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Physiological impact of selected game-related exercises
... Compared to other training methods, it not only provides training with realistic game situations (Gregson and Drust, 2000;Owen, 2003), but also ignites players' enthusiasm to participate in training. By adjusting different factors, coaches can also enable players to practice different types of movement in a real game situation (Aroso et al., 2004) as well as different types of technical under pressure (Gabbett et al., 2009). Moreover, it trains players to make various tactical decisions when they are physically exhausted (Castelao et al., 2014) and increases their mental toughness (Diogo et al., 2017). ...
... Studies showed that lower number of players (1v1 to 4v4) significantly increase the physiological demand compared to medium-sided games (5v5-8v8) and large-sided games (>9v9). Heart rate, blood lactate acid, and rating of perceived exertion decreased as the number of players increased (Aroso et al., 2004;Owen et al., 2004;Williams and Owen, 2007;Katis and Kellis, 2009;Dellal et al., 2011;Aguiar et al., 2013). Other studies found that the total distance covered increased with an increasing number of players (Dellal et al., 2011;Clemente et al., 2014a), but the number of accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and sprints decreased (Hill-Haas et al., 2008;Aguiar et al., 2012;Clemente et al., 2017;Lacome et al., 2018). ...
... Studies have shown that the greater the area per player, the greater the physical Frontiers in Physiology frontiersin.org 02 load (Aroso et al., 2004). To provide a frame of reference, the average area per player ranged from 83.2 to 117 m 2 in the 2018 Russia World Cup (FIFA, 2018). ...
Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effects of pressure on the ball on physiological responses and time-motion characteristics during football small-sided games between elite youth male players.
Methods: 56 elite male youth football players (age: 15.43 ± 0.52 years) performed a 2+GK vs. 2+GK game on a 30 m × 15 m pitch area with two playing conditions: 1) free play (FP), the player has no limitation to play; 2) pressure on the ball (PB), the player has directly and aggressively closed down space (located within 1.5 m) between themselves and the opposition player with the ball and can compete for possession. The percentage of time spent in different maximum heart rate (HRmax) zones, mean heart rate, blood lactate acid concentration, total distance covered, distance covered in three speed zones (sprint, high speed, and moderate speed), number of high speed runs, number of sprint runs, top speed, number of direction changes, and ball recovery time were monitored.
Results: We found very significantly higher number of high speed runs (p < 0.001; ES = 1.154), number of direction changes (p < 0.001; ES = 2.347), ball recovery time (p < 0.001; ES = 3.529), percentage of time spent in 90%–100% HRmax (p < 0.001; ES = 3.033), mean heart rate (p < 0.001; ES = 1.940), blood lactate acid concentration (p < 0.001; ES = 2.245) and significantly higher high speed running distance covered (p = 0.004; ES = 0.520) in the PB condition. Conversely, the FP condition showed very significantly higher moderate speed running distance covered (p < 0.001; ES = 1.814) and significantly higher percentage of time spent in 80%–90% HRmax (p = 0.012; ES = 0.440). No significant differences were revealed on sprint running distance covered (p = 0.407; ES = 0.140), number of sprint runs (p = 0.103; ES = 0.279), top speed (p = 0.130; ES = 0.258) and percentage of time spent in 60%–70% HRmax (p = 0.106; ES = 0.276), 70%–80% HRmax (p = 0.358; ES = 0.155).
Discussion: We found that pressure on the ball had a substantial impact on the intensity of training, as evidenced by a significantly increased high speed running performance, number of directional changes, percentage of time spent at 90%–100% of maximum heart rate, mean heart rate, and blood lactate acid concentration. Additionally, ball recovery time decreased significantly.
... Field dimensions, the number of players, game rules, and coach encouragement lead to changes in time spent in high-intensity exercise, the distance covered, and the reproducibility of SSGs (11,13,14,23). Therefore, it is thought that these factors results in different heart rates (HRs), percentage of maximum HR (HRmax), and blood lactate (La 2 ) responses during SSGs (3,23). ...
... Few studies compared the physiological responses in 1-aside, 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-SSGs (3,18,19,26). Rampinini et al. (23) revealed that increased pitch size during 3 bouts of 3-a-side, 4-a-side, 5-a-side, and 6-a-side games resulted in increased HR and La 2 responses in amateur soccer players. Furthermore, Aroso et al. (3) found that as the number of players on the same pitch size increased, La 2 levels decreased in 3 bouts of 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games, whereas HR response in 3-a-side game was lower than 2-a-side and 4-a-side games. ...
... Rampinini et al. (23) revealed that increased pitch size during 3 bouts of 3-a-side, 4-a-side, 5-a-side, and 6-a-side games resulted in increased HR and La 2 responses in amateur soccer players. Furthermore, Aroso et al. (3) found that as the number of players on the same pitch size increased, La 2 levels decreased in 3 bouts of 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games, whereas HR response in 3-a-side game was lower than 2-a-side and 4-a-side games. On the other hand, Kelly and Drust (19) reported that changes in pitch size did not alter the HR responses during the SSGs with 4 bouts including the same number of players. ...
... Speed endurance drills appeal to practitioners working in elite soccer as they are more time efficient than aerobic high-intensity drills and the relatively low volume enables them to be prescribed in and around a complex training programme (Walker & Hawkins, 2017). However, to date, there has not been an investigation into the current speed endurance practices in elite youth soccer and although some have suggested small-sided games could be potentially used as speed endurance drills (Reilly & Bangsbo, 1998;Little 2009), information on the associated physiological responses is sparse (Aroso, Rebelo & Gomes-Pereira, 2004). Furthermore, although it is well established in the literature that individual playing positions have unique physical demands during a match (Sarmento et al., 2014), no scientific investigations have constructed and examined the physiological and physical demands of position-specific speed endurance drills. ...
... There is scant research relating to the physiological response and time-motion characteristics of SSG's that have adhered to specific SE recommendations. For instance, authors have quantified the physiological response of SEM 1v1 and 2v2 SSG's using 60-90 s exercise bouts with an exercise to rest ratio of 1:1-1:2 across 3-6 repetitions on various pitch dimensions (Aroso et al., 2004;Dellal et al., 2008;Koklu et al., 2011). However, the number of repetitions prescribed are lower than recommended SE protocols (Mohr et al., 2007;Iaia et al., 2009a), most of the pitch dimensions are considered small (Little 2009) and the 90 s repetition duration is approaching the upper end of the SE range (Bangsbo, 1994;Iaia & Bangsbo, 2010). ...
... The SEP and SEM soccer drills involved 1v1 and 2v2 SSG's consisting of eight games of 30 and 60 s separated by 120 and 60 s recovery, respectively (Reilly & Bangsbo, 1998). In accordance with previous research, all drills were played on pitch dimensions of 27 × 18 m with unattended mini goals (Aroso et al., 2004;Sampaio et al., 2007). The player/team that scored a goal retained possession but had to return to their half to receive the next ball from the coach. ...
The physical demands of soccer match play have significantly increased in recent years. As such, training methods must evolve to ensure players are able to cope with these demands over the course of a season. Speed endurance training is recommended to improve physical performance in elite soccer players, however scientific investigations into different protocols and modalities are sparse.
The aim of Study 1 was to determine the exposure to speed endurance training over a season relative to all other conditioning drills. Secondary data was quantified over a 42-week season in an elite youth soccer team using five different conditioning drill categorisations. Speed endurance maintenance and extensive endurance where the most prominent conditioning drills whilst speed endurance production was the least frequent. Nonetheless, the relative distribution of running drills and small-sided games were almost equal for both speed endurance protocols. An investigation into different speed endurance modes and protocols in Study 2 revealed running drills elicit greater heart rate, blood lactate concentration and subjective ratings of perceived exertion than respective small- sided games. Players covered less total distance and high-intensity running distance in the small-sided games, but greater high-intensity acceleration/deceleration distance than in the respective running drills. Additionally, the speed endurance production drills produced greater blood lactate concentrations and high speed running demands than the respective maintenance protocols. These findings suggest speed endurance small-sided games could be used to train the anaerobic energy system, however a greater physiological response may be possible with soccer drills that expose players to greater high speed running demands.
The aim of study 3 was to quantify movement patterns, technical skills and tactical actions associated with high speed running efforts during elite match play to provide information for position-specific speed endurance drills. Twenty individual English Premier League players high-intensity running profiles were observed multiple times using a computerised tracking system. Data was coded using a novel ‘High-intensity Movement Programme’ and revealed position-specific trends in and out of possession. This investigation was the first study to contextualise why playing positions perform high- intensity running efforts rather than simply reporting distances covered. In possession, wide midfielders executed more tricks post effort than centre backs and central midfielders whilst fullbacks and wide midfielders performed more crosses post effort than other positions. Out of possession, forwards completed more efforts closing down the opposition but less efforts tracking opposition runners than other positions. Distinct movement patterns were also evident out of possession with forwards performing more arc runs before efforts compared to centre backs, fullbacks and wide midfielders, however centre backs completed more 0-90° turns compared to fullbacks, central and wide midfielders.
The data from Study 3 was used to design five individual position-specific speed endurance drills with the aim of exposing players to high speed running and the associated technical and tactical actions performed during a match. An investigation into the position- specific speed endurance drills in Study 4 revealed players covered greater distances across all speed thresholds attaining greater peak and average running speeds during the speed endurance production protocol compared to the maintenance drill. Mean and peak heart rate responses were greater in the maintenance protocol whilst blood lactate concentrations were higher following the production protocol. Minimal differences in neuromuscular function and ratings of perceived recovery were evident following either protocol up to 24 h post drill. The findings suggest position-specific speed endurance production drills should be prescribed to achieve a greater anaerobic stimulus and expose players to high running speeds whilst the maintenance protocol should be administered when a greater cardiovascular load is desirable with a concomitant reduction in high speed running.
This research programme provides novel information comparing the physiological response and physical demands of various speed endurance drills in soccer. These studies were the first to report seasonal speed endurance practice and detail generic and position-specific speed endurance soccer drills based on contextualised match data. It is hoped the data from this research project can help applied staff understand the most appropriate speed endurance practices for elite youth players.
... Tab 7 fournit un résumé des études qui ont porté sur les effets des changements de règles sur l'intensité de l'exercice pendant les jeux réduits de football. Deux études (Mallo J, Navarro E, 2008) ont rapporté une augmentation du %FC max et un autre a signalé une augmentation de la concentration de lactate dans le sang en raison de changements de règles (Aroso J et al , 2004). ...
... Par rapport aux règles normales du football, ces changements de règles spécifiques ont entraîné une augmentation de la distance totale parcourue et du temps passé à effectuer des courses de haute intensité, avec moins de temps passé à l'arrêt (Aroso J et al , 2004) (Mallo J, Navarro E, 2008). ...
Small-sided games (SSGs) are played on reduced pitch areas, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players than traditional football. These games are less structured than traditional fitness training methods but are very popular training drills for players of all ages and levels. At present, there is relatively little information regarding how SSGs can best be used to improve physical capacities in footballers.
However, many prescriptive variables controlled by the coach can influence the exercise intensity during SSGs. Coaches usually attempt to change the training stimulus in SSGs through altering the pitch area, player number, coach encouragement, training regimen (continuous vs interval training), rules and the use of goalkeepers.
In the present research, we will address in a more precise way, the calibration of the above-mentioned parameters, as well as the optimal strategies of the SSG for the development of the physical capacities of the players in soccer.
Key words: Intensity, Small-Sided Games, Football
... mittent design, and frequency of repeated sprint efforts and that many previous soccer-specific studies have shown that SSG formats with fewer players elicit greater srpe than larger playing formats. 31,33,46,47 For example, Sampaio et al. 35 reported no significant differences in HR responses but higher srpe values in 3 vs. 3 SSG compared with 4 vs. 4 SSG (16.5±0.5 vs. 14.4±0.5, Borg 6-20 scale, respectively) in a 4·4-min format with 3 min of recovery between games. ...
... 31 in this study, the absolute srpe values measured during the SiT or SSG protocol were higher than previously reported values. 31,35,46 While both groups in our study experienced perceptual improvements in sRPE and %HR max across the training phases, on this basis it is hard to objectively discuss the intervention fidelity. However, our observations are in line with the results obtained by dellal et al., 27 between especially WanT relative ppo and sprint performance. ...
Background:
The programming of training protocols within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) framework with appropriate analysis of total training load could deliver optimal training adaptations. This study aims to compare the efficiency of two low-volume HIIT protocols integrated with the regular training regime in professional soccer players.
Methods:
Twenty-five participants aged 18.4-29.7 years were randomly assigned to one of two interventions involving straight-line sprint interval training (SIT, n = 13) or small-sided games (SSG, n = 12). Periodization was divided into two 3-week phases concluded by a 7-day taper. SIT first involved two sessions·week-1 of one set of 10·45-s sprints (at maximal intensity) and then three sessions·week-1 of two sets of 10·30-s sprints with a 0.75:1 and 1:1 recovery interval (slow running and stretching exercises), respectively. SSG in the first phase involved 5·3-min games of 4 vs. 4 and in the second phase 4·4-min games of 2 vs. 2 with 3-min recovery (practice drills at 60-70% HRmax). Training load was controlled via session-RPE and HR-based methods. Pre- and post-intervention testing included: countermovement jump height, 5-m and 30-m sprints performance, anaerobic power by the 10-s Wingate Anaerobic Test, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) and blood lactate concentration (BLa-) determined by incremental exhaustive running test.
Results:
Two-way ANOVA showed group×time interaction effects for the 30-m sprint time (F(1,23) = 3.023; p = 0.049; η2 p = 0.116), BLa- (F(1,23) = 5.250; p = 0.031; η2 p = 0.185), and V̇ O2max (F(1,23) = 4.648, p = 0.044; η2 p = 0.157). SIT elicited greater enhancements in anaerobic performance (30-m sprint time and BLa-), while SSG induced larger mprovements in V̇ O2max.
Conclusions:
Comparable effects of SIT and SSG protocols were noted, however the aerobic capacity benefits provided by SSG warrant this HIIT protocol as a highly recommended training modality in the professional soccer.
... Nevertheless, studies demonstrate contradictory findings regarding players' responses to different SSG pitch dimensions. While some studies have found that SSGs played in large areas result in greater workloads (Aroso et al., 2004;Casamichana and Castellano, 2010;Hodgson et al., 2016;Rampinini et al., 2007;Owen et al., 2004;Williams and Owen, 2007), others either found similar results for smaller pitches (Tessitore et al., 2006) or reported no differences at all (Kelly and Drust, 2009). The inconsistency reported for various SSG pitch dimensions means that a greater understanding is needed of how these metrics impact players physiological responses and time-motion characteristics (Stone and Kilding, 2009). ...
... This study examined the influence of separately modifying the width and the length of a SSG pitch on physiological and time-motion characteristics of soccer players. Although studies have demonstrated that increasing the total surface area of a pitch increases the physiological demands (Aroso et al., 2004;Casamichana and Castellano, 2010;Owen et al., 2004;Rampinini et al., 2007;Williams and Owen, 2007), it is not known whether modifying just one dimension (width or length) has the same effect. The main finding from the present study is that modifying length places greater physiological demands on players than modifying width. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pitch shape modifications on heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics in soccer players during 5-a-side small-sided games (SSGs). Players completed four different SSG dimensions: (1) short narrow pitch (SN; 40 × 25 m), (2) short wide pitch (SW; 66 × 25 m), (3) long narrow pitch (LN; 40 × 50 m), and (4) long wide pitch (LW; 66 × 50 m). Twenty amateur soccer players (age: 21 ± 5 yr; stature: 176.8 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 72.7 ± 3.7 kg) were monitored using a heart rate monitor and a 10 Hz GPS device. Mean maximum heart rate (%HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), peak running speed, total distance covered (TD), distance covered in four speed categories, number of moderate and high accelerations (Ac), decelerations (Dc), changes of direction (COD) and player load were recorded. Increasing the pitch length had a greater effect compared to increasing the pitch width especially on RPE (3.8, 6.3, 4.9 and 6.6 AU to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively) and time-motion characteristics such as TD (101, 127, 108 and 131 m·min-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), peak speed (4.8, 6.1, 5.2 and 6.2 m·s-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), and the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction. The data demonstrates that increasing the length rather than the width of 5-a-side SSG has a greater impact on players’ responses in terms of increasing workloads.
... The HR% values recorded in the following study, during the exercise of 3vs3, stands at 87,2 ± 3,3% of HR max, are in agreement with other studies assessing the 3vs3, (performed with or without the presence of goalkeepers) that have reported percentages of max HR ranging between 87% and 89% [16,18,25,33,34]. This valuesare in agreement with another study that showed during an exercise conducted in 3vs3 "cage" modality, although with smaller subjects compared to those of this study, FC values equal to 88 ± 2,7% of HR max [35]. ...
... The RPE values of 3vs3 (17,5 ± 0,7) are in agreement with other studies that, however, used a larger field, a greater playing time and different age subjects (3,34). The RPE values revealed during the 4vs4 (16,3 ± 1,3) are in agreement with other studies carried out on young players [33,34,36]. ...
Aim: The Small-sided games are very widespread football training exercises to improve both the physical condition and the technical abilities. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the internal load of the young football player using the heart rate (HR) and the perceived exertion (RPE) and to describe the type and amount of some technical skills in 3vs3, 4vs4 and 5vs5.
Methods: 16 young soccer players.
Results: The study shows that the size with small number of players allows to have a greater internal load both in reference to the HR (3vs3: 87,2 ± 3,3%; 4vs4: 83,8 ± 3,8% p <0.05; 5vs5: 83,7 ± 3,6% p <0.05) both for the RPE (3vs3: 17,5 ± 0,7 AU; 4vs4: 16,4 ± 1,3 AU p < 0.05; 5vs5: 15,8 ± 1,1 AU p < 0.001); while the format with large number of participants makes it possible to achieve a higher number of technical skills (76% successful passes; 24% bad passes; n° 59 tackles).
Conclusion: The results showed that the 3vs3 is more effective for a high-intensity aerobic training, because it generates a cardiac response that comes close to 90% of the HR max while the format with a larger number of players produced an increase in the number of specific technical skills.
... Following these developments, several authors have focused their attention on the investigation of physiological and technical properties and effects of specific drills. Game-specific drills, performed on courts of various sizes and by various number of players, are an excellent example of this trend in research (Abrantes, Nunes, Maçãs, Leite, & Sampaio, 2012;Aroso, Rebelo, & Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Da Silva, et al., 2011;Dellal, Hill-Haas, Lago-Penas, & Chamari, 2011;Gabbett, Walker, & Walker, 2015;Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri, & Coutts, 2011;Jones & Drust, 2007;Katis & Kellis, 2009;Kelly & Drust, 2009;Kennett, Kempton, & Coutts, 2012;Köklü, Aşçi, Koçak, Alemdaroğlu, & Dündar, 2011;Rampinini, et al., 2007;Tessitore, Meeusen, Piacentini, Demarie, & Capranica, 2006). Varying duration of these drills has also been a line of investigation (Fanchini, et al., 2011;Hill-Haas, et al., 2011;Tessitore, et al., 2006). ...
... No statistical differences were found in the analysis of players' HR during 4vs4 handball SSGs (Table 4). In other cases, such as studies of rugby (Gabbett, et al., 2012) and soccer (Aroso, et al., 2004;Da Silva, et al., 2011;Köklü, et al., 2011;Rampinini, et al., 2007), certain differences were observed. These studies reported the increase in distance covered and HR values of players parallel to the increase of court dimensions. ...
The aim of the present study was to analyse load to which players were exposed and effort they invested in 4vs4 small-sided handball games in relation to various court dimensions. Eight male amateur handball players participated in three eight-minute 4vs4 (plus goalkeepers) small-sided handball games. The three court dimensions were 12×24 m, 30×15 m and 32×16 m. Using Global Positioning System devices (SPI pro elite 15Hz, GPSports), time-motion video analysis, and Borg’s scale for rating of perceived exertion (RPE), the following performance, physiological and psychological parameters were recorded: cyclic movements for distance covered, acyclic movements for the number of technical actions executed, heart rate, and RPE. The total distance travelled increased with the increase in court size (948.1±64.5, 1087.2±92.0 and 1079.8±90.6 on the 24×12 m, 30×15 m and 32×16 m court, respectively; p<.05). The distance covered by the players in four speed zones revealed a substantial difference between the games played on the 24×12 and 30×15m courts in the first and third (p<.05; moderate ES) speed zone. On the 24×12 m court the players covered more distance while moving in the first speed zone, but less distance when moving in the third speed zone (p<.05; moderate ES). On the 30×15 m court the players covered less distance while moving in the first speed zone, but they covered more distance by moving in the third speed zone (p<.05; moderate ES). There were no substantial differences found for the second and fourth speed zone cyclic movements and distances covered on all the three experimental court sizes. No statistical differences between the games played on various court dimensions were found in acyclic movements. No statistical differences were found in the analysis of heart rate either. Further analysis of players’ self-evaluated effort confirmed the trend of heart rate values, showing no statistical differences in the RPE values among the three different court dimensions. Our findings indicate that changing court dimensions during 4vs4 small-sided handball games could influence load imposed on players and their exertion. © 2016, University of Zagreb-Faculty of Kinesiology. All rights reserved.
... In the comparison between these last two SSG type there are no significant differences. The HR% values recorded in the following study, during the exercise of 3vs3, stands at 87,2 ± 3,3% of HR max, are in agreement with other studies assessing the 3vs3, (performed with or without the presence of goalkeepers) that have reported percentages of maxHR ranging between 87% and 89% (Platt et al., 2001; Aroso et al., 2004; Katis & Kellis, 2009; Aguiar et al., 2013; Koklü et al., 2015) . This values are in agreement with another study that showed during an exercise conducted in 3vs3 "cage" modality, although with smaller subjects compared to those of this study, FC values equal to 88 ± 2,7% of HRmax (Sannicandro et al., 2016). ...
... The RPE values of 3vs3 (17,5 ± 0,7) are in agreement with other studies that, however, used a larger field, a greater playing time and different age subjects (Aguiar et al ., 2013; Sampaio et al., 2007). The RPE values revealed during the 4vs4 (16,3 ± 1,3) are in agreement with other studies carried out on young players (Aguiar et al., 2013; Brandes & Elvers, 2017; Aroso et al., 2004). ...
The Small-Sided Games are very widespread football training exercises because are very functional to improve both the physical condition and the technical abilities. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the internal load of the young football player using the heart rate (HR) and the perceived exertion (RPE) and to describe the number and frequency of some technical skills in 3vs3, 4vs4 and 5vs5. The study shows that the size with small number of players allows to have a grater internal load while the format with large number of participants makes it possible to achieve a higher number and frequency of technical skills. The 3vs3 is more
effective for a high-intensity aerobic training while the 5vs5 is more effective to train technical skills.
... The perceived exertion levels of 3-player teams were higher than those of 4-player teams. This finding is consistent with other studies [63,64] which reported an increase in perceived exertion levels with a decrease in the number of players when field size remains constant. Similarly, studies have shown that with an increase in field sizes and the number of players (2 vs. 2: 27x18m, 3 vs. ...
Background and Study Aim. Small-sided games (SSGs) are widely used in football training to replicate match conditions while controlling the physical load on players. Variations in the number of players during these games can significantly influence key recovery markers. This study aims to investigate the effects of variations in player numbers on maximal heart rate, blood lactate levels, and perceived exertion in small-sided games acutely applied in football. Material and Methods. The study involved 28 male football players who were also university students (mean age 24.89±4.59 years, mean height 179±0.04 cm, mean body weight 73.21±4.34 kg). The participants were divided into three groups based on the number of players (2 vs. 2, 4 vs. 4, and 8 vs. 8). Heart rate and lactate levels were measured at three time points: before training, immediately after training, and 30 minutes post-training. Results. The study revealed that post-training maximal heart rates (MHR) and lactate levels were significantly higher across all groups compared to pre-training levels, while measurements taken 30 minutes post-training were significantly lower than post-training levels (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between pre-training and 30-minute post-training MHR values across the three groups (P>0.05). Post-training MHR values were similar between the 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 groups (P>0.05), whereas the 8 vs. 8 group showed significantly higher values (P<0.05). Post-training and 30-minute post-training lactate levels were similar between the 4 vs. 4 and 8 vs. 8 groups (P>0.05), but the 2 vs. 2 group had significantly lower levels (P<0.05). Perceived exertion levels post-training were similar between the 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 groups (P>0.05), while the 8 vs. 8 group reported significantly higher perceived exertion levels (P<0.05). Conclusions. Small-sided games with varying numbers of players are an effective method for modulating physical load during football training. These findings underscore the importance of considering game format in designing training sessions to optimize player performance and recovery.
... Interestingly, our results extend previous study reporting higher BLa in the 3-a-side SSGs compared to the 4-a-side SSGs [16]. It has been reported a decline in BLa with an increasing number of players, while maintaining a constant pitch size SSGs [40]. Thus, it is conceivable to suggest that increasing the number of players, may contribute significantly to the difference of BLa between the two formats. ...
We compared the physical and physiological responses of young soccer players of different ages U13 (Under 13 years), U15, and U17 and competitive levels (elite and sub-elite) during fixed pitch size small-sided games (SSGs) performed under different formats. In a cross-sectional design, seventy-two male players (12 players in each group) performed 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGs with a fixed-pitch size (40×20 m). The total distance covered (TD), peak velocity (Vpeak), the distances covered at different running speed zones (0 to < 7.0, 7.0 to < 14.0, 14.0 to < 18.0, and ≥ 18.0 km.h−1), peak heart rate (HRpeak), HRmean, expressed as percentage of the theoretical HRmaxTheo, and blood lactate concentration post-SSGs (BLa) were recorded. Players in the 3-a-side SSGs covered more TD, distances covered at different speeds and Vpeak than those of the 4-a-side SSGs across all age categories of both competitive levels (p < 0.05). The 3-a-side SSGs induced higher BLa in all elite groups (p< 0.05), and U13-sub-elite players (p=0.004). HRpeak(%HRmaxTheo) and HRmean(%HRmaxTheo) were greater in the 4-a-side SSGs than the 3-a-sidecSSGs in most age categories of both competitive levels (p < 0.05). In the zone-3, the U13- and U15-elite covered more distance than U17 in both formats. In both formats, elite players covered larger TD and distances at zone-1 and zone-4 sub-elite players (p < 0.05). BLa was higher in U17-sub-elite compared to their elite counterparts in the 4-a-side SSGs. Our study shows that 3-a-side SSGs are physically more demanding than 4-a-side, especially for elite players. Tailoring training to age and competitive level is crucial for optimising player development.
... The substantial difference in magnitude suggests that the smaller the format, the more intense the psychophysiological response. These results align with prior studies that consistently show 2v2 to be typically more intense in terms of heart rate responses (Williams and Owen, 2007;Dellal et al., 2011b), blood lactate concentrations (Aroso et al., 2004;Hill-Haas et al., 2009), and perceived exertion (Little and Williams, 2007). ...
This study aimed to: (i) analyze the variations in psychophysiological demands (mean heart rate, meanHR; rate of perceived exertion, RPE) and technical performance (umber of successful and unsuccessful passes, and occurrences of ball loss) between 2v2 and 4v4 small-sided games (SSGs) formats, and (ii) examine the relationships of aerobic capacity measured in Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (YYIRT) on psychophysiological and technical performance during SSGs. This study used a cross-sectional design with repeated measures, where the same players participated in both 2v2 and 4v4 formats across two training sessions per format. Twenty-four talent/developmental male youth soccer players, aged 16.6 ± 0.5 years. The meanHR, measured through heart rate sensors, the RPE, assessed using the CR6-20 scale, and the number of successful and unsuccessful passes, along with occurrences of ball loss, recorded using an ad hoc observational tool, were evaluated in each repetition. Players during the 2v2 format had significantly greater mean HR (+4.1%; p < 0.001; d = 2.258), RPE (+12.2%; p < 0.001; d = 2.258), successful passes (+22.2%; p = 0.006; d = 0.884), unsuccessful passes (+62.5%; p < 0.001; d = 1.197) and lost balls (+111.1%; p < 0.001; d = 2.085) than 4v4 format. The YYIRT was significantly and largely correlated with unsuccessful passes (r = 0.502; p = 0.012) and lost balls (r = 0.421; p = 0.041) in 2v2 format. In conclusion, this study suggests that engaging in 2v2 activities constitutes a more intense form of practice, significantly enhancing individual participation in technical aspects. Moreover, aerobic capacity may influence the smaller formats of play and how players perform key technical actions. Therefore, coaches must consider this to ensure the necessary performance in such games.
... Some previous studies investigated how selected variables (size of the game field, number of players, additional player in the attacking team and coach support) affect the intensity of SSG training (Kelly & Drust, 2009;Owen et al., 2004;Praça et al., 2015;Williams & Owen, 2007). It was emphasized that game field size changes increase players' HR, blood lactic acid (LA), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) average (Aroso et al., 2004;Little & Williams, 2007; and when game field size remains constant and the number of players increases, the HR decreases (Owen et al., 2004;Williams & Owen, 2007). ...
... However, when the lactate values of 3x3 and 4x4 small sided games groups were examined, there was a decrease in the 4x4 game group but it was not found statistically significant. In SSG, it has been reported that the amount of La decreases when the number of players whose field size remains the same [18]. As a matter of fact, in his study where Köklü [19] examined small-sided games, 3 sets of intermittent small-sided games and each playing time was 2 min (15x20 m playground), 3 min (18x24 m playground) and 4 min (24x36 m playground). ...
The aim of this study was to determine of cytokine responses to small-sided games (SSG) in young soccer players
This study included fourteen male soccer players (14.5± 0.6 years). Soccer players are divided into 2 groups as 3x3 and 4x4 groups. 3x3 group players played 2x6x1 minutes small-sided games in 25x20 m area and 3x6x2 minutes small-sided games in 30x25 m area for 4x4 group players. Blood samples were collected at baseline [pre-training (PRE)] and at immediately after the exercise [post-training (POST)] to measure Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor (Tnf-α), and Lactate (La) parameters. And also Heart Rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) determined both PRE and POST.
In the study, POST levels of La, IL-6, Tnf-α, HR, and RPE both in 3x3 group and in 4x4 group were found to be significantly higher than PRE (P
... Little a Williams (2006) a Hill-Haas et al. (2009 pri hrách 4:4 dosiahli priemernú maximálnu srdcovú frekvenciu 85-90%. Ďalšie výskumy ukazujú, že v rýchlosti vnímaného úsilia (RPE) a zmenách počtu hráčov je lepšie použiť prípravnú hru s malým počtom hráčov ako prípravnú hru so stredným alebo veľkým počtom hráčov (Impellizzeri et al., 2006, Rampinini et al., 2007, Aroso et al., 2004. Zmenou veľkosti ihriska dokážeme meniť intenzitu úsilia hráča. ...
Broďáni Jaroslav, Czaková Monika (2022). Šport a rekreácia 2022 / Sport and recreation 2022. Nitra : DPES EF CPU, ISBN 978-80-558-1905-1, 130 p.
... Overall, the research conducted suggests that formats with fewer players induce changes in internal load indicators (e.g., greater heart rate responses) when compared with larger formats (42,45,53,68). By contrast, other studies did not find significant differences between formats (8,41,52,72); it is worth noting, however, that regular maximum heart rate (HRmax) values during SSGs vary between 80 and 90% of HRmax (44). That is, the differences found between the studies analyzed, indicate that the same type of formats can effectively induce different internal loads responses, which may be due to different training methods or different recovery times. ...
It is essential that coaches have a broad perspective to fully understand the stimuli imposed on players during the execution of Small side games in soccer (SSGs). The physical responses resulting from training can be influenced by the interaction of several variables during the performance of different SSGs formats. For this reason, it is relevant to understand how the manipulation of variables such as training method, exercise duration, number of repetitions or recovery time affect training load responses and performance.
The main objective of this work was to provide coaches with relevant theoretical aspects and examples of practical applications that can be used from a specific SSGs format (i.e., 5-a-sided). The search strategy used to guarantee the quality of articles, comprised search terms specifically related to the research topic.
The results showed that, during the 5-a-side game, the choice of training method (i.e., continuous or fractional) and the manipulation of related variables (e.g., number of players and game format) are fundamental for the training load management.
The results showed that, during the 5-a-side game, the choice of the training method (i.e., continuous or fractional) and the manipulation of related variables are fundamental for the management of the training load. Furthermore, practical examples of 5-a-side exercises have been prescribed based on the theoretical considerations described. Whatever the choice of SSGs format, it should always consider the goals of the coach depending on the period of the season, training session and the goals proposed to the team in the different training domains.
... Overall, the research conducted suggests that formats with fewer players induce changes in internal load indicators (e.g., greater heart rate responses) when compared with larger formats (42,45,53,68). By contrast, other studies did not find significant differences between formats (8,41,52,72); it is worth noting, however, that regular maximum heart rate (HRmax) values during SSGs vary between 80 and 90% of HRmax (44). That is, the differences found between the studies analyzed, indicate that the same type of formats can effectively induce different internal loads responses, which may be due to different training methods or different recovery times. ...
... Hodnocení vnímané námahy se zdá být vhodným ukazatelem velikosti intenzity pohybové aktivity ve srovnání se srdeční frekvencí a koncentrací laktátu v průpravných hrách . Ve studiích na basketbal a fotbal bylo zjištěno, že méně hráčů na hřišti zvýší při hodnocení hráčů velikost vnímání zatížení (RPE) (Abade et al., 2014;Aroso et al., 2004;Impellizzeri et al., 2006;Klusemann et al. 2012;Rampinini et al., 2007) stejně jako v našem šetření. ...
... Extensive research in other team sports showed that manipulating the player numbers and the pitch size can alter the exercise intensity (i.e., locomotor activity, physiological responses) during a game in different sports [8]. Indeed, higher exercise intensity (e.g., heart rate (HR)) is reached when decreasing the number of players and increasing the pitch area [9]. On the other hand, reducing the number of players and pitch dimensions appears to induce higher technical involvement [7,10]. ...
The purpose of this study was to quantify the exercise intensity and technical involvement of U9 boys' and girls' team handball during different game formats, and the differences between genders. Locomotor activity (total distance, distance in speed zones, accelerations, and decelerations), heart rate (HR), and technical involvement (shots, goals, and duels) metrics were collected during various 15 min game formats from a total of 57 Danish U9 players (37 boys and 20 girls). Game formats were a small size pitch (20 × 13 m) with 3 vs 3 players and offensive goalkeepers (S3 + 1) and 4 vs 4 players (S4), a medium size pitch (25.8 × 20 m) with 4 vs 4 (M4) and 5 vs 5 (M5) players, and a large size pitch (40 × 20 m) with 5 vs 5 (L5) players. Boys and girls covered a higher total distance (TD) of high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting during L5 games compared to all other game formats (p < 0.05; ES = (−0.9 to −2.1), (−1.4 to −2.8), and (−0.9 to −1.3) respectively). Players covered the highest amount of sprinting distance in L5 games compared to all other game formats (p < 0.01; ES = 0.8 to 1.4). In all the game formats, players spent from 3.04 to 5.96 min in 180-200 bpm and 0.03 min to 0.85 min in >200 bpm of the total 15 min. In addition, both genders had more shots in S3 + 1 than M5 (p < 0.01; ES = 1.0 (0.4;1.7)) and L5 (p < 0.01; ES = 1.1 (0.6;2.2)). Team handball matches have high heart rates, total distances covered, and high-intensity running distances for U9 boys and girls irrespective of the game format. Locomotor demands appeared to be even higher when playing on larger pitches, whereas the smaller pitch size and fewer players led to elevated technical involvement .
... Overall, the research conducted suggests that formats with fewer players induce changes in internal load indicators (e.g., greater heart rate responses) when compared with larger formats (42,45,53,68). By contrast, other studies did not find significant differences between formats (8,41,52,72); it is worth noting, however, that regular maximum heart rate (HRmax) values during SSGs vary between 80 and 90% of HRmax (44). That is, the differences found between the studies analyzed, indicate that the same type of formats can effectively induce different internal loads responses, which may be due to different training methods or different recovery times. ...
Physical outputs in soccer training can be influenced by the interaction of several variables during the performance of different small side games (SSGs) formats. For this reason, it is relevant to understand how the manipulation of variables such as training method, exercise duration, number of repetitions, or recovery time affect the training loads and the performance. The main aim of this work was to provide coaches with relevant theoretical aspects and examples of practical applications to use from the specific format of 5-a-sided SSG. To search for relevant publications and ensure the quality of articles, the search strategy used comprised specific search terms based on the research theme. The results showed that, during the 5-a-side game format, the choice of the training method (i.e., continuous or fractionated) and the manipulation of the related variables (e.g., number of players and game format) are fundamental for the management of the training load. Therefore, the manipulation of the variables using 5-a-side format translates into significant variations in the training load, and in the likely improvement of the different domains of soccer training (physiological, technical, and tactical), thus evidencing several benefits in the use of this game format. In addition, practical examples of 5-a-side exercises are used based on the theoretical considerations described.
... Antrenmanlarda yaygın şekilde kullanılan küçük alan oyunları beceri gelişimini ve dayanıklılık performansını tek bir antrenman birimi içerisinde kullanmak hem zamandan tasarruf sağlayabileceği gibi antrenman verimini de artabilir (16). Bunun yanı sıra futbol oyun formatına uygun çalışmaların antrenman içeriğinde yoğun olarak kullanılmasının antrenmanı daha zevkli hale getirebileceği düşünülmektedir. ...
... Based on the scientific literature, and mostly on that involving adults, it can be concluded that several physical responses in football have been achieved through the use of SSGs, such as changes in heart rate, lactate concentration or perceived exertion [17][18][19]. Furthermore, other studies have reported changes in technical aspects like the number of passes, dribbles, shots or interceptions [20,21]. ...
New models for teaching sports have arisen in the last years, characterised by the use of more contextualised situations, modified games, tactical awareness, transference of technical-tactical learning and different teaching progression, among other aspects. In this regard, small-sided games must be highlighted, due to their ability to integrate physical fitness, technique and tactical behaviour stimuli in similar conditions to the real game. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to analyse and describe the methodological possibilities that SSGs can provide regarding the teaching of technical-tactical aspects in team sports at young ages. The guidelines of the PRISMA declaration were followed with the purpose of conducting a systematic search. The search was performed in the databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus. From the 451 identified in an early phase, plus the 20 found in the references of other studies, only 47 met the inclusion criteria and were selected. The results yielded scientific evidence that justifies the use of small-sided games as a methodological resource for sports teaching at young ages. Among the main reasons, it can be highlighted that a reduction in the number of players and in the size of the pitch area increases the total ball contact per player and, therefore, the number of technical actions. Moreover, the intentional modification of certain rules helps to develop some sport training fundamentals.
... The results showed an increase in [La -] (5.8 − 9.6 mmol·L −1 ) when the number of players and pitch area decreased. Other studies have also shown that SSG formats with fewer players elicit greater RPE than larger formats (Aroso, Rebelo, & Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Hill-Haas, Coutts, Dawson, & Rowsell, 2010;Hill-Haas, Coutts, Rowsell, & Dawson, 2008;Hill-Haas et al., 2009b;Impellizzeri et al., 2006;. Additionally, we found higher perception scores after 4v4 + GK in relation to physical, strength and endurance demands. ...
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/123712
This dissertation examined the application of a monitoring system in football(soccer). An observational design was adopted to analyse training load (TL) andphysical fitness measurements of two professional male football teams duringtheir regular training and match routines. During the competitive period, a highertraining volume was observed before and after playing against top-levelopponents (1st to 5th in the league rank), and after losing a match. Additionally, theamount of high-intensity activity performed during training was higher whenpreparing a game against a top-level opponent. Regarding TL-induced effects onphysical fitness, training volume was associated to a reduction of heart rateresponse during the submaximal Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test - level 1,indicating improved cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding the proper choice ofexternal TL quantification method, the use of arbitrary or individualised speedbasedintensity zones adjusted to player's physical fitness (maximal aerobicspeed and maximal sprinting speed) showed similar sensitivity in the estimationof external TL magnitude (based on correlation) but differed at their absolute level(based on measurement bias). Notwithstanding, when external TL was adjustedto individual physical fitness, it revealed slightly stronger associations withperceptual responses to training, rather than when calculated using arbitraryintensity zones. Additionally, reporting external TL values as percentage valuesof distance does not inform about player's perceptual responses to training. Thepresent findings can be considered by coaching and medical departments, andanyone involved with fitness testing and TL monitoring in football players.
... The most common responses analyzed are physiological (heart rate, blood lactate), physical (distances, speeds, time), perceptual, and technical [1,3,4]. Although the most investigated variables are the pitch size, player number and the multiple combinations of them [5,6], there are other aspects that have received attention such as inclusion of goalkeepers [7,8], duration of bouts [9,10], coach encouragement [11], number of touches allowed per player and the method of defending [12,13]. In general, results suggest that the fewer the number of players that are involved, the greater the physiological and perceptual responses and the number of technical actions [1,3,14]. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare the physical and physiological demands of a small-sided game (SSG) in three different age groups (senior, under-19 [U-19] and under-17 [U-17]) belonging to the same academy. A further aim was to contrast the physical and physiological profiles of normal and floater players during this task. Thirty male football players performed a 4 vs. 4 + 2 floaters on a playing field of 40 by 30m for four bouts of 4 min with 2 min of passive recovery. In addition to heart rate (mean and maximal), a GPS (Global Positioning System) system was used to record the distances covered at different speeds, the number of accelerations and decelerations, and the work/rest ratio (W:R Ratio). Analysis of the data showed that the demands of the SSGs are determined by the age of the players and that the regular players have greater demands than floater players in the SSGs utilized. These results suggest that the coaches should pay attention to the promotion of players to superior teams because there are physical differences between them (especially the U-17 to U-19 teams). Likewise, coaches should understand that floaters are a useful tool for regulating the training load of players and programming the return-to-play process, as floater players experience lower demands than normal players.
... En este sentido, conviene que el entrenador tenga en cuenta todas estas consideraciones para controlar la duración del juego para que ésta no sea excesiva. En cuanto a la modificación de reglas, Aroso et al. (2004), Mallo y Navarro (2008) y Sassi et al. (2004), indicaron que ésta puede influir en el aumento de la frecuencia cardíaca, la concentración de lactato y el esfuerzo percibido, cuando se realiza de forma deliberada. Otros estudios han analizado la diferencia entre un entrenamiento continuo y discontinuo. ...
El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los juegos reducidos como metodología de enseñanza en el fútbol. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de revisiones sistemáticas que versan sobre esta temática. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos de Web of Science Scopus y Google Scholar, seleccionando un total de cuatro estudios. Los resultados de estas revisiones mostraron que la planificación y organización del entrenamiento con juegos reducidos determinan el éxito de los objetivos físicos o táctico-técnicos que pretendemos conseguir. Para ello, en la preparación de entrenamientos con juegos reducidos es importante que los entrenadores/docentes de Educación Física tengan en cuenta variables como el número de jugadores, el tamaño del espacio de juego, la modificación de reglas, la estimulación del entrenador, la presencia o no de porteros, o el tiempo de trabajo y de descanso. Basándonos en las evidencias científicas analizadas en este trabajo, podemos corroborar que los juegos reducidos permiten llevar a cabo un entrenamiento óptimo y simultáneo en cuanto al trabajo de las habilidades táctico-técnicas y de condición física.
... El efecto de los JRs depende de la presencia de una serie de variables, entre las que destacan las dimensiones del terreno de juego (Aroso, Rebelo y Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Casamichana y Castellano, 2010;Little y Williams, 2006;Rampinini et al., 2007), la orientación del espacio de juego (Casamichana, Castellano, González-Morán y García-Cueto y García-López, 2011), el estímulo del entrenador (Rampini et al., 2007;, el número de jugadores en cada equipo (Brandes, Heitmann y Müller, 2011;Hill-Haas et al., 2009;Köklü, Asci, Kocak, Alemdarouglu y Dündar, 2011;Little y Williams, 2007;Rampini et al., 2007), las reglas específicas adoptadas (Balsom, 1994;Hill-Haas, Coutts, Dawson, y Rowsell, 2010;Hoff, Wisloff, Engen, Kemi y Helgerud, 2002), la presencia o ausencia de jugadores comodín (Hill-Haas et al., 2010;Mallo y Navarro, 2008;Sánchez-Sánchez et al., 2017) o de porteros (Mallo y Navarro, 2008), el régimen de entrenamiento (Hill-Haas, Rowsell, Dawson y Coutts, 2009) y más recientemente estudiada, el lugar que el propio JR ocupa dentro de la sesión, como elemento condicionante de la carga (Sánchez-Sánchez, Ramírez-Campillo, Carretero, Martín, Hernández, Nakamura, 2018). ...
RESUMEN
Objetivos: Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron: (i) analizar el comportamiento de las variables distancia total y velocidad media en función de la tecnología de seguimiento utilizada (Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS; y Ultra-Wide Band, UWB) y (ii), describir las exigencias físicas durante la realización de diferentes juegos reducidos (JRs). Método: Dieciséis jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol de nivel nacional (Edad: 23.6 ± 3.3 años; Peso: 78.1 ± 5.2 kg; Altura: 1.8 ± 0.1 m) realizaron 4 JRs con diferentes objetivos: (a) conservación de balón; (b) conservación y progresión; (c) conservación, progresión y finalización en múltiples metas sin portero y (d) conservación, progresión y finalización en una meta reglamentaria con portero. El registro de datos se realizó mediante el dispositivo inercial WIMU PRO TM , registrando el posicionamiento mediante tecnología dual (GNSS y UWB). Resultados: Los principales resultados fueron: (1) una relación casi perfecta entre los valores obtenidos por ambas tecnologías (distancia total: r 2 =.987; velocidad media: r 2 =.994) y (2) diferencias significativas entre los 4 JRs en las variables distancia total, distancia relativa, distancia a alta intensidad, distancia a sprint, velocidad media y High Metabolic Load Distance/min (p<0.01; F=34.33-4.57; d=2.13-0.80). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables aceleraciones/minuto y deceleraciones/minuto (p=0.27-0.08; F=1.31-2.30; d=0.31-0.45). Conclusión: Ambas tecnologías pueden ser utilizadas indistintamente para la cuantificación de las demandas físicas. En cuanto al objetivo de los JRs, este es determinante en las exigencias físicas que presentan. Por tanto, es muy importante analizar su efecto para una correcta aplicación de estas tareas específicas durante las sesiones de entrenamiento.
Palabras Clave: deportes colectivos; entrenamiento; rendimiento; carga externa; ultra-banda ancha; sistema de navegación global por satélite.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The objectives of the present research were: (i) to analyse the dynamics of total distance and mean velocity in relation to the utilised tracking technology (Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS; and Ultra-Wide Band, UWB) and (ii) to describe the physical demands performed during the small-sided games (SSG). Methods: Sixteen semi-professional national-level football players (Age: 23.6 ± 3.3 years; Body mass: 78.1 ± 5.2 kg; Height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m) performed 4 SSG with different aims: (a) maintain the ball; (b) maintain and progress; (c) maintain, progress and ending in mini-goals and (d) maintain, progress and ending in a goal with a goalkeeper. To data acquisition, a WIMU PRO TM inertial device with dual tracking technology (GNSS and UWB) was used. Results: The main results were: (1) a nearly perfect correlation in the values obtained by both technologies (total distance: r 2 =.987; mean velocity: r 2 =.994) and (2) statistical differences between the 4 SSGs in total distance, relative distance, high intensity distance (>16 km/h), sprint distance (>21 km/h), mean velocity and High Metabolic Load Distance per min (p<0.01; F=34.33-4.57; d=2.13-0.80). No statistical differences were found in accelerations/min and decelerations/min (p=0.27-0.08; F=1.31-2.30; d=0.31-0.45). Conclusions: Both tracking technologies could be used to quantify the physical demands. In relation to the aim of small-sided games, this was determinant in the physical demands. Thus, the analysis of game-based tasks is very important to control their effects for a correct application during the training sessions.
... Hill-Haas (2008) , in the study that was done with 16 young soccerers having an average age of 16,3 ± 0,6, have specified that the LA response of 4,7 ± 1,6 mmol/L-1 was given to 4x4 small-sided game played in a field of 40x30 m. for 24 minutes without any breaks. Aroso et al. (2004), in the study that they did with 14 young soccerers at the ages of 15-16, have specified that the LA response of 2,6 ± 1,7 mmol/L-1 was given to 4x4 small-sided game played in a field of 30x20 m, in 3 sets for 6 minutes, with the rule that a player can hit the ball at most two times consecutively. ...
The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a difference between physiological responses to the small-sided games often applied during soccer trainings by changing the dimensions of the fields, the number of players, duration and the rules of the games. 16 sports people, who play soccer in Turkey Hearing- Impaired National soccer Team, having 31, 38±6,02 of age, 177,13±4,38 cms of height, 74,22±4,44 kgs of bodily weight, volunteered for this research. The subjects were made to play free games with the intervals of 2 days, in different periods of 4x4, in the fields of 36mx24m, in 24 minutes in total in the forms of 1x24, 2x12, 4x6 and 6x4. After each game, a rest period of two days, and between the sets, a rest period of 4 minutes was given. Through anthropometric measurements of the subjects, their lactic acid levels in blood and the number of heart beats after small-sided games were determined. Also the difficulty levels perceived were determined with BORG scale. The data were transferred to IBM SPSS statistics 22 program and the analyses were completed. Friedman test was used to have a look whether there was a difference between descriptive statistics and dependent groups for continuous variables.At the end of the small-sided games applied in different periods and repetitions, a statistical meaningfulness was determined in the comparison of the speed of the heartbeat of the subjects that participated in the study(P<0.001). While a meaningfulness was determined in the comparison of the lactic acid amounts that appeared in the subjects (P<0.01); there was no statistical meaningfulness in the comparison of the perceived difficulty level of the small-sided games played.
... However, they observed no change in the percentage of HRmax. Similarly, Aroso, Rebelo, and Gomes-Pereira (2004) compared SSGs played in free play 120 and played with a maximum of three touches per possession in amateur football players, and reported a significant increase in BLa. showed that modification of the number of ball contacts allowed per individual possession influenced the technical activities, physical demands, and phy-125 siological responses of elite football players during SSGs. ...
Small-sided games (SSG) are played on a small pitch, often using modified rules and involving a smaller number of players. This article aimed to critically analyse the literature to determine how small-sided games affect the performance of football players in the short- and long term. Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to July 2018. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the modified Downs and Black Quality Index (cross-sectional studies) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (intervention studies). Fifty-three studies, 44 cross-sectional and 9 intervention studies, met the inclusionary criteria for review. Most of the cross-sectional studies focused on describing the differences between SSG protocols, whereas 4 studies focused on making a comparison between “interval” and “continuous” SSG training regimes. On the other hand, intervention studies focused on making a comparison between SSG-based protocols and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT)-based running protocols, in addition to determine the effect of a SSG-based training programme alone. SSG-based football plans (2 to 4 SSG sessions per week) show athletic performance improvements in football players by improving sprint, repeated sprint ability (RSA) and change of direction (COD) along with muscular and physiological adaptation.
... In letteratura è stata sottolineata l'importanza di utilizzare queste esercitazioni specifiche nell'allenamento del calciatore, data l'importanza di riprodurre il pattern delle attività che si svolgono in partita e di utilizzare gli stessi gruppi muscolari che si utilizzano durante la competizione [4,24]. Attualmente numerosi autori [3,28] hanno potuto constatare che le intensità con le quali vengono realizzate alcune partite a tema (small-sided-games) in spazi ridotti rappresentano uno stimolo appropriato per l'allenamento di resistenza. Infatti, gli SSG rappresentano un'ottima metodologia di allenamento che può essere applicata sia negli adulti sia nei giovani calciatori. ...
Background: La moderna metodologia dell’allenamento prevede l’utilizzo di esercitazioni tecniche con palla nella forma di partite a ranghi ridotti per lo sviluppo delle capacità fisiche dei calciatori. Queste proposte di allenamento specifico vengono solitamente denominate nella letteratura scientifica come Small-Sided-Games (SSG).
Obiettivo: L’obiettivo del nostro progetto di ricerca è stato quello di verificare, tramite analisi con un sistema GPS, come differenti aree per giocatore influenzino i parametri metabolici e neuromuscolari negli Small-Sided-Games con un gruppo di giovani calciatori.
Materiali e metodi: Il gruppo analizzato è stato una squadra giovanile di 25 giocatori (età media di 16-17 anni, altezza 177 ± 7 centimetri, di massa corporea 67 ± 9 Kg) di una società professionistica di LegaPro, che ha disputato il Campionato Allievi Nazionale Lega Pro (stagione 2016-2017). Ciascun giocatore ha indossato un dispositivo GPS consentendo l’analisi dei dati rilevati mediante il software LagalaColli.
Risultati: Dai confronti statistici si evince che la differenza significativa per la potenza metabolica è stata misurata negli spazi tra 0-111 m² e 112-182 m² (p=0,0047). Nel calcolo delle accelerazioni e decelerazioni, è stato preso in considerazione il confronto tra 0-111 m² e 112-182 m², ottenendo così un valore di significatività pari a p=0,0007. Un secondo valore di significatività pari a p<0,0001 è emerso dal confronto tra la media delle aree comprese tra 112-182m² e quella delle aree maggiori di 182 m². Sempre per le decelerazioni è emerso il valore di significatività (p=0,0034) tra 112-182 m² e >182 m². I cambi di direzione intensi al minuto (CdD/mW> VAM) hanno un valore di significatività pari a P<0,0001, tra 0-111m² e 112-182 m² e tra 112-182 m² e > 182 m². Le azioni intense hanno mostrato una significatività (p <0.0001 tra 0-111 m² e 112-182 m² e tra 112-182 m² e > 182 m². Il tempo di recupero passivo mostra la stessa significatività (p=0.0010) nel confronto tra 0-111m² e 112-182m², e tra 112-182m² e >182m². Nessuna differenza significativa si è verificata per i cambi di direzione >30° al minuto.
Conclusioni: I risultati di questo studio hanno permesso di conoscere le differenze che ci sono, nella nostra squadra, tra le varie dimensioni dei campi di gioco. Possiamo affermare che gli Small-sided-games sono una buona forma di allenamento sia sul piano tecnico che su quello fisico, ma non bisogna trascurare le variabili ma scegliere con cura le corrette dimensioni in funzione dell’obiettivo fisico ricercato.
... Literatürde AZD cevaplarının (20 puan üze- rinden) farklı küçük alan oyunlarında incelen- diği araştırmalarda; 2x2 küçük alan oyunu için 13.1-17.1 aralığında, 4x4 küçük alan oyunu için 12.2-16.0 aralığında, 6x6 küçük alan oyunu için 10.0-13.6 aralığında ve 8x8 oyunu için 14.1 olarak bulunmuştur (Abrantes ve diğ., 2012; Aroso ve Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Hill-Haas ve diğ., 2009;Little ve Williams, 2006;Sampaio ve dip., 2007). Küçük alan oyunları için bu çalışmanın bulguları, literatürden elde edilen değerler ile karşılaştırıl- dığında; literatürdeki oyuncu sayısının artması ile AZD değerlerindeki düşüşün bu çalışmada da benzer olduğunu, fakat absolut değerler ile karşılaştırdığımızda bu çalışmadan elde edilen değerlerin her oyun için literatürde belirtilen değerlerden oldukça düşük olduğu gözlenmek- tedir. ...
Physiological And Kinematic Responses To Small Sided Games In Soccer: Comparison With The Training Match
The aim of this study was to compare physiological and kinematic responses to various soccer speci- fic small-sided games and friendly match. 14 young
soccer players (age: 15.6�0.6 years; height: 171.5�4.5 cm;bodyweight:61.2�5.3kg)werevoluntarilyparti- cipated in the study. Four sets of small sided games were played under standardized time and field space for each player by 2-a-side, 4-a-side, 6-a-side, and 8-a-side without a goalkeeper by normal game rules. In all games the resting duration between sets was 2 minutes. Training match was played in normal official size field under regular rules. In small sided games and match blood lactate, heart rate and subjective perceived exertion rating were used as physiological variables; the total distance covered, the number and time spent in each activity categories as stop- page and walking, jogging, low-medium-high velocity running were determined as kinematic variables. In small sided games as the number of players increase the intensity of the game has decreased, and vice versa. According to kinematic findings as the number of players increased, amount of time spent and distance run in low intensities has increased, and as opposite to this, as the number of players decreased the amount of time spent and distance run in higher intensities has also increased. According to the findings it is better to use physiological and kinematic variables together in establishing the intensity of the game. Furthermore 8-a-side game format showed most similar kinematic and physiological variables compare to other form of games in this study.
Key Words: Soccer, Small Sided Games, Physiological Responses, Kinematic Analysis
... ). Bu nedenle antrenman yüklenmesinin yaygın bir göstergesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dar alan oyunlarında da fizyolojik yanıtların değerlendirilmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan kriterlerden biridir (Aroso, Rebelo ve Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Jones ve Drust, 2007). Branşa özgü kondisyon antrenmanları geleneksel kondisyon antrenmanı drilleriyle karşılaştırıldığında performansta benzer hatta daha fazla artış sağlayabilmektedir ( Gabbett, Jenkins ve Abernethy, 2009a;Hill-Haas ve ark., 2011;Stone ve Kilding, 2009).Branşa özgü kondisyon antrenman formlarından biri olan dar alan oyunu özellikle futbol (Hill-Haas ve ark., 2011), rugby ( Gabbett, 2006;Gabbett ve ark., 2010b) ve hentbol ( Buchheit ve ark., 2009) gibi takım oyunlarında basketbola göre daha yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır ( Castagna ve ark., 2011).Başlangıçta dar alan oyunları teknik ve taktik becerileri geliştirmek için kullanılırken Aksen-Cengizhan, P., Gülü, M., Erikoğlu-Örer, G. ve Doğan, A.A. (2017). ...
şiddetlerini karşılaştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya 24 erkek basketbolcu (Xyaş=14.6±0.51 yıl, Xvücutağırlığı=70.24±12.57 kg, Xboy=176.3±4.11 cm) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Başlangıçta sporcuların vücut kompozisyonu hesaplanmış ardından 1.gün 20 m mekik koşusu uygulanarak maksimal oksijen kapasiteleri (VO2maks) tespit edilmiş, VO2maks sonuçlarına göre sporcular 48 saat arayla 3x3 ve 4x4 dar alan oyunu oynayacak şekilde gruplandırılmıştır. 3.gün 3x3, 5.gün 4x4 yarı saha 10’ar dakika dar alan oyunu oynatılmıştır. Oyun süresince kalp atım hızları (KAH) takip edilmiş, oyun sonrası sporcuların kulak memesinden laktik asit (LA) ölçümü yapılmıştır. Maç sonrası Algılanan zorluk derecesi (AZD) Borg Skalası yardımıyla kaydedilmiştir. 3x3 ve 4x4 dar alan oyunlarının gruplar arası dinlenik ve maksimal KAH, LA ve AZD arasındaki farklılıklar Wilcoxon Signed Rank testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre 3x3 dar alan oyunlarında KAHdinlenme 84.10±7.77 atım/dk, KAHmaks184.40±12.89 atım/dk, LAdinlenme 1.45±0.46 mmol/L, LAmaks 4.55±2.20 mmol/L, AZD 11.60±2.17; 4x4 dar alan oyunlarında KAHdinlenme 81.00±11.46 atım/dk, KAHmaks188.10±10.35 atım/dk, LAdinlenme 2.25±0.66 mmol/L, LAmaks 4.39±1.68 mmol/L, AZD 11.10±1.60 olarak bulunmuştur. 3x3 ve 4x4 dar alan oyunlarında KAH, LA ve AZD arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, basketbolda yarı sahada oynanan 3x3 ve 4x4 oynanan dar alan oyunlarına verilen fizyolojik cevaplar benzerlik göstermektedir. Bu tarz dar alan oyunları egzersiz şiddeti bakımından farklı adaptasyonlar yaratmasa da teknik anlamda adaptasyonlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Planlanacak araştırmalar için farklı oyun süreleri, topla buluşma sayıları azaltılarak ya da benzer teknik beceriye sahip kişilerden oluşan gruplandırmalar yapılarak fizyolojik cevaplar tekrar değerlendirilebilir.
... The effects on the RPE due to the 75 player number changes are in accordance with those found for the HR responses. In general, SSG formats with fewer players elicit greater RPE in the athletes than the larger formats (Aroso et al. 2004;Hill-Haas et al. 2010;Gaudino et al. 2014). These results clearly show that exercise-constraining manipulation 80 can affect physiological responses and likely influence functional adaptations. ...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to profile the physiological, time motion and technical responses induced by football passing drills and to analyze the influence of structural and technical constraints. Methods: Twenty-two male footballers performed five sets of intermittent passing drill bouts lasting 3 min each, interspersed by 1 min of passive recovery. The experimental protocols consisted of either a triangle-shaped or a Y-shaped drill format, in which the number of players (eight vs. six) and the technical demands (single vs. double pass) were manipulated. The physiological responses (heart rate [HR], rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), external load measures (GPS related) and technical performances (pass speed and accuracy) were analyzed.
Results: The results highlighted specific profiles for the experimental protocols: (1) a higher number of players involved led to greater internal and external load responses and higher technical scores and (2) additional technical requirements, such as for the double-pass task, determined lower internal load responses and a greater amount of acceleration and deceleration actions, but trivial or unclear effects on the technical performances.
Conclusions: In light of these outcomes, coaches could include passing drill formats with a variable number of players and technical demands, within appropriate long-term programs that address both physical adaptations and skill development.
... 24 On the other hand, to specifically overload a group of players, player-to-player marking could be requested. 26 Reported elsewhere, it is also worth noting that game modulation can be achieved through creating 'artificial' rule changes with players required to complete series of accelerations and decelerations before returning into the area of play, 24,27 increasing MechW intensity of the drill. However, while rule modifications in SSGs are widely used in professional football to unload or top-up specific players, their specific impact on locomotor and/or mechanical work intensity have not been clearly investigated and require further investigation. ...
Purpose:
To compare the peak intensity of typical Small Sided Games (SSGs) with those of official matches in terms of running demands and mechanical work over different rolling average durations and playing positions.
Method:
Data were collected in 21 players (25±5 y, 181±7 cm, 77±7 kg) belonging to an elite French football team. SSG data were collected over two seasons during typical training sessions (249 files, 12±4 per player) and official matches (n=12). Players' locomotor activity was recorded using 15-Hz GPS. Total distance (TD, m), high-speed distance (HS, distance above 14.4 km.h-1, m) and mechanical work (MechW, a.u) were analysed during different rolling average periods (1 to 15 min). The SSGs examined were 4v4+Goal Keepers (GKs), 6v6+GKs, 8v8+GKs and 10v10+GKs.
Results:
Peak TD and HS during 4v4, 6v6 and 8v8 were likely-to-most likely largely lower than during matches (ES: -0.59,±0.38 to -7.36,±1.20). MechW during 4v4 was likely-to-most likely higher than during matches (1-4-min; 0.61±,0.77 to 2.30±,0.64). Relative to their match demands, central defenders (CD) performed more HS than other positions (0.63±,0.81 to 1.61±,0.52) during 6v6. Similarly, central midfielders (CM) performed less MechW than the other positions during 6v6 (0.68,±0.72 to 1.34,±0.99) and 8v8 (0.73,±0.50 to 1.39,±0.32).
Conclusion:
Peak locomotor intensity can be modulated during SSGs of various formats and durations to either over- or underload match demands, with 4v4 placing the greatest and the least emphasis on MechW and HS, respectively. Additionally, CD and CM tend to be the most and least overloaded during SSGs, respectively.
... En este sentido, la escala de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo original (Borg, 1998), y sus modificaciones posteriores han sido ampliamente utilizadas en el fútbol (Arcos, Yanci, Mendiguchia, y Gorostiaga, 2014;Impellizzeri et al., 2004;Little, y Williams, 2007). Varios autores han validado este método para cuantificar la carga tanto de los entrenamientos como de los partidos de competición (Algrøy, Hetlelid, Seiler, y Pedersen, 2011; Aroso, Rebelo, y Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Casamichana, 2014;Impellizzeri et al., 2004;Little, y Williams, 2007;Sampaio et al., 2007). Un gran número de estudios llevados a cabo con futbolistas de diferentes niveles competitivos han mostrado la alta asociación entre la carga percibida y la carga interna cuantificada mediante métodos objetivos como la concentración de lactato (Coutts, Rampinini, Marcora, Castagna, y Impellizzeri, 2009) y, especialmente, la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) (Gómez, Gómez-Lopez, Lago, y Sampaio, 2012;Kelly, y Drust, 2009;Los Arcos et al., 2013;Mallo, y Navarro, 2008). ...
Resumen
Los objetivos del estudio fueron: describir la carga percibida diferenciada (dRPE CE) en un equipo de fútbol durante 6 semanas de entrenamiento, y analizar si existen diferencias en la dRPE CE entre grupos que realizan dos entrenamientos de pliometría con distinto volumen y analizar la evolución a lo largo de las semanas de la dRPE en ambos grupos. Se registró la carga percibida mediante la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo respiratorio (RPEres) y muscular (RPEmus) de catorce jugadores de fútbol de un equipo de 2ª División B de la Liga de Fútbol Española, durante 6 semanas. Los jugadores fueron divididos en dos grupos, realizando diferentes volúmenes de entrenamiento de fuerza. El primer grupo (G1FX, 24,42 ± 4,35 años, 1,80 ± 0,05 m, 77,32 ± 6,40 kg, 23,81 ± 1,49 Kg/m2) realizó un entrenamiento de pliometría en el eje horizontal y el segundo grupo (G2FX2, 22,43 ± 2,82 años, 1,82 ± 0,07 m, 76,65 ± 7,56 kg, 22,99 ± 1,13 Kg/m2) realizó el mismo entrenamiento de fuerza pero con el doble de volumen. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en la dRPE CE en ninguna de las 6 semanas registradas y tampoco se obtuvieron diferencias en ninguno de los dos grupos a lo largo de las seis semanas ni en el RPEres CE ni en el RPEmus CE. Realizar mayor volumen de entrenamiento de pliometría no implica que los jugadores que más volumen han realizado perciban un mayor RPEres CE ni RPEmus CE.
Palabras clave: carga de entrenamiento, fuerza, potencia, pliometría, fútbol.
Abstract
The aims of this study were: to describe the differentiated perceived exertion load (dRPE TL) in a soccer team during 6 weeks of training, and to analyze if there exist dRPE TL differences between groups performing two plyometric training programs with different volumes and to analyze developments in dRPE TL over the weeks in both groups. Training load was recorded using central-respiratory perceived exertion (RPEres) and local-muscular perceived exertion (RPEmus) in fourteen male soccer players from the 2nd B championship division of the Spanish Soccer League, for 6 weeks. The players were divided into two groups performing a different volume of strength training. The first one (G1FX, 24,42 ± 4,35 years, 1,80 ± 0,05 m, 77,32 ± 6,40 kg, 23,81 ± 1,49 Kg/m2) did plyometric training in the horizontal axis and the second one (G2FX2, 22,43 ± 2,82 years, 1,82 ± 0,07 m, 76,65 ± 7,56 kg, 22,99 ± 1,13 Kg/m2) did the same strength training as the first group but double the volume. The results of our study showed no significant differences between the groups in the dRPE TL in any of the six weeks recorded and no differences were found in either group during the six weeks in the RPEres TL or the RPEmus TL. Performing a higher volume of plyometric training does not imply that the players who have performed a greater volume perceived a higher RPEres TL or RPEmus TL.
... Therefore, HR and energy expenditure become nonlinear and average HR responses measured may be underestimated during games with high intensity and short duration (Little and Williams, 2007). Aroso et al. (2004) reported that altering game duration in intense condition caused increased blood lactate levels without concomitant HR responses. Therefore, the active resting regime enhances blood lactate removal in comparison with the passive resting regime. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses
and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players.
Sixteen players (average age 16.87 ± 0.34 years; body height 176.69 ± 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 ± 2.59 kg;
training experience 3.75 ± 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones - walking (W, 0-6.9km·h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km·h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km·h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km·h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La- (p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower %HRmax
responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams’ performance capacity for subsequent bouts.
... Literatürde AZD cevaplarının (20 puan üzerinden) farklı küçük alan oyunlarında incelendiği araştırmalarda; 2x2 küçük alan oyunu için 13.1-17.1 aralığında, 4x4 küçük alan oyunu için 12.2-16.0 aralığında, 6x6 küçük alan oyunu için 10.0-13.6 aralığında ve 8x8 oyunu için 14.1 olarak bulunmuştur (Abrantes ve diğ., 2012; Aroso veGomes-Pereira, 2004; Hill-Haas ve diğ., 2009; Little ve Williams, 2006; Sampaio ve dip., 2007). Küçük alan oyunları için bu çalışmanın bulguları, literatürden elde edilen değerler ile karşılaştırıldığında; literatürdeki oyuncu sayısının artması ile AZD değerlerindeki düşüşün bu çalışmada da benzer olduğunu, fakat absolut değerler ile karşılaştırdığımızda bu çalışmadan elde edilen değerlerin her oyun için literatürde belirtilen değerlerden oldukça düşük olduğu gözlenmektedir. ...
The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of Turkish version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) which has been developed by Raedeke and Smith (2001). Scale was completed by 207 athletes (79 female, 128 male) with a mean of age 20.57 3.62 years. ABQ consists of 15 items assigned to 3 subscales (Reduces Sense of Accomplishment, Emotional/Physical Exhaustion and Devaluation). Construct validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. The Internal consistency of the scale was determined by Cronbach alpha. Beside, Sport Motivation Scale and Physical Self Perception Profile were administered for testing convergent validity; Maslach Burnout Questionnaire was used to test concurrent validity. Findings of final Turkish version of ABQ (13 items) regarding the construct validity of the scale were rather consistent with the original scale’s three-factor structure [SB-2 (df = 66) = 185.70, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .05, NFI = .92, NNFI= .94, CFI = .96, GFI = .92]. Internal consistency coefficients were ranged between 0.75 and 0.87. Results
on concurrent validity revealed a significant correlation found between Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Questionnaire (p<.01). Furthermore, the convergent validity results indicated a significant relationship found between subscales of Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and intrinsic motivation, amotivation and sport competence subscales (p<.01); but no significant relationship was found between ABQ and extrinsic motivation (p>.01). The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Athlete Burnout Questionnaire showed that the instrument is a valuable additional measure for the determination of athletes’ burnout levels in Turkey.
... Así, los formatos JR50 y JR60 posibilitaron a los jugadores recorrer mayores distancias (DT), una mayor proporción de tiempo de trabajo frente al de descanso (ratio W:R) y alcanzar velocidades pico (V max ) más elevadas. Esto puede interpretarse como una mayor demanda física asociada a los formatos grandes (Aroso, Rebelo, Gomes-Pereira, 2004;Casamichana & Castellano, 2010a y b;Rampini, Coutts, Castagna, Sassi, & Impellizzeri, 2007;Williams & Owen, 2007). La distancia que separa las porterías obliga a los jugadores de ambos equipos a tener que desplazarse más con el objetivo de adaptarse al principio de progresión en el juego ofensivo o repliegue defensivo (Oullette, 2004). ...
The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of one small-sided game (SSG) with four different pitch lengths on the physical demands in young soccer players, within theU13 and U14 age groups. One 7-a-side game (goalkeeper included) was played in the following SSG formats: 60x40m (SSG60), 50x40m (SSG50), 40x40m (SSG40) and 30x40m (SSG30), length times width respectively. Using GPS devices, the variables analyzed were: total distance (TD) and distance covered in absolute ranges (D0-7, D7-14, D14-17, D17-21 and D>21, all in Km·h-1) and relatives (D<40%, D40-60% [D<60%] and D>60% of the individual maximal speed) of velocity, work:rest ratio (W:R); player-load in three (PL) or two (PL2D) planes of movement, Exertion Index (EI), Maximal Velocity (Vmax) and metabolic Power (MP). The results were: when pitch dimensions increase higher values in all variables were found except D<7 and D>40%, in U13 and U14, although it was not the same proportion. U14 had higher values than U13 in the variables DT, EI, MP, Vmax, D17-21 and D>21, suggesting that this age group showed a higher conditional response when field dimensions allow it. To the contrary, in relative values (D<60% and D>60%) the U13 showed higher load scores than U14. The main application of this study would be to know which dimensions are adequate for each age, notwithstanding the limitation of physical conditioning. © 2017, Universidad Catolica San Antonio Murcia. All rights reserved.
... Thus, it appears that individualized fitness training according to the playing position demand, potential tactical and style of match-play has become a key factor in elite soccer. Recent research has suggested that most professional coaches use small-sided games (SSG) as part of their weekly training structure in order to increase both physiological, physical and technical performances [6,[10][11][12][13][14] in preparation for competition. ...
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the physical activity of players within different sided games (SSG and LSG) and with those found among elite soccer match-play.
Methods: Fourteen elite soccer players (age: 23.1 years; height: 178.4 cm; weight: 73.7 kg and body fat mass 8.8%) participated in 3 competitive matches and their data were compared to the following sided games: 5 vs. 5 and 6 vs. 6, 7 vs. 7, and 9 vs. 9. Total distances covered/min (TDC), TDC/min at high intensity running (between 16 and 23 km/h-1) and TDC/min at very high intensity running (>23 km/h-1) were analyzed during all SSGs and official match-play with GPS technology (15 Hz).
Results: Post-hoc analysis indicated that the TDC/min was significantly higher during official match-play, 9 vs. 9, and 7 vs. 7 when compared to 6 vs. 6 and 5 vs. 5 (P<0.001). Moreover, the TDC/min, and the TDC/min at high and very high running intensity were significantly higher during the official match-play and large-sided games (9 vs. 9 and 7 vs. 7) than during the 6 vs. 6 and 5 vs. 5 SSG (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The present study showed that physical activity, and especially at very high intensity running, was similar in official match-play and in LSG (9 vs. 9 and 7 vs. 7) whereas SSG (5 vs. 5 and 6 vs. 6) induced lower solicitations at the speed thresholds analyzed. In this context, SSG seems not allow to fully recreate the physical match-play demands with a specific difference for the high intensity running activities.
Comparative study between small sided games and Hiit
Nota de apresentação
A educação/transformação de crianças e jovens através da Educação Física e do Desporto Escolar é algo que tem merecido um interesse e aprofundamento crescentes junto de professores, educadores e investigadores. Uma vez que a Educação e o Desporto Escolar se desenvolvem e potenciam em cenários de interação é importante que os possamos analisar e enquadrar num contexto de uma escola que se quer cada vez mais integradora e interativa. Foi com este propósito que integrámos, nesta publicação, variadas perspetivas, opiniões, vivências e investigações de diversos protagonistas da educação através do desporto…. Temos alguns contributos semelhantes, outros complementares e ainda alguns algo divergentes. Todos com um inestimável contributo para refletirmos em conjunto e para podermos (re)pensar naquilo que fazemos ou podemos fazer.
Na Parte I evidenciamos os contributos de especialistas oriundos de diversas instituições do ensino superior, escolas e entidades educativas/desportivas.
Na Parte II são apresentados vários trabalhos resultantes do processo de Estágio do Mestrado em Ensino de Educação Física nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário, da Universidade da Madeira.
Esperamos que este documento seja um bom ponto de partida para refletirmos sobre o que tem sido feito, o que temos feito e o que ainda podemos fazer, sempre com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade da educação de crianças e jovens através da Educação Física e do Desporto.
Aim: The Small-Sided Games (SSG) is technical exercises presented as modified games by coaches and conditioning trainers according to the objective of the training session. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the external load of the professional player using GPS devices and to describe the speed run and power events in 6vs6 and 7vs7 SSG with external wildcard players.
Methods: 14 professional soccer players
Results: The study shows that values of average speed, average power and the power events number were statistically significant in 6vs6 versus 7vs7 (p<0.05); the low intensity (p<0.05) and moderate intensity travel volumes are higher in 6vs6, while the high intensity runs and the sprint number are clearly higher in 7vs7 (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that the two SSG formats determine very different external workload in professional soccer players. The 7vs7 format shows a greater sprint number while the 6vs6 imposes average running speeds up to medium intensity but does not require, if not to a very small extent, high speed and sprint performance.
Aasgaard, M and Kilding, AE. Does man marking influence running outputs and intensity during small-sided soccer games? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-Small-sided games (SSGs) are considered an effective training tool for physical development in soccer. Small-sided games can be modified in several ways to manipulate the physical demands to best match the game demands, player characteristics, and session objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological, perceptual, and Global Positioning System (GPS)-derived time-motion characteristics of man marking (MM) vs. non-man marking (NMM) in 2v2, 3v3, and 4v4 SSGs. In an acute crossover design, 8 amateur soccer players (mean age ± SD: 23.6 ± 3.3 years) played 2v2, 3v3, and 4v4 SSGs consisting of 4 × 4-minute bouts, with 2-minute passive recovery. During all SSGs, players wore a heart rate (HR) monitor and GPS unit and reported their rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Average percent HR (%HRave) induced small to moderate effects with MM compared with NMM (%Δ = 1-2.7%; effect size [ES] = 0.22-0.65). Comparisons between MM formats indicated a decrease in %HRave with increased player numbers (%Δ = 1.6-3.5%; ES = 0.39-0.86). Perceptual load increased with MM compared with NMM (%Δ = 6.7-17.6%; ES = 0.66-2.09), whereas increases in player numbers (MM only) reduced RPE output (%Δ = 9.4-24.3%; ES = 1.14-3.61). Time-motion characteristics revealed substantially greater total distance covered in MM irrespective of player number (%Δ = 6.8-14.7%; ES = 1.34-2.82). There were very likely increases in distances covered at striding (13.1-17.8 km·h) (%Δ: 23.4-33.2; ES = 2.42-4.35) and high-intensity running (HIR) (17.9-21 km·h) (%Δ: 47.3-104; ES = 0.91-1.68) for MM compared with NMM irrespective of player number. In conclusion, MM substantially elevated perceptual load and distances from striding to HIR regardless of player number, whereas differences between NMM and MM for internal load remain unclear. Use of MM may allow coaches to condition for particularly demanding phases of the game and prescription of larger SSG formats to increase distance covered at higher velocities.
The physical demands of South American elite soccer player in a pre competitive microcycle were examined using a GPS (1Hz.), in small-sided games (SGs) and friendly matches (FMs).
In SGs the total distance covered and average speed are higher in game 1(possession the ball without arc) than in game 2. (small arc without goalkeeper)(~7-8%) and G2>G3 (~6-7%). The maximum speed was higher in game 3 (regulated arc and goalkeeper) than in G2 (6.4%), G2>G1 (8%).
When FMs and SGs were compared, significant differences were observed in average speed, height intensity efforts, and maximum hearth rate. The covered distance in low and high intensity were lesser and greater, respectively in FMs regarding to G1 and G2, without significant differences with G3.
In general, SGs offer an specific training method with limitations in high intensity actions and repeated sprint.
Keywords: soccer; small-sided games; GPS; physical load; heart rate.
The specificity of the training requires that the soccer tasks improve all performance indicators associated with the game. For that reason, both technical and tactical indicators must be integrated in tasks that are typically used to develop physiological and physical variables. Therefore, small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) have been recommended as the specific tasks that are required to apply in soccer training. Based on that, this chapter aims to provide relevant information that justifies the use of these smaller and adjusted versions of the formal game in the context of the training.
The aim of this chapter is to provide the information about the implications of changing the rules of small-sided games. By using the data from the most recent studies, a set of conditioned games will be analyzed in their acute effects, particularly in internal and external training load and in the technical and tactical adjustments that depend on the game. Task conditions such as the type of targets or goals, goalkeepers, limits on ball touches, numerical relationship with the opponent or the type of encouragement will be analyzed, helping the coaches to identify the best variables to constrain in the particular contexts.
The number of players that participates in smaller versions of the game influences the training load. This variable has been well investigated in the specific literature about small-sided and conditioned games and for that reason, will be presented in first place. In this chapter will be analyzed the internal and external load imposed by different formats of the game and the specific effects in technical actions and tactical behavior of the players. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the most pertinent information about each format of the game (from one versus one to many versus many) and provide coaches the knowledge that can help them to choose the most adequate formats for their specific training goals.
The size of the field is one of the main variables that have been analyzed in the aim of the small-sided and conditioned games. Different sizes for the same format of the game influence the acute physiological responses and the time–motion profile of players. For that reason, it is extremely important to identify the most common sizes analyzed in the studies and provide the information to the coaches to optimize the possibilities, and adjust the size of the field in the training context. Therefore, the internal and external training load and the information about the implications in technical actions and tactical behavior will be summarized in the chapter.
Aim: Small-sided games are widely used training methods because they permit the trainer to focus on
technical/tactical and physical aspects at the same time. The study also aims to investigate and compare the
cardiac responses assessed during 3 vs. 3 games played in a “cage” compared with 8 vs. 8 games played with
goal keepers and to understand the correlation between the values of aerobic power and heart rate measured
during small-sided games.
Methods: 16 young soccer players.
Results: The assessment of aerobic power, measured by means of the Leger test, revealed a mean VO2max value
equal to 54.23 ± 3.89 ml/kg/min.
The results showed statistically significant differences between 3vs3 cage and 8vs8 for % mean heart rate
(88±2,7 vs 77±3,8, p<0.0005) and % max heart rate (94,6±1,5 vs 88,6±2,9, p<0.0005). A significant negative
correlation emerged between the VO2max and % mean heart rate during the first period (r=-0.873, p<0.01), the
second period (r=-0.678, p<0.05) and the third period (r=-0.615, p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study is the first to describe and quantify the internal load imposed by a specific playing
modality (i.e. a cage-enclosed pitch) on a small-sided games format (i.e. 3 vs. 3) that demands that play is
continuous and without any interruption (for example, due to balls going out of play) using young football
players. The results also show that physiological responses in young players are greater in small-sided games
involving a smaller number of players (i.e. 3 vs. 3 compared with 8 vs. 8).
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