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Neurophysiological indicators of EFT treatment of posttraumatic stress
... Other studies find EFT effective for PTSD in a variety of populations. These include motor vehicle accident survivors (Swingle et al., 2004), business owners (Church and House, 2018), victims of sexual assault (Anderson et al., 2019), Haitian earthquake survivors (Gurret et al., 2012), Congolese gender violence victims (Nemiro and Papworth, 2015), adolescents (Church et al., 2012b), civilian survivors of war (Boath et al., 2014b), and earthquake survivors (Rahmi, 2012). ...
... The research into EFT's physiological mechanisms of action demonstrates this relationship. EFT has now been associated with changes in brain-wave activity (Lambrou et al., 2003;Swingle et al., 2004;Swingle, 2010), stress hormone levels Stapleton et al., 2020b), gene expression (Maharaj, 2016;Church et al., 2018c), brain region activation (Wittfoth et al., 2020(Wittfoth et al., , 2022, epigenetic microRNA activity (Yount et al., 2019), and biomarkers such as heart rate, immunity, and blood pressure (Bach et al., 2019). A wide range of physiological mechanisms, including epigenetic, endocrinal, cardiovascular, immunological, and neurological components, have thus been found to be associated with EFT treatment. ...
Background
Since the turn of the century, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) has come into widespread use in medical and psychological treatment settings. It is also used as self-help by tens of millions of people each year. Clinical EFT, the manualized form of the method, has been validated as an “evidence-based” practice using criteria published by the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12 Task Force on Empirically Validated Therapies. Its three essential ingredients are exposure, cognitive framing, and acupressure.
Objectives
In 2013 we published a paper defining Clinical EFT and reviewing published research. It has been viewed or downloaded over 36,000 times, indicating widespread interest in this treatment modality. Here we update our findings based on subsequently published literature and propose directions for future research.
Method
We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses. Retrieval of 4,167 results resulted in the identification of 56 RCTs (n = 2,013), 41 of which were published subsequent to our earlier review, as well as eight meta-analyses.
Results
RCTs have found EFT treatment to be effective for (a) psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, phobias, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (b) physiological issues such as pain, insomnia, and autoimmune conditions; (c) professional and sports performance; and (d) biological markers of stress. Meta-analyses evaluating the effect of EFT treatment have found it to be “moderate” to “large.” Successful independent replication studies have been carried out for anxiety, depression, PTSD, phobias, sports performance, and cortisol levels. We outline the next steps in EFT research. These include determining its impact on cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and cognitive impairment; analysis of the large-scale datasets made possible by mobile apps; and delivery through channels such as virtual practitioner sessions, artificial intelligence agents, online courses, apps, virtual reality platforms, and standardized group therapy.
Conclusions
Subsequent research has confirmed the conclusions of earlier studies. These find Clinical EFT to be efficacious for a range of psychological and physiological conditions. Comparatively few treatment sessions are required, treatment is effective whether delivered in person or virtually, and symptom improvements persist over time. Treatment is associated with measurable biological effects in the dimensions of gene expression, brain synchrony, hormonal synthesis, and a wide range of biomarkers. Clinical EFT is a stable and mature method with an extensive evidence base. Its use in primary care settings as a safe, rapid, reliable, and effective treatment for both psychological and medical diagnoses continues to grow.
... These neurochemical changes are associated with pain relief, lowered heart rate, reduced anxiety, inhibition of the fight-or-flight response, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system [20,29]. EFT has been scientifically validated as an effective treatment through objective measures such as reductions in salivary cortisol levels [29] and changes in EEG (i.e., Eletroencephalogram) results [30], indicating a physiological impact on stress regulation. These findings support the efficacy of EFT in reducing stress and promoting relaxation on both a biochemical and neurological level. ...
Background: Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) have gained attention as a potential therapy for reducing depressive symptoms. However, the evidence remains inconsistent. This meta-analysis aims to assess the overall efficacy of EFT in treating depressive symptoms and explore moderators influencing its effectiveness. Methods: A meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted, with depressive symptom reduction as the primary outcome. Meta-regression explored moderators such as the EFT format, duration, age, and depression severity. Results: The analysis showed a significant overall effect size of 1.268 for EFT in reducing depressive symptoms. A moderator analysis revealed that group-based EFT interventions were more effective than individual ones, and participants with moderate depression experienced the greatest benefits. Additionally, shorter interventions were found to be highly effective. Conclusions: EFT effectively reduces depressive symptoms, particularly in group settings and for those with moderate depression. Shorter, well-structured interventions may enhance treatment efficiency. Further studies should explore long-term effects and broader applications.
... During an EFT session with a 51-year-old woman who had residual symptoms from a traumatic brain injury, EEG patterns showed increasing relaxation and a marker for feeling "centered" as the treatment progressed (Craig et al., 2009). In a study of the use of EFT following trauma, EEG monitoring revealed reduced arousal in the right frontal cortex of nine victims of motor vehicle accidents following treatment (Swingle et al., 2005). EFT treatments in patients with seizures resulted in desirable increases in the amplitude of the sensory motor rhythm of the sensory motor cortex (Swingle, 2010). ...
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood, such as violence, abuse, severe neglect, or mental health problems in caregivers. The negative physical and mental health consequences of severe or multiple ACEs provide a major challenge for the health care community. Psychotherapies that utilize a mind–body approach in treating ACE-related conditions are seen by their proponents as having advantages for bringing healing and restoration compared with talk, introspective, interpersonal, and exposure therapies that do not intervene at the body level, as famously encapsulated by Bessel van der Kolk’s observation that “the body keeps the score.” A mind–body approach whose use has been rapidly increasing in clinical settings as well as on a self-help basis is called “energy psychology.” Energy psychology combines conventional therapeutic techniques such as cognitive restructuring and psychological exposure with the stimulation of acupuncture points (acupoints) by tapping on them. A review of the development, efficacy, and plausible mechanisms of energy psychology is presented, and several strengths are enumerated, such as how integrating acupoint tapping into conventional exposure methods enhances the speed and power of outcomes. The impact of energy psychology protocols on the three brain networks most centrally involved with ACEs is also examined. Finally, recommendations are offered for using an energy psychology approach at each stage of therapy with individuals who have endured severe or multiple ACES, from establishing a therapeutic alliance to assessment to treatment to follow-up.
... Early research showed clinically beneficial electroencephalogram (EEG) changes following EFT treatments motor vehicle accident victims suffering from PTSD had increased 13-15 Hz amplitude over the sensory motor cortex, decreased right frontal cortex arousal and an increased 3-7 Hz/16-25 Hz ratio in the occiput (Swingle et al., 2010). Similar outcomes have been observed for traumatic brain injury (Craig et al., 2009), claustrophobia (Lambrou et al., 2002), and seizure disorders (Swingle, 2005). ...
Introduction
Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is a psychophysiological intervention that includes cognitive and somatic elements, utilizing techniques from both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Prolonged Exposure therapy (PE). Because only a single meta-analysis existed examining EFT for PTSD, this systematic review and meta-analysis represents an update.
Method
Ten databases were searched for quantitative reviews and randomised clinical trials, and six met inclusion criteria.
Results
Study quality and effect size were evaluated and the results demonstrated that treatment with Clinical EFT, when compared to wait list, usual care, or no treatment controls, resulted in significant and large effect sizes, ranging from 1.38 to 2.51. When compared to active controls, effect sizes ranged from −0.15 to 0.79, producing treatment results similar to other evidence-based therapies.
Discussion
Limitations are presented and considerations for further research are proposed.
... The evidence for its clinical effects was stated with discussions about the mechanism of action and mechanistic reframing 23,26) . The self-care technique of EFT is reported to increase the secretion of opioids, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, and to decreases the stress hormone of cortisol [26][27][28][29] , thus leading to epigenetic 30) and neurochemical changes 31) . ...
Objectives: Academic stress poses a significant risk for the mental health of medical students, and a feasible group intervention program for managing academic stress is required. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical effectiveness of emotional freedom techniques (EFT) on the mental health of Korean medical students. Methods: The class of first-year medical school students (n=36) participated in an after-school EFT group intervention program comprising six sessions (15 minutes/session, three weeks) to analyze its clinical effectiveness as a single-group test-retest clinical study. The changes in the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores were examined using a paired t-test and Cohen's D at post-EFT and two-week follow-up. Results: There were significant curtailments at post-EFT and follow-up measures in TAI-Total (t=2.704 and t=3.289), TAI-Worry (t=2.297 and t=2.454), TAI-Emotionality (t=2.763 and t=3.654), PSS-Negative Perspective (t=2.659 and t=3.877), and PANAS-Negative Affect (t=2.885 and t=3.259) subscales, however not in PSS-Positive Perspective (t=-1.279 and t=-1.101) and PANAS-Positive Affect (t=0.194 and t=-0.122) subscales. The trait anxiety (t=2.227) was significantly mitigated in the post-EFT measure and the state anxiety (t=2.30) in the follow-up measure. Conclusions: The EFT group intervention alleviated test stress, negative affect, and anxiety in the Korean medical students. This study contributes to an understanding of academic stress and EFT intervention in the competitive environment of medical education.
... Moreover, Swingle et al. demonstrated neurophysiological evidence of the efficacy of EFT using electroencephalogram (EEG) imaging recording brain waves of car accident victims suffering from PTSD [38]. Another trial concerning PTSD suggested that the stimulation of acupoints directly sends deactivating signals to the amygdala, resulting in the rapid attenuation of threat responses to innocuous stimuli [39]. ...
Background
Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a prevalent source of comprised quality of life in cancer survivors. This study evaluated the efficacy of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on self-reported CRCI (sr-CRCI).
Methods
In this prospective multicentre randomised wait-list controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02771028), eligible cancer survivors had completed curative treatment, were 18 years or older and screened positive for sr-CRCI with ≥ 43 on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Participants were randomised to the immediate treatment group (ITG) or wait-list control (WLC) group, based on age (< or ≥ 65 years), gender, treatment (chemotherapy or not), and centre. The ITG started to apply EFT after inclusion and performed this for 16 weeks. The WLC group could only start the application of EFT after 8 weeks of waiting. Evaluations took place at baseline (T0), 8 weeks (T1) and 16 weeks (T2). The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with sr-CRCI according to the CFQ score.
Findings
Between October 2016 and March 2020, 121 patients were recruited with CFQ ≥ 43 indicating sr-CRCI. At T1, the number of patients scoring positive on the CFQ was significantly reduced in the ITG compared to the WLC group (40.8% vs. 87.3% respectively; p<0.01). For the WLC group, a reduction in CFQ scores was observed at T2, comparable to the effect of the ITG at T1. Linear mixed model analyses indicated a statistically significant reduction in the CFQ score, distress, depressive symptoms, fatigue and also an improvement in quality of life.
Interpretation
This study provides evidence for the application of EFT for sr-CRCI in cancer survivors and suggests that EFT may be useful for other symptoms in cancer survivors.
Embarque numa viagem profundamente transformadora com O Poder da Vida no Útero. Explore 21 protocolos de EFT para a potencial resolução de traumas pré-natais e a sua ligação aos seus atuais desafios existenciais.
Este guia abrangente, apoiado por cerca de 300 estudos científicos, permite-lhe transformar positivamente as suas cognições e emoções, e motiva-o a abraçar a vida com uma saúde ótima, amor mais genuíno, empatia e bem-estar.
Os protocolos podem ser utilizados por qualquer pessoa como uma ferramenta de autoajuda, bem como por profissionais de saúde que desejem integrar as EFT na sua prática clínica.
Empodere-se com as 776 sequências frásicas transformacionais incluídas nos 21 protocolos EFT.
Embark on a profoundly transformative journey with The Womb Connection. Explore 21 EFT protocols for the potential resolution of prenatal trauma and its connection to your current existential challenges.
This comprehensive guide, backed by nearly 300 scientific studies, empowers you to positively transform your cognitions and emotions, and motivates you to embrace life with optimal health, more genuine love, empathy and well-being.
The protocols can be used by anyone as a self-help tool, as well as by health professionals who wish to integrate EFT into their clinical practice.
Empower yourself with the 775 transformational phrase sequences included in the 21 EFT protocols.
Official page: https://ici.org.pt/editora/eft1/
Gestasyonel diabetes mellitus (GDM), gebelik sırasında saptanan geçici
bir hiperglisemi durumudur. Gestasyonel diabetes mellitus (GDM), prevalansı
gebeliklerin yaklaşık %5-20'sini etkileyen, giderek artan bir halk sağlığı
sorunudur. Büyüyen fetüsün taleplerini sürdürmek için hamilelik sırasında
derin hormonal, metabolik ve immünolojik değişiklikler meydana gelir.
Birinci trimester, fetal gelişim için yeterli bir enerji kaynağı depolamak için
maternal insülin sekresyonunun ve adipoz doku tarafından glikoz alımının
arttığı bir anabolik durum olarak adlandırılır. Böylece hamile kadınlar kilo
almaya başlayacaktır. Gebelik ilerledikçe, plasental ve metabolik hormonların
yanı sıra proinflamatuar sitokinlerin seviyeleri artar ve böylece gebeliğin
ikinci yarısında maternal insülin duyarlılığını azaltır. Üçüncü trimesterde,
maternal insülin duyarsızlığı glukoneogenezi ve lipolizi uyarır, bu da maternal
plazma glukoz ve serbest yağ asitleri (FFA) düzeylerinin yükselmesine yol
açar. Bu aşama, sağlıklı fetal gelişim için yeterli enerjiyi sağlamak üzere
maternal plazma glukozunun plasenta yoluyla taşındığı katabolik bir durum
olarak adlandırılır ve GDM preeklampsi, sezaryen doğum, fetal makrozomi,
omuz distosisi ve neonatal hipoglisemi gibi birçok olumsuz maternal ve
neonatal sonuçla ilişkilidir. GDM genellikle doğumdan sonra düzelir, ancak
ne yazık ki uzun dönem sonuçlarda annede tip II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ve
kardiyovasküler hastalık, artmış adipozite ve hatta obezite, bozulmuş glukoz
metabolizması, hipertansiyon, hiperlipidemi gibi uzun süreli metabolik ve
kardiyovasküler komplikasyonlara neden olabilir. Ayrıca, GDM'li anneden
doğan bebeklerin, GDM'si olmayan anneden doğan bebeklere göre iki ila
sekiz kat daha fazla obezite, metabolik sendrom, tip 2 diyabet ve bozulmuş
insülin insidansı ve duyarlılığı riski ve karaciğer yağlanması ve erken ergenlik
gösterdiği bildirilmektedir.
Şimdiye kadar, gestasyonel diyabetin geniş çapta birçok risk faktörü
tanımlanmıştır. Hamilelik sırasında aşırı kilolu olmak veya annede obezite,
birinci veya erken ikinci trimesterde artmış kilo alımı, ileri üreme yaşı, ailede
tip 2 veya gestasyonel diyabet öyküsü, önceki gebelikte fetal makrozomi ve
polikistik over sendromu bu hastalığa zemin hazırlayan önemli faktörler
olarak kabul edilir. Çok sayıda risk faktörü tanımlanmış ve yüksek risk
gruplarında tarama başlatılmış olmasına rağmen, gestasyonel diyabet
prevalansındaki artış eğilimi ve komplikasyonları hala devam etmektedir. Bu
nedenle, GDM'nin erken tespiti ile ilgili hassas ve spesifik biyobelirteçlerin
tanımlanmasına acil bir ihtiyaç vardır.
-SAĞLIK & BİLİM 2023: Ebelik-I- 26
Gestasyonel diyabetus mellitusta maternal hipergliseminin uygun
yönetimi, hem maternal hem de yenidoğan morbiditesini azaltabilir, tıbbi
beslenme tedavisi (TBT) GDM tedavisi için birinci basamak yaklaşımdır.
Gebelikte tanı konan kadınların diyet uygulaması çoğu durumda, kan glukoz
seviyelerini kontrol etmek için tek başına yeterlidir, ancak kadınların yarısı iyi
bir metabolik kontrol sağlayamaz ve insülin ya da hipoglisemik ilaçlarla
tedavi gerektirir. TBT'nin GDM tedavisinde evrensel olarak kabul edilen
önemine rağmen, maternal gliseminin sürdürülmesine en iyi şekilde izin veren
optimal diyet makrobesin bileşimi hakkında bir fikir birliği yoktur.
Bağırsak mikrobiyotası, sindirim sisteminde bulunan
mikroorganizmaların toplanmasını ifade eder. Bakteriler, arkealar, virüsler ve
ökaryotik mikroplar dahil olmak üzere yaklaşık 100 trilyon bağırsak
mikrobiyotası, insan bağırsağında, özellikle distal kolonda bulunur. Sağlıklı
yetişkinlerde, baskın bağırsak mikrobiyota bileşimleri Bacteroidetes ve
Firmicutes filumlarını barındırmaktadır. İnsan bağırsağı mikrobiyotası iki ana
gruba ayrılır: kommensal simbiyontlar ve patobiyontlar. Kommensal
simbiyontlar genellikle sağlıklı bir popülasyonda baskındır ve konakçı ile
simbiyotik bir ilişki sağlar. Pathobionts, patojenik bir inflamatuar yanıtı
tetikleyen ve yükseldiğinde konakçı üzerinde zararlı etkilere neden olan bir
bakteri grubudur. Değişmiş normal bağırsak mikrobiyota bileşimi veya
disbiyoz, kommensal simbiyontlar ve patobiyontlar arasındaki bir
dengesizliği ifade eder. Önceki çalışmalar, bağırsak mikrobiyota disbiyozu ile
enflamatuar barsak hastalığı, obezite ve T2DM gibi bozukluklar arasında
pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu bildirmiştir. Bunun yanısıra bağırsak
mikrobiyotasının GDM gebeliklerinde insülin direncini ve enflamatuar yanıtı
modüle etmedeki kritik rolü, birkaç çalışma tarafından bildirilmiştir. Diyetin
mikrobiyota bileşimini birkaç gün içinde hızla değiştirebildiği iyi
bilinmektedir. Ortaya çıkan kanıtlar, belirli besinlerin bireysel mikrobiyal
modele dayalı olarak metabolik sonuçlar üzerinde farklı bir rol oynadığını
göstermiştir. Spesifik diyet müdahalelerinin bağırsak bakteri bileşimi ve işlevi
üzerindeki potansiyel etkisi, GDM'yi önlemek ve tedavi etmek için en uygun
strateji arayışında büyük ilgi görmektedir. Ancak, şu anda çok az sayıda ve
tartışmalı veri mevcuttur.
a ، ییالق شهنی منیجه b یخچالی حاجی علیرضا ، c a کارشناسی اهواز. چمران، شهید دانشگاه تربیتی، روانشناسی ارشد b اهواز. چمران، شهید دانشگاه روانشناسی، گروه استاد c اهواز. چمران، شهید دانشگاه روانشناسی، گروه دانشیار مسئول: نویسنده تلفن: ملکی، مینا 09034385448 ، الکترونیک پست : miina.maleki@gmail.com چکیده : تکنیک تأثیر بررسی هدف با حاضر پژوهش مؤلفه بر هیجان آزادسازی های امتحان (اضطراب مدرسه اضطراب های واکنش وجود، ابراز از ترس ، های به اعتماد فقدان و فیزیولوژیکی نفس) دانش تمام را آن آماری جامعه و بوده آزمایشی پژوهش شد. انجام شهر اول متوسطه دوره اول پایه مضطرب دختر آموزان دانش بک، اضطراب سیاهه توزیع از پس بود. فیلیپس مدرسه اضطراب مقیاس و بک اضطراب سیاهه استفاده، مورد ابزارهای دادند. تشکیل اهواز که آموزانی به ورود مالک در تصادفی صورت به و شده انتخاب داشتند را پژوهش 2 گروه 15 تکنیک آموزش از پیش شدند. گمارده نفره دو هر از هیجان آزادسازی های پیش گواه و آزمایشی گروه آزمایشی گروه سپس شد. گرفته آزمون 10 تکنیک جلسه د را هیجان آزادسازی های از نهایت در کردند. ریافت و آزمایشی گروه گواه پس واکنش وجود، ابراز از ترس امتحان، اضطراب گواه گروه به نسبت آزمایشی گروه داد نشان نتایج آمد. عمل به آزمون اعتماد فقدان و فیزیولوژیکی های به داشتند. کمتری نفس کلیدی: کلمات اضطراب هیجان، آزادسازی وجود ابراز ، 1. مقدمه می آغاز بلوغ با نوجوانی دوره مسئولیت با و شود می انتها به بزرگسالی های رسد [ 1 .] شایع از می رخ نوجوانان برای دوره این در که مسائلی ترین است اضطراب دهد، [ 2 .] موقعیت نظر از دوره این در نوجوانان تنش تحصیلی، شغلی، های می مضطرب و گرفته قرار فشار تحت دیگر عدیده مشکالت و ها شوند [ 3 .] همچون عواملی چالش رقابت مدارس، تنوع و ها حساسیت و شدید های ا اختالل قبیل از مشکالتی که است نوجوانان و کودکان آموزش به نسبت جامعه و خانواده مدرسه ضطراب
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