No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Seed dispersal by bats in the Neotropics
... For example, bats of the genus Artibeus mainly consume fruit of trees belonging to the genera Ficus and Cecropia, while bat species in the genera Carollia and Sturnira feed mainly on plants belonging to the genera Piper and Solanum, respectively (Fleming 1986;Sánchez and Giannini 2018;Stevens 2022) although they will occasionally include nectar (Giannini and Kalko 2004). In the Neotropics, the diet of frugivorous bats includes over 549 plant species, and morphological analysis of seeds found in their feces is the most widely used method for taxonomic identification of the plants (Lobova et al. 2009)-it is the most economical method and the biological material required can be handled with relative ease, even though identifying seeds to species level requires training and experience, as well as a reference collection often resulting in low taxonomic resolution (Quintero et al. 2022). Furthermore, frugivorous bats often consume only the pulp of certain plant species, without eating the seeds, and these differences may vary according to the species (Stevens 2022), e.g., A. lituratus frequently consumes fruits with large seeds that are not represented using analysis based on seeds found in feces (Laurindo and Vizentin-Bugoni 2020). ...
... To this end, we conducted surveys and collected samples of leaf and fruit tissue in the surroundings of each of our bat capture sites. Plant collection effort focused on botanical families included on the list of Lobova et al. (2009), and on the plant species reported as food for phyllostomid frugivorous bats in the area (Hernández-Montero et al. 2015). A total of 44 samples of leaves and fruit from different plant species were collected and preserved in silica gel, and then stored at −20 °C. ...
... DNA metabarcoding also allowed us to identify more plant species in the diet of frugivorous bats, and of the 18 plants identified to species level, 39% (7 species) had never been reported in the diet of frugivorous bats (see Geiselmann et al. 2020), so a significant percentage of the information obtained was new. For S. hondurensis and C. perspicillata, in addition to the pioneer plant species belonging to Solanaceae and Piperaceae-which are frequently reported in studies based on the seeds found in excreta (see Mello et al. 2008;Lobova et al. 2009)-we detected 10 more plant species and this is a 100% increase in the information, and up to 3 times more total interaction events were detected for C. perspicillata. This information had been missed or underestimated with morphological seed identification. ...
Phyllostomid bats are a keystone group in the succession of Neotropical plant communities and knowledge of their diet is essential in the study of bat-plant interactions. The most used method to date has been taxonomic identification of the seeds found in bat feces, but this approach underestimates plant species with large seeds that cannot be ingested. With the aim of estimating how much our knowledge of the diet of frugivorous bats changes once we include those species of plants that are underrepresented, we determine the diet of 3 bat species using 18S rDNA V9 metabarcoding. Results were compared with those obtained from morphological identification of seeds found in feces. Using metabarcoding, we identified 20 plant species and with taxonomic identification of seeds, 10 species, with the latter being a subset of the first method. Metabarcoding made it possible to detect a greater number of interactions as well as a greater percentage of the samples were determined to species level. Fifty percent of the plant species (8 species) recorded in the diet of Sturnira hondurensis, 62% (8 species) for Carollia perspicillata, and 50% (4 species) for Artibeus lituratus were exclusively detected with metabarcoding. Plant species with fleshy fruits including Clusia lundellii, Annona cherimola, and Saurauia pedunculata were exclusively detected with metabarcoding and an important item in the diet. The incorporation of molecular biology to determine the diet of 3 species of frugivorous bats made it possible to demonstrate that their diet is more diverse than previously known. Hence, in the field of plant-bat interactions and knowledge of the natural history of species, it is important to consider this new form of analysis. Una comparación de dos métodos de análisis de la dieta en murciélagos frugívoros neotropicales revela el lado oculto de las interacciones entre murciélagos y plantas. Resumen Los murciélagos filostómidos son un grupo clave en la sucesión de las comunidades de plantas neotropicales y el conocimiento de su dieta es esencial para el estudio de las interacciones murciélago-planta. El método más utilizado hasta la fecha, ha sido la identificación taxonómica de las semillas encontradas en las heces de murciélagos, pero este enfoque subestima las especies de plantas con semillas grandes que no pueden ser ingeridas. Con el objetivo de estimar cuánto cambia nuestro conocimiento sobre la dieta de los murciélagos frugívoros cuando incluimos aquellas especies de plantas que están subrepresentadas, determinamos la dieta de tres especies de mur-ciélagos utilizando metacódigo de barras 18S rDNA V9. Los resultados fueron comparados con los obtenidos mediante la identificación morfológica de semillas encontradas en heces. Usando metacódigos de barras identificamos 20 especies de plantas y 10 especies mediante identificación taxonómica de las semillas; siendo este último, un subconjunto del primer método. Los metacódigos de barras permitieron detectar un mayor número de interacciones, y un mayor porcentaje de muestras fueron determinadas hasta el nivel de especie. El 50 % de las especies de plantas (ocho especies) registradas en la dieta de Sturnira hondurensis, el 62 % (ocho especies) en la dieta de Carollia perspicil-lata y el 50 % (cuatro especies) en Artibeus lituratus fueron detectadas exclusivamente con metacódigos de barras. Se destacan especies de plantas con frutos carnosos como Clusia lundellii, Annona cherimola y Saurauia pedunculata, porque son un elemento importante en la dieta de los murciélagos y porque fueron detectadas exclusivamente con el metacódigo de barras. Los murciélagos frugívoros son importantes dispersores de semillas y la presencia de estas últimas en las heces de los murciélagos son una clara evidencia de este servicio ecológico. Sin embargo, la incorporación de la biología molecular para determinar la dieta de tres especies de murciélagos frugívoros permitió dem-ostrar que su dieta es más diversa de lo que se conocía hasta ahora. Por lo tanto, en el campo de las interacciones planta-murciélago y para el conocimiento de la historia natural de las especies, es importante considerar esta nueva forma de análisis. Palabras clave: 18S V9 rDNA, Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, muestras fecales, secuenciación de alto rendimiento, Sturnira hondurensis.
... For fruit bats, DN partition is strongly influenced by three main factors: 1, the local diversity of plants (Fleming 1993, Lobova et al. 2009); 2, the changes caused by the fragmentation of the environment (Faustino et al. 2021, Muñoz-Lazo et al. 2018, Stevens 2022b; and 3, temporal changes in the availability of these resources (Fleming 1993, Stevens 2022b). The last two factors are probably the most influential in the diet of bats, given that in anthropogenically modified landscapes like the Brazilian Cerrado, plant species that bear fruit for long periods, or that bear fruit more than once a year, are the most consumed ones (Heithaus et al. 1975, Jacomassa & Pizo 2010, Laurindo et al. 2017, Passos & Graciolli 2004, Stevens & Amarilla-Stevens 2021, Stevens 2022b. ...
... The material was separated into three categories (seeds, insect fragments, and pulp). The seeds were counted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level consulting the available bibliography (Bredt et al. 2012, Kuhlmann 2018, Lima et al. 2016, Lobova et al. 2009, Lorenzi 1992, 1998, 2009). The botanical nomenclature followed the Missouri Botanical Garden on the 'Trópicos' website (www. ...
... Our results are consistent with those found in the literature, with the genera Artibeus, Carollia, Glossophaga, and Sturnira being more frequent in highly fragmented and anthropic regions and interacting with plants of the Piperaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Solanaceae, and Urticaceae (Fleming 1993, Lobova et al. 2009, Marinho-Filho 1991, Mello et al. 2004, Mikich 2002, Parolin et al. 2016, Pellón et al. 2021, Stevens 2022b. The fruits of these plants have characteristics that influence selection and consumption, such as accessibility, fruit position outside the foliage, and long stems, which protect the fruit from attacks by flightless animals (Fleming 1993, Muller & Reis 1992. ...
In the vast Neotropic seasonal environment, the most diverse family of bats, the Phyllostomidae (leaf-nosed bats), includes up to 93 species. As the quality and quantity of food resources fluctuate in the habitats, diet heterogeneity is observed among bat species and regions of the Neotropics. In this study, we investigated by faecal analyses, how the dietary niche (DN) of eight Phyllostomidae bat species (Artibeus planirostris, A. fimbriatus, Carollia brevicauda, C. perspicillata, Chiroderma villosum, Glossophaga soricina, Platyrrhinus lineatus, and Sturnira lilium) that occur in a karstic area in the Midwest region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, change in response to seasonal food availability. We recorded the consumption of insects and nine plant families. Moraceae was the most frequent, followed by Piperaceae. Given that seasonal dietary changes can be subtle and hardly noticeable along with fluctuating habitat conditions, we performed the DN decomposition of the eight bats species into subniches, by analysing the data with the WitOMI, which is a decomposition of the niche into temporal subniches. By improving the accuracy and details of the results, we assessed the effects of abiotic (precipitation and environmental temperature) and biotic (quantity and quality of food resources) interactions within the phyllostomid bat community. For each species, we compared niche breadth and overlap and found higher values for the dry season among morphologically similar species. The results of our study suggest that ecologically similar bat species coexist occupying different DNs.
... Encontrada em matas de galeria, cerrado senso restrito, cerradão e formações monoespecíficas (Bordignon & França, 2009;Silveira et al., 2020). Consome predominantemente insetos, como coleópteros, ortópteros e hemípteros, mas também vertebrados, néctar, pólen e frutos (Lobova et al., 2009). No Pantanal, a dieta é composta principalmente por coleópteros e lepidópteros, e frutos em frequência maior que a reportada em outras regiões; consome frutos de Ficus crocata, F. obtusifolia (Moraceae) e Piper tuberculatum (Piperaceae); e pólen de Bauhinia ungulata, Hymenaea courbaril e H. stigonocarpa (Fabaceae) (Munin et al., 2012). ...
... Foi registrada em florestas semidecíduas, florestas úmidas e cerrado senso restrito (Pulchério-Leite et al., 1998;Bernard & Fenton, 2002;. Dados de dieta indicam consumo de frutos de Anonaceae, Cucurbitaceae e Passifloraceae (Lobova et al., 2009;Giannini & Kalko, 2004), assim como de coleópteros, himenópteros, e vertebrados pequenos, como lagartos (Lobova et al., 2009). Há registros de uso de cavernas e bueiros como abrigos diurnos, onde podem ser encontrados indivíduos solitários ou agrupados . ...
... Foi registrada em florestas semidecíduas, florestas úmidas e cerrado senso restrito (Pulchério-Leite et al., 1998;Bernard & Fenton, 2002;. Dados de dieta indicam consumo de frutos de Anonaceae, Cucurbitaceae e Passifloraceae (Lobova et al., 2009;Giannini & Kalko, 2004), assim como de coleópteros, himenópteros, e vertebrados pequenos, como lagartos (Lobova et al., 2009). Há registros de uso de cavernas e bueiros como abrigos diurnos, onde podem ser encontrados indivíduos solitários ou agrupados . ...
A Bacia do Alto Paraguai (BAP) inclui a planície inundável do Pantanal e as áreas altas no entorno que drenam para o rio Paraguai, uma região de transição entre quatro grandes domínios fitofisionômicos da América do Sul – Cerrado, Chaco, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica. A fauna da região é pobre em endemismos, porém as posições central e transicional no continente conferem enorme riqueza de animais vertebrados, oriundos de diferentes domínios, especialmente quanto à ordem Chiroptera. Aqui, revisamos as espécies de morcegos registradas na BAP e apresentamos mapas de distribuição e breve descrição de cada espécie, incluindo dados de tamanho, forma, cor, ambientes, abrigos, hábito alimentar e interações com predadores e parasitas. Encontramos registro de 93 espécies em sete famílias – Emballonuridae (3), Noctilionidae (2), Mormoopidae (2), Phyllostomidae (51), Natalidae (1), Molossidae (20) e Vespertilionidae (14). Foram registradas 66 espécies na planície e 84 no entorno; com 59 espécies reportadas na planície e no entorno. Quase dois terços das espécies (63%) foram registrados em cinco ou mais localidades na BAP, e um quinto (19%) em apenas uma localidade. A fauna de morcegos da BAP destaca a grande importância dessa região para a manutenção da diversidade de morcegos na América do Sul.
... We assigned one or more dispersal mode to each species of sapling and tree using existing methods [37]: flightless mammals, large birds (of 300 g or more), small birds (less than 300 g), bats and abiotic (which includes wind, water and explosive dispersal). To assign dispersal modes for other species we used published data [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] and field observations (S. J. Wright 2022, personal observation; electronic supplementary material, table S1). ...
... Finally, and contrary to our predictions, bat dispersal was not important throughout the sampling period. Dispersal by bats is key during the first years of succession [9,14,16,38], so perhaps we missed their contribution to the plant community at the onset of regeneration given that the youngest forests were already 20 years old when our sampling began. Studies assessing seed dispersal by animals in the first 20 years of regeneration indicate that bats and small birds are the most important dispersers [11,14,16,38,56,58]. ...
... Dispersal by bats is key during the first years of succession [9,14,16,38], so perhaps we missed their contribution to the plant community at the onset of regeneration given that the youngest forests were already 20 years old when our sampling began. Studies assessing seed dispersal by animals in the first 20 years of regeneration indicate that bats and small birds are the most important dispersers [11,14,16,38,56,58]. ...
Seed dispersal by animals is key for restoration of tropical forests because it maintains plant diversity and accelerates community turnover. Therefore, changes in seed dispersal during forest restoration can indicate the recovery of species interactions, and yet these changes are rarely considered in forest restoration planning. In this study, we examined shifts in the importance of different seed dispersal modes during passive restoration in a tropical chronosequence spanning more than 100 years, by modelling the proportion of trees dispersed by bats, small birds, large birds, flightless mammals and abiotic means as a function of forest age. Contrary to expectations, tree species dispersed by flightless mammals dominated after 20 years of regeneration, and tree richness and abundance dispersed by each mode mostly recovered to old growth levels between 40 and 70 years post-abandonment. Seed dispersal by small birds declined over time during regeneration, while bat dispersal played a minor role throughout all stages of succession. Results suggest that proximity to old growth forests, coupled with low hunting, explained the prevalence of seed dispersal by animals, especially by flightless mammals at this site. We suggest that aspects of seed dispersal should be monitored when restoring forest ecosystems to evaluate the reestablishment of species interactions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration’.
... Las diferencias temporales entre las redes podrían estar relacionadas con la fenología de las plantas, donde los picos de fructificación tienden a concentrarse en la época de lluvias (Suárez-Castro y Montenegro 2015); esto se ve reflejado en el aumento del tamaño de la red tanto en especies de murciélagos como en especies de plantas. (Lobova et al. 2009). ...
... Estos murciélagos, considerados frugívoros nómadas, presentan un traslape amplio de nicho indicando una fuerte relación con especies de este género de plantas (Tabla 2). En estudios realizados en el país y a lo largo del Neotrópico, se muestra que los murciélagos frugívoros tienden a consumir frutos con patrones de fructificación continuos, pero son flexibles y responden positivamente a cambios en la distribución y abundancia de estos (Lobova et al. 2009, Suárez-Castro y Montenegro 2015). ...
... Además, se ha encontrado en la amazonia colombiana que al dejar un parche abandonado tres años después del proceso de tala y quema, el 87 % de individuos que han colonizado el área, corresponden a especies de estos géneros (Lobova et al. 2009). El papel de los murciélagos en la dispersión de este tipo de plantas pioneras ha sido reconocido desde hace varias décadas (Charles-Dominique 1986, Fleming 1986, Galindo-González 1998. ...
El estudio de las redes de interacción mutualista es fundamental porque permite conocer las especies que se relacionan al considerar los análisis de sus dietas y al evaluar el efecto de las perturbaciones de un ecosistema. Para una reserva es importante reconocer estos fenómenos, pues evidencian si los esfuerzos de conservación han sido efectivos. Este trabajo se desarrolló en los años 2014 y 2017 en la vereda Playa Güío del municipio de San José el Guaviare, Colombia. Para conocer la amplitud del nicho y el solapamiento de dietas se calculó el índice de Levins y el índice de Morisita respectivamente. Usando la modularidad, la robustez y el anidamiento (NODF), se analizaron las redes de interacción. Se registraron 18 especies de murciélagos frugívoros y 20 especies de plantas pertenecientes a las familias Piperaceae, Urticaceae, Moraceae, Hypericaceae y Solanaceae. El índice de Levins demostró que las especies de murciélagos prefieren un recurso, mientras que el índice de Morisita evidencia un traslape en las especies frugívoras nómadas y las sedentarias. El anidamiento y la robustez disminuyeron en 2017 ya que aumentó el número de especies, mientras que la modularidad aumentó. La vereda Playa Güío mantiene una red de interacción con especies generalistas asociadas a procesos de regeneración natural importantes para los objetivos de conservación de la reserva, además, las métricas calculadas indican que esta red de interacción mutualista es estable y se puede mantener en el tiempo.
... Except for C. ben keithi distributed mainly in the Amazon region, the other . These generalist species are often associated with Cecropia, Piper, Solanum, and Vismia plants (Lobova et al., 2009), also recorded in our study. ...
... FIG. 3. Bat abundance as a predictor of metrics: normalized degree, species strength, and proximity centrality (PC1) in their respective interaction networks indeed, tend to consume a wide diversity of fruits (Lobova et al., 2009) despite low variation in mouth opening among fruit bat species (Murillo-García and De la Vega, 2018), compared to other animal groups, such as birds that evolved a wide variety of beaks (Navalón et al., 2019). ...
... (Rojas et al., 2016;Fleming et al., 2020). In fact, it is welldocumented that many phyllostomid bats specialize on mediumsized green and yellow fruits, including those of Neotropical solanums (Fleming, 1986;Lobova et al., 2009;Saldaña-V azquez & Fleming, 2020). Indeed, green-and yellow-fruited Solanum diversified in the mid-Miocene (c. ...
... Our fruit trait analyses show that most solanums produce medium-sized (i.e. 1.3-3 cm) green berries, fitting the 'bat fruit syndrome'; those with smaller, black, purple, and red fruits fit the 'bird fruit syndrome'; and those with larger green, orange, and yellow fruits fit a general 'non-flying mammal syndrome' (Van Der Pijl, 1982;Janson, 1983;Lobova et al., 2009;Hilgenhof et al., 2023). Underscored is that these syndromes are highly phylogenetically structured, also showing correlated evolution between fruit size and color (Figs 3, 5). ...
Mutualisms between plants and fruit‐eating animals were key to the radiation of angiosperms. Still, phylogenetic uncertainties limit our understanding of fleshy‐fruit evolution, as in the case of Solanum, a genus with remarkable fleshy‐fruit diversity, but with unresolved phylogenetic relationships.
We used 1786 nuclear genes from 247 species, including 122 newly generated transcriptomes/genomes, to reconstruct the Solanum phylogeny and examine the tempo and mode of the evolution of fruit color and size.
Our analysis resolved the backbone phylogeny of Solanum, providing high support for its clades. Our results pushed back the origin of Solanum to 53.1 million years ago (Ma), with most major clades diverging between 35 and 27 Ma. Evolution of Solanum fruit color and size revealed high levels of trait conservatism, where medium‐sized berries that remain green when ripe are the likely ancestral form. Our analyses revealed that fruit size and color are evolutionary correlated, where dull‐colored fruits are two times larger than black/purple and red fruits.
We conclude that the strong phylogenetic conservatism shown in the color and size of Solanum fruits could limit the influences of fruit‐eating animals on fleshy‐fruit evolution. Our findings highlight the importance of phylogenetic constraints on the diversification of fleshy‐fruit functional traits.
... Other plants visited by bats have provisional values, such as having oil for scenting items, being used as pulp or timber, or being cultivated as ornamentals (Gardner, 1977;Lobova et al., 2009). In the neotropics, the five plant families (Cactaceae, Arecaceae, Sapotacea, Moraceae, Myrtaceae) dispersed by the greatest number of phyllostomid genera include 1.6% by volume of exported timber (Muscarella and Fleming, 2007). ...
... Volant vertebrates (bats and birds) are responsible for more than 80% of seed rain in the neotropics (Galindo-González et al., 2000). Although not all phyllostomids are primarily frugivorous, all species that do eat fruit include at least one of five main neotropical plant genera in their diet (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper, Solanum, Vismia) (Lobova et al., 2009), of which Cecropia, Solanum, and Vismia are dominant pioneer species (Foster et al., 1986;Mesquita et al., 2001;Oleksy et al., 2017;Saldarriaga et al., 1988;Toledo and Salick, 2006;Uhl, 1987). Bats also forage relatively frequently in forest fragments in lowland tropics (Arteaga et al., 2006;Estrada et al., 1993;Schulze et al., 2000), minimizing habitat fragmentation by dispersing seeds under isolated trees in abandoned agricultural lands or defecating seeds mid-flight in open areas (Duncan and Chapman, 1999;Galindo-González et al., 2000;Muscarella and Fleming, 2007). ...
... Each petri dish was gridded so that sections could be tracked and duplicate counts could be avoided. Seeds were identified using published reference material (Lobova et al., 2009). ...
... Facies II (Seed-sapropel facies) is present in cores M-4B and M-4C, below approximately 20 cm depth, and is characterized by the presence of ostracods and calcite/aragonite rafts (an indication of permanent standing water), and an abundance of organic material, in particular seeds. The seeds of Ficus, Cecropia, and Solanum that dominate this facies all originate from fruit trees and were likely deposited by frugivorous bats and birds who roosted on the roof of the cave (Lobova et al., 2009; see also section 4.3, below). Today, bat species such as Artibeus jamaicensis are common in the open gallery but in the past, when water level was lower, they would have access to deeper sections of the cave, accounting for the deposition of much of the organic material. ...
... Os quirópteros são reconhecidos pela qualidade da dispersão que promovem, geralmente consumindo frutos maduros, os quais transportam para longe da planta matriz, e defecam sementes em voo, frequentemente sobre áreas abertas, propícias à germinação (LOBOVA et al., 2009). Uma grande parcela desses animais se alimenta de frutos de plantas pioneiras (GALINDO GONZÁLEZ et al., 2009), sendo, importantes nos estágios iniciais da sucessão florestal (MUSCARELLA;FLEMING, 2007). ...
... Segundo Mello (2007), estas dispersões a longas distâncias favorecem o aumento da variabilidade genética das futuras plantas, pois, possibilitam o cruzamento entre vegetais de populações diferentes. Globalmente, segundo Wilson (1991), a região Neotropical se destaca como a mais atrativa para espécies de morcegos frugívoros, pois já foram registradas interações com pelo menos 546 espécies de plantas, em 191 gêneros e 62 famílias (LOBOVA et al., 2009). Algumas espécies de plantas dependem exclusivamente dos morcegos para sua dispersão (SAZIMA; BUZATO;SAZIMA, 2003;THIES;KALKO, 2004). ...
A revista Terr@ Plural tem a missão de publicar artigos científicos relacionados à área de Gestão do Território que contribuam com o desenvolvimento do conhecimento teórico e metodológico deste campo de saber. Além disso, visa estimular o debate acadêmico daqueles que atuam na temática e ampliar as relações com profissionais de outras regiões do Brasil e do exterior. A revista é uma publicação semestral e é composta pelas seções de artigos e resenhas.
... Os quirópteros são reconhecidos pela qualidade da dispersão que promovem, geralmente consumindo frutos maduros, os quais transportam para longe da planta matriz, e defecam sementes em voo, frequentemente sobre áreas abertas, propícias à germinação (LOBOVA et al., 2009). Uma grande parcela desses animais se alimenta de frutos de plantas pioneiras (GALINDO GONZÁLEZ et al., 2009), sendo, importantes nos estágios iniciais da sucessão florestal (MUSCARELLA;FLEMING, 2007). ...
... Segundo Mello (2007), estas dispersões a longas distâncias favorecem o aumento da variabilidade genética das futuras plantas, pois, possibilitam o cruzamento entre vegetais de populações diferentes. Globalmente, segundo Wilson (1991), a região Neotropical se destaca como a mais atrativa para espécies de morcegos frugívoros, pois já foram registradas interações com pelo menos 546 espécies de plantas, em 191 gêneros e 62 famílias (LOBOVA et al., 2009). Algumas espécies de plantas dependem exclusivamente dos morcegos para sua dispersão (SAZIMA; BUZATO;SAZIMA, 2003;THIES;KALKO, 2004). ...
... Each petri dish was gridded so that sections could be tracked and duplicate counts could be avoided. Seeds were identified using published reference material (Lobova et al., 2009). ...
... Facies II (Seed-sapropel facies) is present in cores M-4B and M-4C, below approximately 20 cm depth, and is characterized by the presence of ostracods and calcite/aragonite rafts (an indication of permanent standing water), and an abundance of organic material, in particular seeds. The seeds of Ficus, Cecropia, and Solanum that dominate this facies all originate from fruit trees and were likely deposited by frugivorous bats and birds who roosted on the roof of the cave (Lobova et al., 2009; see also section 4.3, below). Today, bat species such as Artibeus jamaicensis are common in the open gallery but in the past, when water level was lower, they would have access to deeper sections of the cave, accounting for the deposition of much of the organic material. ...
... In Southeast Asia, other locally consumed food and fiber plants depend on non-bee pollinators [57]. Vertebrates, such as birds, and especially bats, have an important, and often overlooked, role in tropical crop pollination [58][59][60]. Bats may be the main pollinators for up to 1000 species of plants across the tropics, including many of socioeconomic importance, such as durian, mango, and pitayas [58,61,62]. Additionally, wild plants sometimes have an important role in guaranteeing food security, especially in times of crop failure. ...
... Vertebrates, such as birds, and especially bats, have an important, and often overlooked, role in tropical crop pollination [58][59][60]. Bats may be the main pollinators for up to 1000 species of plants across the tropics, including many of socioeconomic importance, such as durian, mango, and pitayas [58,61,62]. Additionally, wild plants sometimes have an important role in guaranteeing food security, especially in times of crop failure. ...
Pollinators are critical for food security; however, their contribution to the pollination of locally important crops is still unclear, especially for non-bee pollinators. We reviewed the diversity, conservation status, and role of bee and non-bee pollinators in 83 different crops described either as important for the global food market or of local importance. Bees are the most commonly recorded crop floral visitors. However, non-bee pollinators are frequently recorded visitors to crops of local importance. Non-bee pollinators in tropical ecosystems include nocturnal insects, bats, and birds. Importantly, nocturnal pollinators are neglected in current diurnal-oriented research and are experiencing declines. The integration of non-bee pollinators into scientific studies and conservation agenda is urgently required for more sustainable agriculture and safeguarding food security for both globally and locally important crops.
... to disperse their seeds, mammals and birds being the main seed dispersers of plants with fleshy fruits (Lobova et al. 2009;Jacomassa & Pizo 2010;Bello et al. 2017). Among mammals, bats have some characteristics that make up a key group in seed dispersal, such as, they can defecate during the flight, cross agricultural matrices and degraded areas, perform long night flights, and feed mainly on pioneer species or on those in initial successional stages, profoundly influencing the forest dynamics (Peña-Domene et al. 2014;Regolin et al. 2021). ...
... The feces were collected in absorbent paper envelopes and later dissolved in distilled water to separate the seeds. At the laboratory, the seeds were identified according to the available bibliography (Lobova et al. 2009), and with the assistance of the Forest Seed Sector of the Department of Forest Sciences at the Federal University of Lavras. Bat captures were permitted by Federal Licence ICMBio process 14875-2. ...
Fruit bats have a high seed dispersal capacity contributing to the establishment of numerous plant species. In this work we examined the frugivorous diet of phyllostomid bats in the Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park, north of Minas Gerais, Brazil, an ecotone region of Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. Four expeditions were carried out between December 2008 and November 2009, totalling 80 nights of sampling, to collect data and feces from captured bats. The highest number of fecal samples were provided by Artibeus planirostris and Carollia perspicillata. Four plant families were registered, the largest number for Cecropiaceae, followed by Solanaceae; Piperaceae, and Moraceae.
... Seed number in these samples ranged from 15 and 16 of Ficus sp. and M. tinctoria, respectively, to 407 of P. peltatum. The identification of seeds from these pioneer plants in the feces of U. magnirostrum, coupled with its presence in regenerating areas, indicates that, similar to other frugivorous bats, U. magnirostrum contributes to seed dispersal and ecological succession (Lobova et al. 2009). ...
Uroderma magnirostrum Davis, 1968, the Brown Tent-making Bat, is a medium-sized frugivorous phyllostomid. It is characterized by poorly defined facial and dorsal stripes, large bifid upper inner incisors, and a laterally expanded mesethmoid bone. Uroderma magnirostrum is widely distributed between western Mexico and southeastern Brazil, and across its distribution, it inhabits different types of environments (e.g., pristine tropical forests; farmlands; mangroves; savannas; urban green areas). It is listed as “Least Concern” (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources but appears in national red lists, such as those from Guatemala and Nicaragua, due to the significant impact of the human activities in these countries.
... Besides diet, the relationship between S. lilium and the family Solanaceae seems to be very important ecologically. Bats defecate seeds after feeding, and Solanum plants are considered pioneer species, characterized by fast growth and seeds that develop under direct sunlight exposure (Charles-Dominique 1986, Lobova et al. 2009). Solanum mauritianum Scop. is a common species present in high densities in fragments of Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil (Gasper et al. 2013). ...
Frugivore bats are important seed dispersers in forests and their abundance are associated with the presence of zoochoric plants. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of the frugivore bat S. lilium with the diaspores of the zoochoric plant S. mauritianum, a common arboreal species present in forest fragments of southern Brazil. We also investigated the diet of the species based on seed content present in feces of individuals. Bats were mist-netted from November 2017 to April 2018 in a fragment of Atlantic Forest. The proportion of immature and mature diaspores of S. mauritianum was estimated in the same area where bats were sampled, and feces were sampled from captured individuals. In total, 61 individuals of S. lilium were captured, and 795 seeds were sampled from their feces. The abundance of S. lilium was significantly associated with the proportion of immature diaspores of S. mauritianum. We identified seeds of two botanical families: Solanaceae (89%) and Moraceae (11%) in the fecal samples. Our findings support the view that S. lilium is a legitimate disperser of S. mauritianum, and that its ecological function is probably a result of co-adaptation.
... En la Sierra de Otontepec los estudios acerca de los mamíferos son escasos, se cuenta entre ellos con un diagnóstico de los mamíferos grandes y medianos del área y un programa de manejo de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) (Cameras, 2008). Los murciélagos son un grupo ecológicamente importante debido a que brindan una gran variedad de servicios ecosistémicos (Kunz et al., 2011), que incluyen la dispersión de frutos y semillas (Lobova et al., 2009), la polinización de muchas especies de plantas (von Helversen y Winter, 2003), el control de poblaciones de insectos que pueden ser considerados plagas (Cleveland et al., 2006), además, han sido reportados como grupo bioindicador (Jones et al., 2009) debido a que sus patrones de variación pueden reflejar los cambios en la estructura de los ecosistemas y su grado de conservación (Fenton et al., 1992;Medellín et al., 2000). ...
Los sistemas ecológicos aportan bienes y servicios fundamentales para el funcionamiento de la vida y contribuyen significativamente al bienestar humano. En México, al ser un país megadiverso, existe la necesidad de documentar la riqueza en cada uno de sus territorios. La Sierra de Otontepec es una formación montañosa aislada de la Sierra Madre Oriental que en 2005 se decretó como Área Natural Protegida bajo la categoría de Reserva Ecológica. La presente obra aborda el patrimonio natural de este sitio desde diferentes perspectivas y escalas, como factores hidrometeorológicos, de diversidad vegetal y mamíferos, cambios espacio-temporales de la cobertura, a nivel de grupos biológicos, como orquídeas, cícadas, murciélagos y mariposas, además de perspectivas socioecológicas como la importancia cultural y uso del venado. Se ponen en perspectiva los logros y los retos para el mantenimiento de su capital natural y se abre una ventana para desarrollar estudios multidisciplinarios y trazar su hoja de ruta hacia la sostenibilidad.
... In tropical rainforests, vertebrates play crucial roles as pollinators and seed dispersers (Fleming and Kress, 2013). For instance, nectarivorous bats and hummingbirds are among the key pollinators whereas frugivorous bats, birds, and primates are key seed dispersers (Fleming and Muchhala, 2008;Lobova et al., 2009). However, studies focusing on the actual interactions among taxa across the vertical gradient are scarce. ...
Premise:
Vertical stratification is a key feature of tropical forests and plant-frugivore interactions. However, it is unclear whether equally strong patterns of vertical stratification exist for plant-nectarivore interactions and, if so, which factors drive these patterns. Further, nectar-inhabiting bacteria, acting as "hidden players" in plant-nectarivore interactions, might be vertically stratified, either in response to differences among strata in microenvironmental conditions or to the nectarivore community serving as vectors.
Methods:
We observed visitations by a diverse nectarivore community to the liana Marcgravia longifolia in a Peruvian rainforest and characterized diversity and community composition of nectar-inhabiting bacteria. Unlike most other plants, M. longifolia produces inflorescences across forest strata, enabling us to study effects of vertical stratification on plant-nectarivore interactions without confounding effects of plant species and stratum.
Results:
A significantly higher number of visits were by nectarivorous bats and hummingbirds in the midstory than in the understory and canopy, and the visits were strongly correlated to flower availability and nectar quantity and quality. Trochiline hummingbirds foraged across all strata, whereas hermits remained in the lower strata. The Shannon diversity index for nectar-inhabiting bacterial communities was highest in the midstory.
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that vertical niche differentiation in plant-nectarivore interactions seems to be partly driven by resource abundance, but other factors such as species-specific preferences of hummingbirds, likely caused by competition, play an important role. We conclude that vertical stratification is an important driver of a species' interaction niche highlighting its role for promoting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
... For a better sampling of local richness, mist nets should be set up not only on trails and close to fruiting trees, but also over water bodies and in all moon phases. Setting nets close to some fruiting species, such as fig tree species, can sample specialized frugivorous species, such as Chiroderma, Vampyrodes and Uroderma and increased capture rates of Artibeus, Platyrrhinus and Vampyressa (Kalko & Handley, 2001;Lobova et al., 2009;Velazco & Simmons, 2011). Setting nets over water bodies and conducting searches for day roosts have proven effective in sampling insectivorous species (Biavatti et al., 2015;Costa et al., 2012;Lourenço et al., 2010a;2010b;Luz et al., 2011a). ...
Capture success of bats can be affected not only by local bat density, but also by several methodological aspects. Many factors interfere with the sampling completeness and capture success of bats. Considering the variety of sampling methods used for investigating, the objective of the present study is to analyze different factors that interfere with sampling completeness and species richness estimates of bats. To carry out the present study, we used data from the State of Rio de Janeiro from inventories carried out from 1989 to 2013 by the Laboratory of Bat Diversity and data from the literature until 2023. We analyzed the following parameters: number of sampling nights, period of nocturnal sampling, number of sites where the mist nets were opened, sampling in diurnal roosts, and moon phase. We observed that the localities with more than 30 species recorded had huge sampling efforts. For studies based on a small capture effort, the active search for roosts during the day increases the probability of recording species found mainly in high sampling effort studies. The most complete inventories are those with a sampling effort of at least 24 nights, including sampling in different habitats, such as trails, water bodies, and close to fruiting plants, as well those including search for day roosts and with fieldwork not restricted to a specific moon phase. Mist nets should be set up not only on trails and close to fruiting trees, but also over water bodies to increase the probability of recording insectivorous species.
... Se colectaron las semillas que se encontraban en las bolsas de tela, en donde se mantuvieron individualmente a los murciélagos durante un periodo de 60 minutos. Posteriormente, en el Museo de Historia Natural "Vera Alleman H". se identificaron las semillas con ayuda de un estereoscopio, tomando en cuenta el libro de Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics (Lobova 2009), el cuál es una guía para identificar semillas encontradas en heces de murciélagos neotrópicales. Además, las semillas colectadas fueron comparadas con muestras de semillas depositadas en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, cabe mencionar que estas semillas fueron colectadas de heces de murciélagos en el Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe en el año 2012. ...
Los murciélagos se han distribuido en diversos gremios tróficos, siendo uno de ellos y al que se enfoca este trabajo; los frugívoros. Con la finalidad de estudiar la coexistencia de murciélagos frugívoros y su relación con la disponibilidad de recursos, además de evaluar la superposición de nicho ecológico, se evaluaron dos sistemas ecológicos presentes en el Santuario Nacional Tabaconas Namballe: el Bosque Basimontano Pluviestacional Húmedo de Yungas a unos 1600 m.s.n.m y el Bosque Montano Pluvial de los Andes del Norte a 2000 m.s.n.m durante las estaciones seca y húmeda. En cada sistema ecológico se capturaron murciélagos con redes de neblina (esfuerzo total de 37560 m2) y se colectaron heces, de las cuales se extrajo las semillas que posteriormente fueron identificados en el laboratorio. La disponibilidad de recursos se evaluó en 24 cuadrantes de 0.03 (ha) por cada tipo de bosque. Se capturaron 302 murciélagos, 152 en el bosque Basimontano de los cuales se colectaron 46 muestras fecales y 150 en el bosque montano con 50 muestras fecales. En el bosque Basimontano: Sturnira oporaphylum, Sturnira lilium y Carollia perspicillata fueron las especies más abundantes y en el Bosque Montano: Sturnira erythromos y Sturnira oporaphylum. La disponibilidad de recursos fue mayor en el bosque basimontano durante la estación seca. Con base en un análisis de incidencia de semillas en heces, se encontró baja superposición de nicho, lo cuál indica coexistencia de murciélagos en el Santuario; sin embargo, los análisis estadísticos sugieren que se debería tener un mayor tamaño de muestra para confirmar estos hallazgos.
... Furthermore, bats can defecate during flight, as opposed to when perched like most birds, which increases the likelihood of seeds being deposited in open areas where pioneer plant species can recruit and initiate forest regeneration (Muscarella & Fleming, 2007;Peña-Domene et al., 2014;Regolin et al., 2020). For instance, Phyllostomid bats can disperse seeds of over 300 plant species (Lobova et al., 2009;Voigt et al., 2017) and will regularly commute between foraging areas in natural and degraded landscapes, enabling establishment of early successional plant species (Galindo-González et al., 2000;Ripperger et al., 2015). Seed-handling by bats could also increase their effectiveness as long-distance dispersers (Ong et al., 2022), since fruits taken by bats are not limited by mouth/beak gape width, and some bat species carry fruits that exceed their own body mass (Mahandran et al., 2018). ...
Seed dispersal is one of the most important ecosystem functions globally. It shapes plant populations, enhances forest succession, and has multiple, indirect benefits for humans, yet it is one of the most threatened processes in plant regeneration, worldwide. Seed dispersal distances are determined by the diets, seed retention times and movements of frugivorous animals. Hence, understanding how we can most effectively describe frugivore movement and behaviour with rapidly developing animal tracking technology is key to quantifying seed dispersal. To assess the current use of animal tracking in frugivory studies and to provide a baseline for future studies, we provide a comprehensive review and synthesis on the existing primary literature of global tracking studies that monitor movement of frugivorous animals. Specifically, we identify studies that estimate dispersal distances and how they vary with body mass and environmental traits. We show that over the last two decades there has been a large increase in frugivore tracking studies that determine seed dispersal distances. However, some taxa (e.g. reptiles) and geographic locations (e.g. Africa and Central Asia) are poorly studied. Furthermore, we found that certain morphological and environmental traits can be used to predict seed dispersal distances. We demonstrate that flight ability and increased body mass both significantly increase estimated seed dispersal mean and maximum distances. Our results also suggest that protected areas have a positive effect on mean seed dispersal distances when compared to unprotected areas. We anticipate that this review will act as a reference for future frugivore tracking studies, specifically to target current taxonomic and geographic data gaps, and to further explore how seed dispersal relates to key frugivore and fruit traits.
... The high richness of fruit-eating bats (Phyllostomidae) can be attributed to the presence of forest fragments within the city and the peri-urban areas such as the Ecoparks network, that are providing sufficient resources (food and shelter) for these species, which in turn contribute to the maintenance of these fragments through seed dispersal (Lobova et al. 2009). Other bats found in lower proportion are insectivores (Vespertilionidae and Molossidae) which are commonly less recorded with conventional methods such as mist-nets, and the richness of these bats in the study area might be higher. ...
In Colombia, 217 bat species have been recorded of which at least 22 species occur in Andean and sub-Andean ecosystems. To evaluate the richness of bats in an Andean elevational range at the Municipality of Manizales, Central Andes of Colombia, we performed surveys supplemented with incidental captures from 2018 to 2022 at different urban and peri-urban areas, and reviewed specimens in biological collections. We evaluated the perception and knowledge that local people have about bats using an online survey. We reported 33 species in the study area. Phyllostomidae showed the highest richness (20 species), followed by Ves-pertilionidae (11 species), and Molossidae (2 species). For the survey, we obtained responses from 219 people who showed a good knowledge about bats and their ecological importance. We did not find significant differences between ages and levels of schooling in the perception about bats. Our results highlight the relevance of conserving the green areas of Manizales and the need for environmental education programs to reduce possible bat-human conflicts and negative perceptions. Manizales has the potential as an Area of Importance for the Conservation of Bats, due to its high bat richness and that reproduction is occurring within the study area.
... Furthermore, bats can defecate during flight, as opposed to when perched like most birds, which increases the likelihood of seeds being deposited in open areas where pioneer plant species can recruit and initiate forest regeneration (Muscarella & Fleming, 2007;Pena-Domene et al, 2014;Regolin et al, 2020). For instance, Phyllostomid bats can disperse seeds of over 300 plant species (Lobova et al, 2009;Voigt et al, 2017) and will regularly commute between foraging areas in natural and degraded landscapes, enabling establishment of early successional plant species (Galindo-Gonzalez et al, 2000;Ripperger et al, 2015). Seed-handling by bats could also increase their effectiveness as long-distance dispersers (Ong et al, 2022), since fruits taken by bats are not limited by mouth/beak gape width, and some bat species carry fruits that exceed their own body mass (Mahandran et al, 2018). ...
Seed dispersal is one of the most important ecosystem services globally. It shapes plant populations, encourages forest succession, and has multiple, indirect benefits for humans, yet it is one of the most threatened processes in plant regeneration, worldwide. The restricted movement of local frugivores, through habitat fragmentation, is one of the main threats to seed dispersal. These restrictions alter the behaviour associated with movements before, during and after interacting with fruits and seeds. Consequently, there have been recent calls for animal movement and behaviour to be better integrated with seed dispersal studies to enable researchers to fully understand the processes that determine seed rain. To assess the current use of animal tracking in frugivory studies and to provide a baseline for future studies, we provide a comprehensive review and synthesis on the existing primary literature of global tracking studies that monitor movement of frugivorous animals. Specifically, we identify studies that estimate dispersal distances and how they vary with morphological and environmental traits. We show that over the last two decades there has been a large increase in frugivore tracking studies that determine seed dispersal distances. However, gaps across taxa and geographic distribution still exist. Furthermore, we found that certain morphological and environmental traits can be used to predict seed dispersal distances. We demonstrate that an increase in body mass significantly increases the estimated seed dispersal mean and maximum distances, as does species flight ability. Our results also suggest that protected areas have a positive effect on mean seed dispersal distances when compared to unprotected areas. We anticipate that this review act as a reference for future frugivore tracking studies to build upon, specifically to understand the drivers of movement, and to interpret how seed dispersal and other ecosystem services will be impacted by human disturbance and land use changes.
... In this study, it was possible to observe that the patterns of seed germination do not appear to have been influenced over the evolutionary process by the food preference of each species. Lobova, Geiselman and Mori (2009) noted that it is rare that plants, even if extremely specialized, have only one or two disperser species. In general, Piper, Solanum, Cecropia and Ficus are often visited by other mammals and birds (PIZO, 2012;PASSOS et al., 2003). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate seed germination of Piper, Solanum, Cecropia and Ficus species after their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of frugivorous bats - Artibeus lituratus, Platyrrhinus lineatus, Carollia perspicillata and Sturnira lilium. Both bats and fruits/fruit cluster samples were obtained in the Parque Estadual Mata do Godoy, Londrina, Brazil. For each plant species, we considered the control and four treatments, made up by the seeds obtained from the feces of each species of bat: (1) A. lituratus, (2) P. lineatus, (3) C. perspilata and (4) S. lilium. Two hundred seeds were used for each treatment and were germinated at the same time, randomly distributed in four containers. The germination data were used to calculate the rate and the average germination time. In only two species, pachystachya Cecropia and Ficus eximia, the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of animals produced no significant change. While the remaining six species had significant differences in the rates and / or average time of seed germination after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of at least one species of bats. Moreover, food preference of bat species for one plant species did not significantly change seed germination in relation to other plants. We conclude that over the evolutionary process, diffuse coevolution did not favor the alteration of germination patterns by the food preference of bats. However, bats do appear to alter the rate and time of seed germination in plants, helping their establishment, besides being good dispersers even of plants whose germination is not affected. The conclusion is that over evolutionary process, diffuse co-evolution did not favor changing germination standards for food preference of bats. However, it was observed that bats modify the rate and germination time of plants assisting its establishment, besides being good dispersers, even of the species where germination has not been changed.
... Knowledge of the relationship between bats and abiotic and biotic variables has been most thoroughly studied in bats of the family Phyllostomidae, members of which are mostly frugivores, nectarivores or gleaning insectivores (the latter hunting insects perched on solid surfaces) (Bobrowiec et al. 2014;Capaverde et al. 2018;Marciente et al. 2015). The distribution of frugivorous and nectarivorous bats is directly associated with plant composition and vegetation structure, as they fly long distances to find the plant resources they consume (Jung et al. 2012;Lobova et al. 2009). Such bats are more common in areas with open vegetation and close to streams (Bobrowiec et al. 2014;Marciente et al. 2015;Pereira et al. 2019), while gleaning insectivores are indirectly influenced by the composition of insects associated with the closed vegetation structure away from streams (Dechmann et al. 2011;Schnitzler and Kalko 2001), an association facilitated by adaptation for more highly maneuverable flight patterns (Capaverde et al. 2018;Marciente et al. 2015). ...
Biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence the abundance and spatial distribution of species and the structuring of communities along environmental gradients. Topography, vegetation structure and food availability have been identified as factors that directly and indirectly influence habitat selection by species in tropical forests. Although the factors that determine community structure in phyllostomid bats have received substantial attention, aerial insectivorous bats have been largely neglected, and their responses to environmental gradients in continuous tropical forests remain poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated how aerial insectivorous bats respond to different environmental gradients in 25 km2 of continuous preserved forest in Central Amazonia. Our hypothesis was that topography, vegetation structure and food availability influence aerial insectivorous bats. Insect biomass was shown to be the predictor variable with the greatest contribution to the bat species richness, abundance and assemblage composition. Bat activity and richness were positively related to insect biomass. Bat assemblage species composition was also related to terrain elevation and insect assemblage composition. Vegetation clutter did not influence the number of species, abundance and bat assemblage species composition. In contrast, vegetation clutter and terrain elevation influenced some bat species, indicating that the response to these variables was species-specific within the bat assemblage. Our study showed that the food availability, both the quantity and its distribution in the environment, was the main structuring factor of the bat community that occupy higher trophic levels, such as aerial insectivorous bats, in a continuous forest in Central Amazon.
... Furthermore, ectoparasitic flies can exert significant selective pressures on their hosts, affecting their fitness (health and physical condition) and population dynamics (Cottontail et al., 2009;Pilosof et al., 2012), as they are vectors of infectious diseases (for example, Bartonella, Anaplasma, and Coxiella), shaping bat populations and possible risks to humans (Bai et al., 2012;Dick and Dittmar, 2014;Judson et al., 2015;Abundes-Gallegos et al., 2018;Ikeda et al., 2021). A significant change in the diversity of vector ectoparasitic flies can also indirectly affect the ecological services offered by bats (pollination, seed dispersal, control of invertebrate and vertebrate populations, recycling and translocation of nutrients and energy, and the promotion of forest regeneration) and therefore, have a cascading effect on biological communities, ecosystem processes and the structure and functioning of the landscape (Muscarella and Fleming, 2007;Lobova et al., 2009;Kunz et al., 2011). ...
The study of host-parasite interactions is key to understanding ecological interactions since parasites play a crucial role in the
regulation of populations of host species. The families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) are ectoparasitic flies
specific to bats, which have evolved adaptations to their host. The host-parasite interactions are formed by coevolutionary processes
and illustrate the current and historical associations between the species involved. For this reason, the use of ecological networks in
parasite-host interactions allows us to elucidate how the structure of their interactions respond to biotic and abiotic factors. In the
present study, we evaluated changes in the fly-bat interaction networks in two contrasting landscapes in the Department of Arauca
of the Colombian Orinoquia Region. The first landscape is composed of savannas and alluvial forests and the second with
anthropogenic disturbances composed of cocoa crops, livestock areas and human settlements. We used mist nets to capture bats and
collect their respective parasitic flies. Using this data, we built a bipartite interaction network for each landscape, and we calculated
the main metrics of each network. 19.8% of the 524 bats captured presented ectoparasitic flies, with a total of 326 flies belonging
to nine genera of Streblidae and one genus of Nycteribiidae. The diversity and prevalence of ectoparasitic flies of bats was higher
for the disturbed landscape in contrast to savannas and forests. The networks of both landscapes were characterized by being highly
specialized and modular. Nonetheless, the network obtained in the savannas and alluvial forests showed greater specialization, and
the landscape with anthropogenic impact presented greater modularity. Our results confirm the high specialization and modularity
that characterizes the ectoparasitic bat-fly antagonistic network. Also, we provided new observations suggesting that a degraded
landscape may affect the bat hosts and favors overcrowding and, consequently, the exchange of ectoparasites between bat species,
reducing the level of specialization and promoting the increased prevalence of bat ectoparasitic flies.
... poblaciones de muchas especies de plantas, así como en los procesos de sucesión y reforestación, la conectividad y mantenimiento de la integridad ecológica de los sistemas naturales neotropicales (Arteaga et al. 2006, Ripperger et al. 2015. Más de 800 especies de plantas de la región, algunas de importancia económica, dependen de los murciélagos para su polinización o la dispersión de sus semillas (Lobova et al. 2009, Kunz et al. 2011. Entre las especies de plantas de importancia ecológica y económica se encuentran los zapotes, chicozapotes, agaves, guayabas, higos, pitayas, capulines, jobos, hierba santa, y otros. ...
El área contiene una muestra representativa de la comunidad de murciélagos del suroeste de Perú y norte de Chile. Incluye 18 de las 20 especies registradas para esta región. IUCN: En Peligro (Tomopeas ravus y Myotis atacamensis), Vulnerable (Amorphochilus schnablii), Casi Amenazada (Platalina genovensium) y Datos Deficientes (Promops davisoni), las cuatro primeras Amenazadas o Casi Amenazadas en Perú. Asimismo, Eumops chiribaya y Lasiurus arequipae cumplirían con IUCN para ser consideradas como amenazadas. Tres de las especies reportadas son endémicas de Perú (T. ravus, E. chiribaya y L. arequipae) y ocho son endémicas del Desierto Pacífico de Perú y norte Chile (las enlistadas anteriormente y Mormopterus kalinowskii). Existen colonias reproductivas de especies amenazadas, refugios permanentes. El área sufre de vandalismo y disminución de la calidad del hábitat.
... poblaciones de muchas especies de plantas, así como en los procesos de sucesión y reforestación, la conectividad y mantenimiento de la integridad ecológica de los sistemas naturales neotropicales (Arteaga et al. 2006, Ripperger et al. 2015. Más de 800 especies de plantas de la región, algunas de importancia económica, dependen de los murciélagos para su polinización o la dispersión de sus semillas (Lobova et al. 2009, Kunz et al. 2011. Entre las especies de plantas de importancia ecológica y económica se encuentran los zapotes, chicozapotes, agaves, guayabas, higos, pitayas, capulines, jobos, hierba santa, y otros. ...
El área posee una alta diversidad de murciélagos (cinco especies) en relación a la riqueza de la provincia de San Juan, donde solo se registraron seis especies. Se reportan dos especies migratorias: Tadarida brasiliensis (Molossidae), Lasiurus blossevillii
(Vespertilionidae), además de colonias maternales de Myotis dinellii y Tadarida brasiliensis. En el interior del área existen comunidades humanas con intensas actividades productivas como la ganadería, agricultura y turismo.
Los murciélagos registrados en el área son insectívoros por lo que ejercen una importante actividad reguladora de las poblaciones de insectos perjudiciales para los bosques nativos, la agricultura y vectores de enfermedades.
... poblaciones de muchas especies de plantas, así como en los procesos de sucesión y reforestación, la conectividad y mantenimiento de la integridad ecológica de los sistemas naturales neotropicales (Arteaga et al. 2006, Ripperger et al. 2015. Más de 800 especies de plantas de la región, algunas de importancia económica, dependen de los murciélagos para su polinización o la dispersión de sus semillas (Lobova et al. 2009, Kunz et al. 2011. Entre las especies de plantas de importancia ecológica y económica se encuentran los zapotes, chicozapotes, agaves, guayabas, higos, pitayas, capulines, jobos, hierba santa, y otros. ...
... However, in spite of these adaptations, mammals can be sensitive to changes brought about by forest fragmentation showing responses at spatial scales of a few meters (Corry, 2005). Many of these small mammal species are involved in fundamental biotic interactions for forest regeneration such as seed dispersal and pollination (Arreola-Gómez & Mendoza, 2020;Ghazoul, 2005;Howe & Smallwood, 1982;Lobova et al., 2009). Therefore, the lack of connectivity throughout the dry forest can have important repercussions not only in terms of the viability of wild mammal populations but also for the regeneration of the forest itself. ...
Landscape connectivity between protected natural areas and their surroundings is essential to maintain wildlife movement and to promote gene flow and genetic diversity. The grayish opossum mouse (Tlacuatzin canescens) was used for modeling functional landscape connectivity between the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, an important biological reserve with large extensions of tropical dry forest in the Mexican Pacific coast, and surrounding vegetation patches. The model was estimated through graph and circuit theory, using a resistance matrix and the calculation of the minimum area of suitable habitat patches. Thirty-eight patches of suitable habitat for T. canescens and 60 potential corridors were identified. Three patches adjacent to the CCBR played the most important role in maintaining the connectivity of the tropical dry forest in the region. In contrast, suitable habitat patches with the lowest connectivity were embedded in a landscape matrix composed of areas for cattle raising and agriculture, increasing the loss and isolation of forest patches. Our results highlight not only the importance of maintaining large patches of suitable habitat, but also smaller patches which might play a significant role as stepping stones, promoting habitat connectivity for T. canescens and similar species.
... poblaciones de muchas especies de plantas, así como en los procesos de sucesión y reforestación, la conectividad y mantenimiento de la integridad ecológica de los sistemas naturales neotropicales (Arteaga et al. 2006, Ripperger et al. 2015. Más de 800 especies de plantas de la región, algunas de importancia económica, dependen de los murciélagos para su polinización o la dispersión de sus semillas (Lobova et al. 2009, Kunz et al. 2011. Entre las especies de plantas de importancia ecológica y económica se encuentran los zapotes, chicozapotes, agaves, guayabas, higos, pitayas, capulines, jobos, hierba santa, y otros. ...
Este libro es el corolario de muchos años de trabajo y dedicación de los miembros de la RELCOM (Red Latinoamericana y del Caribe para la Conservación de los Murciélagos), cuyo objetivo es poner a disposición de la comunidad los resultados de una actividad de carácter regional, que se viene realizando de manera ininterrumpida desde 2011, cuando el primer AICOM fue reconocido. En 2009, la RELCOM elaboró una “Estrategia para la conservación de los murciélagos en Latinoamérica y el Caribe”, donde se identificaron las amenazas que sufren los murciélagos de la región. Esto despertó la necesidad de crear
una figura como grupo para proteger a los murciélagos a través de una propuesta regional. Y es así que surgen las Áreas y Sitios de Importancia para la Conservación de los Murciélagos (AICOMs-SICOMs), inspiradas en las AICAs (Áreas de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves). El reconocimiento de AICOMs y SICOMs surge como una herramienta para que, de algún modo, pueda ser utilizada por los diferentes países que conforman la red, para orientar los planes de conservación en localidades donde especies y poblaciones de murciélagos se encuentren amenazadas. Si bien no es un instrumento legal, sienta bases para el desarrollo de políticas nacionales y regionales que avancen en ese sentido.
... The outcrops preserve the unique vegetation and caves with many troglobitic species of invertebrates, and bats are fundamental components in this ecosystem. Bats are known to perform several ecosystem functions that maintain vegetation structure, particularly pollination and seed dispersal (Lobova et al., 2009), and are important in maintaining the integrity of the epigean environment around caves, which, in turn, is important to maintain the diversity within the cave (Prous et al., 2015). ...
The availability of shelter in karst areas affects the richness, abundance, and assemblage composition of bat species and may play an important role in movement dynamics, activity patterns, and foraging behavior. Our work in the midwestern region in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, showed a high richness of the bat fauna, given the anthropic impact caused by mineral exploration and agricultural activities, thus leaving vegetation islands over karst areas in a vast anthropized matrix. Sampling at 12 sites resulted in 1,444 captures of bats, representing 30 species. Our beta diversity partitioning analyses indicated a pattern of turnover, i.e. species replacement, suggesting that these vegetation fragments may function as ecological springboards or stopping points.
... Quase metade das espécies de morcegos de nossa quiropterofauna utilizam as plantas como recurso alimentar. Assim, eles conseguem interagir com uma ampla variedade de plantas e terminam por desempenhar as importantes funções ecológicas de poli- nização e dispersão de sementes (Lobova, 2009). Os morcegos são muito eficientes no serviço ecossistêmico que prestam as florestas, pois ao consumir pequenos frutos eles acabam ingerindo as sementes e produzem uma chuva de sementes quando voam para longe da planta visitada. ...
... Quase metade das espécies de morcegos de nossa quiropterofauna utilizam as plantas como recurso alimentar. Assim, eles conseguem interagir com uma ampla variedade de plantas e terminam por desempenhar as importantes funções ecológicas de poli- nização e dispersão de sementes (Lobova, 2009). Os morcegos são muito eficientes no serviço ecossistêmico que prestam as florestas, pois ao consumir pequenos frutos eles acabam ingerindo as sementes e produzem uma chuva de sementes quando voam para longe da planta visitada. ...
... These guilds use their forelimbs for food-handling (Vandoros and Dumont, 2004), so the pollex may contribute to better manipulate the resources consumed by them. This is especially true in frugivorous that require to process fruits of several shapes and sizes (Lobova et al., 2009). By contrast, insectivores that forage over open spaces (CAI, BTP, UAI, BAI) presented the lowest values in the pollex which probably may impose an energetic cost by increasing air-resistance during flight. ...
Bats have an extraordinary morphological diversity and most of the studies have focused on exploring ecomorphology of wings, ears, nostrils, tooth, and skull. However, structures like the pollex have not been assessed yet. Here, I describe pollex measurements of 97 Neotropical bat species, analyze variation among guilds, and explore correlations with wing morphology. Besides sanguinivores, frugivores that use cluttered habitats and employ gleaning strategy showed larger pollex, whereas aerial insectivores that use open spaces presented smaller pollex. I found a negative relationship between pollex size and hand-wing length, but a positive relationship between pollex size and wing width. Results suggest a potential importance of the pollex on resource exploitation, especially in guilds associated to handling objects such as large fruits. Conversely, the pollex may be useless in aerial insectivores that employ other structures like uropatagium or dactylopatagium for prey capture and manipulation. The pollex is related to wing morphology and habitat use given that species with larger pollex and wide wings obtain their resources in cluttered habitats, while species with shorter pollex and longer wings acquire their preys over open spaces. It is important to keep documenting natural history of bats by studying unexplored structures that unveil the functional importance of morphology in resource exploitation.
... Quase metade das espécies de morcegos de nossa quiropterofauna utilizam as plantas como recurso alimentar. Assim, eles conseguem interagir com uma ampla variedade de plantas e terminam por desempenhar as importantes funções ecológicas de poli- nização e dispersão de sementes (Lobova, 2009). Os morcegos são muito eficientes no serviço ecossistêmico que prestam as florestas, pois ao consumir pequenos frutos eles acabam ingerindo as sementes e produzem uma chuva de sementes quando voam para longe da planta visitada. ...
... Quase metade das espécies de morcegos de nossa quiropterofauna utilizam as plantas como recurso alimentar. Assim, eles conseguem interagir com uma ampla variedade de plantas e terminam por desempenhar as importantes funções ecológicas de poli- nização e dispersão de sementes (Lobova, 2009). Os morcegos são muito eficientes no serviço ecossistêmico que prestam as florestas, pois ao consumir pequenos frutos eles acabam ingerindo as sementes e produzem uma chuva de sementes quando voam para longe da planta visitada. ...
Pollination underlies the functioning of ecosystems globally. Therefore, the endangerment and extinction of pollinator species are predicted to trigger cascade effects with the potential to alter the demographic collapse of complex ecological networks. However, although some studies have investigated the endangerment levels of pollinator species, the lack of global-scale analyses providing a universal overview of their extinction risks remains a major pending challenge in a world where climate change is rapidly decimating biodiversity. Here, we present the first truly global study of the endangerment level of vertebrate pollinators from across the tree of life. Based on a 1,666 species dataset, we investigate the macroecological patterns of species diversity and extinction risk of bird, mammal, and reptile pollinators of the world. We found higher extinction risk for mammal relative to bird and reptile pollinators. Globally, 1 in 3 mammal pollinators are currently threatened with extinction than 1 in 12 bird and 1 in 8 reptile pollinators. The hotspots of threatened bird pollinators mostly confined to Colombia and Hawaiian Islands, whereas the hotspots of threatened mammal and reptile pollinators are confined to Madagascar and various isolated islands. Notably, the endemic pollinators are more threatened than the widespread pollinators. The increasing decline of population will alter the status of threatened pollinators in future. While highlighting the quantity of threat and decline, we also show that the evolutionary predisposition along with habitat destruction for agriculture, and exploitation for bushmeat and pet trade are combinedly eroding the vertebrate pollinators biodiversity across the world at multiple scales. We suggest special environmental priorities such as controlled land-use, legislation on hunting, collaborative efforts between various stakeholders and community outreach programmes are essential for effective conservation of vertebrate pollinators.
Mammal species are few in number but have extensive distributions, large ranges of adaptation, and transformative ecological effects. Auditory ossicles, hair, and mammary glands are all mammalian hallmarks, and endothermy provides a crucial biological foundation. Perhaps the group’s most remarkable feature is its impressive range of body sizes, far exceeding that of any other animal group. Body size variation helped trigger the group’s physiological and ecological
radiations. As a group, mammals range from ocean depths to mountaintops, and they exploit a correspondingly diverse set of diets and behaviors. Different mammals dive, swim, walk, run, jump, burrow, climb, leap, and fly. Mammal species new to science continue to be discovered at a high rate, better defining the full extent of mammalian biodiversity. Although most mammal species are losing ground during the Anthropocene, some mammals, especially domesticated and invasive species, are thriving with change and underscore the group’s adaptive plasticity.
(English version below)
Nosotros presentamos una guía de campo de frutos y semillas de especies de
plantas dispersadas por animales en los bosques tropicales de montaña dentro
y en los alrededores del Parque Nacional Podocarpus en el sur del Ecuador. El
contenido de esta guía se basa principalmente en datos de campo colectados dentro de la unidad de investigación del Instituto de Investigaciones Alemanas (DFG) “RESPECT: Cambios ambientales en los ecosistemas hotspots de biodiversidad del sur de Ecuador: efectos de respuesta y retroalimentación”. Adicionalmente, la guía se ha construido sobre colecciones botánicas y proyectos anteriores llevados a cabo en la misma área de estudio desde el año 1999 (Homeier & Werner 2008).
La guía de campo incluye 40 especies de plantas seleccionadas que
representan una amplia variación en la morfología de frutos y semillas. Esta
guía se ha producido con el ánimo de ser una herramienta científica que
facilite la identificación taxonómica de las semillas y frutos dispersados por
animales. Con la información que aquí proveemos, nosotros buscamos divulgar
el conocimiento sobre las interacciones ecológicas entre plantas y animales
en los bosques de montaña del sur del Ecuador. Las plantas presentes en
esta guía incluyen tanto especies con una distribución geográfica restringida
como especies de plantas ampliamente distribuidas. De hecho, hasta donde
sabemos, algunas de las especies de plantas aparecen por primera vez
fotografiadas en esta publicación.
Con esta guía de campo bilingüe, nosotros nos dirigimos a la comunidad científica que trabaja en el área de estudio, pero también proveemos una importante fuente de información para profesionales que trabajan en el sector ambiental y para su uso en la divulgación científica. Esperamos que esta guía de campo también sea útil para investigadores que trabajan en ecosistemas similares a lo largo de la cordillera de Los Andes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here, we present a field guide of fruits and seeds of fleshy-fruited plant
species from the tropical mountains in and around Podocarpus National Park
and the Reserva Biológica San Francisco in southern Ecuador. The content is
mainly based on field data collected within the DFG research unit RESPECT:
“Environmental changes in biodiversity hotspot ecosystems of South Ecuador:
RESPonse and feedback effECTs”. In addition, it builds on collections and
previous projects in the study area since 1999 (Homeier & Werner 2008).
This field guide covers 40 selected plant species that represent a high
morphological variation in fruit and seed morphology. It has been produced
as a scientific tool to ease the taxonomic identification of seeds and fruits
dispersed by animals. With the provided information, we further seek to
disseminate knowledge about the ecological interactions between plants and
animals in the montane forests of southern Ecuador. We cover both species
with a locally restricted distribution and also widely distributed species. To our
knowledge, some of the species covered here are featured for the first time.
With our bilingual field guide, we address the research community in the area,
but also aim to provide an important source of information for environmental
professionals and environmental outreach. We further hope that the field
guide will be useful for researchers working in similar ecosystems across the
Andes.
Genetic tools are essential for uncovering several ecological aspects of biodiversity, particularly for groups as taxonomically and ecologically diverse as bats. Bats provide vital ecosystem services, including habitat restoration, seed dispersal, pollination, and the regulation of arthropod populations. In this chapter, we conducted an overview of studies that included genetic data of bats to answer a variety of questions with focus on the megadiverse Neotropics. We summarized patterns found in the studies discussing their contributions for bat conservation. Globally five families of bats (Vespertilionidae, Phyllostomidae, Rhinolophidae, Pteropodidae, and Molossidae) were the focus of 95% of the studies. The most prevalent use of genetic data was for systematics including phylogeny, taxonomic revisions and high-level classification. Climate fluctuations and the formation of geographical barriers during the late Pleistocene appears to have significant impacts on the distribution of bats in the Americas, including the Caribbean region, with evidence for diversification since the Miocene. Although bats appear more mobile than other animal groups, ecomorphological constraints affect heterogeneously different species, and natural barriers and human-driven landscape alterations impact their genetic diversity to varying degrees. Genetic tools have contributed to bat management and conservation previous to the year of 2000, and more recent technological advances, such as DNA metabarcoding and genome sequencing have shown enormous potential for answering further questions.KeywordsBat geneticsChiropteraNeotropical batsPopulation geneticsMolecular markers
Tucumán es una provincia del Noroeste de Argentina con una superficie de 22.524 km 2 , atravesada por las ecorregiones de Chaco seco, Yungas, Altos Andes y Monte de Sierras y Bolsones. Sus altitudes varían desde los 300 m de las planicies, hasta los 5.500 m. del Cerro El Bolsón. Este gradiente se encuentra entre los Nevados del Aconquija, ubicadas al oeste de la provincia, y la zona chaqueña del este. Estas características, sumadas a las variaciones climáticas, hacen que esta provincia de superficie reducida, presente una alta diversidad de mamíferos, siendo la quinta más alta en el país. En Tucumán los mamíferos encuentran reducido su hábitat natural debido al acelerado avance de la frontera agrícola. Por el incremento de los cultivos de soja de los últimos años, se han perdido importantes superficies de las áreas naturales en la zona chaqueña. Una situación similar se observa en el pedemonte de Las Yungas, como consecuencia de la expansión e intensidad de los cultivos de caña de azúcar y cítricos. Ante esto, la ley de Ordenamiento Territorial de Bosques Nativos permitió el establecimiento de zonas intangibles para procurar preservar, en cierta medida, estos hábitats.
La publicación propone una recopilación de la información científica referida al Patrimonio Integral de Tucumán, expuesta de una manera simple y resumida, pero sin perder el rigor de la exactitud de los datos. Una muestra de la vocación de los profesionales involucrados en el dictado del curso para compartir su trabajo y pasión al que dedican sus vidas.
Una pequeña síntesis inicial pretende transmitir la importancia del conocimiento científico en el turismo como eje del desarrollo provincial. Los primeros capítulos refieren al patrimonio cultural, un viaje dedicado al estudio de las primeras huellas de la humanidad en nuestro territorio, atravesando el desarrollo de nuestras sociedades en las primeras aldeas denominadas Culturas Tafí y Candelaria. Luego avanza hacia el presente hasta llegar a la descripción de culturas con expresiones artísticas maravillosas como La Aguada, que de manera misteriosa y súbita desapareció. En una continuidad cultural, estas expresiones se transformaron social y económicamente para moldear nuevas identidades, como la denominada cultura Santamariana, conocida generalmente como “Los Diaguitas”. Posteriormente se expone la llegada de los Incas a Tucumán y se describe su interacción con los locales y su huella en nuestro territorio. Finalmente se aborda el período Colonial, usando como eje los datos e investigaciones de la antigua ciudad de Ibatín.
Hacia el final de la obra podemos encontrar los capítulos dedicados al patrimonio natural de Tucumán. El capítulo de los fósiles hace una maravillosa revisión de los registros de la vida millones de años atrás e incluso de las más recientes y conocidas Eras de hielo, todas en territorio tucumano. Conocimientos muy poco difundidos en general, que deja asombrados a quienes deciden explorarlos. Los capítulos de las selvas, aves y mamíferos de Tucumán permitirán ahondar en la biodiversidad que conforma nuestro ambiente natural y familiarizarnos incluso con nuestra identidad como parte de ese ambiente. Se espera que esta obra contribuya a valorar este Patrimonio y conocer las legislaciones que lo protegen, para que puedan seguir siendo un elemento de valor para el turismo, la educación, la ciencia y la producción tucumana a través de sus servicios ambientales; ya que de ellos depende el suministro de agua, el control de plagas, la estabilidad de los suelos, el filtrado del ambiente, la fijación del dióxido de carbono que tanto afecta el equilibrio climático mundial, entre otros innumerables beneficios que aporta nuestra biota local.
Plant–animal interactions constitute some of the most important ecological processes for the maintenance of tropical forests. Bats are the only group of mammals capable of true flight and have been recognized as important dispersers of pioneer and secondary successional plant species. Although progress has been made in the study of Neotropical bats, morphological variation of the wing and its influence on niche separation between species is unknown. We evaluated relationships among habitat structures of selected Colombian tropical dry forest patches, the diet through interaction networks, and wing morphology of 11 species of bats in the Stenodermatinae subfamily (297 individuals) using geometric morphometry in a phylogenetic context. The results indicate that the phylogenetic signal for wing size is greater than for wing shape, thus providing some evidence for evolutionary convergence. Wing shape variation was associated primarily with the distal anatomical tip of the third finger and the joint between the humerus and the radius and ulna. Species with wide, short wings, as in the genus Artibeus had generalist diets and less nested positions within the interaction networks. In contrast, species with elongated and pointed wings, such as Sturnira and Platyrrhinus, had specialized diets and more nested positions within the interaction networks. We argue that wing shape variation may play an important role as a source of interspecific variation leading to food specialization within tropical bat communities.
El Bosque seco Tropical (BsT) es uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados del planeta dada la pérdida de cobertura vegetal causada por actividades antropogénicas. Entender cómo se dan las interacciones planta-animal en este tipo de ecosistemas es particularmente importante porque promueven su mantenimiento y funcionamiento. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar las interacciones entre murciélagos frugívoros y plantas a través de redes de interacción mutualistas en diez remanentes de BsT del Valle del Cauca. Para esto se caracterizó el ensamblaje de murciélagos y las semillas encontradas en sus heces y se evaluaron las propiedades estructurales de redes (anidamiento, modularidad y robustez). Se encontraron 36 especies de murciélagos y 1142 individuos; adicionalmente, se identificaron 19 669 semillas y 85 interacciones entre 18 especies de murciélagos y 19 especies de plantas. La red de interacción resultante presentó una estructura anidada, modular y robusta a la pérdida de especies especialistas pero susceptible a la pérdida de especies generalistas. Estos resultados dejan en evidencia la importancia de los murciélagos para el análisis de las interacciones planta-animal y a su vez los propone como un grupo clave para ser incluidos en planes de conservación y restauración de ecosistemas altamente perturbados como el BsT del Valle del Cauca.
O objetivo foi identificar e contabilizar as sementes consumidas por Carollia perspicillata na Ilha Grande, RJ, Brasil e atualizar a lista de plantas que integram sua dieta. Entre dezembro de 2014 e agosto de 2018, foram obtidas 266 capturas e recapturas de C. perspicillata. Para 167 capturas obteve-se amostras de fezes, 98 das quais apresentaram sementes. De 6.364 sementes, as mais abundantes foram de uma espécie de Cyperaceae (N = 2.115) e de Piper mollicomum (N = 1.965). O trabalho de campo adicionou seis novos itens alimentares e revelou quatro novas ocorrências de plantas para a Ilha Grande.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.