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The use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture: Impact on plant growth and soil fertility
Abstract
Vermicomposting is a low-technology, environmentally-friendly process used to treat organic waste. The resulting vermicompost has been shown to have several positive impacts on plant growth and health. This organic fertilizer is therefore increasingly considered in agriculture and horticulture as a promising alternative to inorganic fertilizers and/or peat in greenhouse potting media. However, the effects of vermicompost on plant-soil systems are not yet fully understood. In this chapter we summarize the research carried out during the last few decades, and the proposed mechanisms explaining the effects of vermicompost on soil quality and plant growth. Although much effort has been dedicated to the investigation of biologically mediated mechanisms of promoting plant growth, the conflicting results indicate the need to open up new lines of research, defining a clear and objective concept of vermicompost, and clarifying the conditions and sources of variability in the biological effects. A case study is presented in which the direct and indirect effects of vermicompost on plant growth, as well as variability in the plant responses, are examined in a field experiment with sweet corn.
... The damage caused by A. fragariae can significantly decrease both the yield and the quality of the crop. Vermicompost has been proven to be a very valuable soil organic amendment, improving soil fertility, as well as biochemical and biological parameters [46,47]. It can promote plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress [48], in addition to other factors, by improving soil microbial diversity and functional activity [18]. ...
... Vermicompost is rich in microorganisms, especially bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, since the vermicomposting process, i.e., the passage of the substrate through the earthworm intestines, changes the structure and function of the microbial community [49]. Numerous reports show that the application of vermicompost is beneficial for the soil microbiome: it increases the abundance of N-fixers, actinomycetes, sporeforming bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi, as well as enhances soil enzyme activity [46,48]. ...
... Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) indicates the presence of physiologically active microorganisms. It is present only in living microbial cells, as a part of their respiratory system, and Vermicompost has been proven to be a very valuable soil organic amendment, improving soil fertility, as well as biochemical and biological parameters [46,47]. It can promote plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress [48], in addition to other factors, by improving soil microbial diversity and functional activity [18]. ...
Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. are sedentary endoparasites that infest a wide range of plant species; they are also widely distributed, making them one of the most economically significant pests. Similarly, damage caused by Aphelenchoides fragariae can lead to substantial reductions in both crop yield and quality. This research focused on the rhizosphere of Helianthus tuberosus L. (variety Albik), grown in a Polish plantation. The experiment was conducted at the National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, using concrete rings filled with medium sandy soil amended with 10% peat. The treatments included the following: control (no amendments), silver solution (Ag+) (120 mg/L soil), and vermicompost (Ve) (20 L of Eisenia fetida vermicompost). Each treatment was replicated four times. Compared with control, (Ve) significantly decreased the numbers of Aphelenchoides fragariae and Meloidogyne hapla, by about 48% and 31%. The application of (Ag+) led to the most significant reduction in population density in both nematode species, with A. fragariae decreasing by over 67% and M. hapla by approximately 75%.
... The organic carbon content in vermicompost (V1: 19.4%, V2: 21.11%) was remarkably higher than in soil (0.92%), demonstrating the decomposition of organic matter into a stable humic structure. The lower C:N ratio (V1: 10.5, V2: 10.1) in vermicompost implies enhanced nitrogen mineralization, which contributes to improved soil fertility (Lazcano & Domínguez, 2011) [12] . ...
... The organic carbon content in vermicompost (V1: 19.4%, V2: 21.11%) was remarkably higher than in soil (0.92%), demonstrating the decomposition of organic matter into a stable humic structure. The lower C:N ratio (V1: 10.5, V2: 10.1) in vermicompost implies enhanced nitrogen mineralization, which contributes to improved soil fertility (Lazcano & Domínguez, 2011) [12] . ...
... Plants grown in V2 produced the highest number of flowers per plant (9.4), with an increased flower diameter (6.48 cm) compared to soil (3.40 cm). Enhanced nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus and potassium, facilitated floral induction and enhanced biomass accumulation (Lazcano & Domínguez, 2011) [12] . ...
... Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of vermicompost on crop yield and quality. For instance, a study by Lazcano and Domínguez (2011) [4] reported that the application of vermicompost significantly increased the yield of various crops, including tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries. The improvement in yield is attributed to the enhanced nutrient availability, improved soil structure, and increased microbial activity associated with vermicomposting. ...
... Crops grown with vermicompost have been found to have higher concentrations of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, compared to those grown with conventional compost or chemical fertilizers. Lazcano and Domínguez (2011) [4] reported that this improvement in nutritional quality can be attributed to the balanced supply of nutrients and the presence of beneficial microorganisms that promote plant health. Enhanced crop nutrition leads to better quality produce, which is more appealing to consumers and can command higher market prices. ...
... Crops grown with vermicompost have been found to have higher concentrations of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants compared to those grown with conventional compost or chemical fertilizers. Lazcano and Domínguez (2011) [4] reported that vermicompost application resulted in increased levels of vitamin C, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds in various crops. These nutrients and bioactive compounds contribute to the nutritional quality of the produce, making it more beneficial for human health. ...
... Vermicompost, produced through the decomposition of organic waste by the synergistic activity of earthworms and microorganisms, has emerged as a promising alternative (Dominguez et al., 2019). Its unique characteristics-nutrient richness, microbial activity, and biological control properties-make vermicompost an effective tool for enhancing soil and plant health while suppressing plant diseases and pests (Lazcano and Domıńguez, 2011;Pathma and Sakthivel, 2012). ...
... The observed increase in CEC and SOC highlights the ability of vermicompost to enhance soil buffering capacity and ameliorate acidity in Nitisols. These changes in the chemical properties of amended soils suggest a significant impact on soil biological properties, including increased microbial biomass and activity (Lazcano and Domıńguez, 2011). Similarly, Tejada and Gonzalez (2009) reported that vermicompost application increases nutrient availability, CEC, and soil water-holding capacity. ...
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita presents a serious threat to high-value crops in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Ethiopia, causing substantial yield and quality losses. Vermicompost, whether applied in solid form or as an extract, has shown promise in managing root-knot nematodes (RKNs). However, its effectiveness is influenced by factors such as the quality and type of vermicompost, the application rate, and the composition of parasitic nematode communities in the soil. This study utilized selected vermicomposts at varying rates in in vitro, pot, and field experiments to evaluate their potential for suppressing M. incognita and their effects on the growth and yield of tomato and hot pepper. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that all vermicompost extracts exhibited toxicity to J2. In particular, VC10 and VC11 showed higher efficacy, resulting in 55% and 78% mortality of J2 after 24 and 72 h of exposure, respectively, compared to the control and VC12. The interaction between vermicompost type, application rate, and nematode density significantly influenced tomato growth and nematode parameters in the pot experiment. The application of VC10 and VC11 at high doses (10 and 20 t ha⁻¹) and low nematode density (50 J2) increased root fresh weight while reducing galls and nematode populations in tomato roots. Conversely, VC12 at a high application rate (20 t ha⁻¹) and high nematode density (500 J2) led to an increase in root galls and nematode populations, suggesting a preference for RKNs rather than the expected nematicidal effect. The study indicates that the suppressive effect of vermicompost on nematodes varies with nematode density, depending on the type and amount of vermicompost used. Field experiments revealed that vermicompost amendments not only suppressed posttreatment nematode populations but also significantly improved hot pepper yield. Particularly, VC10 applied at high rates (10 and 20 t ha−1) resulted in lower nematode densities and higher marketable fruit yield compared to other vermicompost treatments and the conventional treatments (control, farmer practice, and recommended fertilizer). This highlights the long-term benefits of vermicompost application for nematode management and soil health. In addition, vermicompost amendments improved soil chemical properties. Overall, vermicompost offers greater benefits than farmers’ practices and high-cost chemical fertilizers for soil improvement, while also enhancing tomato and hot pepper yields in nematode-infested smallholder farms.
... The root growth was also due to Vermicompost is a finely-divided peat-like material. Because of this fine structure, the addition of vermicompost to the soil causes significant changes in the physical properties, altering water and air availability in the substrates and conditioning root growth [11]. The effect of humic substances in vermicompost is more prominent in stimulating root respiration, formation and growth [2]. ...
... This may be attributed to the supply of plant growth promoting substances (PGRs) from the vermicompost applied. In addition to this, the nutrient supply and improvements of the physical conditions of soil by vermicompost improved plant development such as increased leaf area, root volume and root branching [11]). Similar result also reported by [15] who reported leaf area of cucumber was increased due to the application of vermicompost. ...
The research was conducted to study the effects of vermicompost produced from various biodegradable wastes on lettuce growth performance. The experiment was conducted at Hawassa University, College of Agriculture during 2022 cropping season. The experiment consisted of 8 treatments, 7 treatments were using vermicomposts produced from agro-industrial wastes such as avocado and coffee husk and agricultural waste (cow dung and enset produced at Hawassa University, College of Agriculture and negative control (without vermicompost amendment) was included as check. The treatments were arranged in RCBD with 3 replications. The plot size was 1.5 m*1.5m. The spacing between plants and rows were 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively. 8 t/ha vermicompost was added to each plot. The data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.3. vermicompost prepared from all feeding materials had significantly (p <0.05) higher lettuce yield, dry weight, plant height, root length, and leaf area than the negative control. However, the highest lettuce yield (20.25 t/ha) was recorded from vermicompost produced from organic materials such as coffee husk+ avocado waste + enset waste + cow dung followed by vermicompost produced from coffee husk + cow dung. Similarly, the highest dry weight (10.09 %) was found from vermicompost produced from mixed biowaste of coffee husk + cow dung. Therefore, from the present study, it could be concluded that vermicompost prepared from coffee husk + cow dung and coffee husk + avocado waste + enset waste + cow dung are suitable biowaste for lettuce production in Sidama area.
... These interactions can be utilized for sustainable pest control strategies in agriculture. Lazcano and Domínguez (2011) found that the use of VOCs in weed control and pest management reduced reliance on chemical herbicides among US organic growers, minimizing negative impacts on soil health and beneficial organisms. Furthermore, VOCs have the potential to improve soil fertility and overall health [108]. ...
... Lazcano and Domínguez (2011) found that the use of VOCs in weed control and pest management reduced reliance on chemical herbicides among US organic growers, minimizing negative impacts on soil health and beneficial organisms. Furthermore, VOCs have the potential to improve soil fertility and overall health [108]. Some released by plant roots act as signaling molecules, attracting soil microorganisms involved in nutrient cycling, enhancing nutrient availability, and promoting soil fertility [109]. ...
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as key players in sustainable agriculture due to their ability to enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance. A significant aspect of PGPR is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which serve as signaling molecules that influence various physiological processes in plants. This review article explores the complex interactions between rhizobacterial VOCs and soil health, focusing particularly on their role in nutrient cycling within agricultural ecosystems. By investigating the mechanism of production and release of VOCs by rhizobacteria, along with impacts on soil properties and microbial communities. We aim to highlight the potential of rhizobacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for sustainable agricultural management. Additionally, we discuss the role of rhizobacterial VOCs in promoting root growth, nutrient uptake, and enhancing nutrient cycling processes. By providing insights into these mechanisms, this review offers tailored strategies for exploring the potential of rhizobacterial VOCs to optimize nutrient availability, enhance soil fertility, and address environmental challenges in agriculture. Exploring the potential of rhizobacterial VOCs presents an opportunity to establish sustainable and resilient agricultural systems that significantly enhance global food security and promote environmental stewardship.
... However, the observed changes were relatively minor, within a range of only 0.2 pH units. This finding is consistent with the work of Lazcano et al. [49], which reported similar modest shifts in pH of around 0.4 units due to VC application. The minor pH changes signify VC has a weaker effect than inorganic fertilizers, which can dramatically alter pH over time [50]. ...
... The heightened organic matter likely stems from vermicompost's high levels of humic acids, carbohydrates, lignin, and other hard-to-degrade compounds [55]. VC, moreover, contains microorganisms that continue synthesizing byproducts when applied to soil [49], helping explain the organic matter accumulation over time here. Though vermicompost shows clear potential for elevating soil organic matter and associated benefits like higher yield here, longer-term carbon dynamics should be clarified. ...
The use of agricultural chemicals has adversely affected soil health and the environment. Organic farming practices, particularly vermicompost (VC), are gaining attention for their potential to improve soil fertility and crop productivity. This study investigated VC rate applications on lettuce growth, yield, soil fertility, nutrient dynamics, enzyme activity, biological parameters, and biochemical aspects under greenhouse conditions in Samsun, Turkey during 2022–2023. Experimentally, VC was applied at rates of V1: 1%, V2: 2%, and V3: 4% w/w, with a control group without VC application, V0: 0% w/w. Batavia lettuce, which is sensitive to environmental conditions and nutrient deficiency, was subjected to these treatments in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Results showed consistent improvements in plant dry weight across all VC treatments, with the 2% application rate (V2) yielding the highest increase in lettuce yield (56.43%). Soil pH varied across treatments, with V1 being slightly alkaline and V3 showing high electrical conductivity and increased nitrogen content. Phosphorus content increased in all treatments, while potassium varied, with V3 having the highest values. Soil enzyme activities increased with VC concentrations, with V3 showing the highest urease activity. Pearson correlations confirmed positive associations with growth parameters and soil enzymatic activity. These findings highlight vermicompost as a sustainable solution for lettuce production and soil improvement.
... Composting effectively converts various degradable wastes into biofertilizers and soil amendments, which can be used as sustainable soil amendments [20,21]. Application of compost improves agricultural productivity and enhances the organic matter (OM) content of the soil, due to abundant nutrients in composted materials, and the presence of plant growth-promoting organisms [22][23][24]. Compared to many other organic fertilizers, compost has a higher potential for humus production, and can efficiently increase soil organic carbon content (SOC) [25]. ...
Composting of organic wastes is considered a distinguished approaches to effectively diminish waste volume while simultaneously maximizing energy production potential. Three types of feedstocks were selected for composting where we thoroughly monitored the production of CO, CH4 and H2S. Additionally, produced compost was applied in soil and investigated its impact on soil nutrient stock and microbial activity along with maize productivity. In our results, maximum production of biogases was observed between 5 and 6th week under cow dung (CD) feedstock. Co-application of all three biomasses along with chemical fertilizers increased soil NO3-N, NH4-N, Olsen P and K significantly by 171, 179, 53 and 22% respectively against control under pot experiment. Similarly, soil microbial biomass for instance microbial biomass C, N and P improved by 27, 112 and 83% respectively, meanwhile soil URE, DEH, PHO and PRO also showed their maximum activity under the integrated application of composts and chemical fertilizers. Plant height (15.43%), leaf area index (43%), chlorophyll content (74%) and grain yield (42) substantially improved under the combined treatment of CW + CD + SS and CF. We concluded that anaerobic digestion of biodegradable wastes produced substantial amounts of biogases as well as valuable compost, whose application to soil significantly improved soil physiochemical and maize productivity.
... The latter aspect would be an interesting advantage, as seedlings with a more vigorous root system, in addition to benefiting from better anchorage in the soil, could respond better to the delicate transplanting phase, especially under suboptimal conditions such as water scarcity or nutrient limitation. As suggested by Lazcano and Domínguez [101] and Atiyeh et al. [102], the positive action exerted by compost tea cannot be attributed solely to the availability of key nutrients but also and especially to the presence of phytohormones and humic substances that characterize the composition of these products. Humic substances, for example, would increase the permeability of root cell membranes, which would improve both the uptake and transport of nitrates and the activation of genes involved in this activity [103]. ...
As part of the European Green Deal, the Farm to Fork strategy was introduced with the idea that environment, agriculture and food are interconnected topics. Reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers by 20% before 2030 through the adoption of circular economy principles is one of the goals to be achieved. There are several bioproducts that can be obtained from the valorization of agro-industrial wastes used to increase crop yields under low-fertilizer applications. However, the aim of this review is to describe production methods and the use of compost tea on horticultural crops to understand its real potential in providing plant growth support. The effects of compost tea on crops can vary widely depending on the waste material used, compost quality, compost tea production process and parameters, and the interaction between horticultural species and compost tea application dose. Therefore, because of this heterogeneity, it is possible that we would achieve real, positive impacts on the environment and horticultural production if there were more collaboration between the research sector and private farms. This collaboration would allow the development of protocols for compost tea production and customized use according to real farm needs. This would reduce both the costs associated with the disposal of waste produced on the farm and reduce the costs associated with the supply of synthetic fertilizers. The adoption of on-farm guidelines for compost tea use would achieve a balanced trade-off between agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. The literature review shows that the most-used dilution ratios, regardless of the type of starting compost, range from 1:5 to 1:10 compost–water (v/v). Although a complete understanding of the biostimulatory mechanisms activated by compost tea is lacking, the application of this bioproduct would improve the physiological and productive performance of many horticultural species of interest, especially under suboptimal conditions such as organic production.
... Research indicated that biostimulants could significantly influence plant metabolism, aiding nutrient assimilation, stress response, and overall growth promotion. These substances interact at the biochemical level, targeting specific pathways related to stress responses, nutrient efficiency, and growth regulation [13,14]. ...
Biostimulants are emerging as pivotal tools in sustainable agriculture, offering innovative approaches to enhance plant growth, resilience, and productivity while mitigating the environmental impacts of conventional agricultural chemicals. However, their broader adoption faces significant challenges due to inconsistent formulations, fragmented regulatory frameworks, and limited understanding of their mechanisms of action. This review aims to address these research gaps by examining the historical development, diverse classifications, and complex mechanisms underlying biostimulants' efficacy. A major focus is placed on identifying and elaborating on the current challenges, including the variability in product performance, regulatory obstacles, and economic constraints. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential of biostimulants to improve nutrient efficiency, mitigate climate change impacts, and foster resilient agricultural systems. By emphasizing recent innovations and proposing a holistic framework for research, policy, and practical application, this review underscores the imperative of advancing biostimulant science to unlock its full potential in shaping the future of sustainable agriculture.
... The effectiveness of compost tea in causing biostimulant effects on plants to increase productivity, efficiency, and input usage has been confirmed by field tests. By recycling and reusing biodegradable waste, vermicomposting and aerobic composting have positive effects on both the environment and human health Domínguez, 2011 andDomínguez et al., 2019). In addition to creating nutrient-rich, pathogenfree compost and vermicompost to improve soil fertility and lessen dependency on chemical fertilizers, increasing output while reducing the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers is a common problem in modern, organic agriculture. ...
An afield experiment was conducted to study using compost tea and vermicompost tea as alternates for mineral fertilizers used in the production of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Agronomic trials were conducted in the 2024 season in a pot of silty clay soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block; it consisted of seven treatments with three replicates, and it was like this: control, NPK, tea compost (CT), vermicompost tea (VT), tea compost + vermicompost tea (CT+VT), tea compost + microben (CT+M), and vermicompost tea + microben (VT+M). Results showed that the compost tea added with vermicompost tea gave the highest values for plant characteristics, including fresh and dry plant weight, number of leaves and branches, plant length, and chlorophyll content. The compost tea added with vermicompost tea gave the highest values for plant characteristics, including fresh and dry plant weight, number of leaves and branches, plant length, chlorophyll content, and available nitrogen concentration in soil (280 ppm). The plant's nitrogen content recorded the highest value (3.9%) in treating vermicompost tea with microben. The acidity values increased under the influence of vermicompost tea, and the highest value was 8.37. Therefore, adding compost tea with vermicompost tea is preferable to taking advantage of its nutrient content and minimizing its effect on soil pH and salt concentration. Compost tea and vermicompost tea can be effective in improving pepper plant growth and soil fertility with the potential to add microbes to enhance nutrient uptake.
... Earthworms process organic material in their digestive tracts, but only use 40% for their own metabolism. The remaining 60% is excreted into the soil as a form of humus [9]. Earthworm species specifically suited to organic matter consumption, with rapid growth and a high reproduction rate (cocoon potential), are best for vermicomposting. ...
The disposal of residual animal fats poses significant environmental challenges. This study aims to explore vermicomposting as an eco-friendly solution for managing this waste. We investigated the vermicomposting of animal fats combined with varying ratios of straw pellets to ensure appropriate C:N ratio, pH, and porosity. We used Eisenia andrei earthworms and established five treatments: four with different fat-to-straw ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3) and one control without earthworms (1:1). Our findings indicate that adding straw pellets enhances the vermicomposting process. The most effective ratio was 1:3 (fat-to-straw), ensuring good porosity and producing high-quality fertilizer. At a 1:1 ratio, we observed a positive correlation between total calcium (Ca) content and the number of earthworms, as well as with pH, total potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) levels. The most substantial reduction in heavy metals was observed for molybdenum (Mo) at the 1:3 ratio (62%) and zinc (Zn) at the 1:1 ratio (54%). The 1:1 ratio also resulted in higher microorganism levels and statistically significantly higher enzymatic activity compared to other variants with earthworms. Despite occasional zinc or copper contamination, enzymatic activity remained at high levels, and heavy metal levels decreased to acceptable values. This research highlights the potential of vermicomposting for managing animal fat waste and producing nutrient-rich fertilizers, offering valuable insights into sustainable waste management.
... 2. Organic Farming:Organic farmers favor vermicompost as a natural alternative to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Its compatibility with organic farming principles makes it an ideal choice for environmentally conscious growers seeking to minimize their ecological footprint (Lazcano and Domínguez, 2011). 3. Urban Agriculture:In urban areas where space is limited, vermicomposting offers a scalable solution for recycling organic waste and producing nutrient-rich compost for community gardens, rooftop farms, and urban green spaces.ental ...
As worms break down organic waste, vermicompost is produced, which not only improves soil fertility but also helps to protect the environment. Enhancing soil structure, controlling pests and diseases, providing essential nutrients to plants, and increasing crop yield are all benefits of it. Because it is flexible, it may be used in a variety of farming environments, from urban gardening to small-scale organic farming. Redirecting organic waste from landfills, vermicomposting reduces reliance on synthetic fertilizers and helps manage greenhouse gas emissions while preserving soil. Its effectiveness in promoting environmentally friendly agriculture and conservation is being refined via ongoing research efforts.
... These beneficial effects on plant growth could be caused by a number of things, including the availability of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and iron; better air and water availability; the presence of substances that regulate plant growth; and the prevention or reduction of plant diseases. Similarly, [24] showed that vermicompost promotes plant growth both directly by providing nutrients and indirectly by improving the populations of bacteria that are beneficial to plants and preventing soil-borne illnesses. [23] found that applying VC increased mung bean germination (93%) in comparison to using bio digested slurry (84%). ...
One of the most precious natural resources is soil, which provides ecological functions necessary for life's survival and sustenance. Therefore, preserving and enhancing soil health is crucial for agricultural and ecological sustainability. However, careless application of mineral fertilizer lowers fertility and organic matter and has negative impacts on the environment, ground water quality, and soil health, whereas the use of organic amendments is essential for enhancing soil health. In order to improve the physical, biological, and crop productivity of acidic soil, this review emphasizes the potential of vermicompost as a soil conditioner. Thus, adding organic amendments to soil is a management tactic that can boost microbial populations, activity, and variety, enhances soil fertility and improve soil structure. Vermicompost (VC) is one type of organic amendment that is created when earthworms and soil microorganisms interact. The end product has a high degree of maturity, high porosity, aeration, drainage, water storage capacity, and microbial activity. As a result, applying this amendment encourages biological activity, which raises the soils' potential for production both directly through increased nutrient availability and indirectly through improved physical characteristics. Similarly, the addition of vermicompost (VC) to soil raised its pH levels, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and total organic carbon; it also enhanced the soil's cation exchange capacity, microbial biomass carbon, micronutrient content, and nitrogen content, all of which increased crop yield. In addition to raising crop yield and improving soil quality and nutrient availability, vermicompost also strengthens crop resistance to pests and diseases. By adding essential nutrients, humic acids, growth-regulating hormones, and enzymes to the soil, it acts as an organic fertilizer that improves plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and overall crop quality.
... Moreover, moisture rates were similarly larger in the SBR-treated zones with an increased CL thickness. Soil pH is one of the important factors affecting plant growth by changing physicochemical properties and fertility [22,30,34]. Before treatment, the pH was similar at different depths (about 9.5), as shown in Fig. 9b. ...
Sand and dust storms (SDS) have gained global recognition as severe natural disasters and are emerging as a significant public health concern. However, the current methods for SDS control have imitations in wide applications, necessitating the urgent need for effective alternatives. This study investigated the feasibility of integrating enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation-polyvinyl acetate (EICP-PVAc) treatment with traditional engineering devices (e.g., straw checkerboard barriers and sand control belts) to mitigate SDS through a large-scale field experiment. Four different treated zones were established and three different treatment states [spraying on a day without rainfall (SWR), spraying after rainfall, and spraying before rainfall ] were designed to compare treatment effects. Soil characteristics including pH, organic carbon, and NH3–N contents were measured in the treated areas, and environmental implications of the EICP-PVAc treatment were discussed. Results show that the EICP-PVAc treatment effectively ensured long-term wind-erosion resistance of field areas, irrespective of different zones and treatment states, thereby addressing the limitation of traditional methods in stabilizing shifting sands. Upon comparison, SWR treatments exhibited superior efficacy in controlling field SDS. Furthermore, the EICP-PVAc treatment increased organic carbon and NH3–N contents in the treated areas. In addition, by combining EICP-PVAc treatment with vegetation protection measures, challenges such as low plant survival rate and the generation of contaminant by-products can be effectively mitigated, showcasing promising application potential. The study contributes to the potential application of EICP-PVAc treatment for SDS control to achieve long-term sustainability in anti-desertification and ecosystem function restoration.
... The strong positive significant relationship of MUFA with FW, NL, and TBM, could be attributed to the quality of the natural media amendment. For instance, it has previously been reported that natural growing medium amendments are made up of humic and non-humic substances that can provide plants with fulvic acid, humic acid, mineral nutrients, free amino acids, phytohormones, and a variety of other compounds necessary for plant growth and development [32]. ...
... Further, microbes in Jeevumrutha (3.0%) and enriched vermicompost assisted theprocess of solubilization of the fixed form of plant essential elements present in soil (Sreenivasa et al., 2009). Moreover, application of vermicompost in soil helps to enhance the water retention capacity and boost up the fertility status of the field through addition of plant essential nutrients in the soil (Lazcano and Domínguez, 2011). Application of Jeevumrutha helped to increase the yield is also reported in ground nut (Veeranna et al., 2023). ...
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate foliar spraying of different liquid organics (Sea weed extract, Jeevamrutha and Kunapajala) in two cultivars (Arka Archna White and Phule Ganesh Violet) of China aster cultivated in plots fertilized with enriched FYM (15 t ha-1) and enriched vermicompost (5 t ha-1), separately. Three foliar spraying of sea weed extract (0.3%), jeevamrutha (3.0%) and Kunapajala (10.0%) were done at 20, 35 and 50 days after transplanting of China aster plants. The entire experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The results of this experiment indicated that foliar spraying of Jeevamrutha (3.0%) enhanced the overall plant growth parameters (plant spread, number of leaves, branches, roots and length of root) in China aster. However, the maximum height of the plant in Arka Archna White was recorded with foliar application of sea weed extracts (0.3%) and in Phule Ganesh Violet with foliar application of Jeevamrutha (3.0%). The flowering parameters like days for first flower bud initiation, full blooming, wilting, flowering duration and flower diameter were found to best with foliar application of Jeevamrutha (3.0%) in both the cultivars. However, flowers with longest stalk were harvested from the plants received foliar application of sea weed extract (0.3%). The foliar application of Jeevamrutha (3.0 %) also resulted the maximum number of flowers per plant, maximum weight of 10 fresh flowers and maximum yield of flowers in both the cultivars. The highest benefit: cost ratio of 2.24 was calculated from the same treatment in the China aster variety Arka Archna White. The longest vase life China aster was recorded in the flowers harvested from plants received foliar application of Kunapajala (10.0 %). The plant growth parameters and flower quality in terms of flower diameter and stalk length were found to be better in Phule Ganesh Violet than Arka Archna White. However, the maximum yield of flower was recorded in the cultivar Arka Archna White. ABSTRACT Introduction
... Vermicompost is also used as a key input in organic farming. It improves soil moisture retention, loosens the soil, promotes root growth and spread, and ensures good drainage and aeration (Lazcano and Domínguez, 2011). ...
The aim of this research was to create a training manual that promotes the use of African nightcrawler earthworm fertilizer for environmental conservation among agriculturists. Additionally, the study aimed to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to using African nightcrawler earthworm fertilizer for environmental conservation before and after training. The sample included 30 agriculturists from Ban Han, Moo 4, Kwao sub-district, Muang district, Maha Sarakham province. Research instruments included a training manual, knowledge test, attitude test, and skills test related to the use of the fertilizer. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and paired t-test with a statistical significance level of .05. The findings were as follows: 1) The training manual was found to be effective, with an efficiency rate of 88.93/81.07, meeting the established criteria. Agriculturists showed a 65.15% improvement in their knowledge of African nightcrawler earthworm fertilizer for environmental conservation after using the manual. 2) The agriculturists' average scores in knowledge, attitude, and practical skills related to using the fertilizer were significantly higher after training, with a statistical significance level of .05.
... The majority of the nutrients are present in forms that plants may easily absorb as reported by [12]. These results are in close conformity with the findings of [13]. ...
The present study aimed to determine the effect of Growing Media on Growth and Flowering of Rose. The study investigation was carried out in the Experimental Farm, Dept. of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat for the year 2022-2023 with a view to assess the effect of growing media on growth and flowering of rose (Variety Revival). The experiment was carried out in Completely Randomized Design consisting of 9 treatment combination viz., T1 {Sandy loam + Sand + FYM @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T2 {Loam soil + Sand + FYM @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T3 {Clay loam + Sand + FYM @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T4 {Sandy loam + Sand + Vermicompost @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T5 {Loam soil + Sand + Vermicompost @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T6 {Clay loam + Sand + Vermicompost @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T7 {Sandy loam + Sand + Vermicompost (10% substituted with Cocopeat) @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T8 {Loam soil + Sand + Vermicompost (10% substituted with Cocopeat) @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, T9 {Clay loam + Sand + Vermicompost (10% substituted with Cocopeat) @ 1:1:1 (w/w)}, which were replicated three times. The test crop positively responded to the growing media and the highest performance was observed for the treatment T8. Stem girth, number of nodes, intermodal length, leaf area and leaf area index, days taken to bud visibility, bud sprouting, half bloom and full bloom, length of stalk and diameter of bud, number of flowers, number of petals per flower and flowering duration (self-life) and diameter of flower were significantly enhanced by the treatment T8.
... Small wineries typically disregard this legislation, producing waste such as grape pomace, wine lees, and grape stalks. The pre-processing of by-products using vermicomposting is thought to be the most well-known and environmentally friendly method, especially for recycling and increasing the added value of solid organic wastes under aerobic conditions [30]. This process converts wastes into vermicomposts, which are nutrient-rich, microbiologically active, stabilized peat-like materials. ...
From the vineyard to the bottle, the winemaking process generates a variety of by-products, such as vinasses, spent filter cakes, grape pomace, grape lees, and vine shoots. To avoid damaging the environment and to reduce economic impacts, the by-products and wastes must be handled, disposed of, or recycled properly. This review focuses on an environmentally friendly approach to the management and added value of winemaking by-products, such as grape pomace or grape marc, by using vermicomposting. Vermicompost is a well-known organic fertilizer with potential uses in soil bioremediation and the conservation of soil health. To achieve environmental neutral agriculture practices, vermicomposting is a promising tool for resilient and sustainable viticulture and winemaking. Vermicomposting is a simple, highly beneficial, and waste-free method of converting organic waste into compost with high agronomic value and a sustainable strategy in line with the principles of the circular economy.
... Research shows that integrating vermicompost into agricultural practices leads to higher yields and improved quality of medicinal and aromatic plants, aligning with the growing demand for natural and organic products (Ansari and Sukhraj, 2010). It supports sustainable farming by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and enhancing long-term soil fertility (Lazcano and Domínguez, 2011). ...
The global shift towards organic is driven by the growing demand for sustainable farming practices that promote environmental health, enhance soil fertility and produce harmful chemical-free food. Consumers are increasingly seeking organic products, leading to a significant expansion in organic farming worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of some organic (compost and vermicompost) at 15 t/ha and bio-fertilizer (Spirulina platensis algae extract) at 5 and 10 ml as foliar spraying on growth analysis and productivity of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants under organic cultivation conditions. The experiment was conducted over two seasons (2021/2022 and 2022/2023) in El-Sadat City, El Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Data indicated that applying compost, vermicompost and algae extract enhanced growth, seeds yield, oil content, carbohydrates, NPK content of leaves, total chlorophyll and fixed oil production of chia plants. The maximum values of these parameters were recoded when plants treated with vermicompost at 15 t/ha combined with 10 ml algae extract. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of vermicompost and algae extract, suggesting their potential as sustainable organic amendments to enhance growth, yield and oil content of chia plants. The study underscores the importance of integrating organic practices in agriculture to improve crop productivity and soil health sustainably.
... It also enhances plant productivity, improves fruit quality, and increases the shelf life. The neutral pH environment, porous composition, population of beneficial microorganisms, good aeration and hygroscopic properties of vermicompost create favourable conditions for plant growth (Lazcano et al., 2011). In our experiments, we investigated whether the quality indicators of vermicompost, isolated as a product in the biotechnology of vermicompost preparation, depend on the composition of the initial substrate. ...
Vermicomposting in comparison to conventional composting has several advantages, such as faster treatment of organic waste and production of manure compost with lower levels of salinity. Therefore, the determination of optimal mixtures of organic waste and manure for vermicomposting and deployment of local earthworms for this procedure have important implications in plant agriculture. In this work, the vermicompost was prepared from mixtures of manure (cattle, horse and sheep) and household organic waste (wood shavings, paper, leaves, fruit and vegetable waste) in various ratios. To convert the organic waste to the vermicompost we used the local earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), while a hybrid species Eisenia anderii (Iogonen, 1995), served as control. Chemical analysis of the resulting vermicompost revealed significant increase in nutrient content compared to the initial substrate: the total nitrogen (N) was increased by 79%, phosphorus (P) by 89% and potassium (K) by 62%. The efficacy of the vermicompost, which was evaluated to have high NPK content, was further studied by observing its impact on the growth of local cucumber variety Miracle F1. As a control, the plants were cultured in medium without vermicompost (black sand). In this work, we examined the effect of different proportions of vermicompost on the development and yield of cucumber seedlings. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University. Cucumber seedlings were grown in a medium containing 10%, 20%, 30% vermicompost.
... It also enhances plant productivity, improves fruit quality, and increases the shelf life. The neutral pH environment, porous composition, population of beneficial microorganisms, good aeration and hygroscopic properties of vermicompost create favourable conditions for plant growth (Lazcano et al., 2011). In our experiments, we investigated whether the quality indicators of vermicompost, isolated as a product in the biotechnology of vermicompost preparation, depend on the composition of the initial substrate. ...
... Both aerobic processes effectively convert the input materials into valuable amendments or fertilizers that are rich in organic matter and nutrients. These end products can be used to enhance soil health and fertility in various agricultural and gardening applications (Lazcano & Domínguez, 2011). Unlike traditional composting, vermicompost is produced at intermediate temperatures through the combined action of earthworms and microorganisms. ...
The rise in organic waste production is causing disposal challenges worldwide. In many developing countries, farmers often burn the crop residues to manage them properly before preparing the fields instantly for the cultivation of the next crop. Burning crop residues can harm ecosystems and pose health risks due to the release of toxic gases, smoke, and particulates. Furthermore, the burning of crop residue produces greenhouse gases (GHGs) that play a significant role in contributing to climate change and global warming. To tackle these issues, new technologies and innovative approaches are required to establish recycling practices, such as composting and vermicomposting at farmer, business, and community levels. The composting of organic waste is generally considered the best practice to manage organic waste. Composting is the most adequate pre-treatment practice that converts organic wastes into nutrient-rich material through the natural decomposition process. Aerobic composting is a highly effective waste disposal and utilization method. It reduces waste mass and volume, eliminates pathogens, and transforms waste into a safe, stable, and nutrient-rich soil amendment. The produced compost is a commonly used ecofriendly and natural nutrient source beneficial in enhancing soil fertility and promoting crop production. The quality and success of composting are closely tied to the stability of the final product. The application of immature or unstable compost can lead to significant hygiene and phytotoxicity concerns. In vermitechnology the use of earthworms increases the decomposition of waste material, and prevents the generation of unstable and immature compost. The chemical and physical properties of compost typically vary based on factors such as the initial material used, composting conditions, and the extent of decomposition. The rate of organic matter biodecomposition is influenced by several environmental parameters, including temperature, moisture content, pH, aeration, and substrate nature parameters such as C/N ratio, particle size, and nutrient content. Hence, this chapter aims to highlight the advantages of composting and vermitechnology in managing organic waste.
... Parameters Soil pH 6.0 Organic matter (%) 2.10 N (%) 0.13 P (µg/g soil) 13.58 S (µg/g soil) 92.87 K (mEq/100g soil) 0.10 Ca (mEq/100g soil) 17.8 Mg (mEq/100g soil) 2.20 Be (µg/g soil) 0.64 Cu (µg/g soil) 2.42 Fe (µg/g soil) 51.52 Zn (µg/g soil) 6.69 Mn (µg/g soil) 8.47 Table 1: Chemical properties of soil collected from the experimental site. ...
... This is because organic fertilizers such as cow dung vermicompost can improve soil properties. As stated by [13], vermicompost has direct and indirect effects on plants, among other things, it can improve the physical properties of the soil and provide the nutrients needed by plants. The use of vermicompost in plant cultivation systems has been proven to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers. ...
Dry land is a prospective resource to support sustainable agricultural development. Apart from its expanse which reaches an area of 144.47 million hectares. However, there are various challenges in using dry land as a source of new growth for the agricultural sector. One of them is the rapid land degradation process caused by soil erosion, soil compaction, scarcity of water supply to irrigate plants, and loss of soil organic matter which causes low soil fertility levels. Efforts that can be made are by providing organic fertilizer. The research aimed to determine the growth and yield of tomato applied with varying levels of vermicompost and NASA POC and their interaction effects. Ultimately, determine the optimum concentrations of vermicompost and NASA POC suitable for the growth and yield of tomato plant. The research was carried out from August 2022 to December 2022 in the Organic Rice Cluster area, Karang Anyar Village, Tanjung Palas District, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The research used a 4 x 3 Factorial Experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 5 replications. The first factor is the dose of vermicompost (V) consisting of 4 levels, namely: without vermicompost (v0), 450 g polybag-1 (v1), 900 g polybag-1 (v2), 1350 g polybag-1 (v3). The second factor is the NASA POC concentration (P) consisting of 3 levels, namely: without Nasa POC (p0), 1 ml l-1 water (p1), and 2.5 ml l-1 water (p2). The results showed that the response to plant height aged 14 and 21 days after planting, plant age at flowering, plant age at harvest, number of fruit per plant, weight of one fruit, and weight of fruit per plant were not significantly different from the application of vermicompost, Nasa POC and their interactions, except for the response The height of plants aged 28 days was significantly different from the application of chicken manure vermicompost. The highest fruit weight per plant was produced in the treatment of 900 g polybag-1 vermicompost and 1 ml l-1 water Nasa POC.
... This soil degradation is also associated with an increased risk of soil erosion, which further exacerbates the problem ( As oasis agriculture for long remained sustainable only because of the low external input factors, organic farming has become increasingly important in date palm cultivation given the rising number of concerns related to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (Safwat, 2007). Organic inputs, such as compost and compost tea, have improved soil fertility and promoted sustainable agriculture (Omotayo and Chukwuka, 2009;Lazcano and Domínguez, 2011;Scotti et al., 2015;Seleiman and Hafez, 2021). Compost is a well-known organic amendment that has been used for centuries to improve soil fertility. ...
Date palm cultivation in regions such as the Middle East and north Africa plays a crucial role in food security, eco- nomic development, and environmental preservation. However, the sustainability of date palm farming is threat- ened by challenges such as soil degradation and nutrient depletion. To address these issues, organic farming prac- tices, particularly the use of compost and compost tea, offer promising solutions. This study assessed the impact of these organic inputs on soil fertility and nutrient uptake in the “Mejhoul” date palm variety. A field experiment was carried out during two successive seasons of 2022 and 2023 in a pilot field in south-eastern Morocco using a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments: To: farmer’s practice (50 kg of compost/tree), T1: To + compost tea at 15 liter/tree/week from April to October; T2: To + compost at 50kg/tree and T3: To + combination of 50 kg/tree of compost and tea compost 15L/tree/week from April to October. Results showed that compost tea (T1) and compost (T2) treatments significantly influenced soil macronutrient and micronutrient levels, as well as chemical properties such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and pH. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships among soil properties, with principal component analysis confirming the variability explained by the main plane. Leaf nutrient content analysis demonstrated sea- sonal variations and treatment effects on phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, copper, manganese, zinc, and iron levels. Correlation analysis of leaf nutrient content highlighted complex interactions between nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients, reflecting their importance in palm leaf physiology. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the benefits of organic inputs in date palm farming, supporting sustainable agricul- tural practices for long-term viability and environmental protection.
... India has been traditionally practicing organic agriculture but modern agriculture practices have pushed it to walls. Vermicomposting have positive impacts on plant growth and health and treats organic waste in an environment friendly way [9] . ...
Due to their potential to promote horticultural sustainability, organic farming methods have attracted a lot of attention recently. Crop rotation, cover crops, and integrated pest control are essential practices for preserving ecosystem health, soil fertility, and biodiversity. These procedures ensure the long-term sustainability of horticulture production systems by reducing soil erosion, improving water retention, and mitigating environmental pollution. Market demand for organic produce drives up prices, and lower input costs help businesses become more profitable and economic. Additionally, organic farming improves rural livelihoods, supports regional economies, and opens up employment prospects.
... It is being looked at as a possible substitute for peat in greenhouse potting media and/or inorganic fertilizers in agriculture and horticulture. 62 Using a conventional composting method, earthworms accelerate the process of mineralization and convert manures into castings that have higher levels of humification and greater nutritional value. 63 GARWA & VEERWAL., Curr. ...
Our planet is really lovely, and there are plenty of living organisms here. Among these organisms, human beings are also contributing to the planet. However with a growing population of human beings, there is a growing need for food, which is entirely dependent on agriculture, several strategies have been employed to boost agricultural output, including inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. Inorganic fertilizers have largely enhanced productivity as well, but they also have several negative health impacts. However, continued use and reliance on these inputs has reduced crop productivity and deteriorated the quality of natural resources and the ecosystem. So, to overcome these problems and for sustainable development, long-term agricultural expansion may be achieved with organic farming while also preserving the environment. It may take time to switch from chemical to organic farming, which could reduce the farmer's profits. Advancements in organic farming, using Eisenia fetida to promote the vermicomposting of water hyacinth (wastewater weed) and employing more organic fertilizer while decreasing inorganic fertilizer usage in farming. However, the farmer will only make the changeover if he is persuaded that organic farming has long-term advantages over chemical farming. Vermicompost is a type of organic fertilizer, prepared from earthworms using various unused waste organic materials. It is an alternative source for increasing agriculture production. Many works have shown that vermicompost has beneficial effects on the environment. Various organic waste materials are used by earthworm species to form vermicompost. Water hyacinth poisons water bodies, turning pleasant water into unappealing water by emitting a foul smell. Most times, water hyacinths thrive in sewage water. Controlling this aquatic weed is a major issue, but it is easily solved through vermitechnology. Extremely, in our review study, we are going to give our concentrate on development of organic farming using vermicomposting.
... Vermi-compost is the product of ingested biomass by earthworm after undergoing physical, chemical and microbial transformations and available in the form of cast. Besides macro and micronutrients it also contains humic acids, plant growth promoting substances like auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins (Lazcanoa and Dominguezb, 2011;Trevisan et al., 2010), N-fixing and P-solubilizing bacteria, enzymes and vitamins (Ismail, 1997), which increases the availability of essential plant nutrients in plants (Dominguez et al., 2010). ...
... In contrast to these studies, Hannet et al. (2021) showed significantly higher soil TN, AP, Ca and Fe contents for compost applied alone on volcanic soil at a rate of 35 t ha −1 than for biochar and compost co-applied at a rate of 10 t ha −1 . The rich content of these nutrients in the compost likely accounted for these results, as also reported by other authors (Lazcano & Domínguez, 2011). The assumption is supported by the finding of the recent study (Rivelli & Libutti, 2022) showing higher P 2 O 4 3− , SO 4 2− , Na + , K + and Mg 2 contents for a soil treated with vermicompost alone than for a soil treated with inorganic fertilizer alone and untreated control. ...
Organic soil amendments offer promising potential to improve soil properties and plant growths. However, data on these benefits of compost and biochar in a tropical environment are limited. We investigated the impacts of compost (C) and coffee-husk biochar (B) sole- and co-application at various amounts (0%C:0%B, 0%C:100%B, 100%C:0%B, 25%C:75%B, 50%C:50%B, 75%C:25%B and 100%C:100%B) on soil properties and Desho grass growth on acidic soils in a tropical environment. Soil texture, pH, CEC, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) plus plant growth parameters were measured. Both sole- and co-applications of compost and biochar had positive effects on soil properties and plant growth. Compost and biochar co-application at full rates showed the highest soil property and plant growth improvements relative to control followed by co-application at half rates for TN, AP and plant growth and biochar sole-application for pH, OM, OC and CEC. However, the sole-application of compost and biochar showed the lowest increases relative to control in pH, CEC, OM and OC, and in AP and plant growth, respectively. Overall, compost and biochar could be co-applied at full rates on acidic soils in a tropical environment to improve soil property and plant growth.
This study investigates the effects of compost and vermicompost derived from sewage sludge and moulded pulp on wheat yield, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic activity, and drought resistance. Optimal weather conditions in March facilitated timely wheat sowing, contributing to ideal yields, while subsequent higher temperatures and rainfall influenced grain formation and weight. The experiment demonstrated that vermicompost significantly enhances plant physiological and yield parameters, including photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and water use efficiency. Fertilized variants exhibited improved soil properties, leading to higher grain and straw yields compared to the control. Macronutrient uptake was notably higher in vermicompost-treated variants, with variant VI showing the highest values. Enhanced photosynthetic activity and drought resistance were observed in fertilized variants, attributed to better stomatal regulation and osmotic adjustment under stress conditions. The study underscores the role of vermicompost in promoting sustainable agriculture by improving nutrient availability, soil structure, and plant resilience. These findings suggest that compost and especially vermicompost applications can effectively enhance wheat productivity and resilience, offering a sustainable approach to improving crop performance under varying environmental conditions.
Bu çalışma 2021 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi bünyesindeki tam otomasyonlu ısıtmalı bir serada yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı dozlarda mikoriza ve organik gübre uygulamalarının biber fidelerinin gelişimi üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada Bulut F1 biber çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine uygun olarak 3 tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, biber fidesi yetiştiriciliği için torf-perlit karışımına mikorizalı ve mikorizasız farklı dozlarda besin solüsyonu ve vermikompost uygulanmıştır. Fideler bir buçuk ayda sökümü yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, fide boyu, hipokotil uzunluğu, gövde çapı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak yaş ağırlığı, yaprak kuru ağırlığı, kök yaş ağırlığı ve kök kuru ağırlığı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma bugularına göre, gövde çapı üzerinde vermikompost+mikoriza+EC uygulamalarının daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Vermikompost dozları arttıkça fide boyu ve hipokotil uzunluğunda bir artış olduğu ancak vermikompost uygulamalarının etkisinin olmadığı görülmektedir. Genel olarak tüm uygulamalara bakıldığı zaman vermikompost uygulamalarına göre EC ve EC+mikoriza uygulamalarının etkisinin daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir.
The constant increase in the high number of population, anthropogenic and industrial activities are alarming issues and raise food security issues around the world. The treatment of compost acts as an effective and environmentally friendly tool for an increase in vegetable production. This research article records the effects of three soil compost treatments (1) dry leaves (Ficus bengalensis L.), (2) solid waste (mustard oil cake) and (3) chicken manure, alone and in combination, with seedling growth performances of pea in pot culture experiments with five replications. The results showed that soil compost treatments showed a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the physicochemical features of soil and the physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Soil compost analysis revealed a difference in soil porosity and pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total organic carbon, CaCO3, Na+, K+, phosphorous and nitrogen. Plant tissue analysis of pea seedlings also showed different levels of sodium, potassium and phosphorous values. The findings of the present research work concludes that the treatment of F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment produced maximum growth performance, and the mustard oil cake solid waste (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment showed the lowest seedling growth performance. The F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%), soil compost application treatment showed the maximum seedling height of pea. The solid waste (SW) mixed with garden loam (GL) (SW 25% + GL 75%) and mustard oil cake solid waste alone treatment showed the lowest seedling growth of pea. The F. bengalensis dry leaves 25% + garden loam 75% compost treatment also influenced on the soil properties.
A study was conducted during Kharif 2020 to asses the "Effect of fly ash, lime and vermicompost application on Physico-chemical properties of soil" in an Inceptisol at KVK, Katghora, Korba, (Chhattisgarh). The treatments were different doses of fly ash with lime, vermicompost and RDF besides absolute control. The treatments were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The results showed that the application of fly ash with lime and vermicompost could be a viable option for enhancing the production of crops under acidic soil conditions. The conjoint application of fly ash lime and vermicompost with RDF i.e. 75% RDF + 40 t/ha Fly ash + 2 t/ha Lime + 2 t/ha Vermicompost was found to decreased bulk density of surface soil (0-15 cm) from 1.61 Mg m-3 to 1.50 Mg m-3. It retain higher moisture content in soil after harvest of crop and increases the soil pH, available NPK status significantly with the application of fly ash, lime and vermicompost, while no effect on electrical conductivity, particle density and organic carbon was recorded.
The present investigation influence of diffrnt growing media on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cultivars for potmums, was carried out at Floricultural Research Station, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during September 2018 to February 2019. The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design consisting of nine growing media G1: soil + sand + FYM (2:1:1), G2 : soil + sand + vermicompost (2:1:1), G3: cocopeat + sand + FYM (2:1:1), G4: cocopeat + sand + vermicompost (2:1:1), G5: soil + cocopeat + sand + FYM (2:1:0.5:0.5), G6: soil + cocopeat + sand + vermicompost (2:1:0.5:0.5), G7:cocopeat + soil + sand + FYM (2:1:0.5:0.5), G8: cocopeat + soil + sand + vermicompost (2:1:0.5:0.5), G9: control (red soil) with two cultivars i.e. Akitha and Redstone in 3 replications. Among 18 treatments, C2G8 i.e. Cv. Redstone in cocopeat + soil + sand + vermicompost (2:1:0.5:0.5) recorded maximum plant height (21.60, 24.33 and 30.73 cm), number of branches (3.53, 5.07 and 7.20), plant spread in (N-S) (14.83, 20.49 and 24.18 cm), plant spread (E-W) (15.00, 24.03 and 28.32 cm) at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting respectively, maximum flower diameter (4.56 cm), flower longevity (18.73 days) and duration of flowering (27.80 days) but C2G7 i.e. Cv. Redstone in cocopeat + soil + sand + FYM (2:1:0.5:0.5).
The increasing use of agrochemicals, including fertilizers and pesticides, is causing considerable pressure on natural resources, specifically the rhizosphere. Chemicals are altering the chemistry and biology of the rhizosphere, thereby increasing its vulnerability to pests and diseases through the degradation of microbial activities and soil fertility. This subsequently influences the phyllospheric activities and capacity to withstand insect pests and diseases, thereby having an ultimate impact on human health and ecology. Therefore, there is an increasing need for affordable and eco-friendly alternatives, such as the use of farm-derived natural and organic materials, to enhance ecological conditions. Compost tea is an organic solution that can be used to improve soil and plant health. It functions as a nutrient source for the soil and plants, as well as a biocontrol agent for plant disease prevention. Implementing a leaf covering forms a protective barrier that hinders the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. This review presents a comprehensive examination of compost tea, encompassing its historical context, diverse preparation methods employed by researchers, factors influencing these methods, application techniques, nutrient profile, potential advantages for soil, plants, and the environment, as well as important limitations that should be considered. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the specific mechanism of action, the potential use as a plant nutrient source, metagenomic studies, and the microbial interactions related to compost tea. Additional research is required to investigate these aspects in subsequent studies.
Çalışma, sera koşullarında, üç tekrarlı tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, mısır bitkilerine artan dozlarda yer fıstığı kabuklarından elde edilen biyokömür (%0, %0,5, %1 ve %2), kimyasal gübre, vermikompost (%5 w/w) ve hayvan gübresi uygulanmıştır. Mısır bitkileri hasat edildikten sonra, bitki boyu, biyokütle verimi, dokulardaki azot (N), fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), çinko (Zn), demir (Fe), bakır (Cu) ve mangan (Mn) konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Deneme sonuçlarına göre, hayvan gübresi uygulaması buğday bitkisindeki mikro elementlerin yanı sıra P, K ve Mg konsantrasyonu üzerinde büyük etkiye sahip olmuştur. Biyokömür uygulaması incelendiğinde, %1 ve %2 biyokömür uygulamasının en etkili dozlar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre, hayvan gübresi ve %1-2 biyokömür uygulamasının organik madde kaynağı olarak kullanılmasının bitki performansı üzerinde en olumlu etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
alışma, sera koşullarında, üç tekrarlı tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, mısır bitkilerine artan dozlarda yer fıstığı kabuklarından elde edilen biyokömür (%0, %0,5, %1 ve %2 w/w), kimyasal gübre, vermikompost (%5 w/w) ve büyükbaş hayvan gübresi uygulanmıştır. Mısır bitkileri hasat edildikten sonra, bitki boyu, kuru ağırlık, dokulardaki azot (N), fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), çinko (Zn), demir (Fe), bakır (Cu) ve mangan (Mn) konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Deneme sonuçlarına göre, hayvan gübresi uygulaması buğday bitkisindeki mikro elementlerin yanı sıra P, K ve Mg konsantrasyonu üzerinde büyük etkiye neden olmuştur. Biyokömür uygulaması incelendiğinde, %1 ve %2 biyokömür uygulamasının en etkili dozlar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre, hayvan gübresi ve %1-2 biyokömür uygulamasının organik madde kaynağı olarak kullanılmasının bitki performansı üzerinde en olumlu etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a randomized experimental design with three replicates. In this study, increasing doses of biochar derived from peanut shells (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% w/w), chemical fertilizer, vermicompost (5% w/w), and animal manure were applied to maize plants. After harvesting the maize plants, plant height, dry weight, concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) were determined in the tissues. According to the results of the experiment, the application of animal manure had the greatest influence on the concentration of microelements as well as P, K and Mg in the maize plant. When the application of biochar was studied, it was found that the application of 1% and 2% biochar was the most effective doses. According to the results of this study, it was found that the application of animal manure and 1-2% biochar as a source of organic matter had the best effect on plant performance.
The use of artificial fertilizers follows the intensification of agricultural production as a consequence of population growth, which leads to soil depletion, loss of organic matter, and pollution of the environment and production. This can be overcome by increasing the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture. In the present study, we investigated the effect of using vermicompost, biochar, mineral fertilizer, a combination of vermicompost and mineral fertilizer, and an untreated control on alluvial-meadow soil on the development of fodder winter barley Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cultivar. We used a randomized complete block design of four replications per treatment. Barley grain yield, number of plants, and soil and microbiological parameters were studied. We found statistically proven highest grain yield and grain protein values when applying vermicompost alone, followed by the combined treatment and mineral fertilizer. The total organic carbon was increased by 70.2% in the case of vermicompost and by 44% in the case of combined treatment, both compared to the control. Thus, soil microbiome activity and enzyme activities were higher in vermicompost treatment, where the activity of β-glucosidase was 29.4% higher in respect to the control, 37.5% to the mineral fertilizer, and 24.5% to the combined treatments. In conclusion, our study found the best overall performance of vermicompost compared to the rest of the soil amendments.
The book is about earthworms and vermicomposting
Farming under greenhouses provides a controlled setting for agricultural crops, resulting in consistent production regardless of external conditions. This review discusses the impact of organic manure on tomato cultivation in greenhouses, with an emphasis on soil health, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability. With limited technical knowledge available for greenhouse vegetable production, particularly inorganic systems, this study aims to improve understanding of nutrient management strategies and encourage sustainable agriculture practices. Sustainable agriculture, guided by concerns about ecological balance and long-term viability, emphasizes the need to abandon traditional chemical-based farming practices. Organic nitrogen, an essential component of sustainable farming, has not been explored as compared to inorganic species due to sampling and measurement problems. The use of protected cultivation techniques, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (particularly Nigeria) and Asia, provides prospects to improve food security and economic development. In the wider context of tomato agriculture, choosing proper varieties, soil management, irrigation techniques, disease management, and the use of compost and cover crops are all essential to optimizing yield and sustainability. This review sheds light on the possible use of organic manure to improve tomato production in greenhouse environments by thoroughly reviewing the available literature.
2024). Agro-economic response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as affected by the interaction of cultivars and combined application of organic fertilizers under stored moisture conditions. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 20(1):441-466. Abstract The results revealed that potato cultivars Rudolph and Constance gave highly significant results (p ≤ 0.05) for agronomic characteristics of potato and had maximum tuber yield of 32.5 t ha-1 and 38.8 t ha-1 and 30.95 t ha-1 and 33.54 t ha-1 in two cropping years compared to Vogue and Kuroda, respectively. Maximum yield of tubers 33.72 t ha-1 and 38.42 t ha-1 was observed in a treatment with application of humic acid + vermicompost + compost and it was significant (p ≤ 0.05) when differentiated with any other treatment. The partial budget analysis indicated that cultivars Rudolph gave highest net income benefits of US 2916.95 ha-1 and Constance with benefits of US 2787 ha-1 under similar treatment in two cropping years, respectively. The similar varieties gave highest marginal return rate of 3248 %, 4529 % and 2957 %, 2733 % which is highly recommended for commercial growing farmers.
Vermicompost, a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner produced through the activity of earthworms, plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture and soil improvement. This chapter provides an overview of the beneficial role of vermicompost and its nutrient content. Vermicompost offers several advantages in agriculture and horticulture. Vermicompost fosters the development of beneficial soil micro-organisms and enzymes. These biological components contribute to enhanced nutrient cycling, suppression of soil-borne pathogens, and overall improvement in soil health. The nutrient content of vermicompost varies depending on the feedstock materials used during the vermicomposting process. A diverse input of organic materials yields a broader spectrum of nutrients and trace elements in the vermicompost.
With the aim of securing the nutritional security with legumes the study aims at the effect of
hydrogen peroxide and vermicompost on germination as well as morphology of Vigna mungo. Before sowing the seeds were treated with hydrogen peroxide as well as vermicompost. Then after sowing observations were made on the percentage of germination, plant height, number of leaves, width and height of leaves, area of leaves and root length and nodule formation. The percentage of germination is calculated after 7 days of seed sowing. The plant height was measured at 6, 12, 17, 24, 35 and 42 days after seed germinating with the help of measuring scale. The root length was measured after 16 and 25 days of germination. The leaf width and length were also measured with the help of measuring scale and leaf area was calculated on this basis. From the experiment conducted it was found that the seed germination percentage was highest in Vermicompost treated soil in Vigna mungo. The germination percentage in treatment with vermicompost (T3) was highest 95% then followed by 85% germination rate in treatment with hydrogen peroxide (T2) and the least 65% in the control (T1). Moreover, the seeds treated with vermicompost show tremendous increase in plant height, increase in number of leaves and relatively large leaf area compared to the seeds treated with hydrogen peroxide and then followed by control. Therefore, the study recommends the use of vermicompost over any inorganic material or chemical.
Among crop fertilizer practices with low impact on ecosystems, the use of organic materials such as vermicompost has been proposed. The object of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of a vermicompost, obtained from cattle manure and coffee pulp, to substrates for the growth of papaya plants. Two experiments were conducted under nursery and field conditions for 60 and 120 days, respectively. In the first one vermicompost was applied alone, while in the second it was applied along with a nitrogen fertilizer. The vermicompost was added in proportions of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% to a substrate made of rice hulls, coconut sawdust and thin sand (1:1:1). The nitrogen fertilizer was applied at decreasing ratios in order to keep a constant amount of this element. Both experiments were conducted under a randomized design with 6 treatments, 8 plants per plot and 3 replicates per experiment. The vegetative growth of the plants was evaluated through leaf area, plant height, stem thickness and total dry weight. The largest growth was found with the highest ratios of vermicompost without fertilizer addition, while when nitrogen was added, intermediate ratios were more efficient. The results show the benefits of vermicompost as a substrate amendment for vegetative growth of papaya plants under nursery and field conditions.
A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 1997-99 with forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in clay loam and medium fertile soil of semi-arid climate at Jhansi, to study the effect of organic and inorganic nutrients on its dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake and changes in fertility status of the soil. Application of 50% recommended dose of NP (40 kg N + 20 kg P 2O 5/ha) + vermicompost and farmyard manure @ 5 tonnes/ha recorded significantly higher dry-matter accumulation (25.35 g/plant and 30.19 g/plant at 50 and 75 days after sowing, respectively) and dry matter yield (11.2 tonnes/ha) over the other treatments. Maximum increase in dry matter (85-87%) was attained between 25 and 50 days after sowing, corresponding with highest crop-growth rate (0.90 g/plant/day) with this treatment. Application of vermicompost and farmyard manure recorded higher NP uptake than the other levels with inorganic sources only except the 100% recommended dose of NP. The residual build up of organic carbon and available NPK in soil improved with vermicompost was maximum followed by farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers.
Interest in using alternative materials for potting substrate is increasing in response to availability and rising costs of peat and other conventional materials. Vermicompost (VC) is one such material. It is important to understand physical and chemical changes in potting substrate when amended with VC produced from different waste sources, pig (PVC) and beef cattle (BVC) manure in this study. Distribution of particles greater than 2 mm decreased, particles 0.5 to 1 mm increased, and particles less than 0.5 mm remained unchanged as PVC and BVC amendment increased. Dry bulk density and water-holding capacity increased with increasing PVC and BVC amendment. Porosity and air volume were inversely related to VC amendment, decreasing with increasing VC amendment. Saturated substrate extract sampling revealed nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron content as well as electrical conductivity increased with increasing PVC and BVC amendment.
A field trial was conducted on upland rice (var, TRC-87-251) using different doses of vermicompost to determine its significance in yield of rice. The control plot received neither vermicompost nor chemical fertilizer. The experimental plots received three different treatments, viz. different doses of vermicompost, the same along with recommended doses of NPK and only NPK. Significant increase in both grain and straw yield coupled with improvement in soil aggregation, water use efficiency and nutrient uptake were recorded in vermicompost treated plots compared with the control and NPK treated plots. The effects of 10 to 15 tonnes vermicompost/ha and supplementation of NPK with 5-10 tonnes vermicompost/ha on grain and straw yield were not significantly different. Recommended doses of NPK along with 5 to 10 tonnes of vermicompost led to high increase in the uptake of nutrients. From this it could be deduced that a minimum of 10 tonnes vermicompost or 5 tonnes vermicompost plus NPK per hectare may bring about a significant increase in production of rice grain and straw respectively in upland paddy besides amelioration of the soil physicochemical properties.
The effects of different amounts of vermicompost (0, 10, 20 and 30%) to sandy loam soil on growth, yield and chemical characteristics of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivar Virofly were investigated in an unheated greenhouse at the Horticultural Department the Guilan University, Rasht, Iran, during 2006 using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that an addition of vermicompost to soil can increase plant height and number of leaves significantly. Spinach leaves and roots were highest when fertilized with vermicompost and lowest when the vermicompost was not supplied. The plants with 10% vermicompost added to soil gave significantly highest leaf area, potassium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, calcium and magnesium and nitrate-N in petioles and leaves, total soluble solids and microelements such as iron, copper, manganese and zinc.
Abstract
Soil fertility – defined as “the inherent capacity of soil to supply nutrients to plants in adequate amounts and in suitable proportions” – and plant productivity are two strictly interdependent terms of the same problem. Therefore, a look at plant metabolism as influenced by soil fauna activity is advisable to more completely understand the problem. Many experiments already performed, including the effect on root initiation, root biomass development, induction of some enzymes, nutrient uptake, protein synthesis, crop yield and protein content, and others still running, concerning the presence of some metals and their uptake, are discussed starting from analyses performed on casts of two species of earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Allolobophora caliginosa). Although to a different extent, depending on plant species, variety and environmental conditions, earthworm casts benefit plant metabolism and crop production. Both casts showed an increased nitrogen fixing activity, greater amounts of available macro- and micronutrients and polysaccharides, and an enhanced biosynthesis of growth regulators. These biological factors of fertility can contribute to explain earthworm effect on plant production, also in view of a better use of them in crop management.
Research at Ohio State University addressed primarily the effects of solid vermicomposts on plant germination and growth and the suppression of plant diseases. Teas were produced by standing 1 l of vermicompost in 4-l of aerated water for 24 hours before draining it off and placing it in containers for use in greenhouse trials. For the actual trial, the effects of a range of concentrations of teas produced from cattle waste vermicomposts were tested on the germination and growth of tomatoes. All plants (control and with tea applied) were grown in soil-less bedding medium. In addition, all of the treatments received saturation amounts of nutrients. In the first set of experiments, vermicompost teas were prepared with a dilution range of 0.5 to 10%. Teas were applied to tomato trays at transplanting, and then twice weekly for eight weeks. Fresh teas were prepared for each applications. Preliminary results demonstrated that teas produced with aeration are much more stable and effective than those produced without aeration.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate earthworm castings (vermicompost) as a substrate for poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) 'Freedom Red' production. Vermicomposts produced from sheep, cattle, or horse manures were mixed at different ratios with 70 peatmoss: 30 perlite (v/v) to create 13 substrates. Chemical and physical properties were measured on all substrates used. Growth index, foliar and bract area, and dry weight were greater on plants grown in substrates with castings from sheep or cattle manure. These castings had greater initial nutrient content than the castings from horse manure. Mixtures of castings and peat produced better plant responses than castings alone. Better plant responses were sometimes associated with values outside the recommended pH and electrical conductivity levels for poinsettia production. The highest values obtained for growth index, foliar and bract area, dry weight, and root development were produced in the substrates with moderate pore space or water holding capacity. Substrates with greater air space produced plants with greater dry weight and root development than substrates with less air space. The highest quality plants were grown in substrates with 25% castings from sheep or cattle manures.
Earthworm castings (vermicompost) were evaluated as a substrate amendment for chrysanthemum [Dendranthema xgrandiflora (Ramat.) Kitam.] 'Miramar' production. Vermicompost produced from sheep, cattle, and horse manures were mixed at different ratios with 70 peatmoss: 30 perlite (v/v) to create 12 substrates. The 70 peatmoss: 30 perlite mix at 100% and Sunshine® Mix 1 were used as control substrates. The bulk density, percentage of pore space, and water holding capacity increased as vermicompost content increased while the percentage of air space decreased. At 100% vermicompost, water holding capacity and bulk density were greatest in vermicompost from sheep manure. Plants grown in mixtures of 50% vermicompost from sheep had a greater growth index at harvest, foliar area, number of flowers per pot, and dry weight and fewer days for flower development than plants grown in other substrates. Vermicompost from sheep manure added at 50% by volume was most effective as a substrate amendment for chrysanthemum production.
The effects of various substrates with or without earthworm [Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826] castings on growth of marigolds were evaluated. In addition, the physical and chemical properties of such substrates were determined. Castings had a greater nutrient content than the remaining substrates. The 4 pine bark: 1 sand treatment (v/v) (PBS) had higher P, K, and Zn than 7 peat moss: 3 perlite (v/v) (PP). PP had the lowest nutrient content of all substrates. Castings (C) had the highest pH followed by 1 PBS: 1 C (v/v), 2 PBS: 1C (v/v) and 3 PBS: 1C (v/v). Sunshine Mix 1 and PP had the lowest pH. EC (ER) was increased by castings, which had high ER. Castings and PP had the greatest percentage pore space. Water-holding capacity was greatest for 2 PBS: 1C (v/v) compared with Sunshine Mix 1 followed by castings. Earthworm castings increased plant growth index, stem diameter, root growth, dry weight, and flower number of marigolds compared with PP, Sunshine Mix 1, and PBS. All mixtures of castings (C) with PP, PBS, except 3 PBS: 1C (v/v), increase the growth index of plants. 1 PP: 1 C (v/v), increased flower number compared with all substrates without castings. Castings alone increased number of open flowers, but did not differ from 1 PP: 1 C or 3 PP:1 C.
Um dos fatores mais limitantes para a produção de vermicomposto é a disponibilidade de esterco. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da substituição parcial do esterco por bagaço de cana e por resíduos de leguminosa (Gliricidia sepium) na vermicompostagem sobre a qualidade do vermicomposto e sobre a bioatividade dos humatos, avaliadas por meio da análise do crescimento radicular e da atividade das bombas de H+ isoladas de raízes de alface. A substituição do esterco por bagaço de cana e por resíduos de leguminosas não acarretou prejuízo às características químicas dos vermicompostos. No entanto, os humatos isolados dos diferentes vermicompostos apresentaram características químicas distintas, tais como: acidez e propriedades óticas distintas. Os humatos produzidos a partir de esterco de bovino e da mistura esterco bovino + bagaço proporcionaram maiores estímulos no crescimento radicular das plantas de alface, sendo os mais indicados para uso na forma solúvel. A inclusão de resíduos de leguminosas no processo de vermicompostagem produziu humatos sem efeito sobre o desenvolvimento das raízes de alface.
The Organic manures induced production of phenols and tannins in groundnut plant and thus, the induced resistance played an important role in groundnut insect pest management
Composts and vermicomposts from a municipal composting plant in northwestern Patagonia, both having undergone a thermophilic phase, (with the vermicompost being inoculated with earthworms after the thermophilic stage) and a nonthermophilic backyard vermicompost were studied. Their effects on soil biological and biochemical properties and plant growth were evaluated in laboratory incubations and a greenhouse trial, using a degraded volcanic soil amended at rates of 20 and 40 g kg−1 of vermicompost or compost. Between the two municipal products, the vermicompost had significantly larger nutrient concentrations than the compost; when mixed with the soil, the vermicompost also had higher microbial populations size and activity, and produced increased ryegrass yields. Compared to the municipal compost, the backyard vermicompost had similar or higher nutrient concentrations but its effects on soil microbial biomass, soil microbial activity and ryegrass yields were lower. Our results suggest that no generalization can be made regarding the higher quality of vermicomposts vs. composts, because the product quality depends both on the original materials and the technology employed.
A vermicompost, produced commercially from food wastes, was tested for its capacity to suppress populations and damage to plants, by two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), mealy bugs (Pseudococcus sp.) and aphids (Myzus persicae), in the greenhouse. A range of mixtures of food waste vermicompost and a soil-less bedding plant growth medium Metro-Mix 360 (MM360) was tested in cages (40cm × 40cm × 40cm) (0.2mm mesh aperture) into which known numbers of greenhouse-bred pests were released. The crops tested were cucumbers and tomatoes for mealy bugs, bush beans and eggplants for spider mites, and cabbages for aphids. In all experiments, four 10cm diameter pots, each containing one seedling, grown in the same MM360/vermicompost mixture were exposed to either 50 mealy bugs, 100 spider mites, or 100 aphids in cages, with each cage treatment replicated 4 times per treatment. The five growth mixtures tested were: (i) 100% MM360; (ii) 90% MM360 with 10% vermicompost; (iii) 80% MM360 with 20% vermicompost; (iv) 60% MM360 with 40% vermicompost; and (v) 20% MM360 with 80% vermicompost. Almost all of the mixtures containing vermicomposts suppressed the arthropod pest populations, and decreased pest damage significantly, compared with the MM360 controls. Not only did the vermicomposts make the plants less attractive to the pests, but they also had considerable effects on pest reproduction over time. The effects of the vermicompost substitutions tended to be least on spider mites, intermediate on mealy bugs, and greatest on aphids; however this may relate to the motility of the pests, as well as to the suppression potential of vermicomposts. Possible mechanisms for the suppression discussed include: the form of nitrogen available in the leaf tissues, the effects of vermicomposts on micronutrient availability, and the possible production of phenols, by the plants after applications of vermicomposts, making the tissues unpalatable.
The feasibility of incorporating vermicompost as a plant growth promoter into pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) nurseries was investigated. Pines were grown in conventional peat-based nursery potting media where the peat was substituted by 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 25% solid vermicompost. In addition, in order distinguish between possible physical and biochemical mechanisms, the effects of solid vermicompost and vermicompost extracts on pine seedling growth were compared. Five different open-pollinated pine progenies were used in order to evaluate the possible genotype-dependent effects of vermicompost. All pots were provided with adequate mineral fertilization in order to avoid nutrient limitations and arranged in the greenhouse following a bifactorial randomized block design. Twenty weeks after sowing, seedlings were harvested and their aerial and root growth were measured, as well as biomass partitioning and seedling maturity. Amendment with solid vermicompost at 2.5% and 10% significantly stimulated pine seedling height, but not aerial biomass. Vermicompost also produced seedlings with greater shoot:root biomass ratios than the control. Besides, we noticed a significant inhibition of aerial and root biomass with the higher dose of solid vermicompost (25% substrate substitution). No effects, either positive or negative, were detected in plant growth due to the vermicompost extracts. All the reported results were the same for all the different progenies assayed, and therefore no genotype dependent effects were detected.
We evaluated the feasibility of incorporating vermicompost as a potting amendment into a commercial ornamental production system. Pansies (Viola × wittrockiana subsp. Delta) and primulas (Primula acaulis subsp. Oriental) were grown in peat-based conventional greenhouse medium substituted with 5%, 15% and 25% (v/v) commercial and pig slurry vermicompost. Vegetative growth and flowering were evaluated and compared to plants grown with 0% vermicompost. We observed a general reduction of growth in both species with increasing concentrations of commercial and pig slurry vermicompost. The highest percentage of vermicompost (25%) showed 20% of plant mortality, high levels of stress and damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as a significant reduction in the number and biomass of leaves and in flower production. Most likely, the increase in electrical conductivity and pH interacted synergistically with the decrease in air space produced after the application of vermicompost and were magnified under sub-irrigation, causing the observed effects on plant growth. Therefore the cultivation system must be taken into account when incorporating vermicompost as a growing media constituent in commercial conditions.
Summary The effects of vermicomposts on plant parasitic, fungivorous and baterivorous nematode populations were investigated in grape (Vitis vinifera) and strawberry (Fragaria ananasa) field crops. Commercially-produced vermicomposts derived from recycled paper, and supermarket food waste were applied to replicated plots at the rates of 2.5 t ha-1 or 5.0 t ha-1 for the grape crop and 5.0 t ha-1 or10 t ha-1 for the strawberry crops. All vermicompost treatments were supplemented with in- organic fertilizer to balance the initial availability of macronutrients especially N, to the crop in all plots. After extraction from soil samples in Baermann funnels, nematodes were identified to trophic levels under a stereomicroscope. Soils from all of the vermicompost-treated plots contained smaller populations of plant parasitic nematodes than soil from inorganic fertilizer-treated plots. Conversely, populations of fungivorous nematodes and to lesser extent bacterivorous nematodes in- creased in the vermicompost-treated plots in comparison with those in plots treated with inorganic fertilizers.
The objective of the present work was to investigate in a field experiment the quantity and quality of rhizodeposits of different parental inbred lines (Lo1016 and Lo964, B73 and H99) and hybrids of Zea mays L. Rhizosphere soil was collected after 40 days and several properties were determined: pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, acid and alkaline phosphatases, organic acids, bioavailable phosphorous, α-amino nitrogen, total phenols, total root-derived rhizodeposits. The results showed that heterosis induced more qualitative differences within the genotypes as δC, TOC and TN did not show any significant differences. The two groups of genotypes enhance phosphorous availability adopting two different strategies. In the first group, B73 × H99 shows the best phenological performance as well as the highest concentration of bioavailable P, result which is correlated with a high organic acid concentration (in particular succinic and acetic acid), total phenols, α-amino nitrogen and acid phosphatase activity. There is thus a strict relationship between the phenological superiority of this particular hybrid and its ability to modify the chemistry of its rhizosphere whereas the second hybrid (Lo1016 × Lo964) seems to have developed different strategies as for example changing the root morphology, stimulating microbial biomass or favouring mycorrhizal symbiosis.
A doubling in global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses huge challenges for the sustainability both of food production and of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Agriculturalists are the principal managers of global useable lands and will shape, perhaps irreversibly, the surface of the Earth in the coming decades. New incentives and policies for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be crucial if we are to meet the demands of improving yields without compromising environmental integrity or public health.
The trophic structure of soil arthropods in earthworm casts or vermicomposts produced by Eisenia fetida (Savigny) from paper waste, food waste and cow manure, and in field trials was studied during summer 1999. The numbers of soil arthropods in the soil were counted before treatment (as a control), in the vermicomposts, and after application of vermicomposts to soil in the field. The vermicomposts were applied to soil in rows of tomatoes and peppers, at rates of 4.5 ton ha–1, and the numbers of soil arthropods in trophic groups were compared with those in soil receiving conventional composts and inorganic fertilizers. All treatments received the same total amounts of nutrients. Most of the vermicomposts were rich in microbial biomass-N. There was a tendency for the application of inorganic fertilizers, and conventional compost, to tomato and pepper plots to decrease the numbers of trophic groups of soil arthropods. The applications of vermicomposts increased the number of trophic groups of soil arthropods.
The effects of food waste vermicompost on populations of adult striped cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum) and spotted cucumber beetles (Diabotrica undecim-punctata) on cucumbers and larval hornworms on tomatoes (Manduca quinquemacu-lata) were evaluated in both greenhouse and field experiments as well as damage caused. In the field, cucumber and tomato plants were grown, with two different application rates (1.25 and 2.5 t ha À1) of food waste vermicompost or inorganic fertilizer, in a complete randomized block design field experiment. All treatments were balanced for NPK. Field cucumber beetle populations were suppressed significantly on cucumber plants treated with food waste vermicompost at both application rates, compared with those on plants treated only with inorganic fertilizer. In the greenhouse, cucumber and tomato plants were grown in a soil-less medium MetroMix 360 (MM360) substituted with 0%, 20% or 40% food waste vermicompost, and exposed to standardized pest attacks in nylon mesh cages. In the greenhouse, both the 20% and 40% vermicompost substitution rates decreased damage by cucumber beetles to cucumber foliage and hornworms to tomato foliage significantly.
During the las twenty years, considerable progress has been made in developing methods of breaking down organic wastes, including animal wastes, crop residues, urban and industrial organic refuse and sewage biosolids; which has been termed vermicomposting. Vermicomposts have a fine particulate structure, low C:N ratio, with the organic matter oxidized, stabilized and converted into humic materials. They contain nutrients transformed into plant-available forms and are extremely microbially-active. Additions of low rates of
substitution of vermicompost into greenhouse soil-less plant growth media or low application rates to field crops have consistently ncreased plant germination, growth, flowering, and fruiting, independent of nutrient availability. This can be at least partially, attributed to the production, by the greatly increased microbial populations, of plant growth regulators, including plant hormones, such as indole-acetic acid, gibberellins and cytokinins and also humic acids, which simulate the effects of hormones.
The agricultural lands are depleted of soil fertility due to continuous cultivation. In order to increase the soil fertility, man uses inorganic fertilizers. Though they promote the growth of crops, susceptibility is the negative impact by over utilization of fertilizers. Application of chemicals is widely practised to control plant disease in modern agriculture. It also provides mutants of pathogens. To overcome all these factors application of organic manure is suggested. The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of inorganic fertilizer, farmyard manure and vermicompost on growth parameters namely root length, shoot length and number of leaves of two. selected vegetable plants Hibiscus esculentus and Solanum melongena medicinal plants. Adhatoda vasica and Solanum trilobatum. The manural potential of three manures: Inorganic Fertilizer (IF), Farmyard Manure (FYM) and Vermicompost (VC) was evaluated at different intervals of time. Vermicompost is a rich source of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, enzymes and plant growth hormones, so when vermicompost was applied to the plants that help in efficient growth of piants. Our research showed the growth rate was fast and high in vermicompost applied plants when compared to other treatments.
Vermicompost (VC) is a nutritionally rich natural organic fertilizer, which releases nutrients relatively slowly in the soil. It improves quality of the plants along with physical and biological properties of soil, i. e., soil aeration, water-holding capacity and ecological balance of microbial soil biota. Aqueous extracts of vermicompost (AVC) inhibited spore germination of several fungi. They also affected the development of powdery mildews on balsam (Impatiens balsamina) and pea (Pisum sativum) caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum and Erysiphe pisi, respectively, in the field at very low concentrations (0.1-0.5 %). Soil amendment with VC (1-5%) induced synthesis of phenolic acids in pea. Maximum phenolic acids were detected in pea plants treated with 4% VC followed by 3% as compared to control. The induction of phenolic acids in plants was correlated with the degree of resistance in treated as compared to non-treated (control) pea plants. The growth of plants grown in VC-amended soil was much better than the growth of plants raised in non-amended soil.
We measured the growth of tomato plants in three kinds of horticultural potting media that were substituted with five different concentrations of vermicomposted pig manure. The potting media were Metro-Mix 360 (a standard soilless commercial plant growth medium), a peat/perlite mixture, and a coir/perlite mixture. Half of the potting media were watered with nutrient fertilizer while the other half received only water. Tomato plants grew better in 100 % vermicompost than in 100 % horticultural commercial medium. Substitution of 10 %, 25 %, and 50 % vermicompost for the same amounts of commercial medium stimulated plant growth, resulting in significant increases in plant height and root and shoot biomass. Adding 10 % and 20 % of vermicompost to either peat/perlite or coir/perlite mixtures also improved plant growth significantly over that in the unamended medium. Even when the plants were fertilized with all mineral nutrients needed, the growth of tomato plants in all of the potting media was enhanced significantly with the substitution of vermicompost, which suggests that factors other than nutrient availability are responsible for enhancing plant growth. Our results demonstrate that, for all three of the potting media that we used, substitution of these media with low concentrations of vermicomposts will promote plant growth.
Compost amendments have been shown to provide manifold benefits, as long as compost of good quality is used and care is taken not to accumulate heavy metals or organic pollutants as a consequence of repeated applications. Among the advantages of compost as soil amendment is its potential to maintain soil organic matter, foster nutrient availability, suppress plant diseases and increase soil microbial abundance and activity, thus enhancing soil quality and fertility. However, only little is known about how compost amendments act as microbial inoculum to the soil and if the compost-borne microflora leaves a long-term imprint on soil microbial communities. In this chapter, it will be analysed if and to what extent soil microbial biomass, activity and community structure are affected by compost amendments. A long-term field study, in which four different composts have been applied annually since 1991, will be presented in detail.
The effects of humus on plant metabolism are conditioned by the release of the hormone-like activities contained in HEf bound to HSp. HEf and HSp are both humic fractions that can be separated from each other by acidification with acetic acid or other organic acids. HEf is composed of small molecules and shows hormone-like activities; HSp possesses higher molecular weight and works as a support for HEf. The molecular sizes of the separated HEf and HSp are both low enough to permit root absorption. The dispersion and solubilization of humic molecules are essential to the release of cytokinin-like activity from HSp, but are only preliminary to the release of auxin- and gibberellin-like activities. These can be released by a partial acidification of the humic extracts that do not result in complete depolycondensation. The process appears to regulate the delivery of the hormone-like substances and is influenced by their particular arrangement in the humic aggregate. Key words: Humus fractions, biological effect, nitrate uptake, hormone-like activity
Vermicomposting and composting are efficient methods for converting solid wastes to useful products. Incorporation of composts and vermicomposts into potting and container media is a potential use for these materials. In a greenhouse trial, effects of a vermicompost produced from raw dairy manure (RDM) along with some other composts produced from tobacco residue (TR), yard leaf (YL), sewage sludge + rice hull (SS + RH), sewage sludge + yard leaf (SS + YL), and RDM were studied. The mixing proportions of vermicomposts and composts were 0, 15, 30, and 45% of pot volume and tomato seedlings were grown in pots. All potting mixtures produced significantly higher biomass than the control (soil + sand) and RDM. Shoot and root dry matters (DM) were greatest in VC and SS + RH. Rates of composts in potting mixture did not generally affect DM, although a decrease in DM was observed in pots containing 45% of SS + YL. TR and YL produced lower DM in comparison with VC, SS + RH, and SS + YL. Correlation coefficients between the amounts of nutrients added to the pots by composts and nutrients taken up by plants were in the following order: phosphorus (P) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu) > calcium (Ca) > manganese (Mn) > potassium (K) > nitrogen (N) > magnesium (Mg) > iron (Fe).
Intensive cropping systems with fertilizer responsive crops that rely on high input of inorganic fertilizers often lead to nonsustainability in production and also pose a serious threat to soil health. Application of organic sources of nutrients with no or very little use of fossil fuel‐based inorganic fertilizers is rapidly gaining favor. However, considering economics and also physiological potential of varieties, entire dependence on organic sources of nutrients may not be adequate to attain the most productivity. Integrated nutrient management with both organic and inorganic fertilizers was investigated. A field trial was conducted with six different combinations of organic manure (FYM and Vermicompost) and inorganic fertilizers [nitrogen‐phosphorus‐potassium (NPK)] to study their effect on yield and oil quality in basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Vikas Sudha). Results from the experiment revealed that among the six treatments compared, the combination of Vermicompost at 5 t ha+fertilizer NPK 50:25:25 kg ha performed the best with respect to growth, herb, dry matter, oil content, and oil yield. Content of principal constituents of basil oil (Methyl chavicol and Linalool) were also higher under integrated nutrient management especially when Vermicompost was applied in combination with NPK. Furthermore, it was noticed that organic carbon (C), available N, and P were higher in postharvest soils that received organic manure alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers than control (no fertilizer or manure) and inorganic fertilizer treated soil. This study indicates that combined application of manure and fertilizer helps to increase crop productivity and quality and maintaining soil fertility.
The use of composts in agricultural soils is a widespread practice and the positive effects on soil and plants are known from numerous studies. However, there have been few attempts to compare the effects of different kinds of composts in one single study. The aim of this paper is to investigate to what extent and to which soil depth four major types of composts would affect the soil and its microbiota.In a crop-rotation field experiment, composts produced from (i) urban organic wastes, (ii) green wastes, (iii) manure and (iv) sewage sludge were applied at a rate equivalent to 175kgNha−1yr−1 for 12 years. General (total organic C (Corg), total N (Nt), microbial biomass C (Cmic), and basal respiration), specific (enzyme activities related to C, N and P cycles), biochemical properties and bacterial genetic diversity (based on DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA) were analyzed at different depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30cm).Compost treatment increased Corg at all depths from 11gkg−1 for control soil to 16.7gkg−1 for the case of sewage sludge compost. Total N increased with compost treatment at 0–10cm and 10–20cm depths, but not at 20–30cm. Basal respiration and Cmic declined with depth, and the composts resulted in an increase of Cmic and basal respiration. Enzyme activities were different depend on the enzyme and among compost treatments, but in general, the enzyme activities were higher in the upper layers (0–10 and 10–20cm) than in the 20–30cm layer. Diversity of ammonia oxidizers and bacteria was lower in the control than in the compost soils. The type of compost had less influence on the composition of the microbial communities than did soil depth.Some of the properties were sensitive enough to distinguish between different compost, while others were not. This stresses the need of multi-parameter approaches when investigating treatment effects on the soil microbial community. In general, with respect to measures of activity, biomass and community diversity, differences down the soil profile were more pronounced than those due to the compost treatments.
Numerous container-based studies in greenhouses or growth rooms have consistently demonstrated a suppressive effect of composts on soil-borne diseases such as damping-off and root rots (Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora spp.), and wilts (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae). Composts have also been shown to suppress several diseases in the field, although the effects have been generally smaller and more variable than in container experiments. Several diseases of turf grass were suppressed by top-dressing with compost. These diseases are Fusarium patch (Microdochium nivale), red thread (Laetisaria fuciformis), damping-off (Pythium graminicola), brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani), dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) and snow mould (Typhula ishikariensis). The disease suppressive effect of compost generally increased with rate of application. Compost inclusion rates of at least 20% (v/v) were normally required to consistently obtain a disease suppressive effect, particularly in peat-based media, but significant disease suppression has been found at lower inclusion rates in soil. Reported levels of disease suppression were variable, even using apparently similar composted materials at the same rates. Sterilisation of composted materials generally resulted in a loss in disease suppressiveness, indicating that the mechanism was often or predominantly biological, although chemical and physical factors have also been implicated. The mechanisms and antagonistic micro-organisms involved in disease suppression are not fully understood. Physiological profiling and the use of DNA-based techniques such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) may lead to an improved understanding of the changes in microbial communities associated with disease control resulting from compost amendment of soil, sand or peat. The inoculation of composts with biological control agents may improve the efficacy and reliability of disease control obtained.
The objectives of this work were to a) determine vermicompost effect on bulbification dynamics in terms of garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb dry weight and sucrose metabolism and b) evaluate the impact of vermicompost on garlic bulb yield and quality. The treatments were soil (control) and 1 soil: 1 vermicompost (by volume). The use of vermicompost as a substrate caused early bulbing (18 to 20 days) and lengthened bulb filling period. Bulb filling period corresponded to an increase in the total soluble carbohydrates and a later modification in nonstructural carbohydrate distribution patterns regarding fructan (score-dose) metabolism. The vermicompost treatment increased scorodose accumulation, which was directly related to the harvest index, resulting in greater yield and bulb quality. Bulb quality was not modified in terms of bulb pungency and soluble solids content by the use of vermicompost.
Vermicomposting of rice-straw using three species of earthworms viz., Perionyx excavatus Perrier, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson) was prepared. Plant nutrient contents of these vermicomposts and their effects on sorghum growth in relation to the effects of normal compost (without earthworms), that of chemical fertilizers (urea and single super-phosphate applied @ 40 kg ha-1) and sole soil were investigated. Vermicompost produced by the three species of earthworms differed in their nutrient concentrations, but possessed higher concentration of total N and Ca than that of the normal compost. Vermicompost produced by P. excavatus possessed higher concentrations of total N, available P and K and Ca and Na than the compost produced by O. rosea. The growth of sorghum in the mixtures of 75% of vermicompost produced by P. excavatus and 25% soil was significantly higher than that of the plants grown in mixtures of vermicompost produced by O. phillotti and O. rosea and soil, normal compost, soil mixed with chemical fertilizers and sole soil.
We studied the microbial communities in maize (Zea mays) rhizosphere to determine the extent to which their structure, biomass, activity and growth were influenced by plant genotype (su1 and sh2 genes) and the addition of standard and high doses of different types of fertilizer (inorganic, raw manure and vermicompost). For this purpose, we sampled the rhizosphere of maize plants at harvest, and analyzed the microbial community structure (PLFA analysis) and activity (basal respiration and bacterial and fungal growth rates). Discriminant analysis clearly differentiated rhizosphere microbial communities in relation to plant genotype. Although microorganisms clearly responded to dose of fertilization, the three fertilizers also contributed to differentiate rhizosphere microbial communities. Moreover, larger plants did not promoted higher biomass or microbial growth rates suggesting complex interactions between plants and fertilizers, probably as a result of the different performance of plant genotypes within fertilizer treatments, i.e. differences in the quality and/or composition of root exudates.
This study investigated the possibility of fingerprinting different organic wastes (cow, pig and horse manure) and the vermicomposts produced by different earthworm species (Eisenia andrei, Eudrilus eugeniae and Lumbricus rubellus) analyzing the profiles of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). We found clear differences between their microbial communities, demonstrating the power and sensitivity of the total FAME analysis. In addition, qualitative and quantitative analyses of specific biomarkers permitted to determine differences between samples and to evaluate the effect of earthworms in the decomposition of organic matter. Fatty acid profiles were largely determined by the different vermicomposting earthworm species. Fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased significantly in horse manure vermicomposted by L. rubellus and in cow manure vermicomposted by the three earthworm species, whereas it decreased significantly in pig manure vermicomposted by L. rubellus and E. eugeniae. Fatty acid 20:4ω6 increased significantly in all vermicomposts obtained with the three earthworm species.
In vitro application of total gross extract of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) in diverse dilutions stimulates rhizogenesis in young bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). The observed effect is similar to that of indol acetic acid, a well-known growth enhancer in plants, used here as a control in various concentrations. Fragmentation of worm extract by column chromatography results in three groups of fractions. Only the polar group of fractions has a significant rhizogenous effect, which is, however, inferior to that observed in the presence of total gross extract of worms or of indol acetic acid. Gross extract analyses using thin layer chromatography, with appropriate chromatography systems and reagents, revealed that indol acetic acid is not present, but is probably replaced by other indol-derived substances that have a neutral to basic chromatographic behaviour. These presumed indol-derived substances are identified as methyl-tryptophane, serotonin, and hydroxy-indol acetic acid. Analyses using mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography, following fragmentation and purification of the group of rhyzogenous fractions, have revealed the presence of hydroxy-indol carboxylic acid, which seems to take the form of several isomeres.[Journal translation]
In vitro biological tests show that excreta or gross total and partial extracts of Lumbricus terrestris stimulate rhizogenesis and enhance root growth in young plants of the bean Phaseolus vulgaris. Similar results were obtained in experiments with worms freshly collected in the field and with worms previously deprived of food for 4 weeks. The rhizogenous substance produced by the worms is therefore not of exogenous origin, coming from the soil via the digestive tract. The similar effects of indol acetic acid at different concentrations and of excreta and gross extracts of worms in various dilutions indicate that the rhizogenous substance is similar to indol acetic acid, a well-known phytohormone in plants. Expressed as indol acetic acid equivalents, the quantity of the rhizogenous substance in worms would be approximately 18 × 103 ng/g, of which half (9 × 103 ng/g) is released in the excreta alone.[Journal translation]Les tests biologiques réalisés in vitro dans ce travail, montrent que les excrétions ou les extraits bruts total et partiel de Lumbricus terrestris stimulent la rhizogenèse et améliorent la croissance racinaire des plantules de haricots Phaseolus vulgaris. Les expériences réalisées à partir de vers fraîchement récoltés du terrain et d'autres préalablement privés de nourriture pendant 4 semaines donnent des résultats similaires. La substance rhizogène produite par les vers ne serait donc pas d'origine exogène provenant du sol via le tube digestif. Les grandes similitudes d'effets observés entre, d'une part, l'acide indole acétique utilisé à différentes concentrations et, d'autre part, les excrétions ou extraits bruts de vers appliqués à différentes dilutions nous ont conduit à assimiler la substance rhizogène en question à l'acide indole acétique, phytohormone connue chez les plantes. Sa quantité approximative, exprimée en équivalent d'acide indole acétique dans les vers, serait de 18 × 103 ng/g dont la moitié (9 × 103 ng/g) serait libérée dans les seules excrétions.
Two pot experiments under greenhouse condition were carried out to study the influence of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost with two levels of iron and zinc on the productivity of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Joint application of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost was effective in increasing the herb and oil yield over sole application of iron and zinc. Combined application of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost gave better herb and oil yield in both the experiments. With application of vermicompost and zinc‐enriched compost with two graded levels of iron, higher N, P, and K concentrations were observed with application of vermicompost (5 g kg), vermicompost (5 g kg), and Fe 12.5 ppm+Zn‐enriched compost 2.5 g kg soil, respectively, over control. Highest reduction in soil pH was observed with an application of vermicompost at 5 g kg soil; maximum soil organic carbon content was also recorded in the same treatment. In experiment II, joint application of vermicompost, zinc‐enriched compost, and graded levels of zinc recorded highest N, P, and K concentration with treatments of Zn (15 ppm)+vermicompost (2.5 g kg), vermicompost (5 g kg), and Zn (15 ppm)+vermicompost (2.5 g kg soil), respectively. Nitrogen, P, and K content increased by 36, 125, and 305%, respectively, with these treatments over the control.Chemical constituents of geranium oil such as cis‐rose oxide, isomenthone, linalool, citronellyl, geranylformate, geranyl, and epi‐γ‐eudesmol were significantly improved by combined application of Zn with vermicompost and Zn‐enriched compost as compared to sole application of Zn. Similar effects were observed with Fe in combination with vermicompost and Zn‐enriched compost on most of the chemical constituents of geranium oil. Physicochemical properties of the soil were also improved as macro‐ and micronutrient availability markedly increased in both the experiments because of combined application of vermicompost and Zn‐enriched compost with two levels of Zn and Fe.
REPORTS have been published describing increases in growth and vigour of pasture in New Zealand following the experimental transplantation of lumbricid earthworms of the species Allolobophora caliginosa into soils where they were not normally found1–3. Fourteen species of Lumbricidae are known in New Zealand, although the family is not native to the region4. Since they have been introduced accidentally during the past hundred years or so there has not been sufficient time for them to spread by natural means to all areas under grass. The increased pasture yields may be due to the presence of plant growth-promoting compounds elaborated by earthworms and secreted by them into their casts and thus into the soil. A similar suggestion was, in fact, advanced by Hopp and Slater5, who found in pot experiments that the addition of both living and dead earthworms was associated with increased growth of the test plants.
Vermicompost added to various container media significantly inhibited the infection of tomato plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The protective effect increased in proportion to the rate of application of vermicompost. Every type of container media amended with this substrate, used in the experiments, were suppressive to the pathogen. Vermicompost lost its activity after heating. Sterilized extracts of vermicompost added to potato dextrose agar stimulated the growth of F. oxysporum mycelium. The results indicate that chemical factors in this substrate had no direct inhibiting effect on the fungus. The total number of micro-organisms and populations of antagonistic bacteria and fungi were significantly higher in vermicompost than in the control peat substrate. A biotic nature is suggested for the suppressiveness of the vermicompost.
Suppressive Wirkung von Vermicompost auf die Fusarium-Welke der Tomate Wurde verschiedenen Topferden Vermicompost zugesetzt, so war die Infektion von Tomatenpflanzen durch Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici signifikant verringert. Die schützende Wirkung wurde mit zunehmendem Vermicompost-Anteil größer. In Versuchen wirkten alle Topferden, denen dieses Substrat zugesetzt worden war,suppressiv gegenüber dem Pathogen. Vermicompost verlor seine Aktivität durch Erhitzen. Sterilisierte Verm-icompost-Extrakte, die Kartoffel-Dextrose-Agar zugesetzt worden waren, stimulierten das Myzelwachstum von F. oxysporum. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in diesem Substrat enthaltene chemische Substanzen keine direkte hemmende Wirkung auf den Pilz ausübten. Die Gesamtzahl an Mikroorganismen und die Populationen antagonistischer Bakterien und Pilze waren im Vermicompost signifikant höher als in dem als Kontrolle dienenden Torfsubstrat. Für die Suppressivität von Vermicompost sind offenbar biotische Faktoren verant-wortlich.
The degrees of suppression produced by vermicomposts produced from cattle manure, sheep manure or horse manure and by vermicomposts produced from sewage sludge were compared in greenhouse experiments. The effect of these vermicomposts on the growth and infection of tomato seedlings by Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae was studied. The density of the pathogen and the number of micro-organisms in container media amended with vermicomposts were also analysed. The vermicomposts produced from animal manure significantly reduced the infection of tomato seedlings by the pathogen. The density of P. nicotianae in media which included these vermicomposts was similar to that in infested peat substrate (control treatment). The vermicomposts from sewage sludge did not protect tomato seedlings against P. nicotianae. They also significantly inhibited growth of the plants as well as decreasing the density of the pathogen in container media. In general the vermicomposts had no effect on total number of micro-organisms in potting media compared with control. They only had higher levels of actinomycetes but this did not appear to correspond with their ability to suppress the pathogen.
Increasing quantities of earthworm digested materials (vermicompost) are being marketed as a peat-free growth medium for amateur and professional food producers. Several studies indicate that growing tomatoes in peat mixed with low concentrations of vermicompost (10–20% by volume) produced by the earthworm Eisenea fetida increases yield of plants and marketability of fruits. Here we examined the effect of substituting commercial peat-based compost with four different vermicomposts produced by the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. Vermicompost was added to peat-based compost at rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 100% (v/v) and the following characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Money maker) assessed: germination, yield, marketability, fruit weight and ascorbic acid concentration. Vermicompost significantly increased germination rates (176%) and improved the marketability of fruits at 40% and 100% substitution rates due to the lower incidence of physiological disorders ('blossom end rot' and fruit cracking). Total fruit yield, marketable fruit yield, fruit number, individual fruit weight and vitamin C concentration were unaffected by the presence of vermicompost. Although vermicompost may provide a viable alternative to peat-based growth media, overall, we found little added benefit from using vermicompost. We conclude that some of the previously reported benefits of vermicompost on horticultural production may be overstated and that marketing strategies should reflect this in order to preserve consumer confidence in vermicompost products. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry