 2 mg L −1 indolebutyric acid amended medium. Description of the process of DSE is presented through the histological and SEM evidences. The 2C DNA content of field grown plants and the DSE regenerants evaluated under flow cytometric analysis were 8.06 pg and 8.28 pg respectively showing no ploidy changes. Hence, a successful protocol of inducing direct somatic embryos from three explant types with efficient embryo conversion frequency was obtained with regenerants showing similar DNA ploidy as that of their parent plants.
Cultivated caladiums (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) are popular ornamental plants. Although somaclonal variation occurs frequently in caladium during tissue culture, little research has been conducted on obtaining and detecting variants from long-term callus cultures. Herein, plants were regenerated from ‘Red Flash’ caladium calluses subcultured for approximately 40 mo, and 116 out of 520 established plants were grouped into 14 somaclonal variation types based on their morphological differences. Nuclear DNA content of six types (SVT1, SVT2, SVT4, SVT5, SVT8, and SVT10) varied from − 1.08% to 0.33% compared with the wild type, and these variants shared a similar chromosome number to the wild caladium (2n = 2x = 30). Three types (SVT3, SVT7, and SVT9) containing 2.82 to 5.42% less nuclear DNA content was the result of losing one or two chromosomes, and one type (SVT6) with significantly lower cellular DNA content was due to losing four chromosomes. Four types (SVT11–SVT14) contained 85.16 to 101.52% more DNA content and the SVT12 and the SVT13 had a double number of chromosomes (2n = 4x = 60), while the SVT11 and SVT14 had four more chromosomes and six less chromosomes as compared with a typical tetraploid, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested that leaf thickness, leaf index, and stomatal characteristics could be used as indicators of plant ploidy in caladium. A wide variation of pigment content was found among the variation types, and the content of chlorophyll, flavonoid, and anthocyanin had a significant positive correlation with the color parameters a* and b*. Leaf color variants created by prolonged in vitro callus cultures might hold great promise for caladium breeding.
In order to evaluate association between sequence polymorphism in candidate genes and phenotypic traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), mapping population, consisting of 96 genotypes, was assessed for traits related to seed yield with four replications over two years. The traits flag leaf length and width, inflorescence length, spikelet number, seed weight per plant, seed weight per inflorescence, 1000 seed weight and heading date revealed heritability ranging from 0.14 to 0.84 and considerable amount of variation. Marker-trait associations were studied between sequence polymorphism of five candidate genes LpIAA1, LpRUB1, LpBRI1, LpSHOOT1 and LpTB1 with putative function in plant architecture and phenotypic traits. Thirteen marker-trait associations were identified in total. Relation between 3 bp INDEL polymorphism in 3‘UTR region of LpBRI1 gene and flag leaf width was confirmed in two consecutive years of field experiment. The possible regulatory role of the identified INDEL is discussed. © 2018, Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. All rights reserved.
Caladiums are highly prized ornamental plants whose high cost derives from their beautiful leaves. Within this group of plants Caladium × hortulanum commands a prominent market position. In this study, the petioles of young leaves were used to establish in vitro cultures. We were able to multiply this species on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzylamino-purine (BAP). Moreover, a unique procedure for the mass propagation of caladium plants using a temporary immersion technique is described. This procedure involved an initial sprouting phase in an automated temporary immersion system followed by an elongation phase using conventional culture methods. To establish this protocol, in vitro shoots developed from petioles cultured on a semi-solid medium were used as starting materials. When using temporary immersion the multiplication rate was more than 12 times higher than under a conventional propagation system after 45 days. The highest multiplication rate was found when explants were cultured in sprouting medium (MS + 2.0 mg/l 6-BAP) in the temporary immersion system for four weeks. The highest number of competent (i.e. ready for acclimatization) and uniform plants was achieved when bud clusters were subcultured for four weeks on MS medium without plant growth regulators. Plantlets could be effectively acclimatized (92%) on a 1:1 zeolite : sugarcane filter (i.e. derived from the sugar milling process) substrate. Although these results are preliminary, the methodology is already being employed at a commercial level.
The sporadic nature of inflorescence production and flower protogyny in caladium (Caladium xhortulanum Birdsey) makes it desirable to store pollen and to rapidly assess its viability for cross-pollinations in breeding programs. This study was conducted to develop a procedure to determine caladium pollen viability and to use that procedure to evaluate the effect of short-term storage conditions on pollen viability. The sucrose level in the culture medium was found to have a significant impact on the in vitro germination of caladium pollen; a concentration of 6.8% was determined to be optimal for pollen germination. Caladium pollen lost viability within 1 day under room (24°C) or freezing (-20°C) temperatures, but could be stored at 4°C for 2 to 4 days. Pollen stored at 4°C produced successful pollinations. Data obtained from large-scale greenhouse pollinations supported use of this in vitro germination assay as a convenient way to evaluate caladium pollen viability (and fertility).
The ornamental value of caladium (Caladium ×hortulanum Birdsey) depends primarily on leaf character-istics, including leaf shape and main vein color. Caladium leaf shapes are closely associated with plant growth habit, stress tolerance, and tuber yield; leaf main vein colors are often used for cultivar identification. Thirty-eight crosses were made among 10 cultivars and two breeding lines; their progeny were analyzed to understand the inheritance of leaf shape and main vein color and to determine if there is a genetic linkage between these two traits. Results showed that a single locus with three alleles determined the main vein color in caladium. The locus was designated as V, with alleles V r , V w , and V g for red, white, and green main veins, respectively. The white vein allele was dominant over the green vein allele, but it was recessive to the red vein allele, which was dominant over both white and green vein alleles; thus the dominance order of the alleles is V r > V w > V g . Segregation data indicated that four major red-veined cultivars were heterozygous with the genotype V r V g , and that one white-veined cultivar was homozygous and one other white-veined cultivar and one breeding line were heterozygous. The observed segregation data confirmed that the three leaf shapes in caladium were controlled by two co-dominant alleles at one locus, designated as F and f, for fancy and strap leaves, respectively. The skewedness of leaf shape segregation in some of the crosses implied the existence of other factors that might contribute to the formation of leaf shape. Contingency chi-square tests for independence revealed that caladium leaf shape and main vein color were inherited independently. The chi-square tests for goodness-of-fit indicated that the five observed segregation patterns for leaf shape and main vein color fit well to the expected ratio assuming that two co-dominant and three dominant/recessive alleles control leaf shape and main vein color and they are inherited independently. Caladiums are ornamental aroids grown for their long-last-ing bright colorful foliage. They are often forced from tubers as container and hanging basket plants, or grown in garden beds as accent and border plants. Leaves of many modern caladium cultivars can rival many flowers in color and brightness (Hay-ward, 1950). Caladiums originated in the tropical or subtropical region of Central America and South America. Cytogenetically, they are diploids with 2n = 30 chromosomes (in Darlington and Wylie, 1955). Generally, caladiums are asexually propagated by division of tubers. Florida is the leading producer and supplier of caladium tubers, providing more than 95% of the worldwide tuber demands (Bell et al., 1998). Early breeding efforts in caladium dated back to late 1800s (Hayward, 1950); and ≈100 cultivars are commercially propagated presently (Bell et al., 1998). The ornamental value of caladiums in containers or in the land-scape depends, to a great extent, on leaf characteristics, including shape, color, color pattern, and venation pattern. Compared to other ornamental aroids [e.g., Aglaonema Schott, Alocasia (Schott) G. Don, Dieffenbachia Schott, Philodendron Schott, Syngonium Schott, etc.], caladiums exhibit a remarkable level of diversity in these leaf characters (Henny, 1988, 2000; Wilfret, 1993). For example, the width and/or length of mature leaves can vary from several centimeters to over 20 cm among cultivars. Commercial caladium cultivars also possess very diverse leaf shapes. Broadly, caladium leaves are classified into three shapes: fancy, lance, and strap (Fig. 1). Fancy-leaved caladiums have heart-shaped (triangular-or round-ovate) leaves, with three main veins on each leaf arranged in the form of an inverted letter Y, a peltate petiole attachment, and the two basal lobes are joined for more than one-fifth of their length and separated by a short narrow sinus. Fig. 1. Typical leaf shapes and main vein colors expressed in caladium progeny (seedlings ≈3 months old). Top row from left to right: fancy leaves (heart-shaped with petioles attached to the back) with white, red, and green main veins; bottom row from left to right: lance leaves with white, red, and green main veins. Rightmost column: strap leaf with red main vein.
One cut-flower and 14 pot anthurium cultivars were screened for resistance to anthurium blight by spraying four isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae (McCulloch and Pirone) Dye onto leaf surfaces in replicated experiments. Varying degrees of resistance were observed among the 15 cultivars tested. The pot cultivars Julia and Gemini were the most resistant, while the cut-flower cultivar Hearts Desire was the most susceptible. Each cultivar displayed different degrees of resistance to individual isolates of the pathogen. The results of this research permit the selection of clones with greater resistance for use in breeding and also create a baseline for comparing resistance of newly developed cultivars.
Stored ‘Candidum,’ ‘Carolyn Whorton,’ and ‘Frieda Hemple’ caladium tubers were soaked for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 hours in 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) solutions to determine if flowering could be enhanced during the subsequent forcing period. Mean number of inflorescences produced per plant with no soaking was 0.2, 0.7, and 0.0 for ‘Frieda Hemple,’ ‘Candidum,’ and ‘Carolyn Whorton’ respectively, while tubers soaked in 250 mg/liter GA 3 for 16 hours at 23°C averaged 2.4, 3.7, and 4.0 inflorescences per plant, respectively. There was no significant difference in number of inflorescences per plant from tubers treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/liter GA 3 . Optimum soaking time was 8 hours for ‘Frieda Hemple’ and ‘Carolyn Whorton,’ and 16 hours for ‘Candidum.’
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Araceae, Caladium ◊hortulanum, disease resistance, resistant cultivar SUMMARY. Caladiums (Caladium ◊hortulanum) are widely grown as pot or land- scape plants for their attractive leaves. Pythium root rot (Pythium myriotylum) is one of the most damaging diseases in caladium, severely reducing plant growth, aesthetic value, and tuber yield. Twenty-three commercial cultivars were inocu- lated with three aggressive isolates of P. myriotylum and evaluated for their resis- tance to root rot. Three cultivars, 'Apple Blossom', 'Blizzard', and 'Etta Moore', were found to have a moderate level of resistance (partial resistance) to pythium root rot. The rest of these cultivars were susceptible or highly susceptible to Pythium infection, losing up to 94% of their root tissue to rotting within 10 days after inoculation. Data indicated a linear relationship between root rot severity and leaf loss severity on Pythium-inoculated plants and highlight the importance of controlling pythium root rot in caladium pot plant and tuber production. Comparison of some recent releases with their parents for pythium root rot resis- tance suggests the potential of developing new resistant caladium cultivars using the identifi ed sources of resistance.
Caladiums (Caladium x hortulanum) are popular ornamental plants widely grown for their bright colorful leaves. Pythium root rot, caused by Pythium myriotylum, is one of the few soil-borne diseases in caladium that dramatically reduces plant growth, aesthetic value, and tuber yield. Information on the reaction of caladium cultivars to P. myriotylum is not available, but would be valuable for integrated control of this disease and for breeding new resistant cultivars. Three Pythium isolates obtained from decaying roots of plants collected from a field production site and two greenhouses were evaluated for pathogenicity and potential use in experiments to screen commercial caladium cultivars for resistance. All three isolates were found to be highly virulent; they were able to cause obvious root rotting within 3 to 5 days and severe root rotting and leaf losses on susceptible cultivars within 10 days after inoculation. Nineteen major commercial cultivars were evaluated for their resistance to these isolates. Fifteen of the cultivars were susceptible or highly susceptible to Pythium infection. Four widely grown cultivars, 'Candidum', 'Candidum Jr.', 'Frieda Hemple', and 'White Christmas', were found to have a moderate level of resistance (partial resistance) to pythium root rot. Pythium infection also caused leaf discoloration, epinasty, wilting, and collapse. Regression analyses revealed a linear relationship between the root rot and leaf loss severity on Pythium-inoculated plants.
Fusarium tuber rot, incited by Fusarium solani, is the major cause of losses of tuber quality and quantity in caladium (Caladium ·hortulanum) during storage and production. To develop a reliable inoculation method for evaluating cultivar suscepti- bility to Fusarium tuber rot and identifying sources of resistance, the effect of temperature on the mycelial growth of F. solani in vitro and on tuber rot in vivo was examined.TheoptimaltemperaturewasthenusedtostudytheaggressivenessofF.solani isolates. The effect of temperature (13, 18, 23, 28, and 33 8C) on radial mycelial growth of nine F. solani isolates in vitro was determined, and all responded similarly to temperature variables, with optimal growth predicted to be at 30.5 8C. The relationship of these temperatures to disease development was then determined for the most aggressive F. solani isolate 05-20 and it was found that disease development in inoculated tubers was greatest at low temperatures (13 and 18 8C). Cold damage to tubers was observed at 13 8C; therefore, 18 8C was chosen for all future disease screening. The aggressiveness of nine isolates was tested on two caladium cultivars. Significant differ- ences among isolates were observed for the diameter of rotted tissue in both cultivars, indicating that choice of isolate was important for screening. Isolates 05-20 and 05-257 were highly aggressive on both cultivars. Tubers of 17 commercial caladium cultivars were inoculated withthree isolates (04-03, 05-20, and 05-527) and incubated at 18 8C. The interaction between isolates and cultivars was highly significant (P < 0.0001), indicating that cultivars were not equally susceptible to different pathogenic isolates of F. solani. Lesion diameters differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among cultivars/isolates and ranged from 9.5 mm ('Rosebud' and 'White Christmas' for isolate 04-03) to 23.9 mm ('Carolyn Whorton' for isolate 05-20). The cultivars were ranked for susceptibility to tuber rot within each isolate and the normalized total rank for the three isolates was used to place cultivars into four categories: resistant ('Candidum', 'Rosebud', 'White Christmas', 'Florida Sweetheart', and 'Aaron'), moderately resistant ('White Wing' and 'Red Flash'), susceptible ('Candidum Jr.', 'White Queen', 'Red Frill', 'Florida Cardinal', 'Miss Muffet', and 'Postman Joyner'), and highly susceptible ('Fannie Munson', 'Gingerland', 'Frieda Hemple', and 'Carolyn Whorton'). The availability of these sources of host plant resistance, aggressive isolates, and resistance assessment techniques will facilitate the development of new Fusarium-resistant caladium cultivars.
Caladiums ( Caladium × hortulanum ) are ornamental aroids often forced in containers or grown in the landscape for their colorful leaves. The aesthetic value of caladium plants is largely determined by their leaf characteristics. Caladium breeding can be traced back to the mid-1800s when Gregor Mendel conducted his plant hybridization experiments, but information on the inheritance of caladium traits has been rather scant. To understand the mode of inheritance for three typical leaf shapes and three main vein colors in caladium, controlled crosses were made among commercial cultivars and breeding lines, and segregation of leaf shape and/or main vein color in the progeny was analyzed. The observed segregation ratios indicated that a single locus with three alleles seemed to determine the main vein color in caladium. The white vein allele was dominant over the green vein allele, but recessive to the red vein allele, which was dominant over both white and green vein alleles. The three leaf shapes (fancy, lance, and strap) in caladium seemed to be controlled by two co-dominant alleles at one locus. Leaf shape segregation was skewed in some crosses, which might imply the existence of other factors involved in caladium leaf shape development. Chi-square tests revealed that leaf shape and main vein color were inherited independently in caladium.
Since amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis has proved useful in distinguishing cultivars of Caladium, it was used to assess the status of species of Caladium vs. Xanthosoma, both in tribe the Caladieae, and to reassess the position of Hapaline in the same tribe. AFLP analysis using three primer combinations was carried out on four species of Caladium(C. bicolor, C. humboldtii, C. lindenii and C. schomburgkii). Results showed that AFLP can distinguish between the different species by their unique and different banding patterns.
AFLP analysis confirmed that C. humboldtii is a species distinct from C. bicolor and that C. lindenii is a true Caladium species and does not belong to Xanthosoma. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that C. bicolor and C. schomburgkii are most similar and that C. humboldtii is closer to the C. bicolor / C. schomburgkii cluster compared with C. lindenii. Genetic relationships between Caladium, Xanthosoma, Hapaline, Alocasia and Protarum were also examined by AFLP analysis using eight primer combinations. Several useful molecular markers were specific either
to Caladium orXanthosoma , so that AFLP can be used to distinguish species of these two genera. Genetic analysis of the genera examined confirms that
the Caladieae and Colocasieae tribes are distinct and that Hapaline falls within the tribe Caladieae and that Protarum is most distant from all the genera examined. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company
A protocol was developed for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of monocotyledon foliage plant Caladium bicolor cv. Jackie Suthers using leaf disc and petiole as the explants. The explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring a binary vector with the maize anthocyanin regulatory gene Lc under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Callus formation was induced in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 0.1 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 30 g/l sucrose and kanamycin 50 mg/l for selection. Resistant calli were induced for shoot generation in MS medium with 2 mg/l 6-BA and 0.2 mg/l alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid. As much as 10% of the explants gave rise to kanamycin-resistant shoots with our procedure. Transformed plants had enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in the roots, leaves and stems (epidermis and vascular bundles). Integration of the transgene into the host genome was confirmed by genomic Southern blot hybridization, and RNA blot hybridization analysis indicated that the expression of the transgene correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. This investigation illustrates the utility of anthocyanin regulatory genes in the genetic manipulation of the color of foliage plants. It also supports the premise that the Lc gene can be used as a powerful non-destructive cell autonomous visual marker in a wide variety of plants, as exemplified by the perfect symmetrical half-green/half-red plant presumably derived from the symmetrical division of one transgenic and one non-transgenic precursor meristematic cell.
A survey of the Florida caladium growers and industry was conducted from June to August 2003. Objectives of the survey were 1) to gather basic demographic information about the Florida caladium tuber production industry, 2) to understand the industry's needs for new varieties, research and informational resources, and 3) to determine caladium cultivars that are currently grown commercially and to identify the leading cultivars. Similar surveys were conducted in 1979 and 1997. Survey forms were mailed to 20 business operations, of which 14 are currently growing caladiums for tuber production. A total of 13 growers returned their surveys. The responses represented at least 95% of the total acreage currently in caladium tuber production. This document is ENH1007, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2005. ENH1007/EP258: 2003 Survey of the Florida Caladium Tuber Production Industry (ufl.edu)
Eight commercial varieties of caladium (Caladium x hortulanum) were evaluated for resistance or susceptibility to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in tests conducted in greenhouse and growth room. Relative levels of resistance among varieties was evaluated in terms of nematodes present in soil and second-stage juveniles hatched from eggs extracted from roots at 4-5 months after nematode inoculation. Lowest numbers of nematodes were produced on 'White Christmas' and 'Pink Glow'. 'Crimson Wave' and 'Autumn Beauty' appeared to be the most susceptible varieties, usually supporting consistently high numbers of nematodes. Nematode numbers on 'Avalon Rose', 'Fire Nymph', 'Dawn', and 'Fire Chief were generally intermediate, but often not different (P ≤ 0.05) from those present on the most susceptible varieties. Results demonstrate the existence of differing levels of relative resistance against M. incognita in caladium germplasm.
Cultivated caladiums (Caladium xhortulanum Birdsey) are valued as important pot and landscape plants because of their bright, colorful leaves. Improving leaf characteristics or generating new combinations of these characteristics has been one of the most important breeding objectives in caladium. A major leaf characteristic in caladium is leaf blotching, the presence of numerous irregularly shaped color areas between major veins on leaf blades. This pattern of coloration in combination with bright colors has resulted in the popularity of a number of caladium cultivars. In this study, controlled crosses were made among three blotched and six nonblotched caladium cultivars. Their progeny were analyzed to understand the mode of inheritance of leaf blotching and its genetic relationship with the color of main leaf veins. Progeny of selling nonblotched or crossing nonblotched cultivars were all nonblotched; selfing blotched cultivars (Carolyn Whorton, White Christmas, and Florida Blizzard) or crossing 'Florida Blizzard' and 'Carolyn Whorton' resulted in a 3:1 ratio (blotched:nonblotched); and progeny from crosses between blotched and nonblotched cultivars segregated in a 1:1 ratio (blotched:nonblotched). These results indicate that leaf blotching is controlled by a single nuclear locus with two alleles (B and b). χ2 analysis of the joint segregation between leaf blotching and vein color (V) in five crosses showed that the blotching allele B is linked to the green vein allele Vg. 'Carolyn Whorton', 'White Christmas', and 'Florida Blizzard' are heterozygous for leaf blotching, and their genotype for leaf blotching and vein color (Vr, Vw, and Vg for red, white, and green veins, respectively) are Vrb//VgB, Vgb//VgB, and V wb//VgB, respectively. This information will be valuable for planning crosses and breeding populations to develop new blotched caladium cultivars. The information gained in this study may be helpful for understanding the inheritance of similar traits in other aroids.
In vitro culture of Caladium bicolor by multiple shoot production via callus induction was established. Explants from the first fully expanded leaf of C. bicolor cv. 'Jao Ying', a commercial cultivar, were cultured to determine the appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators in modified Murashige and Skoog medium for rapid micropropagation and variation. All 16 combinations of N6- benzyladenine (BA) with 1-naphthalene acid (NAA) or 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) induced callus. The combination of 8.88 μM BA with 2.69 μM NAA was the most effective for callus proliferation. Subsequently, plantlets were regenerated from calli on MS medium containing 11.1 μM BA. Most regenerated plants from in vitro culture, grown in glasshouse conditions, were more vigorous than the original ones. Within the 10 combinations of BA and NAA, the regenerated plants could be characterized into 13 types. From each growth regulator combination, 2-7 types of the regenerated plants were observed. The occurrence of variants varied from 22.41-87.32%. The mode and incidence of variations were discussed. Many regenerated variants were totally different from the original plants.
An efficient protocol for the regeneration of true-to-type plant of Caladium is reported. Green leaves were prepared under shade with reduced shoot production from the tubers. Variant plants were observed by culture of explants on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with napthaleneacetic acid and benzyladenine (each at 1 mg L-1). High phenotypic variation (36-44%) was observed with leaves obtained from de-eyed tubers, whereas low variation (6-8%) was observed with explants obtained from the leaves of axillary buds. There was no significant shading effect on leaf color variant plants obtained from both types of growing sources. Young green leaves obtained from axillary buds gave stable explants for the propagation of true-to-type Caladium plants.
Preliminary study on in vitro tuber induction of Caladium humboldtii (Raf.) Schott. 'Phraya Savet' was successfully carried out. An individual single shoot, with two-to-three leaves, from multiple shoot culture, was cultured for 6 weeks on modified MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 10-35 μM of N6-benzyladenine (BA) or 20-100 g L-1 sucrose and 5.8 g L-1agar, in the presence or absence of 5 g L-1 activated charcoal (AC). From MS medium containing BA (MS+BA medium), AC resulted in significantly decreased tuber growth on both tuber diameter (2.84-3.31 mm/tuber) and tuber fresh weight (30.1-35.3 mg/tuber). In contrast, the absent of AC in MS+BA medium provided larger tuber diameter and heavier fresh weight with 3.40-4.68 mm/tuber and 39.1-78.0 mg/tuber, respectively. However, the highest diameter and fresh weight of tuber were obtained from 10-20 μM BA. For MS medium added with sucrose (MS+Suc medium), there were no significant differences among 20-100 g L-1sucrose in the absence of AC on fresh weight (27.3-37.3 mg/tuber) and diameter (2.75-3.28 mm/tuber). The great significant tuber induction medium was MS+Suc medium supplemented with 80 g L -1sucrose in the presence of 5 g L-1AC, providing 198.7 mg fresh weight per tuber and 5.95 mm diameter per tuber.
Caladium (Caladium xhortulanum Birdsey) is an important aroid widely used in the ornamental plant industry. Concerns have been raised about possible loss of genetic diversity due to a drastic decline in the number of cultivars in the last century. This study assessed genetic diversity and relationships among caladium cultivars and species accessions. Forty-five major cultivars and 14 species accessions were analyzed based on 297 DNA fragments produced by the target-region amplification polymorphism marker system. A low level of diversity (44.4% polymorphism) was exhibited in cultivars, while a high level of diversity (96.8% polymorphism) was present among seven accessions of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent., Caladium marmoratum Mathieu, Caladium picturatum C. Koch, and Caladium schomburgkii Schott. A small percentage (7.6%) of DNA fragments was present in cultivars but absent in the seven species accessions, while a high percentage (32.2%) of DNA fragments was present in the seven species accessions but absent in cultivars. Cultivars shared a higher level of similarity at the molecular level with an average Jaccard coefficient at 0.802, formed a large group in cluster analysis, and concentrated in the scatter plot from a principal-coordinate analysis. Two accessions of C. bicolor and C. schomburgkii were very similar to cultivars with Jaccard similarity coefficients from 0.531 to 0.771, while the rest of the species accessions had small similarity coefficients with cultivars (0.060 to 0.386). Caladium steudnirifolium Engler and Caladium lindenii (André) Madison were very dissimilar to C. bicolor, C. marmoratum, C. picturatum, and C. schomburgkii, with Jaccard similarity coefficients from 0.149 to 0.237 (C. steudnirifolium) and from 0.060 to 0.118 (C. lindenii). There is a limited amount of molecular diversity in caladium cultivars, but the great repertoire of unique genes in species accessions could be used to enhance the diversity in future cultivars and reduce potential genetic vulnerability.
Caladium (Caladium x hortulanum) leaves can be injured at air temperatures below 15.5°C. This chilling sensitivity restricts the geographical use of caladiums in the landscape, and leads to higher fuel costs in greenhouse production of pot plants because warmer conditions have to be maintained. This study was conducted to develop procedures to evaluate differences among caladium cultivars for chilling sensitivity and to identify cultivars that might be resistant to chilling injury. The effects of two chilling temperatures (12.1 and 7.2°C) and three durations (1, 3, and 5 days) on the severity of chilling injury were compared for three cultivars known to differ in their sensitivity to low temperatures. Exposure of detached mature leaves to 7.2°C for 3 days allowed differentiation of cultivars' chilling sensitivity. Chilling injury appeared as dark necrotic patches at or near leaf tips and along margins, as early as 1 day after chilling. Chilling injury became more widespread over a 13-day period, and the best window for evaluating cultivar differences was 9 to 13 days after chilling. Significant differences in chilling sensitivity existed among 16 cultivars. Three cultivars, 'Florida Red Ruffles', 'Marie Moir', and 'Miss Muffet', were resistant to chilling injury. These cultivars could serve as parents for caladium cold-tolerance breeding, and this breeding effort could result in reduced chilling injury in greenhouse production of potted plants, or in new cultivars for regions where chilling occurs during the growing season.
The ornamental value of caladium (Caladium xhortulanum Birdsey) depends to a large extent on its foliar characteristics. Efficient genetic improvement of caladium foliar characteristics requires a good understanding of the inheritance of these traits, including leaf shape, color, and spots. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of leaf spots in caladium and to understand their relationships with leaf shape and main vein color. Eighteen controlled crosses were made among eight commercial cultivars expressing red or no leaf spots, and progeny of these crosses were observed for segregation of leaf spots as well as leaf shape and vein color. A single locus with two alleles is shown to be responsible for the presence or absence of leaf spots in caladium, with the presence allele (S) dominant over the absence allele (s). The major spotted commercial cultivar Gingerland is heterozygous for this trait. Leaf spots are inherited independently from leaf shape, but they are closely linked with the color of the main leaf veins. The recombination frequencies between the leaf spot locus and the main vein color locus ranged from 0.0% to 8.9% with the crosses or the parental cultivars used, with an average of 4.4%. Leaf spots and vein colors represent the first linkage group of ornamental traits in caladium and possibly in other ornamental aroids. The knowledge gained in this study will be valuable when it comes to determine what crosses to make for development of new cultivars. It may be also useful to those interested in determining the inheritance of similar traits in other ornamental plants, including other ornamental aroids such as dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia Schott).
Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (Xad), is the most common foliar disease of caladium, an ornamental aroid grown for its colorful foliage. The disease can reduce the marketability of caladiums produced as potted plants and lower the yield of caladiums grown for tuber production. Three bacterial strains were isolated from symptomatic caladiums and identified as Xad using fatty acid analysis, carbon source use, and the sequence of the 16S-23S spacer, and tested for virulence against three susceptible cultivars. Two strains were virulent to all of the cultivars; however, one strain was differentially pathogenic, virulent against two cultivars, but not to the usually highly susceptible 'Candidum'. In greenhouse inoculation tests of 17 cultivars and one breeding line, four cultivars were ranked as highly susceptible, nine as moderately susceptible, and five as resistant. Ten of these cultivars were also evaluated with natural infection in the field with good agreement between the results of the greenhouse and field evaluations. Cultivars White Queen, Florida Red Ruffles, Florida Sweetheart, Candidum Jr., and Mrs. Arno Nehrling have been identified as resistant to bacterial blight in greenhouse or field evaluations and can potentially be used in future breeding efforts to produce improved cultivars.
Caladium hortulanum Birdsey cv . Candidum seed failed to germinate without light; maximum germination required daily, incandescent light of ≤4 hours. Lengthening daily lighting periods progressively reduced the days to 50% relative germination (T 50 ) from 20 to 8, and days between 10% and 90% relative germination (T 90 – T 10 ) from 16 to 5. T 50 and T 90 – T 10 were shortest (≈ 8 days) at 25 and 30C, while total or absolute germination percentage (G) was highest at ≈ 90%. G was 94% for seeds harvested immediately, but 75% or 38% for seeds that remained in fruits for 3 or 12 weeks after fruit abscission from the spadix. Total absolute germination was reduced from 95% to 87% when seed moisture contents declined to <14%. Seed storage for 7 days at from 10 to – 80 C-caused no reduction in G. Seeds were stored 6 months at 15C and 22%, 33%, or 52% RH without change in G, but storage at 5 or 25C and 11%, 75%, or 95% RH significantly reduced germination.
Procedures for the isolation and culture of mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana sylvestris, and for the induction of plants from the resultant callus, are described.
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Abstract
Microsatellite markers are needed for distinguishing cultivars and mapping disease and pest resistance genes in caladiums, one of the most important ornamental aroids. Through sequencing of a GA‐enriched partial genomic library, 173 unique sequences suitable for designing simple sequence repeat primers were identified. A majority of the sequences (82.7%) contained perfect repeats of GA/TC motif, and 86.8% of the primers amplified discrete PCR products of expected sizes, resulting in development of the first 99 microsatellite markers in caladiums. These markers detected differences at 41.8% and 68.8% of the amplified alleles between two pairs of caladium cultivars that are most difficult to distinguish morphologically. The markers revealed high percentages (70.0% to 78.2%) of polymorphic alleles among three parents of segregating populations to be used for mapping genes for resistance to three major diseases/pests. High rates of transferability (51.7–100%) were observed across seven Caladium species. The availability of these highly polymorphic, robust markers will provide a powerful tool for differentiating cultivars, anchoring genetic maps and understanding the genetic relationships in caladiums.
Caladiums are popular ornamental plants that have not been well studied at the molecular level. Identification of species
within the genus Caladium (Araceae) has been based primarily on morphology. However, the lack of comprehensive references makes identification of Caladium cultivars extremely difficult. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis using 17 primer combinations was carried
out on two species of Caladium (C. bicolor and C. schomburgkii), including six cultivars of C. bicolor. Results showed that AFLP can be used to distinguish these two species by their unique and different banding patterns. Unweighted
Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) permitted cluster analysis of data from 17 selected primer combinations
on six cultivars of C. bicolor and one cultivar ofC. schomburgkii . It showed that closely related species can clearly be differentiated and that genetic difference between cultivars can
also be established. Unique AFLP molecular markers were detected for all the C. bicolor cultivars used. The use of AFLP has potential for precisely characterizing and identifying particular caladium cultivars
as well as for the registration of new cultivars. It will also be useful in future breeding programmes and systematics studies.
Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company
Introduction Recent Efforts in Somatic Hybridization Conclusion Literature Cited
Leaf explants of Caladium ‘Pink Cloud’ were cultured in vitro on MS medium containing various auxins (NAA, IBA, IAA, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D) in combination with cytokinin (BA). NAA gave the most vigorous in vitro propagation of this plant, and only 15% of the plants were leaf-colour variants on the medium containing 0.5 μmol NAA. Leaf colour variation was observed in all plants regenerated on the medium containing 2,4-D at 0.5–4.5 μmol. In hormone-free medium, only a few leaf-colour variants (6%) occurred, but the rate of plant regeneration was very low. Application of 0.5 μmol NAA together with 4.5 μmol BA seemed to be the most appropriate for in vitro propagation of Caladium ‘Pink Cloud’ with only a few leaf-colour variants.
Explants from various parts of Caladium bicolor Ait. plants were cultured on MS medium containing 1 ppm naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 1 ppm 6-benzyladenine (BA). Variations in the shape and color pattern were observed in the regenerated plants. In plants regenerated from shoot tip explants including the two youngest leaves, young leaves (third and fourth leaves from the top), unexpanded leaves (fifth or sixth leaves), expanded leaves and petiole, the frequency of the occurrence of variants was 14, 24, 41, 53 and 70%, respectively. Plants regenerated from young leaves of lateral buds or root tips also produced only a few variants (12–14%). Thus, explants from younger tissue having meristematic tissue produced fewer variations than explants from older tissue. The mode of variation (color pattern and shape of leaves) also varied with the age of the explant. We conclude that young tissue should be used to propagate Caladium plants by tissue culture.
Four color traits of caladium foliage were analyzed and determined to be controlled by a single dominant (or codominant) Mendelian gene. The data were based upon 2161 progeny derived from 54 crosses involving 16 of 55 possible combinations of these four traits.
Human growth hormone (hGH) gene has been inserted into the plasmid pLGV1103 to give the recombinant plasmid pLB-9. It has been introduced into the agrobacterium containing plasmid pGV3850. The recombinant Ti plasmid pGL198(hGH) has been obtained by homologous recombination. The monocotyledon Caladium bicolor has been transferred with pGL198 (hGH) with the leaf-disk co-cultivation method, and transgenic plants have been regenerated. The results of nopaline analysis, NPT II detection Southern blot and Western blot show that the hGH gene was integrated into the genome of Caladium bicolor, and a 22-kD protein was synthesized in the transgenic plants.
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