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Sunlight and Vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease
... Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure is the primary natural source of vitamin D synthesis, but its effectiveness depends on multiple factors, including skin pigmentation, time of day, and duration of exposure. Malaysians, particularly those with darker skin tones, may require longer sun exposure for adequate vitamin D production [1,2,4]. ...
... Reduced physical activity indirectly leads to lower exposure to sunlight, which has significant health implications [28]. Sun exposure requires determining the optimum timing of the day, season, latitude, weather, and skin color to achieve the necessary vitamin D levels [4,21]. ...
... Individuals with darker skin require longer sun exposure to synthesize adequate vitamin D than those with lighter skin. Furthermore, aging reduces the skin's ability to synthesize vitamin D due to a decline in 7-dehydrocholesterol levels, the precursor needed for conversion under UVB exposure [2,4]. Older adults often have limited sun exposure due to mobility issues and lifestyle factors, further increasing the risk of deficiency [2,4]. ...
Introduction and aim
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are widely recognized as significant concerns among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adequate sunlight exposure is essential for synthesizing vitamin D, yet Malaysia, despite its tropical climate, faces a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and their relationship with sun exposure among T2DM patients in Southern Malaysia.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 T2DM patients in Johor, a southern region of Malaysia. A blood sample of 3 mL was collected from each respondent for serum vitamin D analysis. Respondents must fast for at least 8 hours before taking the blood sample. Serum vitamin D levels were analyzed via ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI). A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on the duration of sunlight exposure on weekdays and weekends.
Results
Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. The mean serum vitamin D level was 49.26 (SD 15.21) nmol/L. A total of 12.1% (n=40) of the respondents were classified as vitamin D deficient and 46.4% (n=153) as vitamin D insufficient. The analysis showed that the patients with sun exposure ≤30 minutes during weekdays were significantly more likely at higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency (adjusted odds ratio {AOR}: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.09-4.88) and vitamin D deficiency (AOR: 4.12, 95% CI: 1.02-6.64). A similar trend was observed on weekends. Patients with sun exposure ≤30 minutes had higher odds of having vitamin D insufficiency (AOR: 3.82, 95% CI: 1.14-2.85) and vitamin D deficiency (AOR: 4.26, 95% CI: 1.14-2.85).
Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Johor, with limited sun exposure identified as a significant modifiable risk factor. Addressing this issue necessitates targeted public health initiatives to enhance awareness and promote appropriate sun exposure practices, ultimately aiming to improve vitamin D status and health outcomes in this vulnerable population.
... The UVR can lead to both harm and benefit. The former is, for instance, erythema, suntan (the pigmentation of the skin by melanin), photoconjunctivitis, photoaging, cataracts, immunesuppression, and skin cancer (WHO 1994), while the latter is the production of Vitamin D (VD) for healthful bones (Holick 2004) and the prevention of other diseases like cancers, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases from adequate amounts of VD (Hoel et al. 2016). In general, a serum concentration ≥ 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) is nowadays a consensus regarding an adequate amount of VD, or VD sufficiency, for healthful adults (Holick 2004). ...
... The former is, for instance, erythema, suntan (the pigmentation of the skin by melanin), photoconjunctivitis, photoaging, cataracts, immunesuppression, and skin cancer (WHO 1994), while the latter is the production of Vitamin D (VD) for healthful bones (Holick 2004) and the prevention of other diseases like cancers, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases from adequate amounts of VD (Hoel et al. 2016). In general, a serum concentration ≥ 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) is nowadays a consensus regarding an adequate amount of VD, or VD sufficiency, for healthful adults (Holick 2004). However, clinical differences among populations can impose some doubts regarding that limit and some countries advise different concentrations like 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) as VD sufficiency for healthful people under the age of 60 (SBPC 2018). ...
... on 19JUN2010. Holick (2004) proposed a practical rule of exposure to sunlight in middle latitudes to achieve VD sufficiency based on the inverse relationship between body surface area to be exposed without sunscreen and ED: 1/4 of body surface exposed to 1/4 MED. Thus, while the ED noon of 105 J m −2 in Fig. 2 is 1/4 of MED = 420 J m −2 , none of Fitzpatrick's skin types in Table 1 will develop erythema and the corresponding VDD of 214 J m −2 and 207 J m −2 are good enough for skin types I, II, and probably some of III to achieve VD sufficiency. ...
The ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the Sun on the Earth surface depends on the altitude and surface albedo of the site, solar zenith angle (SZA), attenuation in the atmosphere (absorption by ozone and other trace gases, molecular scattering, scattering by clouds, and scattering and absorption by aerosols). Belo Horizonte (BH, 20° S, 44° W, 858 m a.s.l.) and Saint-Denis La Reunion (SDR, 21° S, 55° E, 85 m a.s.l.) are two very-similar-latitude tropical sites to which the incidence of solar UVR is compared. Despite the statistically significant difference in both altitude and total ozone column (TOC), where SDR has lower altitude and higher TOC, the annual averages of climatological daily erythemal dose (DED) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the sites show only -1% difference (SDR-BH·100%/BH): 4486 ± 1621 (1 standard deviation) J m⁻² for BH and 4434 ± 1687 J m⁻² for SDR. Equivalent ground-based data are 13% and 11% (OMI-site∙100%/site), respectively, lower: 3976 ± 1072 J m⁻² for BH and 4012 ± 1199 J m⁻² for SDR with 1% difference between them. The comparison between the sites of atmospheric geophysical parameters of TOC, cloud fraction (CF), and UV aerosol index (AI) from OMI indicates clouds and aerosols as the main culprit to such a small difference. After clouds, aerosols play an important role, as BH is a metropolis polluted mainly by by-products from fossil-fuel and ethanol combustion and smoke from surrounding biomass burning sources, while SDR is virtually a pristine seashore locality affected by marine and long-distance biomass burning aerosols.
... Vitamin D, a fat -soluble vitamin, has long been recognized for its crucial role in maintaining bone health by regulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis (Holick, 2004;Bouillon et al., 2019) However, over the past few decades, an increasing body of research has expanded our understanding of vitamin D beyond its traditional role in skeletal health. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge regarding the source, metabolism, and function of vitamin D, as well as its associations with various diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. ...
... Both vitamin D2 and D3 would be stored and released from adipose tissues, skeletal muscles, brain, lung, spleen and skin, and they serve the same physiological functions (Holick, 2004;Bouillon et al., 2019). Their catabolism mainly occurs in liver and kidney, with most being excreted through bile in feces, and a portion is also eliminated through urine (Jones, 2008). ...
Vitamin D is an essential vitamin for normal human metabolism and plays pivotal roles in various biological processes, such as maintaining calcium and phosphorus balance, regulating immune responses, and promoting cell differentiation while inhibiting proliferation. Vitamin D is obtained through sunlight exposure and diet, and is metabolized into its active form via hydroxylation in liver and kidney. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to various diseases, including skeletal disorders, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent epidemiology and oncology research have demonstrated that serum vitamin D level, as well as genetic polymorphisms and expression dysregulation of genes related with vitamin D metabolism, have significantly influences on the incidence and prognosis of various types of cancer, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, gastrointestinal malignancy, and hematologic malignancies. The mechanisms linking vitamin D metabolism dysregulation to malignancy are multifactorial, such as the alteration in cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the vitamin D signaling pathway for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. However, there is still a lack of clinical applications regarding the knowledge of vitamin D metabolic pathway, and future research is urgently needed to illustrate the underlying mechanisms for the rationale design of clinical trials. Therefore, this review summarizes the metabolic pathways of vitamin D and its association with cancer, highlighting the importance of genetic polymorphisms and expression dysregulation of genes involved in vitamin D metabolism in cancer susceptibility and prognosis.
... UV radiation has a significant effect on human survival and development although making up less than 10% of the sun's total radiation. For example, the interaction of UV radiation with the stratum corneum produces 90% of the vitamin D required by the human body, which aids in healthy bone formation [5]. However, exposure to high level of UV light has been shown to hasten the ageing process and even causes skin cancer in humans [6]. ...
... However, exposure to high level of UV light has been shown to hasten the ageing process and even causes skin cancer in humans [6]. Therefore, UV radiation detection is of utmost importance for environmental monitoring, flame detection, monitoring pollution, geological detection, detecting missile plumes, chemical and pharmaceutical analyses, secure space to space communication, military and civilian fields, remote sensing and even biological applications like cytopathic detection [5,[7][8][9][10][11]. Among all the available UV photodetectors, p-n junction-based photodetectors are the best due to their low cost, strong radiation hardness, and high chemical stability. ...
The influence of manganese (Mn) substitution on the ultraviolet (UV) photodetection of DyCrO3/n-Si device has been investigated. DrCr1-xMnxO3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5) thin films were deposited on n-type silicon substrate utilizing the spin-coating method. XRD patterns confirmed the substitution of Mn-ions at Cr-site in DyCrO3 lattice. Current voltage (I–V) characteristics of the fabricated devices exhibited a diode-like behaviour. Moreover, I–V behaviour of the films followed the trap-assisted tunnelling (TAT) and space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) mechanisms at lower and higher electric fields, respectively. Transient photocurrent measurements were performed on the fabricated films by exposing them to UV radiation of wavelengths 365 and 254 nm and an on/off cycle of 20 s. Notably, the UV sensitivity increased from 142% for DyCrO3 (DCO) to 429% for DyCr0.5Mn0.5O3 (DCMO50) heterojunction device. The produced devices exhibited a significant increase in responsivity from 7.81 × 10–4 mA/W to 1.01831 mA/W with a corresponding increase in Mn concentration from 0% to 50 at. %. The fabricated devices also demonstrated an enhancement in detectivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) values. The detectivity increased from 0.807 × 10¹⁰ cmHz1/2/W (0% Mn) to 1.11 × 10¹⁰ cmHz1/2/W (50% Mn), while EQE values arose from 2.65 × 10–4% (0% Mn) to 0.34% (50% Mn). The increase in Mn concentration also led to an increment in the linear dynamic response (LDR) value, elevating it from 7.47 dB to 10.36 dB. The significant improvement in UV detection parameters with Mn substitution is advantageous in designing UV photodetectors with enhanced efficiency.
... A major environmental constraint for nocturnal mammals is that of lack of exposure to the sun and, consequently, to UV-B radiation, which may result in vitamin D deficiency [18]. Vitamin D is an evolutionarily conserved hormone that has many functions, including the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis [19], and bone metabolism homeostasis [19], but also brain development [20,21] and immune functioning [22][23][24][25]. It can be synthesized by most mammals when exposed to sunlight, particularly to UV-B radiation [26][27][28]. ...
... A major environmental constraint for nocturnal mammals is that of lack of exposure to the sun and, consequently, to UV-B radiation, which may result in vitamin D deficiency [18]. Vitamin D is an evolutionarily conserved hormone that has many functions, including the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis [19], and bone metabolism homeostasis [19], but also brain development [20,21] and immune functioning [22][23][24][25]. It can be synthesized by most mammals when exposed to sunlight, particularly to UV-B radiation [26][27][28]. ...
Animal species have evolved to enhance their survival by focusing their temporal activity on specific parts of the diurnal-nocturnal cycle. Various factors, including inter-specific competition and anti-predator behavior, as well as anthropogenic effects like light pollution, have prompted some species to expand or shift their temporal niches. Our study focuses on the temporal niche shift of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) to diurnal activity in Israel.
Through an extensive citizen-science study, we assessed the distribution of these bats’ diurnal activity across Israel. We also documented the sex and age of bats from a colony known for its diurnal activity and collected blood samples from them for metabolic analysis.
Our findings indicate that the shift toward daytime activity predominantly takes place in urban settings and is mostly exhibited by females. We found a significant physiological effect of this temporal shift, namely: diurnal bats’ vitamin D levels were significantly higher, and their parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were significantly lower than those of nocturnal bats.
We suggest that the reproductive metabolic demands of female bats might be a key factor driving this shift to diurnal activity. We hypothesize that the increase in vitamin D, derived from sunlight hours, might play a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis, thus contributing to the bats’ physiological needs during the reproduction season.
... O primeiro fator interfere na intensidade da radiação ultravioleta por meio de variáveis meteorológicas (ozônio, nebulosidade, poluição do ar, aerossol e albedo), localização (latitude) e aspectos sazonais e temporais. Os parâmetros pessoais envolvem características endógenas, como genética (idade, fototipo de pele ou doenças hepáticas, renais, ósseas e autoimunes) e aspectos comportamentais, culturais e de estilo de vida, como porcentagem de pele exposta, frequência de exposição, tipo de vestimenta e uso de fotoproteção (ENGELSEN, 2010;GRANT;BHATTOA;PLUDOWSKI, 2017;HOLICK, 2004). Uma regra geral é a indicação de índices UV (IUV) abaixo 3 como incapazes de alcançar um status adequado de vitamina D (MCKENZIE;LILEY;JOHNSTON, 2009;WEBB;ENGELSEN, 2008). ...
... Recomenda-se exposição ao meio-dia (próximo ao horário solar) por ser o período mais favorável para estimular a síntese de vitamina D, sobretudo por apresentar maior incidência de UVB. Por isso, entre 10h e 15h é o horário ideal, sendo aconselhável a exposição inicial de braços, pernas ou costas sem fotoproteção (GRANT; BHATTOA; PLUDOWSKI, 2017;HOLICK, 2004). Diante dos riscos de queimaduras solares, é essencial o equilíbrio entre a vitamina D e a proteção da pele. ...
The UV solar represents less than 10% of the total solar radiation. The main biological effects of UV are the health benefits - vitamin D synthesis, and health risks - damage to cells and DNA as erythema and skin cancer. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between UV and global radiation in low and mid-latitudes Brazilian cities and impacts on the ideal time for exposure to vitamin D synthesis. UV radiation have been used to demonstrate the hourly and seasonal variation in João Pessoa/PB (7º S) and Florianópolis/SC (27° S). Results show a high positive correlation between global and UV radiation. In low latitude, the UV present higher differences compared with the one in mid-latitude that there was greater hourly variability. The peak of UV happened around midday (11 am to 1 pm) in both cities with a higher difference in João Pessoa. According to period that could be produce the vitamin D (SEA>20°), it starts before 7 am in all seasons in João Pessoa and at 7 am in the summer and 9 am in the winter in Florianópolis. This study evaluates the periods of low and high UV and alerts to the period of sun exposure aimed at the production of vitamin D and skin damage, since the literature recommends avoiding exposure after 10 am. This investigation contributes to a better understanding of the incidence of UV and adaptations in locations with similar latitudes and climatic characteristics.
... But keeping in view the additional health benefits of inactive vitamin D, it is important to know what should be the best strategy to activate it, and should inactive or activated vitamin D be used? 16,17 Our monthly vitamin D regimen has the advantage of compliance and low cost. While our understanding of vitamin D metabolism continues to expand, many important aspects of vitamin D levels and treatment regimen need to be defined. ...
Introduction: Conventionally, secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) has always been treated with active vitamin D analogues like calcitriol or calcidiol. The role of native vitamin D in end stage renal disease patients (ESRD) patients has always been questioned The aim of our study is to evaluate the role of native vitamin D in the form of cholecalciferol in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. This is the first study to assess the role of cholecalciferol as a sole therapy in the management of SHPT in hemodialysis patients with concomitant vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. METHODS: Forty-two maintenance hemodialysis patients were included with serum PTH > 300ng/L and vitamin D3 levels < 30ng/ml. Patients were followed for 3 months. Patients with vitamin D deficiency (vit D3 levels 5-15 ng/ml) were treated with Inj. Vitamin D3 600,000 I.U. monthly for 3 months. Patients with vitamin D insufficiency (16-30 ng/ml) were treated with 200,000 I.U. monthly for 3 months. RESULTS: Total 42 patients were taken with 16 male and 26 female patients. After treating patients with cholecalciferol, serum PTH levels improved significantly, with mean pre-treatment levels of 591.50±180.09, which had decreased to a mean post-treatment level of 317.80±199.05. Serum Vitamin D levels also improved significantly, with mean pre-treatment levels of 10.47±5.84, which increased to a mean post-treatment level of 33.33±15.31.Patients treated with cholecalciferol had no significant change in calcium and phosphorous levels. CONCLUSION: Native vitamin D in the form of cholecalciferol appears to be safe, effective and is inexpensive in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance hemodialysis with no adverse effects.
... It also regulates immune responses, fibrogenesis, and cell proliferation and differentiation 11 . Vitamin D is generated from its precursor, cholecalciferol, to yield bioactive 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 [25(OH)D 3 ] in the liver; this binds to vitamin D-binding-protein 12 for transport to the kidney, where it functions in its biologically active form, 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) 13 . Accumulating data indicate that vitamin D deficiency is frequent in CLDs [14][15][16][17] and decreased serum 25(OH)D 3 is associated with liver inflammation and fibrosis 18,19 . ...
Ductular reaction is associated with liver disease progression, but there are no drugs targeting ductular reaction. Vitamin D deficiency is common in chronic liver diseases and related to disease progression, but the underlying mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates liver diseases progression remain unclear. Here, we show that vitamin D plasma levels are negatively correlated with the degree of ductular reaction in patients with chronic liver diseases. 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D, reduces 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidin (DDC)-induced ductular reaction, liver inflammation, and fibrosis in female mice and upregulates the vitamin D target gene, TXNIP (encoding thioredoxin-interacting protein), in ductular cells. Cholangiocyte-specific Txnip-knockout female mice are more susceptible to DDC-induced ductular reaction, inflammation, and fibrosis. Deletion of Txnip in cholangiocytes promotes proliferation and suppressed death. Furthermore, Txnip deficiency increases TNF-α and TGF-β secretion by cholangiocytes to stimulate Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, consequently leading to inflammation and collagen deposition. Biliary Txnip deficiency abolishes the protective effects of vitamin D, and TXNIP overexpression attenuates DDC-induced ductular reaction and inflammation and fibrosis. Collectively, our findings identify new mechanism how vitamin D ameliorates liver diseases and suggest that the vitamin D/TXNIP axis is a therapeutic target for addressing ductular reaction and liver diseases.
... Vit.D 3 is mostly produced through the skin after exposure prolonged exposure to sunlight [27]. As a result, 90% of the total amount of Vit.D 3 is in the blood through exposure of the skin to sunlight while the remaining 10% is obtained through the diet [28]. Also, when the left kidney is removed, there is a decrease in the concentration of Vit.D 3 a month after the removal as a result of the loss of kidney cells responsible for activating Vit.D 3 . ...
... Beyond lifestyle and dietary factors, malabsorption conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and certain gastrointestinal disorders impede the absorption of vitamin D, further exacerbating deficiency risks [16]. Age plays a crucial role, as older adults often experience diminished sun exposure, reduced dietary intake, and a decreased efficiency in converting sunlight into vitamin D. Conditions affecting the kidneys or liver, such as kidney or liver failure, disrupt the proper conversion of vitamin D into its active form, contributing to deficiency [17]. Moreover, certain medications and chronic diseases, including obesity, can accelerate vitamin D catabolism, compounding the risk of deficiency [18]. ...
Background: Vitamin D, a fat-soluble nutrient essential for normal bone development and maintenance, plays a crucial role in the body’s absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Recent research has highlighted its significant influence on menstrual health, an area of human well-being that has often been overlooked.
Objective: This review aims to explore the multifaceted role of vitamin D in menstrual health, examining its effects on various aspects of the menstrual cycle, mood regulation, and reproductive health, as well as its involvement in gene pathways and the modulation of stress.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted using databases such as Ovid Medline, OVID EMBASE, OVID Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed articles published up to 2024. Keywords included “Vitamin D,” “Women’s menstrual phases,” “Menstrual cycle,” “Hormonal regulation,” and “Reproductive health.” Studies were screened and selected based on eligibility criteria, including a focus on the relationship between vitamin D and menstrual phases in women, and were subjected to a quality assessment for methodological rigour. The results show that vitamin D was found to have a significant impact on menstrual health, including the regulation of menstrual cycle phases, alleviation of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms, reduction of abdominal pain during menstruation, and support for bone health. Additionally, vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects, promotes cardiovascular health, and has a modulatory influence on stress and mood.
Conclusion: This review highlights the pivotal role of vitamin D in women’s reproductive health, highlighting its comprehensive involvement in the menstrual cycle and its potential to enhance overall well-being. The findings suggest that ensuring adequate vitamin D levels, whether through sunlight exposure, diet, or supplementation, may offer significant benefits for menstrual health and related aspects of women’s health.
... VDR is a member of a large family of nuclear hormone receptors which includes the receptors for glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones, thyroid hormone, and vitamin A metabolites or retinoids. 3 A level of 25(OH) D3 > 30 ng/ml is considered adequate; however, a level of 20-29 ng/mL is considered inadequate and a level of less than 20 ng/ml is considered evidence of deficiency of vitamin D3. 4 Low serum 25hydroxy vitamin D3 levels are common in both industrialized and developing nations. 5 One of the most vital organs in the body, the thyroid gland, also has vitamin D receptors. ...
... A randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in Australia demonstrated that regular sun exposure significantly increased serum 25hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations among participants with baseline deficiencies, with notable improvements observed after eight weeks of controlled sunlight exposure [16] . Another study published in Osteoporosis International highlighted that elderly individuals who received outdoor heliotherapy three times a week showed significant improvements in bone mineral density and reductions in fracture risk compared to their counterparts who remained indoors [17] . Furthermore, an intervention study in Denmark found that healthy individuals exposed to UVB radiation for short periods during spring and summer attained adequate vitamin D levels without the need for supplements, emphasizing the role of heliotherapy in seasonal vitamin D management [18] . ...
... [16] Sun exposure aids in boosting bone mineral density by enhancing calcium absorption and facilitating bone remodelling. [17] Along with a normal diet, the patient was given germinated ragi milk. Phytate is a significant antinutrient in plant-based diets, as the digestive systems of monogastric animals and humans are unable to metabolize it. ...
Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by the softening of bones due to impaired mineralization, primarily caused by deficiencies in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk. The global prevalence varies, with higher rates in areas with significant vitamin D deficiency. Common symptoms include bone pain, muscle weakness, and fatigue, significantly impacting quality of life and healthcare costs. Management typically involves high-dose vitamin D and mineral supplementation. This study evaluates the effects of Integrative Yoga and Naturopathy Management in a 34-year-old female patient with osteomalacia. After a 30-day intervention incorporating heliotherapy, yoga therapy (Surya Namaskar), dietary therapy (germinated ragi milk), and acupuncture, the patient showed marked improvements. Pain levels, measured by the Visual Analog Scale, decreased from 8 to 2, and serum calcium levels increased from 6.5 mg/dl to 8 mg/dl. Additionally, depression severity assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, significantly improved. This case suggests that Integrative yoga and naturopathy treatments may effectively reduce symptoms and improve bone health in osteomalacia patients, addressing both physical and psychological aspects. Further randomized controlled trials with larger samples are recommended to validate these findings and explore IYN as a potential adjunct therapy in osteomalacia management.
... Since serum 25(OH) D best reflects vitamin D production and absorption and has a relatively long half-life, its concentrations are most commonly used as an indicator of vitamin D status [15]. In the kidneys and several other tissues [16], 25(OH)D is converted by CYP27B1 (25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase) into biologically active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25(OH)D; calcitriol) [17]. Calcitriol activates the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the ligand-induced transcription factor family. ...
Background
Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with several autoimmune diseases. A growing body of evidence supports the association of vitamin D with skeletal muscle damage, regeneration, and energy and lipid metabolism. The aim was to analyse vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) in the muscle tissue of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and to relate them to clinical parameters and muscle lipid and energy metabolism.
Methods
Forty-six patients with IIM and 67 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. 27 IIM patients participated in a 24-week exercise intervention. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 7 IIM patients before/after training, 13 non-exercising IIM controls, and 21 HC. Circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D were measured. Gene expression of VDR and CYP27B1, the enzyme converting 25(OH)D to hormonally active 1,25(OH)D, was determined by qPCR in muscle tissue and primary muscle cells. Lipid oxidative metabolism was assessed in muscle tissue (mRNA, qPCR) and primary muscle cells (radioactive assays).
Results
Lower levels of active 1,25(OH)D were observed in IIM patients compared with HC (mean ± SD: 125.0 ± 45.4 vs. 164.7 ± 49.2 pmol/L; p < 0.0001). 25(OH)D was associated with CRP (r = -0.316, p = 0.037), MITAX (r = -0.311, p = 0.040) and HAQ (r = -0.390, p = 0.009) in IIM. After 24 weeks of training, active 1,25(OH)D was associated with MMT8 (r = 0.866, p < 0.0001), FI-2 (r = 0.608, p = 0.013) and HAQ (r = -0.537, p = 0.032). Gene expression of both VDR and CYP27B1 in primary muscle cells decreased after training (p = 0.031 and p = 0.078, respectively). Associations of VDR mRNA in muscle tissue with MMT-8 (IIM: r = -0.559, p = 0.013), serum CK (HC: r = 0.484, p = 0.031), myoglobin (IIM: r = 0.510, p = 0.026) and myostatin (IIM: r = -0.519, p = 0.023) were observed. The expression of VDR in differentiated muscle cells correlated negatively with the complete oxidation of palmitic acid (r = -0.532, p = 0.028). Muscle mRNA of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) (downregulated in IIM, p = 0.001) correlated positively with serum 1,25(OH) vitamin D (r = 0.410, p = 0.042).
Conclusion
Reduced biologically active vitamin D in circulation suggests its impaired metabolism in IIM. Serum vitamin D levels and gene expression of its receptor and activating enzyme in muscle tissue were modified by regular exercise and associated with disease manifestations, physical fitness, and muscle lipid metabolism of IIM patients.
... In contrast, fluctuations in testosterone levels in males may influence the vitamin D metabolism process differently [73]. Furthermore, males are generally exposed to more outdoor activities and sunlight, which could lead to higher vitamin D synthesis [74,75]. These sex differences may contribute to different patterns of brain network function, activation, and connectivity between males and females through their effects on vitamin D metabolism. ...
Background
Previous studies indicate vitamin D impacts autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but its relationship with brain function is unclear. This study investigated the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and brain function in preschool children with ASD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), and explored correlations with clinical symptoms.
Methods
A total of 226 ASD patients underwent rs-fMRI scanning and serum 25(OH)D testing. Clinical symptoms were assessed using Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC). Patients were categorized into mild and severe groups based on the CARS, and further divided into normal (NVD), insufficient (VDI), and deficient (VDD) serum 25(OH)D levels. Changes in brain function among these groups were analyzed using regional homogeneity (ReHo), with ABC scores used for correlation analysis.
Results
In mild ASD, ReHo increased in the right postcentral gyrus and left precuneus in the VDI and VDD groups compared to NVD, and decreased in the bilateral middle cingulate gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus in the VDD group compared to VDI. In severe ASD, ReHo decreased in the right middle occipital gyrus and increased in the right insula in the VDI group compared to NVD, and increased in the right superior frontal gyrus in the VDD group compared to VDI. Correlation analysis revealed that in mild ASD, ReHo in the right postcentral gyrus was positively correlated with body and object use scores in the NVD and VDI groups, while ReHo in the right middle cingulate gyrus was negatively correlated with relating scores in the VDD and VDI groups. In severe ASD, ReHo in the right insula was positively correlated with language scores in the NVD and VDI groups.
Conclusions
ASD patients with lower serum 25(OH)D levels show multiple brain functional abnormalities, with specific brain region alterations linked to symptom severity. These findings enhance our understanding of vitamin D’s impact on ASD and suggest that future research may explore its therapeutic potential.
... Seasonal variations in sun exposure can affect vitamin D levels (43). However, it has been shown that although places closer to the equator have greater sun exposure, it has been reported that among residents in these areas, vitamin D insufficiency persists (44). ...
Background: Depressive symptoms are frequent in sarcoidosis. We assessed the impact of sarcoidosis symptoms, pulmonary function, fatigue, radiographic findings, comorbidities, treatment, and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) on depressive symptoms in sarcoidosis patients. Methods: In a cross-sectional study we measured depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale (CES-D) and fatigue by Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). Presence of depressive symptoms was defined with CES-D scores ≥16 and ≥20, respectively. Fatigue was defined with FAS score ≥22. Results: A total of 400 patients were included in the study. CES-D score ≥16 had 128 patients, while CES-D score ≥20 had 86 patients. In a multivariate binomial logistic regression model, the following independent predictors of CES-D score ≥16 were identified: female gender (odds ratio, OR 1.983), chronic sarcoidosis (OR 2.311), serum levels of 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/mL (OR 2.326), persistent dry cough (OR 2.173), FAS Scores ≥22 (OR 9.243), and chest X-ray stage 3 (8.851). Five variables were independent predictors of CES-D score ≥20: diplopia (OR 4.411), FEV1 <80% predicted associated with FVC <80% predicted (OR 2.311), serum levels of 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/mL (OR 2.278), persistent dry cough (OR 3.001), and FAS Scores ≥22 (OR 7.611). Conclusions: Measuring the contribution of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the impact of persistent dry cough on depressive symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis may be crucial in deciding whether to use vitamin D3 alone or with antitussive therapy before the psychiatric diagnosis of depression with antidepressant therapy initiation.
... The first uncontrolled studies indicated some benefit, 22,23 but, concurring with our results, a recent controlled clinical trial showed no benefit in migraine frequency or severity in adults receiving vitamin D supplementation. 24 We found a clear correlation between low serum 25(OH)D levels and the lack of exercise 25 or sunlight exposure, 26 The main limitation of our study could be that our results are not necessarily valid for the general population of patients with migraine , as they come from a selected cohort of refractory females with HF/ CM (not males) who were studied before the treatment with anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Even with the potential exception of obesity, 33 we found no influence of several clinical variables, such as depression 34 or the use of antiseizure medications, on serum 25(OH) D levels. ...
Background
Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations have been shown to be low in patients with migraine, but results are controversial regarding the current role of vitamin D in migraine severity. Using a case–control design, we aimed to evaluate serum 25(OH)D levels in a group of females with high‐frequency episodic migraine/chronic migraine (HF/CM) and analyze its association with headache frequency and serum calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) levels.
Methods
Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured in 97 females with HF/CM (age 48.9 ± 9.4 years) and 146 healthy females (47.4 ± 8.1 years). Participants taking vitamin D supplements were excluded. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were determined by electrochemiluminescence (Roche, Germany), and CGRP levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Abbexa, UK).
Results
Mean 25(OH)D levels in females with HF/CM (median [interquartile range] 19.0 [13.0–24.5] ng/mL) were below the values considered for insufficiency or deficiency and significantly lower than controls (25.0 [19–29.8] ng/mL; p < 0.0001). Fifty (51.5%) patients with HF/CM had levels below 20 ng/mL. There was no significant association between vitamin D levels and monthly headache days (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [rho]: −0.086; p = 0.404) or with serum α (rho: 0.114; p = 0.267) and β‐CGRP (rho: 0.113; p = 0.276) levels. Serum 25(OH)D levels in females with HF/CM with a minimum daily sunlight exposure were significantly higher than those without (23.0 [15.0–26.0] ng/mL vs. 14.0 [10.0–20.0] ng/mL; p < 0.001). Females with HF/CM who performed exercise had higher, albeit not significant, plasma 25(OH)D levels than those who did not (21.0 [15.5–28.0] ng/mL vs. 16.5 [12.0–24.0] ng/mL; p = 0.059).
Conclusions
Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were low in many patients with HF/CM. Because there was no correlation with migraine frequency or serum CGRP levels, this deficiency seems to be a direct consequence of the migraine impact. Our data do not support either a relationship of 25(OH)D levels with migraine severity or the use of vitamin D supplements as a specific migraine treatment, although further studies are needed.
... Additionally, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and certain malignancies have been linked to vitamin D insufficiency. Maintaining blood levels of 25hydroxyvitamin D above 80 nmol/L (approximately 30 ng/mL) may also play a crucial role in supporting extrarenal 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity for producing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, essential for overall health (Holick, 2004). ...
Vitamin D deficiency is a significant health problem for men and women in certain South Asian countries due to a lack of vitamin D-rich diets, dark skin color, cultural and spiritual practices that encourage the wearing of concealing garments. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness about vitamin D among adolescent college students in Dhaka City. This descriptive type of Cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka from June 2022 to August 2022. 16 to19 years adolescent college students (n=384) were the study population. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of the subjects. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science. Most of the participants (n=265, 69%) belongs between the age group 17-18 years of age. Most of the participants (85%) were female. Most of the respondents (97.4%) were from the Muslim community. Most of the participants (72%) were HSC first-year students in college. In our study about half (47.9%) of respondents' family income was between 21,000 BDT to 30,000 BDT. In our study 100% participants heard about Vitamin D. 90.1% participants knows about Vitamin D deficiency. 95.8% of participants know about sources of vitamin D. 92.5% of participants know about the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. One relationship was found where a good knowledge of Vitamin D deficiency was found among the participant whose family incomes were higher and it is statistically significant (p-value <0.000). This study revealed that there is a tremendous opportunity to raise students' awareness about vitamin D.
... But, to get such amount of vitamin D there are different factors to considered. Such factors are time spent outdoors, skin pigmentation, degree of latitude, season, the amount of cloud cover, the extent of air pollution, the amount of skin exposed, and the extent of ultraviolet B (UVB) protection, including clothing and sunscreens [14][15][16]. For efficient production of vitamin D regular exposure of unprotected skin (without use of sunscreen and/or without clothing) to the available UVB radiation is recommended [17]. ...
... Vitamin D in the circulation is metabolized to D] in the liver and further metabolized to the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2D] in the kidney. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is the major circulating metabolite of vitamin D. The concentration of 1,25(OH)2D is highly regulated by a variety of factors including serum parathyroid hormone and phosphorus levels [1,3] . ...
Background: Vitamin D plays an essential role in maintaining skeletal integrity and function among other health benefits. Vitamin D deficiency has a bearing not only on skeletal but also on extra-skeletal diseases. It plays a notable role in contributing to several leading causes of death including cardiovascular disease, cancers and diabetes. We sought the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kashmir, a northern temperate region of India where it has been previously thought to be omnipresent. Methods: This study was conducted across two tertiary care centers namely skims medical college hospital bemina Srinagar and Government medical college Srinagar wherein a total of 4895 patients were included among which 1936 were males and 2959 females. Samples were collected from April to November 2021.Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH) D concentration of <20 ng/ml.Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as 25(OH) D concentration of 20-30 ng/ml, sufficient Vitamin D level was defined as 25(OH) D concentration of 30 - 100 ng/ml and a risk of Vitamin D toxicity was defined as 25(OH) D concentration >100 ng/ml. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 1635(33.4%) patients out of which 981(60%) were females and 654(40%) were males. A total of 543(11.09%) patients had severe Vitamin D deficiency out of which 370(68.1%) were females and 173(31.9%) were males. Insufficient Vitamin D levels were seen in 1364(27.86%) patients of which 797(58.4%) were females and 567(41.6%) were males. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is quiet prevalent in Kashmir valley and has been seen more commonly among the females. However it may not be as widely prevalent as has been previously observed in the region.
... Vitamin D influences human health, such as bone health, calcium metabolism, and the development of non-communicable diseases. [16,17] Diet, sun exposure, and dietary supplements are sources of vitamin D. Due to the limited availability of vitamin D-rich foods, skin exposure to sunlight may serve as a primary source of vitamin D. [18,19] Air pollution can be considered a key factor associated with vitamin D levels. ...
Background
Elevated levels of atmospheric pollutants might disrupt the metabolism of vitamin D in the skin. Studies showed inconsistent results about the impact of air pollution on the serum vitamin D level. This study aims to systematically review the influence of air pollution on vitamin D levels.
Materials and Methods
The Medline database (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were systematically searched up to the end of July 2020. All observational, English-language, and human studies that assessed the effect of air pollution on vitamin D levels were included.
Results
Among 432 studies, 26 papers were included in the systematic review and five studies in the meta-analysis. Exposure to air pollution was associated with lower vitamin D levels (pooled mean difference (MD) = −8.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): −10.34, −5.75). There was some evidence of heterogeneity between studies (I² = 91.39%).
Conclusion
The findings revealed a reverse correlation between vitamin D levels and air pollution. Air pollutants have an impact on the penetration of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) to the Earth's surface. Consequently, the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency could be linked to air pollution.
... We recommended routine measurement of BMD and all parameters involved in the regulation of bone health, including serum vitamin D and serum UA, to be requested routinely as part of RA health services. Due to seasonal variations, vitamin D serum levels should be measured at least twice yearly for any patient with RA [32]. Usually, measurement of BMD is only useful if it can effectively be followed by osteoporotic therapy. ...
Background and Objectives: Compared to the general population, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have additional disease-specific risk factors for osteoporosis that include chronic exposure to systemic inflammation. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and its associated risk factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), uric acid (UA), and vitamin D status, but also the coexistence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and breast cancer (Ca breast) in patients with RA in Bahrain. Material and Methods: Data from DEXA scans were collected retrospectively from the patient’s electronic health records. All patients who had BMD data and at least one single comorbidity, including RA, were included in the current study. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS, version 28. Results: A total of 4396 patients were included in the current study. The comorbidities among this cohort were as follows: 3434 patients had endocrinological diseases, among them 63.6% had DMT2; 1870 patients had rheumatological diseases, among them 15.1% had rheumatoid arthritis; and 941 patients had malignancies, among them 75.6% had breast cancer. Our results indicated that patients with RA had a high prevalence of low BMD (72.30%, p < 0.001) and low vitamin D levels (63.10%, p < 0.001) but high serum UA (20.85%). Comparing RA with non-RA patients, our results showed a statistically significant association between RA and each of BMD and UA (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004, respectively), but also between RA and each of age (p = 0.001) and Ca breast (p < 0.001). However, no association was found between RA and BMI, DMT2, or vitamin D status. Conclusions: RA patients had a high prevalence of low BMD (72.3%) and low vitamin D (63.10%) but high serum UA (20.85%). The risk of osteoporosis, hypovitaminosis, and gout must be kept in mind during the evaluation of any case with RA.
... It is important to note that this is the reproductive age and will predispose the infants of these females to the risk of hypovitaminosis-D and its complication (30). Vitamin D insufficiency may increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture later in life (31) and has been associated with an increased risk of a number of nonskeletal outcomes such as falls, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, poor dental health and certain types of cancer (32,33). ...
Background: This study aimed to assess the Vitamin D status among reproductive-age women in Quetta. No notable studies in recent years have evaluated Vitamin D levels in this population. This study seeks to report the Vitamin D status in this demographic and set the foundation for future strategies to address this issue. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on women aged 15-49 years. Demographic information was collected using a proforma, and blood samples for Vitamin D assessment were obtained with consent by trained lady health visitors. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: The results showed that 78.4% of the women were deficient in Vitamin D, 15.3% had insufficiency, 6.4% had sufficient levels, and none had Vitamin D intoxication. Additionally, 61.6% of the participants were illiterate, and 78.4% had a household income of less than Rs 10,000 per month. There was a significant correlation between literacy levels and Vitamin D levels, as well as between income and Vitamin D levels. Conclusion: There is a consistent trend of suboptimal Vitamin D levels among reproductive-age women, as indicated in previous studies. This study concluded that Vitamin D status in this population is alarmingly low, necessitating immediate attention to improve maternal and neonatal health through educational and interventional strategies.
... obesity and hypertension). Exposure to sunlight while gardening increases vitamin D levels, supporting bone health and immune function [69]. It is observed by Grigsby-Toussaint, Turi, & Krupa [70] that the time spent in nature promotes healthy sleep patterns and reduces the symptoms of insomnia associated with physical and mental exhaustion. ...
Attaining the goals of the New Urban Agenda and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which aims for sustainable, inclusive, and resilient cities, necessitates accelerated efforts to green urban environments. While keeping home gardens is not new, it offers a unique potential as a deliberate strategy for urban greening in Africa. However, Ghana has limited empirical evidence regarding the motivations, challenges, and constraints of keeping domestic gardens, which is essential for informing urban greenery policy. This study addresses this knowledge gap by employing the self-determination theory and conducting an exploratory cross-sectional survey with 285 structured questionnaires administered to residents in seven rapidly growing neighbourhoods in Wa, Ghana. The results reveal that 56% of respondents had gardens within their properties, with beautification (56.1%) and food production (52.3%) being the primary motivations. Vegetables (46.7%) and trees (30.2%) were the most commonly cultivated plants. Conversely, limited space (49%) and busy schedules (34%) were identified as the main barriers to home gardening. The findings indicate that the motivation for owning gardens aligns with the autonomy need of the self-determination theory. In contrast, the relationship need, which correlates with environmental motivations, was notably low among residents. The study recommends that local authorities, civil society organisations, and neighbourhood planning committees implement aggressive sensitisation and education campaigns to promote the environmental benefits of domestic gardening.
... Vitamin D known as sunshine vitamin was the least in concentration. Vitamin D is responsible for increased uptake of intestinal calcium, phosphate and magnesium [53]. ...
Ficus capensis commonly called bush fig tree belongs to the family Moraceae and have been used for different medicinal purposes. This study aimed at determining the Proximate, Phytochemical, Vitamin and Mineral Compositions of Ficus capensis stem. The analyses were done using standard biochemical methods. The results of Proximate composition showed that the stem contained moisture (21.94 ± 0.10 %), Crude Fat (2.45 ± 0.21 %), Crude protein (15.24 ± 0.05%), Crude Fiber (32.55 ± 0.06 %), Carbohydrate (18.79 ± 0.34 %) and Ash (9.04 ± 0.12 %). The Total energy value was 158 KCal/100g. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Tannin (1.32 ± 0.01 mg/g), Alkaloid (0.55 ± 0.00 mg/g), Saponin (2.17 ± 0.00 mg/g), Glycoside (1.13 ± 0.00 mg/g), Terpenoids (0.10 ± 0.00 mg/g), Flavonoids (2.42 ± 0.02 mg/g), Steroids (0.54 ± 0.00 mg/) and Phenol (0.97 ± 0.00 mg/g). The result also revealed that the stem contained vitamins A (0.57 ± 0.02 mg/g), β-carotene (1.27 ± 0.02 mg/g), B1 (0.89 ± 0.02 mg/g), B2 (1.14 ± 0.01 mg/g), B3 (0.96 ± 0.01 mg/g), B6 (0.85 ± 0.01 mg/g) and B9 (1.28 ± 0.04 mg/g), C (0.81 ± 0.01 mg/g), D (0.26 ± 0.01 mg/g), E (0.85 ± 0.02 mg/g) and K (1.10 ± 0.02 mg/g). The Mineral composition include Calcium (34.01 mg/kg), Phosphorus (0.57 mg/kg), Chloride (2.56 mg/kg), Potassium (21.40 mg/kg), Sulphur (0.26 mg/kg), Iron (0.89 mg/kg), Manganese (0.07 mg/kg), Copper (0.28 mg/kg), Zinc (0.07 mg/kg), Cobalt (0.02 mg/kg) and Selenium (0.52 mg/kg). These results have shown that stem of Ficus capensis is a potential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds which are found useful in nutrition and therapy.
... The 25(OH)D is filtered by the renal glomerulus and reabsorbed by proximal tubules wherein 25(OH)D is hydroxylated by 1α-hydroxylase, the enzyme of cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1), to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) 18 . Activated 1,25(OH) 2 D binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), leading to the expression of VDR target genes that regulate calcium concentration 19 , and mediates the effects of immunomodulation, anti-inflammation 20 , and anti-proliferation 21 . In contrast, 1,25(OH) 2 D is hydroxylated by 24-hydroxylase, an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1), to form 1,24,25 (OH) 3 D, which is less active than 1,25(OH) 2 D at activating VDR 22 . ...
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often experience acute kidney injury, linked to disease severity or mortality, along with renal tubular dysfunction and megalin loss in proximal tubules. Megalin plays a crucial role in kidney vitamin D metabolism. However, the impact of megalin loss on vitamin D metabolism during COVID-19 is unclear. This study investigated whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection reduces megalin expression in proximal tubules and its subsequent effect on vitamin D metabolism in mice expressing human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (K18-hACE2 mice). Histological and immunohistochemical staining analyses revealed glomerular and capillary congestion, and elevated renal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels, indicative of acute kidney injury in K18-hACE2 mice. In SARS-CoV-2-infected mice, immunohistochemical staining revealed suppressed megalin protein levels. Decreased vitamin D receptor (VDR) localization in the nucleus and increased mRNA expression of VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1 were observed by quantitative PCR in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. Serum vitamin D levels remained similar in infected and vehicle-treated mice, but an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and a decrease in IL-4 mRNA expression were observed in the kidneys of the SARS-CoV-2 group. These findings suggest that megalin loss in SARS-CoV-2 infection may impact the local role of vitamin D in kidney immunomodulation, even when blood vitamin D levels remain unchanged.
... However, it also plays a critical role in immune function by promoting the growth and maturity of various cells, including immune cells (Baeke et al., 2010). Lack of sunlight exposure, especially common among older individuals who spend more time indoors, can lead to vitamin D deficiency (Holick and M. F, 2004), which is often seen in many middle-aged and older individuals with COVID-19. In calves, vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to bovine coronavirus infection (Nonnecke et al., 2014). ...
Amidst the relentless battle against Coronaviridae, vaccines stand as our beacon of hope, illuminating a path towards an eventual triumph over the pandemic. Through tireless collaboration and scientific ingenuity, researchers have forged ahead, developing a diverse array of vaccines to combat COVID-19 and its variants. Yet, alongside these remarkable achievements, formidable challenges persist. Vaccine hesitancy, fueled by misinformation and cultural complexities, threatens to impede progress, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies to foster trust and understanding. Moreover, the imperative of global cooperation looms large, demanding equitable vaccine distribution to ensure that no community is left behind in our shared pursuit of health and resilience. As we navigate these uncharted waters, let us draw inspiration from the resilience and compassion that define our collective humanity, forging ahead with determination and unity to overcome this unprecedented crisis.
... Vitamin D also plays an important role in maintaining mineral balance as it ensures the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine and kidney. Vitamin D Deficiency, It causes the formation of some types of cancer such as colon, diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and also reduces high blood pressure has been reported to be effective Vitamin D in the body [1,2]. ...
... Another suggests that UVR stimulates the conversion of skin nitrogen oxides to nitric oxide (NO), promoting coronary vasodilation and exhibiting cardioprotective and antihypertensive properties. 8 Although UV-A radiation does not promote vitamin D synthesis, 45 it has been associated with lower blood pressure. 40 Moreover, while greater UVR exposure may degrade bioactive folate metabolites, 46 including 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, known for its cardioprotective properties, this study focuses on the role of natural ambient UVR in maintaining and improving cardiovascular health, without delving into the specifics of the UVR spectrum and its controversial impact on vitamin D and folate synthesis. ...
Background
Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been found to have a greater cardioprotective effect than previously believed. This study aimed to quantitatively measure the role of UVR in protecting against the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general on a global and regional scale.
Methods
Population‐level data on UVR, CVD incidence, aging, economic affluence, CVD genetic background (indexed with the Biological State Index, Ibs), obesity prevalence, and urbanization were collected and analysed. The correlation between UVR and CVD was examined using bivariate correlations, partial correlation, and stepwise multiple linear regression. Countries were grouped to investigate regional correlations between UVR and CVD, and Fisher's r‐to‐z transformation was used to compare correlation coefficients.
Results
UVR showed a significant inverse correlation with CVD incidence rates in bivariate correlation analyses globally (r = − 0.775 and r = − 0.760, p < 0.001), as well as within high‐income (r = −0.704, p < 0.001) and low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) (r = −0.851, p < 0.001). These correlations remained significant even after controlling for confounding variables (r = −0.689 to −0.812, p < 0.001). In stepwise regression models, UVR was found to be the most significant predictor of CVD incidence. The inverse correlation between UVR and CVD was stronger in LMICs compared to high‐income countries (z = −1.96, p < 0.050).
Conclusions
Low ambient UVR may be a significant risk factor for the progression of CVD worldwide. The protective effect of UVR appears to be stronger in LMICs than in high‐income countries, suggesting a greater impact of UVR on CVD prevention in these regions. These findings emphasize the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of UVR and the development of public health strategies to mitigate CVD risk associated with low UVR exposure.
... Vitamin D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism which leads to loss of phosphorus in the urine and decreases intestinal uptake of phosphorus thereby causing diminished phosphorus concentration. Lower calcium and phosphorus levels may be responsible for defective mineralization which leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults [1,18,19]. ...
Background: Vitamin D level in the body is impacted by various biochemical parameters. Age related changes mark a
significant role in the regulation of these parameters.
Aims and Objectives: The present study intends to assess the correlation of the vitamin D levels with various biochemical
parameters among males of various age groups in Chandigarh.
Materials and Methods: The sample included 332 males of the age ranging between 30 and 70 years. Vitamin D level of all the
participants was estimated by employing chemiluminescence immunoassay method. For the other biochemical parameters,
the standard laboratory procedures were deployed. All the subjects were divided into three categories of Vitamin D level,
i.e., normal range (>30–100 ng/ml), insufficiency (21–29 ng/ml), and deficiency (0–20 ng/ml) as per the Endocrine Society
Guidelines (2011).
Results: The mean value of serum phosphorous was found to be higher for males in normal category as compared to the
males in the vitamin D deficient and insufficient categories in all age groups. The mean value of parathyroid hormone was
minimum among males in vitamin D normal category while the maximum mean value of this parameter was reported in
vitamin D deficient males across all the age groups. The serum phosphorous was reported to have a positive association with
the vitamin D level in normal (r=0.445**) and deficient (r=0.026) category. Serum calcium presented a positive and significant
correlation with the normal vitamin D level (r=0.348**). Parathyroid hormone exhibited a negative and significant correlation
with normal vitamin D level (r=-0.792**). Serum creatinine exhibited a negative and significant correlation (r= -0.447**) with
the normal vitamin D level in males. The serum alkaline phosphatase displayed a negative and significant association with
the vitamin D level in normal category (r=-0.616**) and a positively significant association with vitamin D deficient males (r
= 0.285**).
Conclusion: Serum phosphorous and serum calcium were found to be positively and significantly associated with the vitamin
D level among males whereas parathyroid hormone and serum alkaline phosphatase were reported to be negatively and
significantly associated with the vitamin D level overall.
Keywords: Vitamin D; Serum Phosphorous; Serum Creatinine; Parathyroid Hormone
... De esta manera surge la posibilidad de recomendar a los pacientes baños de sol para alcanzar niveles óptimos de Vit. D. ya que estudios demuestran que los mismos suplementos de esta hormona no son suficientes para proporcionar un nivel adecuado de la misma95 . El problema de esto es brindar a los pacientes con patologías autoinmunes baños de rayos UV que no empeoren la enfermedad, como es el caso del LES. ...
ESTADO DE VITAMINA D EN PACIENTES DE REUMATOLOGIA Y OTORRINOLARINGOLOGIA EN EL HOSPITAL REGIONAL UNIVERSITARIO JOSE MARIA CABRAL Y BAEZ, SANTIAGO, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, EN EL PERIODO JUNIO-JULIO 2010
Loyo E, Rodríguez J, Pichardo N, Pérez H, Núñez J, Vásquez R, Quiñones Z, Santos C
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el estado de vitamina D en los pacientes participantes y la relación del mismo con la consulta asistida, el desenvolvimiento diario, el color de piel y el sexo. Otros objetivos fueron describir la población en su aspecto sociodemográfico y la determinación de las prevalencias de las enfermedades autoinmunes de los participantes con este diagnóstico.
Método: El estudio utilizó un diseño observacional de tipo descriptivo con criterio de temporalidad transversal. Se obtuvieron estadísticas descriptivas de las variables sociodemográficas y se realizaron los cruces del estado de vitamina D con las variables consulta, desenvolvimiento diario, color de piel y sexo. A estos cruces se les realizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado (X2). Un formulario fue utilizado para la determinación del estado de vitamina D en los pacientes participantes.
Resultados: Se entrevistaron un total de 256 pacientes de los cuales 9 fueron excluidos del estudio. El 21.5% de la población contaba con suficiencia de vitamina D. 42.6% de los entrevistados pertenecieron al servicio de reumatología y el 57.4% restante al de otorrinolaringología. Los cruces de las variables mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el estado de vitamina D y la consulta, el color de piel y el sexo (p < 0.05), no siendo de esta manera al comparar el estado de vitamina D y el desenvolvimiento diario (p > 0.05). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 36.4 ± 12.7 años y el Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico fue la enfermedad autoinmune más prevalente siendo el diagnóstico en un 58% de los pacientes.
Conclusión: Un porcentaje alto de los pacientes presentó una insuficiencia estimada de vitamina D (~ 80%), marcando relaciones estrechas esta insuficiencia a pertenecer a la consulta de reumatología, al tener un color de piel negra y mulata, y al sexo femenino (X2 p < 0.05).
Palabras clave: vitamina D, enfermedades autoinmunes, hipovitaminosis D.
... Those aged 18-29 have the highest prevalence of depression at 30.6%. [2] Vitamin D plays a role in a wide range of ailments such as osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [3]. Recently, a role for vitamin D in cognitive function and mental health has been reported [4]. ...
Background: According to WHO, an estimated 3.8% of the population affected, including 5.0% among adults and 5.7% among adults older than 60 years. Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. Numerous vitamin D receptors are present in the brain (neuroglia, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra etc). Vitamin D helps in the transcriptional activation of serotonin (an important neurotransmitter influencing mood, sleep, appetite and other brain functions). Thus, low vitamin D levels can be related to depression. Methodology: 50 diagnosed cases of depression and 50 age and gender matched controls were included in the study over a period of 1 1.5 years in IMS & SUM Hospital, Department of psychiatry OPD. Biochemical parameters were assayed in the Central laboratory, Department of Biochemistry. Results: Serum Vitamin D was statistically significantly lower (p=0.033) in the case group with no significant alteration in the serum cortisol in both groups. Family history showed strong association with depression with p value = 0.019. Conclusion: In this study, depression disorder showed a negative correlation with serum vitamin D level with non-significant alteration of serum cortisol level, indicating the involvement of vitamin D deficiency with depression.
... RAAS blockage reduces the likelihood of AFi recurrence and failure rates following cardioversion [16]. Reentry cycles are made easier by AFi's reduced effectiveness refractory period and lower atrial impulse velocity [17,18,19,20]. Action potential duration, shorter action potential plateau time, refractory period, and wavelength-the distance traversed by the electrical impulse throughout the refractory period-are all effects of the decline in calcium channels of the L type in the short term as well as the long term. ...
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AFi) is more common as people get older. Additionally, a further indicator of the occurrence of AFi is subclinical hyperthyroidism, which is linked to a 3-fold increased risk. Lack of vitamin D causes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway to become active, which has an impact on the cardiovascular system. Objective: To examine the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 insufficiency and AFi and hyperthyroidism cases with valvular and nonvalvular AFi that required treatment at our medical center. Patients and Methods: Samples taken from 200 cases of AFi (50-65 years old) divided into: group A cases with nonvalvular AFi and group B cases with valve AFi, and 100 healthy individuals with sinus rhythm who were age-matched chosen as control groups. Standard biochemical measurements, including levels of 25-OHvit.D3,the hormone of the thyroid gland, and parathyroid hormone, were made. Results: Cases in group A had decreased 25-OHvit.D3 levels compare to those in the control and B groups (P ≤ 0.05 ).In comparison to the control group, the patients in groups A and B had larger left atriums and greater systolic pulmonary artery pressures. Conclusion: Thus, the study shows a connection between nonvalvular AFi cases with hyperthyroidism and 25-OHvit D3 deficiency.
... RAAS blockage reduces the likelihood of AFi recurrence and failure rates following cardioversion [16]. Reentry cycles are made easier by AFi's reduced effectiveness refractory period and lower atrial impulse velocity [17,18,19,20]. Action potential duration, shorter action potential plateau time, refractory period, and wavelength-the distance traversed by the electrical impulse throughout the refractory period-are all effects of the decline in calcium channels of the L type in the short term as well as the long term. ...
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AFi) is more common as people get older. Additionally, a further indicator of the occurrence of AFi is subclinical hyperthyroidism, which is linked to a 3-fold increased risk. Lack of vitamin D causes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway to become active, which has an impact on the cardiovascular system. Objective: To examine the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 insufficiency and AFi and hyperthyroidism cases with valvular and nonvalvular AFi that required treatment at our medical center. Patients and Methods: Samples taken from 200 cases of AFi (50-65 years old) divided into: group A cases with nonvalvular AFi and group B cases with valve AFi, and 100 healthy individuals with sinus rhythm who were age-matched chosen as control groups. Standard biochemical measurements, including levels of 25-OHvit.D3,the hormone of the thyroid gland, and parathyroid hormone, were made. Results: Cases in group A had decreased 25-OHvit.D3 levels compare to those in the control and B groups (P ≤ 0.05 ).In comparison to the control group, the patients in groups A and B had larger left atriums and greater systolic pulmonary artery pressures. Conclusion: Thus, the study shows a connection between nonvalvular AFi cases with hyperthyroidism and 25-OHvit D3 deficiency. Keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, Atrial fibrillation, Valvular, Parathyroid hormone, Hyperthyroidism.
... Other studies have also found an association between darker skin color and low vitD concentrations (33) (28). It has long been proven that dark skinned subjects have natural sun protection and require at least three to ve times longer sun exposure to produce the same amount of vitD as a white skinned subject (50), due to the melanin in the skin that slows down cutaneous production of vitD by absorbing most of the available UV light required for vitamin D synthesis (39,50). In the 2023 polish guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D De ciency, authors stated that the use of cholecalciferol should be individualized depending on age, body weight, the sun exposure of an individual, dietary habits and lifestyle (11). ...
Objective
An alarming increase in vitamin D (vitD) deficiency even in sunny regions highlights the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling vitD variability. We aimed to study potential variables involved in vitD deficiency among healthy Tunisian adults in order to establish two prediction algorithms: a composite algorithm (CA) that included genetic and non genetic factors and a simple one (SA) including only environmental non genetic factors. These algorithms could be used to predict vitD status and help identify individuals at high risk of vitD deficiency.
Methods
We screened six key genes (DBP, CYP2R1, CYP27B14, CYP24A1 and VDR) within the vitD metabolic pathway using 15 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in across a cohort of 394 unrelated healthy individuals. After giving an informed consent, all participants were asked to complete a generalized questionnaire. Significant confounding factors that may influence the variability in serum 25(OH)D levels were used as covariates for association analyses. Statistical study was carried out with SPSS26.0.
Results
VitD deficiency correlated positively with albumin (r = 0.135, p = 0.007) and negatively with serum PTH (r = − 0.303, p < 0.001), age (r = − 0.198, P < 0.001), and BMI (r = − 0.143, p = 0.04). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that season, sun screen use, phototype, age, VDR- rs2228570 and CYP24A1- rs6013897 were significant predictors of hypovitaminosis D. Non genetic factors explained 15.6% of the variance in 25(OH)D concentrations while genetic polymorphisms (VDR- rs2228570 and CYP24A1- rs6013897) explained a lower variance of 12%. When combined together, genetic and non genetic factors contributed up to 27.6% in 25(OH)D concentrations variability.
Conclusion
25(OH)D deficiency is highly prevalent among healthy adults in Tunisia. It is related to seasonal fluctuations, increasing age, darker skin tones, excessive sunscreen usage, and genetic polymorphisms in the VDR and CYP24A1 genes. The genetic markers could be used as tools in Mendelian randomization analyses of vitD, and they should well be considered when establishing a supplementation protocol in order to prevent 25(OH)D deficiency in the Tunisian population.
Vitamin D, a secosteroid hormone pivotal to numerous physiological processes, has garnered extensive attention due to its dual origin from sunlight exposure and dietary intake. Structurally characterized by its cholesterol-derived backbone, vitamin D exists primarily as ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3), with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels between 30–100 ng/mL considered optimal for health. Beyond its classical role in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization, emerging research underscores its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic functions. Deficiencies, prevalent globally, correlate with pathologies ranging from osteoporosis to cardiovascular diseases, while toxicity, though rare, poses risks of hypercalcemia. This review synthesizes current knowledge on vitamin D’s synthesis, mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies, offering a comprehensive perspective on its indispensability in human health.
Health is essential for the common man in general and for the sportsmen in particular. Weightlifting is an intense sports, since competitors draw on all their mental and physical strength to lift massive weights, often more than twice their own body weight. Vitamin is an organic compound, the need of which is fulfilled automatically, but due to odd selection of food, deficiencies of the vitamins persist, environmental conditions and health effects vitamins are required to be taken orally. The objective of the current study is to examine the effect of Alfacalcidol supplementation on change serum calcidiol level on bone muscle strength of female weightlifters of Pakistan through change in their best weightlifting capacity and serum calcidiol level after supplementation of Tab. Cadla containing Alfacalcidiol 0.5mcg for a period of 4 months in different groups of female weightlifters of Pakistan using pre-test post-test analysis. Paired sample t-test was used to measure the mean change in best weightlifting capacity and serum calcidiol level (ng/ml) whereas serum calcidiol was measured using LIAISON® 25 OH Vitamin D Total (Kit No. 310600) through Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Overall results showed that there is an escalation in serum calcidiol level cause an increase in the lifting best total of female weightlifting players which cause an increase in their weight lifting capacity and muscular strength due to supplementation of Tab. Cadla (0.5mcg).
The aim of this publication was to analyze data and findings from leading scientific studies on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among various population groups in Ukraine and other countries, particularly among elite athletes. The article presents numerous research findings on the impact of vitamin D deficiency on metabolism in different organs and physiological systems of the human body, emphasizing its potential role as a predictor of injury risk and morbidity during physical exertion or sports activities. The article briefly describes the main physiological functions of vitamin D, its sources, and the factors influencing vitamin D status in modern populations. Additionally, it explores methods for assessing vitamin D levels. A range of pathological conditions associated with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is highlighted, including those affecting individuals engaged in physical activity and sports. Thus, vitamin D is a vital regulator of metabolism in various organs and systems of the human body. However, numerous external and internal factors contribute to the widespread prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency across different population groups, particularly among elite athletes, not only in Ukraine but also worldwide. Therefore, monitoring vitamin D status (specifically, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels), especially during the winter-spring period, can help identify individuals with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, who should be considered a high-risk group for injury and various health disorders. Timely implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at normalizing vitamin D levels – such as increasing sun exposure, vitamin D supplementation, rational use of sunscreens, and lifestyle modifications – can help prevent the development of pathological conditions and diseases, including those affecting individuals engaged in sports and physical activity.
The objective of this study is to develop an HPLC‐UV method for the cost‐effective and quantitative determination of vitamin D3 in food, even in the presence of vitamin D2, with a specific focus on egg yolk. During method development, the performance of three stationary phases in resolving the peak of vitamin D2 from that of vitamin D3 was investigated. The physicochemical properties of these phases differed particularly in the extent of hydrophobicity and silanophilic activity, including a GraceSmart RP C18 column without silanol endcapping, a Robusta RP C18 column with silanol endcapping, and a Waters Xbridge RP C18 column with ethylene‐bridged hybrid (BEH) particle technology. The Xbridge C18 stationary phase exhibited the most favorable performance, leading to an RS of 1.6 under the following nonaqueous reversed‐phase (NARP) experimental conditions: mobile phase, acetonitrile, methanol, and trifluoroacetic acid in a (99/1/0.1, v/v/v) ratio; column temperature, 15°C. The developed chromatographic method does not require preanalytical purification steps and is also compatible with mass spectrometry. The identity of the vitamin D3 peak observed in the HPLC analysis was verified via GC–MS. The NARP‐HPLC‐UV method was partially validated, demonstrating satisfactory linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification, and robustness. The HPLC method was then successfully applied to the analysis of real egg yolk samples, revealing average concentrations of vitamin D3 of 4–5 µg/g of wet weight sample.
Despite a growing interest in the impacts of prenatal factors on adulthood quality of life, economists have not estimated the income effects of sunlight exposures by mothers during pregnancy. This paper estimates such effects using data from China General Social Survey and China National Meteorological Data Service Center. The results show that the income effects of prenatal sunlight exposure in the second trimester are significantly positive. The effects differ for individuals born in different months and the effects are larger for female employees, older employees, those born in rural areas, in the pre‐reform period, or whose mothers are less‐educated. Finally, we investigate the possible mechanisms via the human capital pathway, discovering that fetuses with longer sunlight exposure in the second trimester are healthier and do more exercises in adulthood. It is suggested that families, communities, policymakers should pay attention to prenatal sunlight exposure, especially for pregnant women in the developing world who are less educated or live in rural areas.
Among the leading causes of under 5 mortality andmorbidity in Bangladesh, Acute respiratory infections(ARI) are at the top of the list .These are a major cause ofglobal mortality and morbidity and are responsible for 10%of ambulatory and emergency department visits in the1USA and an estimated 2.65 million deaths worldwide in22013 . Observational studies report consistent independentassociations between the low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (the major circulating Vitamin Dmetabolite) and susceptibility of acute respiratory tract3,4infections . This Article highlights the indication ofvitamin D supplementation in the prevention of acuterespiratory Infection. Vitamin D, or the “sun-shine vitamin”, is not just as avitamin; it is also prohormone with numerous functions in5the body . ”Prohormone “refers to a group of fat solubleseco-steriods. The best-understood function of Vitamin Dis in the absorption of calcium from the small intestine,which helps to prevent diseases such as rickets in children6and osteoporosis and osteomalacia in adults . In addition tocausing rickets, vitamin D deficiency has been linked torespiratory infection such as tuberculosis and Bronchiolitis7along with pneumonia . The effects of Vitamin D aremediated by a cytosolic receptor called Vitamin D Receptor(VDR). VDR is ubiquitously expressed, and this ubiquityaccounts for the numerous and varied mechanisms that are8regulated by vitamin D . The VDR gene, which is locatedon chromosome 12q13.1, has several polymorphic regions,some of which are associated with predisposition of certaindiseases. This means that not only is vitamin D deficiency isassociated with considerable risk of diseases, but there iswide interindividual variation in vitamin D sensitivity,9which may influence risk
Polyphenol is a plant compound that can act as an antioxidant and neutralize free radicals that cause damage to body cells and cause cancer and other diseases. Regular consumption of polyphenols is believed to improve digestion and increase brain health, as well as protect the body against various diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Dark chocolate, tea, and berries are among the most well-known sources of polyphenols. This compound can act as an antioxidant and neutralize free radicals that damage body cells and cause cancer and other diseases. Also, reducing inflammation can prevent the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant compounds found in many fruits and vegetables. For example, plant products such as tea and chocolate are good sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids have strong antioxidant properties that play a prominent role in eliminating toxins and fighting oxidative stress. Eating foods rich in flavonoids is an excellent way to improve health and reduce the risk of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Food is a source of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals that are necessary for growth and maintaining human health. Food bioactive compounds (FBCs) are present in small quantities in a complex matrix and are difficult to extract, isolate, and identify for their appropriate utilization. For the extraction, advanced green technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) are commonly applied, and for the isolation and purification of these FBCs, medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), counter-current chromatography (CCC), preparative-high performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC), column chromatography, and preparative-thin layer chromatography are successfully applied. After isolation, these FBCs are identified by spectroscopic techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. This chapter comprises basic methods and techniques applied for the extraction, isolation, purification, and identification of FBCs from different food sources.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. PCOS is characterized by the presence of polycystic ovaries, menstrual dysfunction, infertility, and biochemical and clinical hyperandrogenism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum vitamin D Level and Insulin Resistance in Obese Adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study was a cross-sectional study conducted among 94 PCOS women of reproductive age coming to the Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The women with polycystic ovary syndrome were considered as the study population. Among the participants, around 91% had vitamin D deficiency and 4% had vitamin D insufficiency, no participants had a sufficiency. Among PCOS patients underweight was 42.10%, Healthy Weight 45.27%, pre-obese 9.63%, and obese 3.0%. Regarding fasting insulin levels (<20uIU/ml) among 14.9% of PCOS. In the comparison of clinical characteristics of the participants, less than half (37.2%) had painful menstruation and 67% had hirsutism. Adolescent girls with PCOS are mostly vitamin D deficient and the rate of obesity is also high. The results of this study brought the true picture of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome among different phenotypes of women with PCOS in Bangladesh, very likely contributing to a better understanding of the management of PCOS, and patients will benefit individually in their management. Estimation of vitamin D levels & and examination the obesity may help the clinician to manage obesity cases with PCOS adolescents more efficiently.
Resumo Objetivo: Verificar o papel nutricional do cálcio e da vitamina D no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento infanto-juvenil, visando, em especial, a prevenção e o tratamento do atraso de crescimento causado por deficiência nutricional. Fontes dos dados: As informações foram coletadas a partir de artigos publicados nas 2 últimas décadas, pesquisados nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e MEDLINE, livros técnicos e publicações de organizações internacionais. Síntese dos dados: O crescimento sofre influência de fatores intrínsecos (genéticos e metabólicos) e extrínsecos (fatores ambientais, como alimentação, saúde, higiene, habitação, e o acesso aos serviços de saúde). Entre os fatores nutricionais, destacam-se as deficiências de vitaminas e oligoelementos que podem se associar à desnutrição ou depender da absorção insuficiente dos mesmos. Sendo o cálcio um dos principais componentes do tecido mineral ósseo, este é essencial para uma adequada formação óssea e, considerando que a vitamina D desempenha papel importante no metabolismo do cálcio, uma dieta insuficiente nesses nutrientes pode influenciar a formação do esqueleto e o processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento. Conclusões: A baixa ingestão ou baixa absorção de cálcio e vitamina D em crianças e adolescentes pode limitar seu desenvolvimento estatural, sendo necessário fornecer quantidades suficientes de ambos na fase crítica do crescimento. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(5):386-394: Transtornos do crescimento, raquitismo, ingestão de alimentos, recomendações nutricionais. Abstract Objective: To investigate the role of dietary calcium and vitamin D in the process of growth and development of children and adolescents, focusing in particular on the prevention and treatment of delayed growth caused by nutritional deficiency. Sources: Information was gathered from articles published in the last 2 decades, from searches on the databases SciELO, PubMed and Medline, technical books and publications of international organizations. Summary of the findings: Growth is influenced by intrinsic (genetic and metabolic) and extrinsic factors (environmental factors such as diet, health, hygiene, housing and access to health services). Among the nutritional factors are vitamin and oligoelement deficiencies which may be associated with malnutrition or caused by insufficient absorption. Since calcium is one of the main mineral components of bone tissue, it is essential for adequate bone formation and, considering that vitamin D plays an important role in calcium metabolism, a diet with insufficient quantities of these nutrients can impact on the formation of the skeleton and on the process of growth and development.
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of vitamin D (VD) in critically ill children, examining its implications for clinical outcomes. Although this substance has long been known for its function in maintaining bone health, it is now becoming more widely known for its extensive physiological effects, which include immune system and inflammation regulation. Observational research consistently associates VD levels with outcomes like duration of hospitalization, mortality, and illness severity in critically ill pediatric patients. Mechanistically, it exerts anti-inflammatory and endothelial protective effects while modulating the renin-angiotensin system. Increasing VD levels through supplementation presents promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, further research is necessary to elucidate optimal dosage regimens and safety profiles. This review emphasizes the significance of comprehending the intricate relationship between VD and critical illnesses among pediatric populations.
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