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Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric
... The elements of fable that suggest the presence of parable fashion are what Aphthonius the Sophist calls as promythion and epimythion. The former refers to moral presented in the beginning of a fable while the latter in the end of a fable (Kennedy, 2003;Nadeau, 1952). Thus, it implies that fundamentally fable and parable are narratively interconnected through moral as the connector. ...
... This concluding remark fashion, in the perspectives of epimythion, where the moral messages are presented in the end of the fable, functions as story intent delivery. To make young audiences grasp the intent of the story, as implied by Aphthonius (Kennedy, 2003), is the core of moral message positionings and independent modes might serve this more comprehensively than dependent modes. In strengthening the parable status, translators have to heed also to whether the insertion might deteriorate the level of fun or enjoyment and what Purnomo et al. (2017) calls as diegesis symbiosis, where visual and textual elements coalesce to bring immersion to the users. ...
... Replacing antelope with kijang dicloses an opportunity for the TPQ teachers to embed the hadith in the storytelling phase in the class. However this localization of antelope into kijang indicates the presence of topos, an amplification over good and evil deed narratives (Kennedy, 2003). This bleaching generates a problem over narrative synchronization between the source and target textsimplying that meaning losses are imminent. ...
The demand for domestication and localization of children’s literature compels translators to not only translate the texts but also transadapt them. Significant problems arise when the texts have to fit the cultures and religions of the target users. This qualitative study attempts to address this issue. Gathering teachers of Taman Pendidikan Al Qur’an (TPQ) or Qur’an study club for Muslim children in the Greater Boyolali area of Indonesia, children’s literature translators, and TPQ students in a Focus Group Discussion, we investigated the strategies of transadapting fables in English into Bahasa Indonesia with Islamic values as the core teaching along with the impacts ensued. Through the FGD constructed based on the purification strategy by Klingberg (1986), translation as adaptation and selection by Gengshen (2003), children picturebook translation by Oittinen (2000), narrative connectedness by Christman (2004), proairetic decoding by Nikolajeva (2010), and skopos by Reiss and Vermeer (2014), paratextualization, insertion, and bleaching strategies are constructed. Paratextualization adds clickable religious comments on the digital versions of the fables. Insertion adds religious lessons within the text. Bleaching refines any expressions considered unfit for the target religious values. These strategies trigger an impact called drifting. To reveal the extent of faithfulness, we constructed a drifting-level assessment. This assessment enables translators to reveal whether a transadapted children’s literature is still on track, slipped, or out of track. The study finding is expected to fill up the theoretical absence of transadaptation strategies and drifting level assessment. Its practical nature also brings benefits for children’s literature translators and TPQ teachers.
... Kennedy 2003Hock/O'Neil 1986;et al. 118 Marrou 1956, 156. 119 Kennedy 2003, ix. 120 Cf. ...
... 54 Hägg-Utas 2009, 156, quoting Kussl 1991 Hägg-Utas 2009, 155. 58 Russell 1983 Narrative is defined as "language descriptive of things that have happened or as though they had happened" (Theon 78.15-16, translation by Kennedy 2003). It is defined almost identically by Ps.Hermogenes 4, Aphthonius 2, Nicolaus 11-12. ...
he aim of this paper is to underline the influence of school rhetoric in two passages of Ninus and Parthenope. Ninus' speech in presence of his aunt Derkeia (frag. A of P.Berol. 6926) is analysed from the point of view of the stasis-theory and its most relevant formal features are commented. Metiochus’ refutation of the traditional mythical narrative on Eros (second column of P.Berol.7927) is dealt with the progymnasmatic theory. Moreover, the love-related motifs and the references to the previous literature are highlighted.
... 7 For example, Ael. Theon (Kennedy 2003) Exerc. 48 (= Spengel, Rhetores Graeci II, 116). ...
These are the uncorrected final proofs of the chapter, with author's comments. For reference purposes, please use the final, published version of the publication.
... In.Kennedy (2003), §118 dos Progymnasmata. ...
Durante o período da denominada Segunda Sofística, a elite grega, sob domínio romano, desenvolveu um complexo projeto de expansão cultural do helenismo conhecido como paideia. Seu objetivo era, afinal, a legitimação do poder dessas elites, sua valorização frente a uma condição política adversa de dominação.1 O papel da écfrase nesse processo é bastante valorizado, visto que, pela exploração de referências, figuras, mitos e lugares comuns, compõe a teia de significados que se articulam para formar essa cultura helênica que se espalha pelo Império Romano.
... The term first appears in Rhetoric to Alexander 1436a25. Kennedy, 2003 x-xii. Aphth. ...
... Individuare le opere non è stato difficile, la letteratura si è rivelata infatti sufficiente, e conoscerne il contenuto è stato reso possibile da una serie di edizioni piuttosto recenti: in primo luogo la traduzione in inglese, a cura di Kennedy (2003), dei quattro manuali greco-ellenistici, che ha seguito e preceduto la pubblicazione in francese dei progymnasmata di Teone (Patillon 1997) e dei progymnasmata di Aftonio e dello Pseudo-Ermogene (Patillon 2008); ma negli ultimi anni si è assistito a un certo interessamento anche nel nostro paese, e in lingua italiana esiste un opportuno glossario ragionato dei progymnasmata (Berardi 2017) nella cui parte introduttiva non mancano notizie storiche e approfondimenti teorici. ...
Will there be any ‘happy dispute’ again? A debate among people holding different opinions that does not end with a repetition of the initial idea, but rather with an improvement of one’s own beliefs and those of others? In order to achieve this, we need to rely on education which, through deliberative debate training activities, can foster the development of rhetorical and dialectical skills (the ability to persuade and compete) as well as critical thinking and open-mindedness (living together and cooperating). A number of scholars from around the world reflect on the topic both from a theoretical point of view – the significance of debate in a hyperconnected society – and from a practical point of view, the application of educational models and tools to measure their effectiveness.
... Kennedy, 2003, 1 -72). Most are repeated with some elaboration in the later progymnasmata collected in Spengel, 1854 -6 and translated in Kennedy, 2003. Likewise, Menander Rhetor, the works attributed to whom belong to the late third or early fourth century, divides all epideictic oratory into encomiastic (enkomiastikous) or invective (psetikous), which are respectively to do with praise (epainos) and blame (psogos): 331.1 -15 (the opening of Book 1, ed. and tr. ...
... 41-53). whose treatise became the most used both in the East, during the Byzantine period, and in the West during the Middle Ages (see Kennedy 2003). ...
Priscian is an emblematic figure of the Graeco-Roman world of late antiquity; my study focuses on the ability of grammar to account for socio-cultural factors. In the first chapter, the reading of the preface to Priscian’s Ars places him within an established cultural framework in which Greek sources are seen as a foundation of knowledge for any kind of Latin study. The linguistic approach taken by Priscian to describe Latin grammar reflects the beliefs and the expectations of his readership, and the status of standard language as perceived by the contemporary elites. Priscian’s work is evidence of the importance placed by the elites on knowledge of both Greek and Latin as a means to gain prestige and respectability in the competitive society of late antiquity. In the second and third chapters, a metalinguistic analysis of the last two books of the Ars, the De constructione, provides an insight into Priscian’s method of transferring Greek elements into Latin, and helps us to shape his audience. Priscian did not merely accomplish a grammatical work; in describing and codifying the grammar of a language he synthesised a vision of a world. The fourth and fifth chapters offer a close analysis of the linguistic data used by Priscian to describe Latin syntax, namely literary quotations, and exempla ficta. They reflect a codified standard written language which had become by the sixth century a mark of distinction for elites, despite the spoken language taking different developments. Elites in Constantinople considered this language deeply shaped by Greek grammar, a fact that provides guidance for the interpretation that elites had of their identity. The pairing of Latin with Greek syntax enables Priscian and his readers to bridge differences on issues concerning identity and provides us with a key for understanding the idea of the Graeco-Roman world of sixth century.
... Конечно, можно предполагать соприкосновение свт. Григория с идеями платонизма лишь через философские учебники, а не через исходные тексты, однако это маловероятно в виду частого упоминания текстов Платона, в том числе «Государства», в риторических пособиях (προγυμνάσματα) [Kennedy 2003], что свидетельствует о большом значении его текстов в рамках риторического образования. Кроме того, поиск по TLG 18 позволяет утверждать, что среди дошедших до нас текстов наиболее вероятным источником для or. ...
... En este artículo examinamos en los Progymnasmata de Micraelio 4 el tratamiento que recibe la mujer, aspecto al que se ha prestado poca 1 En latín, además de este préstamo encontramos otros términos como praexercitamina, praexercitamenta o primae exercitationes. 2 Clark (1952), Chaparro (1989), Kennedy (2003), Pérez (2003: xli-cxvii), Redondo (2007), Kraus (2009Kraus ( : 1399, Arcos (2015). ...
This paper analyses the examples involving women put forward by
Johannes Micraelius to his students in the Progymnasmata Aphthoniana in usum scholarum et studiosorum eloquentiae to prepare the exercises of Laus and Vituperatio. The analysis concludes that women have a strong presence in Micraelius’ examples; that they are not relegated to the domestic sphere, since there are examples of ruling women as well; that there are no exclusively female vices or virtues, since they are not associated to the sexual condition of the human being; and that the encomium and the vituperation depend on one’s behaviour. The most significant virtues for the humanist are fortitudo, prudentia, pudicitia or castitas and pietas, whereas the most noticeable vices are impietas and libido, the latter being considered an uncontrolled appetite for power or sex, in other words, the lack of temperantia.
... O período da Segunda Sofística foi um grande impulsionador da arte literária, o que acabou influenciando os escritores cristãos e, de certo modo, contribuindo para que a literatura cristã se disseminasse pelo império. Sobre a tradução dos Progymnasmata para o inglês, ver Kennedy (2003). Sobre o fenômeno da Segunda Sofística, ver Whitmarsh (2001;2005). ...
RESUMO Traz à tona algumas reflexões sobre a relação entre o trabalho missionário e a utilização da língua como veículo comunicativo, tanto na modalidade oral como na modalidade escrita, durante os primeiros séculos do Cristianismo. Discorre sobre como o trabalho missionário foi realizado no período em questão, sobretudo como um evento linguístico que se serviu das regras e convenções culturais da época e como um meio para propagar a mensagem do evangelho. Destaca a pluralidade linguística colocada no cerne da atividade missionária por escolha do próprio Deus, como indicam os relatos de Lucas sobre o Dia de Pentecostes e do apóstolo João sobre a Igreja redimida em Apocalipse. ABSTRACT This article brings out reflections on the relationship between missionary work and the use of language as a communicative vehicle, both in oral and written modes, during the early centuries of Christianity. It discusses how missionary work was carried out in the period in question, above all as a linguistic event that used the cultural rules and conventions of that time and as a means of spreading the gospel message. It highlights the linguistic plurality placed at the heart of missionary activity by God's own choice, as Luke's account of Pentecost and the Apostle John's account of the redeemed Church in Revelation indicate. KEYWORDS: Ancient Christianity; missions and culture; language and missions; missions and New Testament. INTRODUÇÃO Línguas e missões estão entrelaçadas desde os primórdios da Igreja. De acordo com o registro de Atos dos Apóstolos, o cumprimento da promessa de Jesus acerca do derramamento do Espírito Santo sobre os primeiros discípulos, no Dia de Pentecostes, ocorreu num ambiente plurilinguístico. Lucas testemunha que "havia em Jerusalém judeus, tementes a Deus, vindos de todas as nações do mundo"1 (At 2.5). Nessa ocasião, os discípulos foram cheios do Espírito Santo pela primeira vez e, concomitantemente, pela primeira vez representantes de povos de toda a terra ouviram acerca das grandezas de Deus em suas próprias línguas (At 2.6-11). A partir desse episódio em Jerusalém, que oficializa o nascimento da Igreja, a mensagem do evangelho foi levada para todas as partes do Império Romano, tanto pelos peregrinos que haviam ido à festa de 1 Nas citações bíblicas, seguimos a NVI-Nova Versão Internacional.
... 14 I follow Spengel (1885) in the numbering of Theon's Progymnasmata. 15 Kennedy (2003), 1; Webb (2009), 14. 16 It is, however, interesting to note that Cleitophon's name ("famous-speaker") is also connected to rhetoric, as Ní Mheallaigh (2007), 240 notes. This lends credence to another name with similar associations. ...
Within Leucippe and Cleitophon, Achilles Tatius inserts three extremely detailed ekphraseis of paintings, all of which stand out amongst the many other descriptive passages in the novel. This paper explores the rhetorical background of the author’s use of ekphrasis, and focuses in particular on the artist ‘Euanthes’ who is named at 3,6,3 as the painter of the images of Andromeda and Prometheus. It seeks to prove that Euanthes is entirely a construction of the author and that the name is representative of the world of rhetoric prominent in much of the literature of the 2nd Century AD. The rhetorical nature of the other ekphraseis of paintings in Leucippe and Cleitophon is also explored in order to support the interpretation of Euanthes as being part of an author’s in-joke with his educated readers.
... Há, na verdade, duas formas distinguíveis de écfrase, a hipotática e a paratática 13 . A primeira define-se como a écfrase introduzida em meio a uma narrativa principal, como a famosa descrição do escudo de Aquiles, enquanto a segunda é12 In.Kennedy (2003), §118 dos Progymnasmata.13 Martins (2016), confrontando com a denominação de Elsner (2002) self-standing e interventive. delimitada como a écfrase autônoma, que compõe um texto completo por si só, como o Escudo de Héracles, de Hesíodo. ...
... E.g.Kennedy 1999and 2003, Patillon 2008-2014, and Pernot 1993 ...
... A sua definição de ekphrasis é clara: «the poetic description of a pictorial or sculptural work of art». A partir desta data, a atenção dos críticos voltou-se para este exercício de retórica e, ao mesmo tempo, figura de pensamento; mas foi na década 2 AVELAR, 2006: 45. 3 Apud KENNEDY, 2003. 4 BARTHES, 1968. ...
The Oxford Handbook of the Synoptic Gospels presents essays that push the field beyond the Synoptic Problem and theological themes that ignore the particularities of each Gospel. The first section, “The Problem and Nature of the Synoptic Gospels,” explores some of the traditional approaches of literary dependence, but primarily engages with alternative ways to understand Synoptic relations and the nature of each Gospel. Interesting questions are raised in these essays regarding the tools used to evaluate literary dependence beyond those of traditional source criticism and redaction criticism (such as performance, orality, rhetoric, ancient publication, literary structures, manuscript variety, and use by non-canonical literature). The second section, “Particular Features in Comparison,” treats a variety of historical, literary, and cultural phenomena important to the study of these Gospels (such as gender, violence, power, body, history, sacred space, healing, food, gospel, suffering, sectarianism, itineracy, women, wealth). These essays indirectly reshape traditional theological themes like salvation, Christology, and discipleship, grounding them in the cultural dynamics of the period. The two main sections simultaneously express the current state of the field and push the field forward in unexplored directions.
El presente trabajo analiza la validez de las χρεῖαι o ‘anécdotas’ sobre Diógenes de Sinope (413-323 a.C.) como fuente para su estudio desde un punto de vista histórico, teniendo en cuenta el debate existente en torno al tema. Se estudian las características de la χρεία desde la perspectiva de la teoría retórica, constatando la importancia de la expresión de las circunstancias de la anécdota. En vista de ello, se destaca que aquellas χρεῖαι sobre Diógenes que poseen un contenido espacial o tópico, consideradas de forma homogénea, responden a contextos identificables en la Atenas del siglo IV que concuerdan, además, con la condición jurídica de Diógenes como meteco y su estrategia comunicativa como cínico. Esta correspondencia dotaría a las anécdotas, cuando menos, de cierta verosimilitud, pues muestran un contexto histórico coherente y reconocible en la Atenas democrática.
Most scholars assume that 1 Timothy 3.16b is a hymn, or a fragment of a hymn, belonging to another context. However, Furley (1995) points out that even the ancients had difficulty categorising their poetic materials. 1 Timothy 3.16b has no metre and neither praises God nor asks him for benefits, which are the usual indicators of a hymn. This article argues that 1 Timothy 3.16b was written by the writer for insertion into the letter, and it was intended to be used in his congregation as a bulwark (1 Tim 3.15) against his opponents. 1 Timothy 3.16b more closely resembles an epigram, normally written to accompany an epiphany of a god.
The modern concept of style is a complex one and is difficult to map fully onto a corresponding notion in ancient Greek thinking and vocabulary. This paper sets out to examine both the common understandings of this term in contemporary scholarship and the ancient sensitivities to what we may call stylistic phenomena – the multi-levelled features that may be conceptualized as characterizing the ‘how’ as opposed to the ‘what’. The paper moves on to show in what ways style and ancient stylistics are related to the city , that is to say, to the use of language in the culturally-defined communicative contexts for which texts were produced and circulated in classical Athens. In the final section, this paper briefly reviews recent approaches and perspectives in the stylistics of Greek oratory and lays out the framework of this special issue.
In this book, Nathan Howard explores gender and identity formation in fourth-century Cappadocia, where pro-Nicene bishops used a rhetoric of contest that aligned with conventions of classical Greek masculinity. Howard demonstrates that epistolary exhibitions served as 'a locus for' asserting manhood in the fourth century. These performances illustrate how a culture of orality that had defined manhood among civic elites was reframed as a contest whereby one accrued status through merits of composition. Howard shows how the Cappadocians' rhetoric also reordered the body and materiality as components of a maleness over which they moderated. He interrogates fourth-century theological conflict as part of a rhetorical battle over claims to manhood that supported the Cappadocians' theology and cast doubt on non-Trinitarian rivals, whom they cast as effeminate and disingenuous. Investigating accounts of pro-Nicene protagonists overcoming struggles, Howard establishes that tropes based on classical standards of gender contributed to the formation of Trinitarian orthodoxy.
Counselling acts consist in indicating useful activities, remedying human deficiencies. Counselling acts are guided by practical cognition. Since counselling activities are oriented towards the future, their crucial element is foresight. It is cognitive reflection foreseeing the implementation of counselling acts. Counselling acts are actualised in rhetorical and communicational context which is associated with persuasive delivery of counselling content. Belonging to the rhetorical canon, invention disposes of factors that influence the justifying formulation of advisory content. Invention factors introduce the anticipatory determinations and concretisations of counselling content. At rhetorical level, inventive methodology plays anticipatory functions which are convergent with tasks of foresight in practical cognition.
A fresco at the entrance of the House of the Vettii in Pompeii that depicts the god Priapus weighing his semiturgid phallus against a bag of coins has plausibly been interpreted as an apotropaic image, protecting the domus against the baneful influence of the evil eye. This article points to humorous elements of the fresco that have been largely overlooked in previous scholarship and suggests that these elements were understood to enhance the apotropaic effectiveness of the image. Humorous elements in the fresco discussed include artistic disproportionality (i.e., the grossly enlarged phallus), the use of inversion (a semiturgid rather than fully erect phallus), partial gender reversal (Priapus is dressed in matronly garb), and the transformation of the function of Priapus’s member from penality to
mensuration.
The article aims to explore the ekphrastic features of the Petronian Troiae Halosis, considering some passages especially from Aelius Theon’s Progymnasmata. A narratological purpose is thus suggested for the coexistence of diegetic and ekphrastic elements in the poem. The investigation relies on a substantial re-evaluation of the Troiae Halosis’s literary quality and, consequently, of Eumolpo's poetic skills, following the path already set by Collignon (1882) e Stubbe (1933).
This article examines the reception history of the story of the woman with a flow of blood as recounted in Mark 5:25–34, Matthew 9:20–22, and Luke 8:43–48 within the writings of two late antique poets: Jacob of Serugh (ca. 451–521 CE) and Romanos Melodos (b. ca. 485 CE). In their poetic compositions, Jacob and Romanos retell and interpret biblical stories employing narrative expansions and the attribution of imagined speech. The Syriac poet, Jacob of Serugh, wrote in the form of narrative poems, or mēmrē, while Romanos perfected the form of the Greek kontakion. Like prose homilies, these poems reached Christians from across the social spectrum, providing spiritual instruction and delighting audiences. Previous reception histories of this biblical narrative have largely overlooked late antique and early Byzantine poetry performed within the liturgical space. In addition to filling this lacuna in scholarship, this article also highlights how these understudied poems contribute to our understanding of early Christian discourses of (im)purity. Romanos emphasizes the symbolic value of the gendered body, blending the imagery of stain, impurity, and sin. In contrast, Jacob’s lexical choices and poetic style underscore the woman’s physical and emotional strife. Through speech and the description of the woman’s bodily state, both poets provide dramatic depictions of the woman’s encounter with Jesus that enrich our understanding of how late antique Christians interpreted this biblical story.
This paper starts from the question of how the perception of an invective in Late Republican Rome is influenced, when it follows strictly the rules of the ars rhetorica. Since speaker and audience will have undergone the same rhetorical training, both sides have clear ideas about the rules of the genre, as they can be reconstructed from the surviving textbooks. At the same time, it can be shown on the basis of ancient evidence that insults were perceived not only more effective, but also as socially more acceptable if they arose unprepared from the situation – or if they gave exactly this impression. In the case of invective, thus, a speaker must make a special effort not to let his preparation become visible. For this purpose, he can, on the one hand, resort to the technique of artificial orality and apparent spontaneity and, in this way, take the usual dissimulatio artis to extremes. On the other hand, he can deliberately deviate from the rules of textbooks, resulting in a strong tendency of invective to a permanent innovation. This will be demonstrated by the example of some passages from Cicero's speech pro Caelio from 56 BC.
‘Memory in Roman Oratory: Theory and Practice’ challenges and changes current perceptions of the evolution and use of mnemonic techniques in the ancient world, especially Roman oratory. The field of ‘artificial’ memory is one to which cognitive science bears real relevance: this thesis combines fresh analysis of ancient philosophical and rhetorical texts with modern scientific findings to rewrite the standard narrative surrounding the ‘art of memory’, which holds that the proliferation of written material through the ancient Mediterranean precipitated a need for a method of memorising texts verbatim. I show that we must instead understand the art of memory as inherently performative. Mnemonic techniques allowed speakers (orators, rhetoricians, even certain philosophers) to free themselves from a script and to improvise. In the second half of the thesis, I apply these theoretical findings to delineate real-world scenarios in which mnemonic techniques were used. By analysing the role that memory played in the various stages of a late-republican forensic trial, I show how orators prepared and delivered speeches, while offering novel insights into how some advocates utilised mnemonic techniques in real time, during trials while their opponents were speaking. Finally, I investigate why superior memory was framed in the Roman world as a desirable attribute for leaders, from orators and statesmen to generals and emperors. The answer lies partly with Cicero’s philosophy of leadership; and partly, with the importance wider Roman society attached to the social practice of nomenclatio (‘greeting by name’). Later sources indicate that Cicero’s views exerted a lasting influence on the portrayal of exemplary mnemonic ability, such that memory became a rare topos of imperial praise.
Lange Zeit galten Reiseberichte als Wegbegleiter des Kolonialismus. Dies ändert sich im Lateinamerika der 1920er Jahre, wovon die in Vergessenheit geratenen Feuilletonartikel, Tagebücher und Aufzeichnungen der chilenischen Nobelpreisträgerin Gabriela Mistral, des »Papstes des brasilianischen Modernismus« Mário de Andrade und des belgisch-französischen Avantgardisten Henri Michaux zeugen. Marília Jöhnk geht dem wissensgeschichtlichen Interesse der drei Reisenden am Kontinent und ihrem Spiel mit etablierten Formen literarischer Wahrnehmung nach. Mit dem tief in der aztekischen Mythologie verankerten Kolibri eint deren kleine Reiseprosa nicht nur die kompakte Größe, sondern auch die Mobilität und Geschwindigkeit.
As impressive as is Meeks' First Urban Christians, it studies ancient cities “from above,” i.e., the perspective of elites and their retainers. He does not appreciate the meanness of cities in Asia Minor from the crowded and perilous perspective of the 85% of the population. This absence can be supplied by studies which consider “city” in cultural terms (a system, a central place, a necropolis, etc). These studies alert us to the scarcity of food, water, space, and sanitation. The use of social science models depicts a grim scene in terms of size, population density, and mortality. All of this makes us turn our gaze from the elite parts of a city to the squalid parts where those addressed in the seven letters in Revelation 1–3 dwelt. When those letters are considered in this context, certain materials concerning virtues and vices stand out. Without appreciating where the 85% of the population strove to survive, we cannot appreciate what is said to them.
Este artículo propone el estudio exegético de Rom 8,20-21 y busca responder a la pregunta: ¿“quién” sometió la creación al fracaso? La discusión exegética a propósito del significado de la expresión “por medio de aquél que la sometió” (διὰ τὸν ὑποτάξαντα) puede ayudar a determinar si la teología paulina de la creación, en la carta a los Romanos, se debe entender en términos escatológicos o más bien cristológicos. La afirmación de la liberación de la creación en Rom 8,21 también indaga por el tipo de corrupción del cual el texto trata. ¿Por qué y para qué la creación fue sometida “en esperanza”? Esta investigación ofrece un enfoque retórico a Rom 8,18-30 y muestra el crescendo (auxesis) de los gemidos: la creación gime, nosotros gemimos, el Espíritu gime. Este crescendo incluye la comprensión que tienen los creyentes de la acción divina por medio de Cristo. Pablo usa, en este texto, la figura retórica de la “personificación” (prosopopeya) para identificar la creación humana y sub-humana. Pablo también relaciona esta figura con otra, la figura etimológica o juego de palabras, a partir de la raíz gramatical del “gemir”; de esta manera, muestra una paradoja: en Cristo, el sufrimiento humano y el “pujar” de Dios suceden de forma conjunta. Se concluye así que, en esta parte de la carta, Pablo demuestra que en Cristo tienen lugar no sólo la nueva creación, sino también la conciencia humana de ser hijos de Dios.
The aim of this paper is to analyse a literary response to antiquity’s most alluring work of art, the Cnidian Aphrodite. It argues that the ecphrasis of the statue in the Amores develops textual and verbal strategies to provoke in the recipients the desire to see the Cnidia, but eventually frustrates this desire. The ecphrasis thereby creates a discrepancy between the characters’ aesthetic experience of the statue and the visualisation and aesthetic experience of the recipients of the text. The erotic mechanisms of the ecphrasis, simultaneously arousing and frustrating the recipients’ desire, mirror the effect of the statue on its viewers and disclose the erotic programmatics of the whole dialogue. The analysis shows that the Amores surpass the ongoing discourse on love from Plato’s Phaedrus to the ancient novel – and Achilles Tatius and Longus in particular. The Amores , like the nude statue of the Cnidia, threaten to cross all bounds of decency in sexuality.
This article examines the identity of Hygieia in Greek religion. Must she be viewed as a goddess or as personification? By studying Hygieia as concept in ancient medicine, as personification and as goddess, it will become clear that personification cannot be used for religious and mythological figures and must therefore always be viewed as deities. We see that intelligence, faith, hope, virtue, honour, victory, health, concord and other things of this sort have power, but not the power of gods. For they are either properties inherent in ourselves-like intelligence, hope, faith, virtue and concord-or objects of our desire-like honour, health and victory. I see the value of these things, and I see that statues are dedicated to them. But why they should held to possess divine power I cannot understand without further investigation. (Gaius Aurelius Cotta, On the Nature of the Gods 3.61) 1 Gaius Aurelius Cotta (ca. 124 BC-73 BC) ascribed power to "objects of our desire" such as health, but no divine power. He sees that statues are devoted to these concepts. These concepts are known as figures in the ancient Greek world. Hygieia (Health), Eirene (Peace) and Themis (Law) are figures with a strange character, and have been located in a kind of twilight world where modern scholarship asks the question, whether they are deities, personifications or numina. Problem definition and approach My research will prove that personification cannot be used by modern scholarship. It therefore eliminates the use of personification for religious figures in future research. Scholars apply terms as prosōpopoiia, ēthopoiia en personification for all the wrong reasons. The problem consists of determining what personification is and how health and gods are understood in ancient times and how this health concept has evolved into the Hygieia figure who stands at the side of Asklepios. Ancient sources in central Greece such as inscriptions, travel texts, hymns, biographies and medical texts, which date to the period between the fourth century BC and the second century AD, portray/offer insights into this process from concept to figure.
Does a robot decide and not just select? Does a robot feel and not just touch? Is it just a matter of words or possibly a problem of ambiguity in language?
This chapter is a didactic proposal for the teaching of Ancient Greek language and literature under an innovative and interdisciplinary approach. The history of teaching Ancient Greek shows different language acquisition methods that respond to the demands of their times, each of them with its advantages and disadvantages. The author combines diverse approaches to offer a new method for beginners in which students get involved in a stimulating practice that enables them to progress at the rhythm of their choice. The teaching materials are focused on real texts of Ancient Greek literature that work as starting point for an innovative and challenging language teaching for specific purposes approach. The final goal is to achieve student learning of Ancient Greek language through contextualized literary texts in order to get a better understanding of what Ancient Greek culture meant and why it has survived until today.
This chapter offers an introduction to the study of the Acts of the Martyrs from a literary point of view. It provides information about the history of the research from the Reformation to the present, and tries to understand how so many texts were rejected as uninteresting by so many scholars since the Enlightenment. The chapter gives references to the essential scientific instrumenta available to the student of literary representations of the early persecutions and martyrs. It presents editions of Latin and Greek texts about martyrs from the first six centuries in the Roman Empire, and discusses different approaches to these martyr‐narratives. It reflects on the historical reliability of the early martyr acts and passions, and reviews their literary qualities within the cultural context of Late Antiquity.
Courses: Public Speaking.
Objectives: This unit aims to (1) illustrate the classical and contemporary utility of ekphrasis (“description”) as a genre of civic communication; and (2) introduce students to essential skills in public speaking, including invention, arrangement, and, in particular, style
Public policy decisions often require rhetorically-engaged citizens to have some understanding of the science and technology involved. On many current issues (GMO crops, vaccinations, climate change) sectors of the public hold views differing from those of most scientists, and they often do not support proposals based on the scientists’ views. The overall cultural authority of science has also been challenged in the last decade by several negative trends in the sciences themselves, including widely-reported cases of fraud and failures in replication. With the support of professional science organizations, science communication specialists have stepped in aggressively to address science’s communication problems scientifically. This paper will examine the assumptions behind their advice on scientific information, their recommended strategies of framing, narration, and projecting trustworthiness, and their characterizations of audiences and the nature of science itself. From the perspective of rhetorical argumentation, the science communication literature does not promote addressing audiences as citizens capable of rational argumentation. But the science of science communication is likely to remain the dominant approach to public science with the professional science community.
The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Language - edited by Lynne Magnusson July 2019
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