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Equietum arvense: Pharmacology and phytochemistry - a review
Abstract
Equisetum arvense commonly known as field horsetail is a plant with wide prospectus. In folk medicine, Equisetum arvense is used for tuberculosis, as a catarrh in the kidney and bladder regions, as a hematostatic for profuse menstruation, nasal, pulmonary and gastric hemorrhages, for brittle fingernails and loss of hair, for rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing wounds and ulcers, swelling and fractures and for frostbite (PDR for herbal medicines). The plant is reported to contain a number flavonoids, alkaloids, minerals, phenolic petrosins, triterpenoids, saponins, phytosterols. The present review is an attempt to generate interest among the masses regarding its immense potential in preventing and treating several disorders.
... E. arvense contains several classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, phenols, phytosterols, tannins and saponins (Dormousoglou et al., 2022;Makia et al., 2022b;Sandhu et al., 2010). Additionally, the nutritional components including proteins, carbohydrate, amino acids (Makia et al., 2022c), trace elements (sodium, potassium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, copper, zinc, titanium, manganese and silicon) and vitamins B1, B2, B6, ...
... Similarly, fourteen bioactive compounds were identified from methanolic extract of E. arvense including, paromomycin, 2(1H)-phenanthrenone, α-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecan-1-ol, 3-N,N-dimethyllaurylammonio propanesulfonate, 9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10 (19)-triene-3,24,25-triol, bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-6,8-dimethanol and furo[2,3-b]quinolone (Altameme et al., 2015). Further study identified betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid (Badole and Kotwal, 2014), squalene, 2-pyrroline 1,2-dimethyl, myrcene, rutin, campesterol, isofucosterol, equisetonin Sandhu et al., 2010;Yilmaz, 2014), pantothenic acid, chlorogenic acid, nicotinic acid, folic acid and octacosane (Alahmadi and Abduljawad, 2021), and their structures are shown in Fig. 3. ...
... In terms of clinical, pharmacological in-vitro and in-vivo biological activities, E. arvense has a promising efficacy. Its traditional uses have been supported by several pharmacological studies (Carneiro et al., 2021;Parameshwaran et al., 2022;Sandhu et al., 2010). Bioactive compounds from E. arvense and their pharmacological activities are shown in Table 4. ...
Background: Equisetum arvense L. has a long history of use in traditional medicines for treating ailments like digestive, inflammatory, respiratory and urinary disorders. Researchers have been focused on developing drugs from natural sources particularly the medicinal plants for global mitigation of medical conditions while protecting the environment. The use of natural products is one of the strategies that the WHO recommended to manage global medical conditions. The interest to use natural remedies as alternative medicines for management of medical conditions is increasing considerably. Purpose: This review intended to discuss the therapeutic potential of E. arvense for the mitigation of various diseases by providing up-to-date information on its benefits, challenges and potential future opportunities. Methods: The information is collected and systematically analysed from various online databases including Google scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of Science, PubMed and Plant of the World Online. Results: This study demonstrated the enormous therapeutic potential of E. arvense for the management of various ailments. The significant changes in the phytoconstituents amongst the plant parts have been observed, which correspond to the variation in its pharmacological properties. Several pharmacological activities of E. arvense such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antidiabetics support its traditional uses. Conclusion: E. arvense has a lot of therapeutic promises for treating a number of health disorders. The extension of its clinical study requires further identification of the bioactive compounds, their modes of action as well as toxicological study. The existing therapeutic potential of E. arvense, suggesting that it is a suitable medicinal plant for management of medical conditions.
... E. arvense contains several classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, phenols, phytosterols, tannins and saponins (Dormousoglou et al., 2022;Makia et al., 2022b;Sandhu et al., 2010). Additionally, the nutritional components including proteins, carbohydrate, amino acids (Makia et al., 2022c), trace elements (sodium, potassium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, copper, zinc, titanium, manganese and silicon) and vitamins B1, B2, B6, ...
... Similarly, fourteen bioactive compounds were identified from methanolic extract of E. arvense including, paromomycin, 2(1H)-phenanthrenone, α-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecan-1-ol, 3-N,N-dimethyllaurylammonio propanesulfonate, 9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10 (19)-triene-3,24,25-triol, bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-6,8-dimethanol and furo[2,3-b]quinolone (Altameme et al., 2015). Further study identified betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid (Badole and Kotwal, 2014), squalene, 2-pyrroline 1,2-dimethyl, myrcene, rutin, campesterol, isofucosterol, equisetonin Sandhu et al., 2010;Yilmaz, 2014), pantothenic acid, chlorogenic acid, nicotinic acid, folic acid and octacosane (Alahmadi and Abduljawad, 2021), and their structures are shown in Fig. 3. ...
... In terms of clinical, pharmacological in-vitro and in-vivo biological activities, E. arvense has a promising efficacy. Its traditional uses have been supported by several pharmacological studies (Carneiro et al., 2021;Parameshwaran et al., 2022;Sandhu et al., 2010). Bioactive compounds from E. arvense and their pharmacological activities are shown in Table 4. ...
... The E. arvense is a famous plant distributed throughout the northern hemisphere 17 and grows in Europe, Asia (Turkey, Iran, The Himalayas, China, Korea and Japan) and the United States. 18 This plant has different compounds such as vitamins, 19 minerals, 20 flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids and triterpenoids. 18 According to previous studies, in the extraction of E. arvense with hydromethanol using the Soxhlet apparatus, various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides have been detected. ...
... 18 This plant has different compounds such as vitamins, 19 minerals, 20 flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids and triterpenoids. 18 According to previous studies, in the extraction of E. arvense with hydromethanol using the Soxhlet apparatus, various phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides have been detected. 21 The Equisetum arvense methanolic extract (EE) has antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects. ...
... 22 Moreover, the anti-diabetic effect of E. arvense and E. myriochaetum has been reported formerly. 18,23,24 In line with that, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of E. arvense on testicular tissue of STZ-induced diabetic murine model. ...
Diabetes in a long period can damage the testicular tissue and impair the male fertility potential. Recently, different herbal treatments have been used for the prevention of type I diabetes and its pathological effects. Methanolic extract of Equisetum arvense has anti-oxidant and hypoglycemic properties. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Equisetum arvense methanolic extract (EE) on diabetes-induced detrimental effects in mice testicular tissue. Thirty-two adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups including control-sham, diabetic (induced by streptozotocin, 50.00 mg kg-1 for five days), diabetic + EE 250 (250 mg kg-1) and diabetic + EE 500 (500 mg kg-1). After 45 days, all animals were euthanized and their testicles were dissected out and undergone histological analyses. Moreover, the serum level of testosterone was evaluated. Analyses showed that seminiferous tubules diameter, Leydig cells number per mm2 of the connective tissue, Sertoli cells number per tubule, serum level of testosterone and percentage of seminiferous tubules with positive tubular differentiation, repopulation and spermiogenesis indices were significantly decreased in the diabetic group in comparison with control-sham group. The administration of EE in test groups significantly decreased the adverse effects of diabetes (especially 500 mg kg-1). The results of this study revealed that diabetes disturbs spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis processes in mice. Meanwhile, the EE prevents diabetes-induced damages in mice testicular tissue, which may be associated with its hypoglycemic and antioxidative activities.
... The traditional use of Equiseti herba in Western Europe covers internal applications (the treatment of efferent urinary tract diseases caused by bacteria or for renal gravel) as well as external applications (supporting the treatment for poor healing wounds) [19,20]. Furthermore, preparations of E. arvense are discussed for a wide variety of potential health benefits, including, among others, neuroprotection, antihepatotoxicity, a remedy for anemia, and antimicrobial effects [21,22]. In addition, products containing E. arvense can be found as food supplements claiming to be beneficial both in the relaxation phase after strenuous body exercise (antioxidant or free radical scavenger effects) and in cosmetic applications such as skin, hair, and nail remedies, potentially acting as an antiaging, moisturizer, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, antiperspirant, conditioner, or anti-dandruff agent [21,22]. ...
... Furthermore, preparations of E. arvense are discussed for a wide variety of potential health benefits, including, among others, neuroprotection, antihepatotoxicity, a remedy for anemia, and antimicrobial effects [21,22]. In addition, products containing E. arvense can be found as food supplements claiming to be beneficial both in the relaxation phase after strenuous body exercise (antioxidant or free radical scavenger effects) and in cosmetic applications such as skin, hair, and nail remedies, potentially acting as an antiaging, moisturizer, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, antiperspirant, conditioner, or anti-dandruff agent [21,22]. According to Wichtl [20], the active components are silicic acid and flavonoids, whereby the content of total flavonoids should be higher than 0.3 % to meet the requirements of the European Pharmacopeia [19]. ...
... According to Wichtl [20], the active components are silicic acid and flavonoids, whereby the content of total flavonoids should be higher than 0.3 % to meet the requirements of the European Pharmacopeia [19]. Besides the well-investigated flavonoids/phenolics [4,23,24], other ingredients are inter alia minerals, small amounts of essential oils, triterpenes, saponins, phytosterols, and diverse caffeic acid derivatives [21,22]. In addition, several studies have reported the occurrence of alkaloids in E. arvense in the past. ...
Equiseti herba has been traditionally indicated in bacterial diseases of the efferent urinary tract or bad healing wounds in many regions worldwide. Most of the plant material used for medical purposes comes from collections of wild growing plants. The European Pharmacopoeia requires that Equiseti herba should consist of a minimum of 95% Equisetum arvense and a maximum of 5% foreign ingredients. This includes Equisetum palustre, which is known for its potentially toxic alkaloid palustrine. However, both Equisetum species are quite common, look morphologically very similar, and share similar habitats, hence, are therefore often confused. Recently, several structurally related Equisetum alkaloids have been identified in E. palustre but not in E. arvense. We have established a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the detection of these E. palustre-specific Equisetum alkaloids in order to quantify the contamination of Equiseti herba (E. arvense) by E. palustre plant material. In a second, independent approach, the results of the HPLC-MS/MS analysis were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, looking for the species-specific characteristics of the stoma apparatus of E. palustre. Thirty-four Equiseti herba products obtained from different pharmacies, drug stores, supermarkets, and web stores were analyzed. The majority of the products (26 out of 34) were Equisetum alkaloid positive, with contents ranging from 0.29 – 21.7 mg of Equisetum alkaloids/kg (d. w.). In addition, the transfer of Equisetum alkaloids into tea infusions was investigated, demonstrating a 42 to 60% transfer rate for cold and hot water extraction of Equisetum alkaloid-contaminated Equiseti herba, respectively.
... The sterile stems of E. arvense contain flavonoids (mainly kaempferol and quercetin glycosides, luteolin, apigenin, apigenin-5-O-glucoside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, epicatechin), phenolic acids (di-E-caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid, methyl esters of protocatechuic and caffeic acids, caffeic, gallic and ferulic acids), alkaloids (palustrine, palustrinine and traces of nicotine), phytosterols (cholesterol, campesterol, epicholestanol, β-sitosterol) and triterpenes (germanicol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid) Asgarpanah & Roohi 2012; EMA/HMPC/278089/2015; Gruenwald et al., 2000;Gründemann et al., 2014;Hancianu et al., 2008;Pallag et al., 2016;Sandhu et al., 2010). The sterile stems also contain high amounts of minerals, including silicic acid and silicates (5-8% total content, of which 10% are water-soluble), potassium and calcium Chevallier, 2016;EMA/HMPC/278089/2015;Sandhu et al., 2010). ...
... The sterile stems of E. arvense contain flavonoids (mainly kaempferol and quercetin glycosides, luteolin, apigenin, apigenin-5-O-glucoside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, epicatechin), phenolic acids (di-E-caffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid, methyl esters of protocatechuic and caffeic acids, caffeic, gallic and ferulic acids), alkaloids (palustrine, palustrinine and traces of nicotine), phytosterols (cholesterol, campesterol, epicholestanol, β-sitosterol) and triterpenes (germanicol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid) Asgarpanah & Roohi 2012; EMA/HMPC/278089/2015; Gruenwald et al., 2000;Gründemann et al., 2014;Hancianu et al., 2008;Pallag et al., 2016;Sandhu et al., 2010). The sterile stems also contain high amounts of minerals, including silicic acid and silicates (5-8% total content, of which 10% are water-soluble), potassium and calcium Chevallier, 2016;EMA/HMPC/278089/2015;Sandhu et al., 2010). The fertile stems contain phenolic glycosides such as equisetumoside A, equisetumoside B and equisetumoside C (Asgarpanah & Roohi 2012;Sandhu et al., 2010). ...
... The sterile stems also contain high amounts of minerals, including silicic acid and silicates (5-8% total content, of which 10% are water-soluble), potassium and calcium Chevallier, 2016;EMA/HMPC/278089/2015;Sandhu et al., 2010). The fertile stems contain phenolic glycosides such as equisetumoside A, equisetumoside B and equisetumoside C (Asgarpanah & Roohi 2012;Sandhu et al., 2010). The European Pharmacopoeia requires for Equiseti herba a minimum 0.3% of total flavonoids, expressed as isoquercitroside (dried drug) (Eur. ...
... Here, we found that Equisetum arvense extract (EA) enhances the GL anti-inflammatory effect. EA is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases [15]. Our studies indicated that a combination of GL and EA, synergistically, exhibited a stronger effect than the individual effects of GL and EA via different mechanisms. ...
... EA is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, such as tuberculosis, kidney disorders, bladder disease, rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing wounds and ulcers, swelling and fractures, and frostbite [15]. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects of EA are well demonstrated [15,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
... EA is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, such as tuberculosis, kidney disorders, bladder disease, rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing wounds and ulcers, swelling and fractures, and frostbite [15]. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects of EA are well demonstrated [15,[25][26][27][28][29][30]. For example, Gründemann et al. (2014) reported that EA suppressed TNF-α expression on T cells [31]. ...
Periodontal disease is the most prevalent infectious disease, and inflammatory mediators play critical roles in its progression. Therefore, controlling pro-inflammatory cytokine production, especially at initial disease stages, is essential to maintaining gingival and periodontal health. Glycyrrhizin (GL) has an anti-inflammatory effect and has been added to toothpaste and mouth rinse to prevent periodontal disease. However, there is a maximum dose for the use of GL. The aim of the present study is to screen plant extracts which can effectively enhance the effects of GL. The effects of extracts from six different plants on GL-suppressed TNF-α expression in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.)-LPS-stimulated human oral keratinocytes (RT7) were examined. Results demonstrated that Equisetum arvense (EA) extract had the strongest additive effect on the suppression of TNF-α by GL at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, GL downregulated the production of TNF-α by suppressing NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, but not JNK or p38 phosphorylation. In contrast, EA decreased JNK phosphorylation but not NF-κB p65 or p38 phosphorylation. The combination of GL and EA effectively attenuated A.a.-LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and JNK. Furthermore, an LPS-induced periodontitis rat model showed that GL with EA supplementation significantly downregulated TNF-α mRNA in the gingival tissue. These results indicate that EA can suppress A.a.-LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting JNK activation and can promote the anti-inflammatory effects of GL. Our findings suggest that a combination of GL and EA may improve the development of new oral hygiene products aimed at enhancing periodontal health.
... Метиловый эфир протокатеховой кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 5 Галловая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54], Е2 [24] 6 Сиреневая кислота Е1 [84] 7 Эллаговая кислота Е2 [24] Гидроксикоричные кислоты и их производные 8 п-Кумаровая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,64,55,84], Е2 [24], Е4 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е8 [24], Е9 [24,28,29], Е10 [24], Е12 [24] 9 Кофейная кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54,55,84], Е2 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е9 [24, 28,29] 10 Метиловый эфир кофейной кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 11 ...
... Метиловый эфир протокатеховой кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 5 Галловая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54], Е2 [24] 6 Сиреневая кислота Е1 [84] 7 Эллаговая кислота Е2 [24] Гидроксикоричные кислоты и их производные 8 п-Кумаровая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,64,55,84], Е2 [24], Е4 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е8 [24], Е9 [24,28,29], Е10 [24], Е12 [24] 9 Кофейная кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54,55,84], Е2 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е9 [24, 28,29] 10 Метиловый эфир кофейной кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 11 ...
... Синаповая кислота Е1 [84] 14 Хлорогеновая кислота Е1 [24,27,41,66], Е2 [24], Е5 [24] 15 5-Кофеилшикимовая кислота Е1 [15,26,40,41,87], Е2 [87], Е9 [87], Е11 [87] 16 Моно-О-(Е)-Caf-мезовинная кислота Е1 [26,41,77,87], Е2 [87], Е6 [87], Е9 [87], Е11 [87] 17 ...
Equisetum L. мировой флоры. Многие виды хвощей широко используются в народной медицине в качестве мочегонного, кровоостанавливающего средства, а также при туберкулезе легких и кожных болезнях, при язвах, водянке, желтухе, как сердечное средство, при заболеваниях почек, мочевого пузыря и др. На основе экстрактов хвоща полевога (Equisetum arvense L.) создан ряд лекарственных препаратов и биологически активных добавок, обладающих широким спектром фармакологического действия. В обзоре приведены данные о структурном разнообразии и биологической активности метаболитов растений рода Equisetum L. Представлена информация о составе метаболитов 16 видов рода Equisetum L., структуре и источниках более 200 природных веществ, относящихся терпеноидам, фитостеринам, брассиностероидам, витаминам, алкалоидам и другим азотсодержащим соединениям, лигнанам, стирилпиронам, инданонам, фенилпропаноидам, органическим кислотам, углеводородам, альдегидам и фенольным соединениям. Основными биологически активными веществами растений рода Equisetum являются флавоноиды и другие растительные фенольные соединения. Экстракты и индивидуальные соединения обладают антиоксидантными, диуретическими, антибактериальными, противогрибковыми, гепатопротекторными, гипоглике-мическими, антмутагенными, седативными, анксиолитическими, противоопухолевыми, противо-воспалительными свойствами. Анализ литературных данных показывают, что растения рода Equisetum являются перспективными для создания новых эффективных лекарственных препаратов. Приведенные в обзоре сведения могут быть использованы в качестве справочной литературы фитохимиками, биологами и фармакологами, а также для решения вопросов хемосистематики растений рода Equisetum L. Ключевые слова: Equisetum L.; Equisetaceae; химический состав метаболитов; структур-ное разнообразие; биологическая активность. Сокращения: ИК-инфракрасная спектроскопия, УФ-ультрафиолетовая спектроскопия, ГХ-газовая хроматография, МС-масс-спектрометрия, ЯМР-ядерный магнитный резонанс, ВЭЖХ-высокоэффектив-ная жидкостная хроматография, Glcp-β-D-глюкопиранозид, Galp-β-D-галактопиранозид, Rhap-α-L-рам-нопиранозид, Ac-ацетил, Mal-малонил, Caf-кафеоил, Нex-гексоза Хвощи-древние сосудистые растения из отдела хвощевидных, представленные в современной флоре единственным родом Equisetum L. (семейство Equisetáceae).
... Метиловый эфир протокатеховой кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 5 Галловая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54], Е2 [24] 6 Сиреневая кислота Е1 [84] 7 Эллаговая кислота Е2 [24] Гидроксикоричные кислоты и их производные 8 п-Кумаровая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,64,55,84], Е2 [24], Е4 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е8 [24], Е9 [24,28,29], Е10 [24], Е12 [24] 9 Кофейная кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54,55,84], Е2 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е9 [24, 28,29] 10 Метиловый эфир кофейной кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 11 ...
... Метиловый эфир протокатеховой кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 5 Галловая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54], Е2 [24] 6 Сиреневая кислота Е1 [84] 7 Эллаговая кислота Е2 [24] Гидроксикоричные кислоты и их производные 8 п-Кумаровая кислота Е1 [15,24,27,64,55,84], Е2 [24], Е4 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е8 [24], Е9 [24,28,29], Е10 [24], Е12 [24] 9 Кофейная кислота Е1 [15,24,27,54,55,84], Е2 [24], Е5 [24], Е6 [24], Е7 [24], Е9 [24, 28,29] 10 Метиловый эфир кофейной кислоты Е1 [15,24,26,66] 11 ...
... Синаповая кислота Е1 [84] 14 Хлорогеновая кислота Е1 [24,27,41,66], Е2 [24], Е5 [24] 15 5-Кофеилшикимовая кислота Е1 [15,26,40,41,87], Е2 [87], Е9 [87], Е11 [87] 16 Моно-О-(Е)-Caf-мезовинная кислота Е1 [26,41,77,87], Е2 [87], Е6 [87], Е9 [87], Е11 [87] 17 ...
The review summarizes the scientific literature on the degree of knowledge of the chemical composition and biological activity of metabolites and plant extracts of the genus Equisetum L. of the world flora. Many types of horsetail are widely used in folk medicine as a diuretic, hemostatic, as well as for pulmonary tuberculosis and skin diseases, ulcers, dropsy, jaundice, as a heart remedy, for diseases of the kidneys, bladder, etc. Based on extracts of the horsetail canes (Equisetum arvense L.) a number of drugs and biologically active additives with a wide spectrum of pharmacological action have been created. The review presents data on the structural diversity and biological activity of metabolites of plants of the genus Equisetum L. Information is provided on the composition of the metabolites of 16 species of the genus Equisetum L., the structure and sources of more than 200 natural substances related to terpenoids, phytosterols, brassinosteroids, vitamins, alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing compounds , lignans, styryl pyrones, indanones, phenylpropanoids, organic acids, hydrocarbons, aldehydes and phenolic compounds. The main biologically active substances of plants of the genus Equisetum are flavonoids and other plant phenolic compounds. Extracts and individual compounds possess antioxidant, diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antimutagenic, sedative, anxiolytic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory properties. An analysis of literature data shows that plants of the genus Equisetum are promising for the creation of new effective drugs. The information presented in the review can be used as reference literature by phytochemists, biologists, and pharmacologists, as well as to solve the problems of chemosystematics of plants of the genus Equisetum L.
... Several Equisetum spp. are widely used in treating various diseases, including genitourinary and related diseases, different inflammatory conditions, rheumatic problems, hypertension, and wound healing among the local people in traditional medicine practices throughout the world (Sandhu et al., 2010;Giovannini et al., 2016;Sureshkumar et al., 2018;Das et al., 2022). Moreover, some species have unique features with wide usage in treating diuretics, urinary tract infections, and kidney problems (Al-Snafi, 2017;Boeing et al., 2021). ...
... Equisetum spp. predominantly occurs in wet environments like semi-aquatic and wet clay soils and is well adapted to Brussell (2004); Novais et al. (2004); Fakir et al. (2009); Idolo et al. (2010); Saric-Kundali et al., 2010;Menkovic et al. (2011); Sargin et al. (2013); Tuttolomondo et al. (2014b); Bahmani and Zargaran (2015); Guzel et al. (2015); Soukand and Pieroni (2016) grow in moist areas on a wide variety of soil types of various pH (Sandhu et al., 2010;Badole and Kotwal, 2014). Several Equisetum spp. ...
Introduction:
The genus Equisetum (Equisetaceae) is cosmopolitan in distribution, with 41 recognized species. Several species of Equisetum are widely used in treating genitourinary and related diseases, inflammatory and rheumatic problems, hypertension, and wound healing in traditional medicine practices worldwide. This review intends to present information on the traditional uses, phytochemical components, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Equisetum spp. and to analyze the new insights for further study.
Methods:
Relevant literature has been scanned and collected via various electronic repositories, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer Connect, and Science Online, from 1960 to 2022.
Results:
Sixteen Equisetum spp. were documented as widely used in traditional medicine practices by different ethnic groups throughout the world. A total of 229 chemical compounds were identified from Equisetum spp. with the major group of constituents being flavonol glycosides and flavonoids. The crude extracts and phytochemicals of Equisetum spp. exhibited significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and diuretic properties. A wide range of studies have also demonstrated the safety of Equisetum spp.
Conclusion:
The reported pharmacological properties of Equisetum spp. support its use in traditional medicine, though there are gaps in understanding the traditional usage of these plants for clinical experiments. The documented information revealed that the genus is not only a great herbal remedy but also has several bioactives with the potential to be discovered as novel drugs. Detailed scientific investigation is still needed to fully understand the efficacy of this genus; hence, very few Equisetum spp. were studied in detail for phytochemical and pharmacological investigation. Moreover, its bioactives, structure-activity connection, in vivo activity, and associated mechanism of action ought to be explored further.
... The above results are in accordance with [36]. The plant contains abundant minerals as, Ca, P, iron, manganese and silica [37,38]. In this study silica content in E. arvense L. was found to be 8.69%. ...
... E. arvense L. have remarkably high silica content in the whole plant kingdom that helps in the utilization of Ca and stabilization of collagen by prolyl hydroxylase enzyme [10]. Also, silicon from E. arvense L. in the diet can rebuild and enhance the activity of these cells, developing any pathological circumstances [37,58]. E. arvense L. has good antioxidant capacity, which can reduce different types of radicals [62]. ...
... The fern commonly named (horsetail, scouring rush), which is traditionally uses for a wide range of illnesses treatment as a diuretic, ant edematous, anti-inflammatory and demineralizing (2). Scientific research was indicated that nearly of 10 % of flavonoids was identified in the fern, primarily as the kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, rutin, myrctine,and glycosids (3). The fern present medicinal uses as an anti-inflammatory agent for skin disease in America and Asia as well as antiseptic in America and Turky (4). ...
... Flavonoids play very important role in protection against environmental stresses (mainly abiotic), but also these compounds reacts with microorganisms such as (nematods, fungi, etc.) and other associated plants (23,24). Recent phytochemical investigations on the fern extract have led to characterization many bioactive compounds such as flavonoids mainly were recorded in the E. arvense L. (3,12,21,20). ...
Background:The ferns are well known that they are a rich sources to bioactive compounds mainly flavonoid groups which are very important to protect these plants from environmental stresses. Objective: The object of this work is to determine chemical content (total flavonoids) in methanol extract of Equisetum arvense L. Family Equisetaceae. Methods: mature sporophyte of the fern was collected from Chemi Rezan region in Sulaimaniyah district during May 2016. The methanol extract of the fern was prepared by using Soxhulet apparatus to be used for phytochemical analysis. Resulrs: The outcome of the qualitative analysis for E. arvense extract had showed that the fern was containing active compounds which involve: alkaloids, saponins, tanins and four flavonoids which were identified as: kaempferol, aempferol-O-3- glycoside, leutolin, and querctin in E. arvense by using HPLC technique . In fact the main compound leutolin (100.6 µg/ ml) was recorded quit high concentration. The results were showed that total flavonoids made up almost (179.5 µ/ ml). Conclusion: It was found that total flavonoid have positive correlation with the environment in the studied region.
... The dominant phenolic compounds are identified as isoquercitrin, apigenin, kaempferol in the plant extract [7,8]. In folk medicine horsetail tea is used for cure of edema, kidney and bladder stones, urinary tract infections, the inability to control urination and general disturbances of the kidney and bladder [9,10]. Recent investigations have shown that the plant has high antioxidant capacity [11]. ...
... Similarly other researchers have indicated that the plant material has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, sedative and anticonvulsant effects [12][13][14][15]. Lately E. arvense is used in the bathing water for wound healing and blood coagulation in folk medicine [9,16]. ...
In this study the inhibitory effect of E. arvense extract on trypsin activity and the
effect of trypsin on E. arvense extract were studied. In addition the nature of the interaction
between the extract and trypsin was investigated.
... Achyranthes aspera is another herb that promotes kidney function, ensuring the proper fluid metabolism and further protecting the kidney from microbial attack. Equisetum arvense and Tribulus terrestris are mild diuretics, opening urinary channels, and acting also as mild antimicrobials [50,51]. Holy basil or Ocimum sanctum has been long used as a urinary antibacterial agent and helps with neutralizing the acidity in the body [50]. ...
... Equisetum arvense and Tribulus terrestris are mild diuretics, opening urinary channels, and acting also as mild antimicrobials [50,51]. Holy basil or Ocimum sanctum has been long used as a urinary antibacterial agent and helps with neutralizing the acidity in the body [50]. ...
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common infections worldwide, having an incidence rate of 40−60% in women. Moreover, the prevalence of this disorder in adult women is 30 times more than in men. UTIs are usually found in many hospitals and clinical practice; as disorders, they are complicated and uncomplicated; in uncomplicated cases, there is no structural or functional abnormality in the urogenital tract. ButHowever, obstruction, retention of urine flow, and use of catheters increase the complexity. There are several bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, etc.) successfully residing in the tract. The diagnosis must not only be accurate but rapid, so early detection is an important step in the control of UTIs caused by uropathogens. The treatment of UTIs includes appropriate antimicrobial therapy to control the infection and kill the causal microbes inside the body. A long-time usage of antibiotics has resulted in multidrug resistance causing an impediment in treatment. Thus, alternative, combinatorial medication approaches have given some hope. Available treatments considered the following: Homeopathic, Ayurvedic, Unani, and other herbal-based drugs. There are new upcoming roles of nanoparticles in combating UTIs which needs further validation. The role of medicinal plant-based nanotechnology approaches has shown promising results. SoTherefore, there must be active research in phyto-based therapies of UTIs, such as Ayurvedic Biology.
... Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae), widely known as 'horsetail', is a dense perennial plant extensively found across Canada, the USA, Europe, and Asia [16]. E. arvense has a history of traditional medicinal use for the treatment of various illnesses, including bladder disorders and tuberculosis [17]. Additionally, it is employed as a hemostatic agent to manage excessive menstruation, as well as pulmonary, gastric, and nasal hemorrhages [18]. ...
Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae), widely known as ‘horsetail’, is a perennial plant found extensively across Asia. Extracts of E. arvense have been used in traditional medicine, particularly for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds in E. arvense ethanolic extract and their anti-inflammatory properties. Subsequently, we isolated and identified nine secondary metabolites, including kaempferol 3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), icariside B2 (2), (Z)-3-hexenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (3), luteolin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl caffeic acid (5), clemastanin B (6), 4-O-caffeoylshikimic acid (7), (7S,8S)-threo-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), and 3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid (9). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds (1–9) were elucidated using HR-ESI-MS data, NMR spectra, and ECD data. Next, the anti-inflammatory effects of the isolates were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α/interferon (IFN)γ-induced HaCaT, a human keratinocyte cell line. Among the isolates, compound 3 showed the highest inhibitory effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, followed by compounds 6 and 8. Correspondingly, the preceding isolates inhibited TNFα/IFNγ-induced activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, and nuclear factor-κB. Collectively, E. arvense could be employed for the development of prophylactic or therapeutic agents for improving dermatitis.
... An interesting proposition of a natural filler may be the use of horsetail biomass. Although field horsetail, due to its health-promoting properties, has been used in natural medicine and cosmetology (Sandhu et al. 2010), it is still a common weed (James and Rahman 2010). It is a plant widespread on our continent, therefore it is a valuable source of material that is easily available and requires management. ...
The growing ecological awareness of society and increasingly stringent legal requirements regarding environmental protection and the strategy of implementing the principles of sustainable development force the search for and continuous development of environmentally friendly solutions in the field of polymer materials technology. One of the directions is the use of raw materials from renewable sources. For this reason, the research object of the presented work was natural rubber composites containing a filler of plant origin in the form of ground horsetail (HT) biomass. Despite its health-promoting properties, it is commonly considered a weed. What’s more, the ubiquitous occurrence and surplus make it a valuable source of waste biomass for management. Taking into account the limitations resulting from the hydrophilic nature of the lignocellulosic filler, and the related poor adhesion to the non-polar elastomer matrix, the horsetail filler was modified with organoalkoxysilanes. The study used silane compounds containing groups that can affect the properties of vulcanizates in various ways, such as vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), 3,3′-Tetrathiobis(propyl-triethoxysilane) (TESPTS), 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (CPTES) and octyltriethoxysilane (OTES). The biomass in the form of field horsetail was previously modified with selected silanes. Then, the bioadditive prepared in this way was applied to rubber mixtures. The process of modifying the natural filler contributed to structural changes in the lignocellulosic material, which may indicate the effective attachment of silane compounds to the horsetail surface. The results of the contact angle analysis show that the treatment strongly influenced the surface characteristics of the fillers, making them more hydrophobic. The results show that the type of silane coupling agent affects not only the processing associated with the vulcanization process but also the mechanical properties of the NR vulcanizates. This phenomenon is probably the result of increased rubber-bioadditive interaction and improved filler dispersion. Moreover, all composites with modified HT, show a greater flame permanence time than the one using unmodified filler.
Graphical abstract
... This plant has been used traditionally for pain relief for centuries and has various medicinal effects such as anti-cancer, antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties [5]. It is also used to treat cardiovascular problems, osteoporosis, anemia and skin and hair disorders [6][7][8]. ...
This research investigated the morphological and phytochemical traits and silicon content of some horsetail ecotypes. The multivariate analysis revealed high diversity in morphological traits, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH assays), phenolic compounds, and silica content. The plant height and width and the stem dry weight were in the ranges of 11–40 cm, 2.5–10 cm, and 0.22–0.89 g/plant, respectively. The HPLC assay detected five main phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, isoquercitrin, and rutin) among which isoquercitrin was the most abundant phenolic acid whose highest quantity was observed in ecotype EA2. As well, EA6 was the richest ecotype in TPC (123.4 mg GAE/g DW) and antioxidant activity (IC50 = 13.50 µg/ml) whereas EA2 outperformed the others in TFC (45.30 mg RE/g DW). The silicon content varied from 42.1 to 47.2% of ash. Its maximum and minimum levels were observed in EA2 and EA5, respectively. The cluster analysis divided the horsetail ecotypes into three main groups. According to the factor analysis, the first three factors accounted for 74.78% of the total variance. The results showed that ecotype EA2 can be used in horsetail breeding programs to achieve the highest level of isoquercitrin and silica content.
... Equisetum arvense: Sterile stem contains silicic acid and silicates, potassium, calcium, aluminium, sulphur, magnesium and manganese (Sandhu et al. 2010). Styrylpyrones are accumulate in rhizomes of sporophytes and gametophytes of E. arvensesubsp. ...
Equisetum arvense L., Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. - EQUISETACEAE
... The comparative FTIR analysis showed that, in the case of AgNPs, there were some shifts or disappearances of some bands. Moreover, the same analysis highlighted that several groups of compounds are involved in the synthesis and capping of AgNPs, with the functional groups belonging to classes of compounds such as flavonoids, proteins, amino acids, sterols, carbohydrates, and phenols found in the extract [29][30][31]. ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and surface hardness of a light-activated microhybrid composite resin modified with green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were synthesized using an Equisetum sylvaticum extract and characterized through different methods such as UV-Vis, EDX, and FTIR. The obtained AgNPs were mixed with a microhybrid composite resin (Herculite XRV, Kerr Corp., Orange, CA, USA) in different concentrations: 0% (group A-control); 0.5% (group B); 1% (group C); and 1.5% (group D). A total of 120 composite resin disk-shaped samples were obtained and divided into 4 groups (n = 30) according to AgNP concentration. Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup 1—samples were not soaked in 0.01 M NaOH solution; and subgroup 2—samples were soaked in 0.01 M NaOH solution. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was determined using a direct contact test. A digital electronic hardness tester was used to determine the composite resin’s Vickers surface hardness (VH). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests with a confidence level of 95%. Groups C and D showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded between VH values (p > 0.05). The use of AgNPs synthesized from Equisetum sylvaticum as a composite resin filler in 1% wt. and 1.5% wt. reduced the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Soaking of the experimental composite resin decreased the antibacterial efficacy. The loading of a microhybrid composite resin with AgNPs in concentrations of 0.5% wt., 1% wt., and 1.5% wt. did not influence the surface hardness.
... Extracts of Equisetum arvense have the capacity to prevent stroke [53], while Lygodium venustum is used to combat emotional instability as well as nervousness [54]. Extracts of E. arvense possess cosmeceutical potential against antiaging (e.g., moisturizers, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle, and hair conditioning) [55]. The endangered fern Isoetes sinensis has been evaluated for its nutraceutical values by Wang et al. [56] and found a strong antioxidant activity owing to the presence of flavonoids. ...
Ferns are a prominent entity in our ecosystem as one of the valuable resources of phytochemicals, medicinal, nutritional, and industrial attributes. They have mul�tiple applications from the cottage industry to health-promoting metabolites. Ferns are relatively ignored flora compared to the angiosperms, especially for their impact on nutrition, health, and ecosystem services. They have attracted the attention recently towards harnessing their nutritional, biochemical, and industrial values based on the ethnic knowledge and analysis of bioactive potential using sophisticated methods. Ferns are known for their novelties in human and livestock nutrition and protective or curative potential against several diseases (e.g., cancer, malaria, gastrointestinal, neurological, gynecological, dermal, diabetes, rheumatism, rickets, and respiratory). Many ferns are known to produce ecdysteroids, which have a high potential to serve as bioinsecticides. Based on various studies, the species of the genus Diplazium have potent edible as well as medicinal attributes. This chapter consolidates the bioactive potential of ferns with an emphasis on their nutraceutical and pharmacological attributes of the species of Diplazium.
Keywords: Diplazium · Ethnic knowledge · Insecticides · utraceuticals · Phytochemicals · Therapeutics
... Additionally, E. arvense has been traditionally used for its analgesic effects on rheumatism and frostbite, as well as its anti-inflammatory properties, which can improve blood circulation. This plant has been employed as a bath agent for skin diseases and incorporated into cosmetic products as a rejuvenating, moisturizing, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, antiperspirant, and conditioning agent [124]. ...
The skin shows the physiological condition of the body’s organs and systems that prevent infections and physical damage. Throughout the ages, in folk medicine, phytotherapy was considered a primary form of treatment in all countries, including Kazakhstan, due to the abundance and availability of plant-based remedies. This paper discusses several medicinal plants that are traditionally used in the treatment of skin diseases in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The chemical composition of these plants was analyzed, with a particular focus on the biologically active basic compounds responsible for their therapeutic efficiency in treating skin ailments.
... Additionally, Equisetum arvense L. has been traditionally used for its analgesic effects on rheumatism and frostbite, as well as its antiinflammatory properties, which can improve blood circulation. This plant has been employed as a bath agent for skin diseases and incorporated into cosmetic products as a rejuvenating, moisturizing, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, antiperspirant, and conditioning agent [314]. ...
According to the eminent scholar, philosopher, and physician Avicenna, "the doctor has three tools: the word, the plant, the knife." The plant kingdom is recognized as humanity's earliest and most ancient healing source, employed for the management and prevention of illnesses. Tracing back through history, the most ancient documented proof of plants' utilization in medicine dates back to a Sumerian clay slab discovered in Nagpur roughly 5000 years ago. This artifact included a compilation of twelve medicinal recipes that involved over 250 diverse plant species. Sumerian healers extracted powders and infusions from plant roots and stems, while also crediting healing properties to pears and figs. Additionally, they utilized dried and ground young shoots of willow and plum trees, pine and fir needles as a component in compresses and poultices. Often, powders from animal and mineral sources were blended with those extracted from dried and crushed plants. Notably, in addition to water, wine and beer served as solvents. Thus, at least 80 centuries ago, people utilized the most uncomplicated medicinal plant-based preparations for treatment [1]. The "Pen T'Sao," an ancient Chinese text on roots and herbs, authored by Emperor Shen Nung approximately 2500 BC, contains descriptions of 900 medicaments (comprising dried components of medicinal plants). Several of these substances are still in use today, including Rhei rhisoma, camphor, Theae folium, Podophyllum, great yellow gentian, ginseng, datura, cinnamon bark, and ephedra [2]. Regarding Kazakh folk medicine, an area that has yet to be fully explicated and substantiated, it can be stated that the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Kazakh people transcends the mere treatment of ailments and rests on robust theoretical underpinnings. Oteiboydak Tleukabyluly (1388-1478), an astute healer and prominent figure in Kazakh folk medicine during the 15th century, comprehensively explicated the secrets of the healing art in his medical and ethnographic work "Medical Narrative," which he composed between 1466 and 1473 at the behest of az-Zhanibek Khan, who held him in high esteem as a great healer. This medical encyclopedia delineates the functions of various organs of the human body and provides a catalogue of the primary diseases associated with them. Furthermore, it includes a meticulous description of the methods used in traditional medicine at present, such as setting bones, listening to the pulse, and incantations. Through practical experimentation and experimentation conducted in the steppe laboratory, the healer formulated a total of 1,108 different medicinal compounds, of which 858 were derived from medicinal plants, 318 were extracted from animal organs, and roughly 60 were sourced from metals. The moniker "Teacher without a teacher" was bestowed on Oteiboydak Tleukabylov, who discovered methods for treating 1,050 different diseases [3]. At present, the employment of phytotherapy has gained widespread acceptance on a global scale. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) global review of national policies concerning traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine, as well as the regulation of herbal medicines, there is an evident growth in the European and Asian market for herbal medicines [4]. Kazakhstan boasts a natural flora of over 6,000 plant species [5]. The exact number of medicinal plant species present in Kazakhstan remains uncertain, as the list continues to expand annually. More than 150 plant species have been employed in both official and folk medicine for various ailments. This review focuses on a selection of medicinal plants growing within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan that have traditionally been used to alleviate skin diseases. In conducting this study (2010-2023), emphasis was placed on the plants' phytochemical composition, with a particular focus on the principal components responsible for their therapeutic effects against inflammatory skin conditions such as dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and eczema.
... An interesting proposition of a natural ller may be the use of horsetail biomass. Although eld horsetail, due to its health-promoting properties, has been used in natural medicine and cosmetology (Sandhu et al. 2010), it is still a common weed(James and Rahman 2010). It is a plant widespread on our continent, therefore it is a valuable source of material that is easily available and requires management. ...
The growing ecological awareness of society and increasingly stringent legal requirements regarding environmental protection and the strategy of implementing the principles of sustainable development force the search for and continuous development of environmentally friendly solutions in the field of polymer materials technology. One of the directions is the use of raw materials from renewable sources. For this reason, the research object of the presented work was natural rubber composites containing a filler of plant origin in the form of ground horsetail (HT) biomass. Despite its health-promoting properties, it is commonly considered a weed. What's more, the ubiquitous occurrence and surplus make it a valuable source of waste biomass for management. Taking into account the limitations resulting from the hydrophilic nature of the lignocellulosic filler, and the related poor adhesion to the non-polar elastomer matrix, the horsetail filler was modified with organoalkoxysilanes. The study used silane compounds containing groups that can affect the properties of vulcanizates in various ways, such as vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES), 3,3′-Tetrathiobis(propyl-triethoxysilane) (TESPT), 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), 3-(chloropropyl)triethoxysilane (CPTES) and octyltriethoxysilane (OTES). The process of modifying the natural filler contributed to structural changes in the lignocellulosic material, which may indicate the effective attachment of silane compounds to the horsetail surface. The results of the contact angle analysis show that the treatment strongly influenced the surface characteristics of the fillers, making them more hydrophobic. The results show that the type of silane coupling agent affects not only the processing associated with the vulcanization process but also the mechanical properties of the NR vulcanizates. This phenomenon is probably the result of increased rubber-bioadditive interaction and improved filler dispersion. Moreover, all composites with modified HT, show a greater flame permanence time than the one using unmodified filler.
... Extracts of Equisetum arvense have the capacity to prevent stroke [53], while Lygodium venustum is used to combat emotional instability as well as nervousness [54]. Extracts of E. arvense possess cosmeceutical potential against antiaging (e.g., moisturizers, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle, and hair conditioning) [55]. The endangered fern Isoetes sinensis has been evaluated for its nutraceutical values by Wang et al. [56] and found a strong antioxidant activity owing to the presence of flavonoids. ...
Ferns are a prominent entity in our ecosystem as one of the valuable resources of phytochemicals, medicinal, nutritional, and industrial attributes. They have multiple applications from the cottage industry to health-promoting metabolites. Ferns are relatively ignored flora compared to the angiosperms, especially for their impact on nutrition, health, and ecosystem services. They have attracted the attention recently towards harnessing their nutritional, biochemical, and industrial values based on the ethnic knowledge and analysis of bioactive potential using sophisticated methods. Ferns are known for their novelties in human and livestock nutrition and protective or curative potential against several diseases (e.g., cancer, malaria, gastrointestinal, neurological, gynecological, dermal, diabetes, rheumatism, rickets, and respiratory). Many ferns are known to produce ecdysteroids, which have a high potential to serve as bioinsecticides. Based on various studies, the species of the genus Diplazium have potent edible as well as medicinal attributes. This chapter consolidates the bioactive potential of ferns with an emphasis on their nutraceutical and pharmacological attributes of the species of Diplazium
... Its medicinal properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, dermatological, and immunological properties, to name a few [3]. E. arvense contains many different compounds such as minerals, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids [4]. This herb's wide use in herbal remedies necessitates proper authentication during the production process. ...
The most prominent horsetail species, Equisetum arvense, has an array of different medicinal properties, thus the proper authentication and differentiation of the plant from the more toxic Equisetum palustre is important. This study sought to identify different samples of E. arvense and E. palustre using three analytical methods. The first method involved the use of HPTLC analysis, as proposed by the European Pharmacopoeia. The second, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, is capable of both identification and quantification and was used to determine the Equisetum alkaloid content in each sample. A third method was DNA barcoding, which identifies the samples based on their genetic make-up. Both HPTLC and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS proved to be suitable methods of identification, with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS proving the more sophisticated method for the quantification of alkaloids in the Equisetum samples and for determining the adulteration of E. arvense. For DNA barcoding, optimal primer pairs were elucidated to allow for the combined use of the rbcL and ITS markers to accurately identify each species. As new DNA marker sequences were added to GenBank, the reference library has been enriched for future work with these horsetail species.
... E. arvense has been reported to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenol, phytosterols, minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, silica, selenium, zinc, iron etc.) and vitamins (C, E, K, B 1 , B 2 , and B 6 ). Quercetin, apigenin, onitin, kaempferol, equisetumoside A, equisetumoside B, equisetumoside C isolated from E. arvense have shown anti-oxidative activities (Al-Snafi, 2017;Jun et al., 2001;Milovanović et al., 2007;Mimica-Dukic et al., 2008;Sandhu et al., 2010;Sola-Rabada et al., 2016). ...
Equisetum arvense L. is widely used as a traditional medicine for the management of inflammation and cancer. In the present study, phyto-chemical analysis of E. arvense was carried out and its cytotoxic potential against human melanoma (MDA-MB-435) and ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR3) was evaluated. Phyto-chemical profile of E. arvense methanolic extract and its fractions was established employing UHPLC-MS/MS and Global Natural Product Social molecular networking. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using absorbance assay (CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability Assay). Overall, 22 compounds were identified in the crude extract and polarity-based fractions of E. arvense. Flavonoids, flavonoid-O-glycosides and phenolic acids were found to be the major classes of phyto-chemicals. In addition, the crude extract of E. arvense and its fractions were found active against the tested cell lines. The highest anti-cancer activity against OVCAR3 cells was exhibited by the n-hexane fraction. These results indicated that E. arvense is rich in flavonoids and might be used for the development of anti-cancer drugs against melanoma and ovarian cancers.
... Other studies have been also verified a mild EA diuretic effect in preclinical assessment (Bakke and Hillestad, 1980;Rebuelta and San Roman, 1978) . These data confirm the ethnopharmacology and traditional use of EA as a diuretic, which is distributed virtually worldwide, including Brazil and other countries in South America (Aswal et al., 1984;Cetojević-Simin et al., 2010;Dos Santos et al., 2005;Milovanović et al., 2007;Tago et al., 2010), Europe (Cetojević-Simin et al., 2010;D'Agostino et al., 1984;Gallardo-Pérez et al., 2006;Sandhu et al., 2010), Far East and Asia (Brune et al., 2008;Cetojević-Simin et al., 2010;Durón et al., 2009;Gallo et al., 2011). ...
Background
: Equisetum arvense L. (EA) is a traditional phytomedicine used as a diuretic agent worldwide and regulated strictly by European Medicine Agency (EMA) and Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). However, few studies evaluating its efficacy and safety have been published and no clinical trial assessing its antihypertensive effect has been reported to date.
Purpose
: To assess antihypertensive effect, safety and tolerability of EA compared to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ).
Methods
: This is a double-blind randomized clinical trial, allocating 58 systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) stage I patients (both sexes, 25-65 years old) into two groups (EA and HCTZ). All patients underwent biochemical and cardiologic checkup prior to and during interventions. The EA standardized dry extract (900 mg/day) or HCTZ (25 mg/day) were administered for 3 months and follow-up visits were conducted every 30 days. Efficacy established goals were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreases ≥ 10.0 mmHg and/or casual blood pressure (CBP) < 140/90 mmHg.
Results
: EA treatment demonstrated a significant antihypertensive effect, promoting a mean decrease of SBP and DBP by 12.6 and 8.1 mmHg, respectively, and resulting a CBP mean of 134.0/84.5 mmHg at the end of intervention on the SAH stage I patients (CBP mean of 148.5/95.7 mmHg). There were no significant statistical differences between EA and HCTZ interventions on blood pressure decrease, and before-after treatments regarding to biochemical tests and signs of acute toxicity, renal, hepatic and hematologic alterations. A slight trend but no significant difference were observed between adverse events from EA (3.58%) and HCTZ (4.68%) groups.
Conclusion
: EA standardized dry extract was successfully applied to the SAH stage I patient treatment, decreasing effectively SBP ad DBP values to the reference normal ranges, and demonstrating a well-tolerability profile similar to HCTZ intervention.
... Equisetum arvense (Cola de caballo) Nombre Vulgar: "cola de caballo" (17). Composición química: Ácidos (Silícico, Oxálico, Málico, E. Gálico), Glucósido saponínico (Equisetonósido), Alcaloides (Nicotina), Óxido (Sílice), Ácidos fenólicos, Terpenos (1,8 Cineol, Linalool, Timol, Alcanfor) (18). Se ha encontrado una riqueza de alcaloides en su estructura, lignanos, flavonoides, terpenos, lípidos y benzenoides, alkanos, esteroides, taninos, saponinas y vitamina C. Alcaloides indolizidínicos (nirurinafilantiona, filocristina). ...
Objetivo: Determinar preliminarmente 10 plantas medicinales del Valle del Mantaro mediante el método cualitativo (fitoquímico) para uso farmacéutico. Material y Métodos: Cualitativo (fitoquímico) para uso farmacéutico. Resultados: La actividad farmacognósicas de las plantas medicinales son utilizadas en el Valle del Mantaro: Xanthium spinosum (Juan alonso) como antitumoral y anticancerígena, Equisetum arvense (Cola de caballo) como osteoporosis, coagulación sanguínea Mentha sativa L (Hierba buena) para el nerviosismo, Rumex crispus L. (Cuturrumasa) como antiinflamatorio, Piper aduncum (Matico) como antiviral, Centauriun erythraea Rafn. (Canchalagua) como antitumorales, antidiabéticas, Schinus molle (Molle) como antirreumático, Psoralea glandulosaxonomía (Culen) como hipoglucemiente, Minthostachys mollis (Inca muña) como antireumático y acción carminativa, Taraxacum officinale (Diente de león) como hipoglucemiante. Conclusiones: De acuerdo al análisis fitoquímico de las plantas, confirman la actividad farmacológica para el uso medicinal: Xanthium spinosum (Juan Alonso), Equisetum arvense (Cola de caballo), Mentha sativa L. (Hierba buena), Rumex crispus L. (Cuturrumasa), Piper aduncum (Matico), Centauriun erythraea Rafn (Canchalagua), Schinus molle (Molle), Psoralea glandulosaxonomía (Culen), Minthostachys mollis (Inca Muña) y Taraxacum officinale (Diente de León). El uso de las plantas medicinales en el Valle del Mantaro por sus metabolitos secundarios pueden asociarse a prometedoras actividades medicinales como: antitumorales, anticancerígenos, osteoporosis, antiviral, antidiabéticas, antirreumático; siendo candidatos para estudios con mayor profundidad fitoquímica y farmacobiólogica.
... Antidiabetic, renoprotective, and hepatoprotective effects of methanolic E. arvense extract have been also demonstrated [31][32]. The plant is used to treat tuberculosis, gout, rheumatic diseases, ulcers, swelling, and fractures [33][34]. It also proved to cure wounds in animals and humans due to its antioxidants compounds which neutralize, prevent, or hinder ROS [35]. ...
Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic drug used to treat a wide range of cancers and non-cancerous conditions. However, it can cause unfavorable acute toxic effects in several organs, including the testis. Equisetum arvense L. (E. arvense) extract is effective in counteracting oxidative stress-related disorders. This study assessed the preventive effect of E. arvense extract against MTX-induced testicular toxicity. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyze the active constituents of E. arvense extract. Testicular toxicity was induced via MTX injection (0.5 mg/kg/ twice a week for 4 weeks). Forty male albino rats were divided into 4 groups: I- control (Cont); II: MTX; III: E. arvense (500 mg/kg/daily for 10 weeks); and IV: E. arvense + MTX. E. arvense main active constituents were squalane (15%), ascorbic acid per methyl (9.55%), phytol (8.69%), 2-pyrroline 1,2-dimethyl (8.63%), and octacosane (8.23%). Treatment of MTX injected rats with E. arvense produced a significant rise in body weight, serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone. E. arvense significantly increased the sperm counts, viability, and motility relative to the MTX injected rats. The levels of testicular oxidative stress and inflammation significantly reduced in the MTX rats treated with E. arvense. Furthermore, E. arvense markedly improved the testicular tissue and seminiferous tubules’ pathologic features in MTX-treated rats. E. arvense significantly decreased lipid peroxidation products, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha while increasing superoxide dismutase levels. E. arvense prevented MTX-induced testicular damage via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
... Equisetum arvense extract is used as a pain relieving agent and a mild diuretic. It is very effective in removing water from the body.This activity is due to the action of different components, i.e. potassium, equisetonin, calcium, magnesium, caffeic acid and ascorbic acid (53)(54)(55). Recently, Carneiro et al. (56) observed that a standardized dried extract of E. arvense had a diuretic effect that was stronger than hydrochlorothiazide in healthy male volunteers. ...
Background
This manuscript contains the results of Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Poland) ethnomedical studies on the treatment of urinary tract diseases using wild and cultivated plants. The study concerns plants mainly used for the supportive treatment of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In this present study, we aim to collect and assess the ethnomedicinal potential of plants used in Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Poland) to treat urological diseases.
Methods
This article is based on interviews with fourteen recognized traditional healers (urban areas) and nine informants (rural areas) living in the south-eastern region of Poland - Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The survey took place between November 2019 and January 2021. For each plant mentioned in herbal remedies, polish name, part used, mode of preparation, and their properties, according to the healers and informants, were recorded.
Results
For the analysis, 123 species that belong to 43 families were selected. The most common families used to treat urinary diseases in Podkarpackie herbal medicine are the Compositae (18 species), Rosaceae and Apiaceae (11 species in each), Leguminosae (9 species), and Ericaceae (6 species). Of the species listed, Apium graveolens L., Arctium lappa L., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Juniperus communis L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Solidago virgaurea L., Urtica dioica L., and Viola tricolor L. were the most frequently mentioned. Most plants are used in multicomponent blends, which are given in the form of infusions or decoction. The described plants have mainly antiseptic, diuretic, spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Conclusions
The results of the research described in this paper indicate that herbal treatment of urinary tract diseases is still used in Poland in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. It is mainly used by people who do not want to use allopathic medicine, especially antibiotics. They are both inhabitants of large cities and villages. The latter often because of the multi-generational tradition, prefer self-healing.
... Sterile stem contains silicic acid and silicates, potassium, calcium, aluminum, sulfur, magnesium, and manganese (Sandhu et al. 2010). Styrylpyrones accumulate in rhizomes of sporophytes and gametophytes of E. arvense subsp. ...
... Sterile stem contains silicic acid and silicates, potassium, calcium, aluminum, sulfur, magnesium, and manganese (Sandhu et al. 2010). Styrylpyrones accumulate in rhizomes of sporophytes and gametophytes of E. arvense subsp. ...
... However, current pharmaceutical research shows that E. arvense has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant and anticancer effects [16][17][18]. It has been used in the treatment of various diseases, such as tuberculosis, runny nose, nail diseases and urinary tract diseases; as a hematostatic agent in nose, lung and stomach hemorrhages; and in the treatment of hair loss, rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing wounds, ulcers, swelling, fractures and frostbite [19]. Field horsetail owes its healing effect to its chemical structure. ...
The article aimed to highlight the antioxidant potential of natural extracts obtained from Equisteum arvense in elastomer vulcanizatec made of natural rubber. Horsetail extracts were prepared using four solvent systems at different volume ratios: methanol-water (50/50 and 70/30) and ethanol-water (50/50 and 70/30), which were then lyophilized and added to the polymer matrix. A deep characterization of the obtained bio-additives was performed. The obtained vulcanizates were subjected to various aging processes: thermo-oxidative, ultraviolet and solar. Then, the resistance and susceptibility of vulcanizates to selected processes of accelerated, simulated degradation were determined based on the changes in the spatial structure (network nodes), material strength and physical properties (color). The research showed the presence of polyphenols in the extracts of horsetail, which resulted in their high anti-oxidative activity. Moreover, the extracts were able to absorb UV radiation. As a consequence, they were active additives that protected rubber vulcanizates against the damaging effects of the aging processes, securing their functional properties. Samples containing natural extracts were characterized by better stability of: mechanical strength parameters, the increase in cross-linking density and color changes after simulating aging processes in comparison with the control sample.
... The plant contained 0.6 to 0.9% flavonoids including apigenin-5-0-glucoside, genkwanin-5-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-0-glucoside, kaempferol-3-0-(6'-0-malonyl-glucoside)-7-0-glucoside, kaempferol-3-Osophoroside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside (371)(372)(373)(374)(375) . (376)(377) . ...
The use of dietary or medicinal plant based natural compounds to disease treatment has become a unique trend in clinical research. Polyphenolic compounds, were classified as flavones, flavanones, catechins and anthocyanins. They were possessed wide range of pharmacological and biochemical effects, such as inhibition of aldose reductase, cycloxygenase, Ca+2-ATPase, xanthine oxidase, phosphodiesterase, lipoxygenase in addition to their antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, immunomodullatory, gastroprotective, regulatory role on hormones synthesis and releasing…. etc. The current review was design to discuss the medicinal plants contained phenolics and flavonoids, as natural ingredients for many therapeutic purposes.
... Horsetail has been used for centuries as a traditional, folklore medicinal plant for various types of aches and pains [2]. Current research has confirmed that Horsetail exhibits a lot of pharmacological applications as pain-relieving agent [7], hepatoprotective activity [8], treatment of anemia [9], antidiuretic activity [10], antimicrobial activity [1], herbal treatment for nail disorders, skin and hair remedy, relieving rheumatism pain, beneficial for cardiovascular problems, as well as its usefulness to promote the growth and stability of the skeletal structure [11]. ...
Over the past decades, increased scientific and research activity has been observed in the development of new, innovative materials for various end uses. This is mainly due to the growing ecological, environmental, and material awareness of many industries and societies. Equisteum arvense-horsetail is a plant that has demonstrated its properties in pharmacological and clinical aspects as well as in vitro and in vivo biological activity. This article presents a new method of using horsetail as a natural, lignocellulosic filler for a natural rubber matrix. In-depth characteristics of the applied bio-additive were prepared based on several research techniques and methods such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-RAY spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Elastomer composites were prepared as a function of horsetail content. Then, an analysis of their main functional properties was performed, including mechanical properties and susceptibility to accelerated aging processes such as thermo-oxidative, ultraviolet radiation, and weathering. The research emphasizes the significant value of horsetail in its new role—as an active filler of elastomer biocomposites. The obtained results confirmed that horsetail is lignocellulosic material thermally stable up to 180 °C. Horsetail is an active filler to natural rubber, positively affecting mechanical strength. Due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids in horsetail, it can be used as a polymer anti-aging agent.
... There are many plants with hypoglycemic activity that can be used for such purposes (7), including Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae, subgenus Equisetum, traditional name: horsetail). Equisetum arvense is a well-known plant that is distributed throughout the northern hemisphere and contains many different compounds, such as minerals, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids (8). It has been shown that the methanolic extract of Equisetum arvense has hepatoprotective, antioxidant (9), and antidiabetic effects (10). ...
Background:
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin secretion or the inability of tissues to respond to insulin. This disease can damage the testis and reduce semen quality. Therefore, it can impair the potential for male fertility. Different herbal therapeutic treatments have been used to control diabetes and its complications.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on sperm and in vitro fertilization (IVF) potential and investigate the protective effects of Equisetum arvense methanolic extract on diabetic mice.
Materials and methods:
Twenty-four adult male mice were divided into four groups: control-sham, diabetic, diabetic + Equisetum extract (250 mg/kg), and diabetic + Equisetum extract (500 mg/kg). After 45 days, sperm samples were collected from the cauda epididymis to evaluate the characteristics of sperm (including viability, count, motility, morphology and chromatin/DNA integrity of sperm) and the IVF potential.
Results:
Sperm motility and viability were increased remarkably (p
≤
0.001) in the treated groups compared with the non-treated diabetic group. The decrease in sperm count in the diabetic group compared with the treated groups was not significant. Moreover, the percentage of sperm with DNA damage, nuclear immaturity, and abnormal morphology was decreased significantly (p
≤
0.001) in the treated groups compared with the diabetic group. The treated animals exhibited remarkably higher fertilization rates and a higher percentage of fertilized oocytes that developed toward the blastocyst stage compared with the non-treated diabetic group (p
≤
0.001).
Conclusion:
The methanolic extract of the Equisetum arvense inhibited diabetes-induced detrimental effects on sperm quality and fertilization rate, which may have been associated with hypoglycemic and antioxidative activities in this plant.
Atkuyruğu hakkında çok fazla bilimsel araştırmanın, literatürün bulunmuyor olmasına rağmen, geleneksel tıp alanında geniş bir kullanımı ve önerimleri bulunmaktadır. Atkuyruğu gibi çiğ tüketildiğinde toksisitesi olan tıbbi bitkiler konusunda kamuya sıkça bilgilendirilme yapılmasının önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Tıbbi bitkiler doğal olmalarının yanı sıra fazla kullanıldığında yan etkisiz olmadıkları, ölüme sebep olabileceği iletilmelidir. Hem beşeri hem veteriner tıpta fitoterapi alanında Atkuyruğunu tedaviye destek olarak kullanılması için ısıl işleme tutulması ile tiyaminaz enziminin etkisiz hale gelmesi sebebiyle çayları tüketilebilmektedir ve tentürleri, ekstreleri ve tabletleri kullanılabilmektedir.
Equisetum arvense L. is an herbaceous perennial plant originated in the northern hemisphere, which is traditionally used as a medicinal ingredient. It is a medicinal herb having been used traditionally and clinically in many countries for thousands of years. Traditional medical practice records about Equisetum arvense L. found in many countries including Brazil, Turkey and Iran, and scientific studies carried out since early twentieth century have supported the idea that the plant can be used as medicine. Recently, a significant number of studies have been carried out, and clinical data has been collected especially on its anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects.KeywordsEquisetum arvense L.HorsetailPhytochemical contentCytotoxic activityAntimicrobial activity
O uso das plantas em forma de chá como alternativa de cura ou alívio de enfermidades é realizado desde a antiguidade. As plantas medicinais produzem diversos metabólitos secundários que possuem potencial terapêutico, que são objetos de estudos fitoquímicos, os quais explicam esses constituintes. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública, muitos pacientes hipertensos controlados fazem uso de chás como coadjuvantes nesse tratamento. Com isso o objetivo desse artigo de revisão bibliográfica é buscar na literatura estudos pré-clínicos comprovando a ação diurética e hipotensora das plantas: Equisetum arvense, Phyllanthus niruri e Petroselinum crispum, a fim de estudar os mecanismos, as toxicidades e a interação dessas ações com a morbidade controlada por medicamentos alopáticos. A revisão foi realizada nas bases de dados: Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, ScienceDirect, Scielo, PubMed, Cochrane, MedLine e GoogleScholar, onde 44 artigos foram selecionados e se distribuem por todo o conteúdo do artigo. Com esse artigo podemos explicar a população que o natural nem sempre é seguro, pois as três plantas estudadas possuem mecanismos de ação, que ainda podem não estar elucidados, como é o caso da cavalinha, mas que comprovam a atividade diurética e hipotensora das plantas. Sendo assim, sugerimos que se o paciente hipertenso controlado resolver fazer o uso dessas plantas como coadjuvante, ele deve ser observado por um profissional, o qual o acompanhará de forma individual, para saber orientar de forma a trazer apenas os benefícios dessa associação sem causar riscos ao paciente.
Three species of the genus Equisetum (E. arvense, E. hyemale, and E. telmateia) were selected for an analysis of chemical diversity in an ancient land plant lineage. Principal component analysis of metabolomics data obtained with above-ground shoot and below-ground rhizome extracts enabled a separation of all sample types, indicating species- and organ-specific patterns of metabolite accumulation. Follow-up efforts indicated that galactolipids, carotenoids, and flavonoid glycosides contributed positively to the separation of shoot samples, while stryrylpyrone glycosides and phenolic glycosides were the most prominent positive contributors to the separation of rhizome samples. Consistent with metabolite data, genes coding for enzymes of flavonoid and galactolipid biosynthesis were found to be expressed at elevated levels in shoot samples, whereas a putative styrylpyrone synthase gene was expressed preferentially in rhizomes. The current study builds a foundation for future endeavors to further interrogate the organ and tissue specificity of metabolism in the last living genus of a fern family that was prevalent in the forests of the late Paleozoic era.
Background: Common horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), is widely used in the bone and nail strengthen herbal products due to the presence of minerals, especially silica. Objective: Agro-morphological and phytochemical diversity, and the silica content of the E. arvense populations (EAPs) collected from Iran along with two commercial samples from Russia and Switzerland were investigated. Methods: Morphological traits were measured using ruler, digital caliper, naked eye, and digital balance. Phytochemical characteristics were assessed by spectrophotometer and HPLC-PDA analyses. Silica content was measured by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis. Results: The maximum height was observed in Sarab (EAP4), while the highest width and stem dry weight was found in Marzanabad (EAP11). The highest TPC and TFC were measured in the Russian and EAP11 samples, respectively. Isoquercitrin content was varied from 0.03 (Russian) to 3.05 mg/g DW (EAP11) based on HPLC analysis while silica content was different among samples from 30 to 87.5 mg/g DW in EAP9 and EAP1, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, EAP11 and EAP4 were superior in terms of important morphological traits. Marzanabad (EAP11) was a superior population in phytochemical characteristics which can be strongly recommended for further exploitation in conservation, domestication, and mass production programs. In the case of silica content, the EAP1 was characterized as the superior population which can be interesting for further exploitation in the production of bone, hair, and nail strengthening herbal products.
The ethanolic extracts of three Equisetum species (E. pratense Ehrh., E. sylvaticum L. and E. telmateia Ehrh.) were used to reduce silver ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements. FTIR data revealed the functional groups of biomolecules involved in AgNPs synthesis, such as O-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, and C-C. EDX spectroscopy was used to highlight the presence of silver, while DLS spectroscopy provided information on the mean diameter of AgNPs, that ranged from 74.4 to 314 nm. The negative Zeta potential values (−23.76 for Ep–AgNPs, −29.54 for Es–AgNPs and −20.72 for Et–AgNPs) indicate the stability of the obtained colloidal solution. The study also focused on establishing the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs, which is an important aspect in terms of removing organic dyes from the environment. The best photocatalytic activity was observed for AgNPs obtained from E. telmateia, which degraded malachite green in a proportion of 97.9%. The antioxidant action of the three AgNPs samples was highlighted comparatively through four tests, with the best overall antioxidant capacity being observed for AgNPs obtained using E. sylvaticum. Moreover, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed promising cytotoxic efficacy against cancerous cell line MG63, the AgNPs obtained from E. sylvaticum L. providing the best result, with a LD50 value around 1.5 mg/mL.
Pteridophytes, also known as “vascular cryptogams,” were the first vascular plants that evolved a system of vascular elements. Ferns and lycophytes, believed to be among the oldest lineages of terrestrial plants, are thought to have evolved around 400 million years ago, possibly in the Ordovician or Silurian period when a major divergence event led to separation of bryophytes from the ancestral tracheophytes. The use of pteridophytes for biological production is meager and has been restricted to studies in a few genera. Mostly, fabrication of metal nanoparticles has been carried out using plants of this group which have numerous medicinal properties. However, scant studies available point toward great scope in their utilization in future research programs involving green synthesis of a wide range of nanoparticles.
Equisetum diffusumD. Don: Equisetum diffusum var. paucidentatum C.N. Page, Equisetum mekonghense C.N. Page
The review summarizes the scientific literature on the degree of knowledge of the chemical composition and biological activity of metabolites and plant extracts of the genus Equisetum L. of the world flora. Many types of horsetail are widely used in folk medicine as a diuretic, hemostatic, as well as for pulmonary tuberculosis and skin diseases, ulcers, dropsy, jaundice, as a heart remedy, for diseases of the kidneys, bladder, etc. Based on extracts of the horsetail canes (Equisetum arvense L.) a number of drugs and biologically active additives with a wide spectrum of pharmacological action have been created. The review presents data on the structural diversity and biological activity of metabolites of plants of the genus Equisetum L. Information is provided on the composition of the metabolites of 16 species of the genus Equisetum L., the structure and sources of more than 200 natural substances related to terpenoids, phytosterols, brassinosteroids, vitamins, alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing
compounds , lignans, styryl pyrones, indanones, phenylpropanoids, organic acids, hydrocarbons, aldehydes and phenolic compounds. The main biologically active substances of plants of the genus Equisetum are flavonoids and other plant phenolic compounds. Extracts and individual compounds possess antioxidant, diuretic, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antimutagenic, sedative, anxiolytic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory properties. An analysis of literature data shows that plants of the genus Equisetum are promising for the creation of new effective drugs. The information presented in the review can be used as reference literature by phytochemists, biologists, and pharmacologists, as well as to solve the problems of chemosystematics of plants of the genus Equisetum L.
Keywords: Equisetum L., Equisetaceae, chemical composition of metabolites, structural diversity, biological activity.
Work aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against selected species of food industry pathogens in vitro conditions. The detection of antibacterial properties was examined by the disc diffusion method and the method of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The cultivation of microorganisms after the 24 h was performed by disc diffusion method. Petri dishes have grown at 37 °C in which the Mueller - Hinton agar and application it to the sterile paper disc impregnated with the extract. The thickness of the resulting inhibition zone was measured with a ruler after completion of the culture. After the preparation of bacteria and extracts of certain concentrations of a subsequently added to wells microplates we use the method of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was conducted out as the second measurement, and we took the readings absorbance spectrophotometer at 570 nm using the Glomax plate spectrophotometer. We found out, that Equisetum arvense demonstrated the largest zones of inhibition to the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The greatest antimicrobial activity achieved Equisetum arvense, Urtica dioica, and Taraxacum officinale against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807 and Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671. Equisetum arvense and Taraxacum officinale was the most effective against Escherichia coli CCM 2024 and the least effective were Tussilago farfara and Mentha piperita with using the method of minimum inhibitory concentrations.
Background:
Equisetum arvense L., commonly known as field horsetail is a perennial fern of which extracts are rich sources of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Activation of SIRT1 that was shown to be involved in well-known signal pathways of diabetic cardiomyopathy has a protective effect against oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and apoptosis that are the basis of diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects of horsetail extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
Methods:
Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin. In the control groups (healthy and diabetic), rats were administered with vehicle, whilst in the treated groups, animals were administered with 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg horsetail extract, respectively, for six weeks. Blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity were determined, and SIRT1 levels were measured from the cardiac muscle.
Results:
The horsetail extract showed moderate beneficial changes in blood glucose levels and exhibited a tendency to elevate SIRT1 levels in cardiomyocytes, furthermore a 100 mg/kg dose also improved insulin sensitivity.
Conclusions:
Altogether our results suggest that horsetail extract might have potential in ameliorating manifested cardiomyopathy acting on SIRT1.
Equiseum arvense L. is a bushy perennial herb commonly called field horsetail distributed in the northern part of Nepal and used against curing muscle and bone pain and other many diseases. This research work was performed to analyze the possible cause of the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. Out of four different fractions, dichloromethane (DCM ) fraction showed the presence of compounds on TLC and was subjected to column chromatography to isolate and identify pure compounds. D2 and D20 fractions eluted from column gave single and distinguished spots so that these fractions were subjected to gas chromatography analysis. The GC analysis of the pure fraction D2 obtained from column revealed the presence of a major compound major compounds camphor (92.53%) and other minor compounds; (+)-2-Bornanone, Camphor, Carvone<(z)-, dihydro->, Benzoic acid, 2-(1-oxopropyl)- and GC report from D20 fraction showed two compounds; Salicylate and Benzoic acid, 2-(1-oxopropyl)-. The major compounds camphor (92.53%) and methyl salicylate (66.87%) have been reported being potent anti-inflammatory activity and their synergetic effect is more prominent for the same.
In order to elucidate the relationship between anti-HIV-1 enzyme activity and inhibition of HIV-1 replication by natural sources, extracts from some plants using the foods and oriental medicines were tested for inhibitory effects on the viral replication, reverse transcriptase (RT), protease and α-glucosidase. In the anti-RT test, water extracts of Ficus carica (leaf). Houttuynia cordata (aerial part) and Ixeris tamagawaensis (aerial part) showed more than 79% inhitibion at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The protease and α-glucosidase-inhibiting samples in the screening were water extract of Syringa dilatata (leaf) and methanol extract of Hibiscus syriacus (leaf and stem), which showed more than 40% inhibition at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. In the primary anti-HIV-1 test, water extracts of Equisetum arvense (aerial part), Hibiscus syriacus (leaf), Ixeris tamagawaensis (aerial part) and Pueraira thunbergiana (leaf) showed the potent inhibition against HIV-1 induced cytopathic effects.
Twenty bathing agents, generally considered to be effective for skin diseases and related symptoms were examined for their effects on skin diseases. Of them, Aoki (Aucuba japonica : leaves), Sekisyou (Acorus gramineus), Yoobaihi (Myricae cortex), and Sidareyanagi (Salix babylonica: leaves and branches) were shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect when used as bathing agent, though the effect varied depending on the extraction temperature: Boiling water extracts of Aoki and Sekisyou had little effect. Sugina (Equisetum arvense), Syoubu (Acorus calamus: ground parts), Sekisyou (ground parts) and Sidareyanagi were shown to improve blood circulation. Aoki, one of the most effective agents, was further investigated to identify the active component.
Two styrylpyrone glucosides, 3′-deoxyequisetumpyrone (3,4-hydroxy-6-(4′-hydroxy-E-styryl)-2-pyron-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 4′-O-methylequisetumpyrone(3,4-hydroxy-6-(3′-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-E-styryl)-2-pyron-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) have been isolated from the rhizomes of Equisetum arvense. The structures of the new derivatives were elucidated spectroscopically. These compounds are accumulated as the main phenolics in rhizomes and gametophytes of all Equisetum species. In these organs, they represent a sink for compounds derived from hydroxycinnamoyl CoA esters and malonyl units, whereas sporophytic shoots contain no styrylpyrones but a considerable variety of flavonoid glycosides.
A new styrylpyrone was isolated from vegetative gametophytes of Equisetum arvense. Its structure was determined spectroscopically to be 3,4-dihydroxy-6-(3',4'-dihydroxy-E-styryl)-2-pyrone 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside or a tautomer thereof In methanolic extracts of the reproductive organs of Equisetum arvense, E. palustre and E. fluviatile, equisetumpyrone is the main phenolic compound. In sterile sporophytes of these species, the compound was present only in spring at low concentrations. This is the first report of a styrylpyrone glycoside from plants.
5-Caffeoylshikimic acid was isolated from the methanolic extract of the barren sprouts of Equisetum arvense. The structure was elucidated spectroscopically. The distribution of this depside and some other phenylpropanoic acid derivatives within the Equisetaceae and some ferns are reported.
Naturally occurring flavonoids can be separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 2-propanol and tetrahydrofuran. A development of this approach is described for the HPLC of Ginkgo biloba, Anthemis nobilis and Equisetum arvense. Peaks related to previously reported compounds were identified by co-chromatography with authentic standards and/or by diode-array detection. Tentative assignments of unknown peaks are presented.
In view of alleged, the methanolic extract of Equisetum arvense was analysed for its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The blood glucose lowering activity of the methanolic extract was determined in streptozotocin-induced (50 mg kg(-1), i.p.; dissolved in normal saline) diabetic rats, after oral administration in doses of 50 and 250 mg kg(-1) daily for 5 weeks. The data was compare statistically using one-way ANOVA tukey test. The results showed methanolic extract of Equisetum arvense produced a significant antidiabetic activity at doses 50 and 50 mg kg(-1)/b.wt. Concurrent histological studies of the pancreas of these animals showed comparable regeneration by methanolic extract which were earlier, necrosed by streptozotocin.
In the present study we evaluated the free radical scavenging action of some medicinal herbs growing in Mongolia. The aqueous extract of nine herbs Chamenerion angustifolium (Ch.ang), Equisetum arvense (Eq.arv), Gentiana decumbens (Gn.dec), Geranium pratense (Gr.pra), Lomatogonium carinthiacum (L.car), Nonea poulla (N.pl), Phodococcum vitis-idaea (Ph.v), Sphallerocarpus gracilis (Sph.gr), Stellera chamaejasme (St.cha) were used in the present experiment. The free radical scavenging action was determined in vitro and ex vivo by using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer and chemiluminescence (CL) analyzer. The results showed that extracts of Ch.ang, Gn.dec, Gr.pra, L.car, N.pl, Ph.v, Sph.gr and St. cha possess strong scavenging action of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. On the other hand, the radical scavenging action of Eq.arv was low. Extracts of N.pl and Ph.v markedly inhibited the CL generated from rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 system whereas the CL was moderately inhibited by Eq.arv, Gn.dec, Gr.pra, L.car and St.cha. The extracts of Ch.ang and Sph.gr did not decrease the CL generation. Ch.ang, Gr.pra, L.car, N.pl, Ph.v and St.cha also depressed reactive oxygen production from polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate acetate ex vivo. Thus it was confirmed that the medicinal herbs from Mongolia possess high antioxidant potency in vitro and ex vivo.
Silicified regions in the stem and leaf of the horsetail Equisetum arvensewere studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The silica was present as a thin layer on the outer surface with variation in the size of this layer depending on the part investigated. There was a dense arrangement of silica spheres with some density fluctuations. A loose arrangement of silica particles with variation in their size was found beneath this dense arrangement suggesting the agglomeration of silica. An electron diffraction pattern showed the presence of amorphous silica, with the short range order being comparable to that of silica from other chemical sources. The medium range order shows the presence of silica with a high inner surface. SAXS measurements correlate with the particle size observed in TEM, and provide values for surface fractals. A new method of plasma ashing to remove the organics is also described.
The vasorelaxant activities of chicoric acid (Compound 1) from Cichorium intybus and dicaffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid (Compound 2) from Equisetum arvense L. in isolated rat aorta strips were studied. Compound 1 is a diester composed of (S,S)-tartaric acid and caffeic acid, and 2 is composed of its meso type. Both 1 and 2 showed slow relaxation activity against norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction of rat aorta with/without endothelium. These compounds did not affect contraction induced by a high concentration of potassium (60 mM K+), while they inhibited NE-induced vasocontraction in the presence of nicardipine. These results show that the inhibition by 1 and 2 of NE-induced vasocontraction is due to a decrease in calcium influx from the extracellular space caused by NE. In addition, dicaffeoyl tartaric acids showed vasorelaxant activity, regardless of their stereochemistry.
The hydroalcoholic extract of Equisetum arvense (HAE) tested at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a significant activity on the open-field, enhanced the number of falls in the rota-rod reducing the time of permanence in the bar and increased the sleeping time (46% and 74%) in the barbiturate-induced sleeping time. In the pentylenetetrazole-seizure, it increased the first convulsion latency, diminished the severity of convulsions, reduced the percentage of animals which developed convulsion (50% and 25%) and protected animals from death. On the contrary, in the elevated plus maze, the doses 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg did not affect the evaluated parameters. Thus, HAE presented anticonvulsant and sedative effects. Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of tannins, saponins, sterols and flavonoids.
The aim of this work was to verify if chronic administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of stems from Equisetum arvense (HAE) reverses the cognitive impairment in aged rats, as well as, evaluates it in vitro antioxidant properties. Chronic administration of HAE at dose of 50 mg/kg, i.p., improved both short- and long-term retention of inhibitory avoidance task and ameliorated the cognitive performance in reference and working memory version of the Morris Water Maze. No differences were found between all three groups of young controls, aged controls and EHA-treated animals with regard to the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Indeed, no toxicity manifestations were observed during treatment. In vitro assays revealed that HAE diminished the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as well as nitrite formation, but did not alter catalase activity. Thus, the cognitive enhancement effects of the HAE may be attributed, at least in part, to it antioxidant action.
The scavenger activities of Equisetum arvense, Equisetum ramosissimum and Equisetum telmateia aboveground parts phosphate buffer (pH 7) extracts were evaluated using three different methods: DPPH assay, ESR and NO radical inhibition assay. Total reducing power was determined by FRAP assay. The E. telmateia extract demonstrated the most relevant scavenger and antioxidant properties. ESR signal of DMPO-OH radical adducts in the presence of E. telmateia phosphate buffer (pH 7) extract was reduced to 98.9% which indicated that E. telmateia could be a useful source of antioxidants with huge scavenger ability.