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The orchids of Sikkim Himalaya
... (Reichenbach 1868) but that George Bentham (1883) rejected the genus Thrixspermum because its description was incomplete and "the name was utterly bad in construction". It was therefore transferred to Sarcochilus (Hooker 1889 illustrated species then appeared as "Sarcochilus luniferus Rchb.f." in George King's and Robert Pantling's beautifully illustrated treatment of The Orchids of the Sikkim-Himalaya (King & Pantling 1898), which moves the geographical origin of the plant from "Burma" to Sikkim-Himalaya (Fig. 12). The general appearances, descriptions, morphology, and origin of the voucher plants for these two illustrations make us conclude that they represent the same species. ...
... The type for T. luniferum at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna, Austria, consists of several dried inflorescences and one dried leafless plant on sheet 41550, and a colored drawing on sheet 41549. The drawing shows a flower that is quite different from the flowers featured in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (Hooker 1889), and by King and Pantling (1898) in having the sepals and petals almost covered by a brown "disc" (Fig.13-14). ...
... FiGure 12. Chiloschista himalaica, as "Sarcochilus luniferus" in King & Pantling (1898), Orchids of the Sikkim-Himalaya, plate 276. (Chowdhery 1998) is examined, it becomes clear that it is copied from the illustration of "Sarcochilus luniferus" in King & Pantling's treatment of the orchids of Sikkim-Himalaya. ...
Two new spotted species of Chiloschista from Bhutan are described, illustrated, and compared with similar species. The second of the new species has been misidentified in previous publications as C. lunifera and C. parishii, and a comparison between the three is provided. It is also compared with C. glandulosa, which is a distinctly smaller-flowered species from the coastal area of southwestern India, and with C. javanica from Indonesia. The latter species and C. parishii are easily distinguished from both new species by having hairs on the backside and along the margins of the sepals and petals, as opposed to having virtually glabrous to indistinctly micro-pubescent sepals and petals for the new species. Although many spotted Chiloschista species are superficially similar, the differences can be better observed when studying the internal morphology of particularly the glandular callosity in the saccate lip. The morphological differences are often minute and difficult to describe in words, but are more easily recognized when compared with illustrations and photographs.
... Bentham just declares his opinion that "Renanthera bilinguis Rchb.f., would be included in the genus Esmeralda" by him, but no official transfer was ever made. However, the combination "Arachnanthe bilinguis Benth." is apparently accepted by King and Pantling (1898), who include it in The Orchids of Sikkim-Himalaya. But because this taxon is considered to be the same as the earlier published Arachnis labrosa there is no "harm" done, just some additional taxonomic confusion. ...
... The illustration of this species in Orchids of Bhutan is compiled from many separate dried specimens of various collections, of which none apparently originate in Bhutan (Pearce and Cribb 2002). There is however, a colored plate of "Arachnanthe bilinguis" (hence Arachnis labrosa) in King and Pantling's (1898) The Orchids of Sikkim-Himalaya, which presumably correlates with what they cite as coming from the Rumpti Valley, and shows very clearly what this orchid looks like. Unfortunately, the Rumpti Valley is today located on the Sikkim side of the border with Bhutan, which means that no real documentation of this species from inside Bhutan exists. ...
Describes the genus Arachnis (Esmeralda) in Bhutan.
... A voucher specimen has been deposited at National Herbarium Center, Thimphu, Bhutan for future reference. Global conservation assessment: Crepidium aphyllum was previously considered to be endemic to India with distributions in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal (King & Pantling 1898;Chowdhery 1998;Lucksom 2007;Rao 2010;Sherpa et al. 2018;Govaerts et al. 2019) until its recent discovery in China (Fan et al. 2012). Hence it is an addition to the orchid flora of Bhutan. ...
... There is, however, a possibility of finding a specimen of this species at some non-online herbaria in India. There is not even a single digital image of this species available on google search except for the painting from King & Pantling (1898). The current sighting of C. aphyllum in Bhutan comprised only five mature plants. ...
The article talks about a new distribution record of an orchid namely, Crepidium aphyllum. Earlier it was known to be endemic to India. A brief description of the plant along with photographs is provided here for easy identification along with notes on phenology and ecology. This species has been globally assessed as Vulnerable.
... Collected specimen was submitted to the herbarium of Department of Botany, KL DAV PG College Roorkee. After a comprehensive literature study, it was identified as Cyrtosia falconeri (Hooker 1890;King & Pantling 1898;Deva & Naithani 1986;Pearce & Cribb 2002;Misra 2007;Akhtar et al. 2011;Jalal & Jayanthi 2013, 2015. Rai et al. (2017) reported this orchid for the first time from western Himalaya in Uttarakhand. ...
In the present study Cyrtosia falconeri (Hook.f.) Aver. is presented as a new record for the flora of state Jammu & Kashmir, India. It is a terrestrial mycoheterotrophic orchid found in evergreen oak forests. During the field survey, authors found this interesting specimen in humus-rich soil in the forests of Koteranka, Rajouri at an elevation of 1,765 m. Detailed citation, information on type, description, information on habitat, phenology, and distribution is provided.
... Notes:-Didymoplexis gibbosa is readily distinguished from other species of the genus (e.g. King & Pantling 1898, Hayata 1912, Smith 1914, Tuyama 1941, Summerhayes 1951, Seidenfaden & Wood 1992, Chen et al. 2009, Averyanov 2011, Cribb et al. 2011, 2013, Pedersen et al. 2014, Inoue 2016, Averyanov et al. 2019, Hermans et al. 2021 by the characters of the lip structure, i.e. the fleshy disc and the presence of papillae on callus and along two disc ridges (although the papillae are sometimes hardly noticeable without special observations). The new species is morphologically most close to the widely distributed and highly variable D. pallens Griffith s.l. ...
The paper presents a description of a new species, Didymoplexis gibbosa (Gastrodiinae, Gastrodieae) discovered recently in southern Vietnam. This is the fifth species of the genus reported from Vietnam. The new species is most similar to the widely distributed D. pallens. Description of the discovered species is accompanied with data on ecology, phenology and distribution, estimated IUCN Red List status, studied specimens, brief taxonomic notes and illustrations.
... Long pseudobulbs or canes with lateral leaves, short or swollen pseudobulbs with few terminal leaves, flowers in terminal raceme with different colours and sizes are key characters of the genus. This genus has been divided into several sections and subsections by taxonomists worldwide due to its large volume of morphological diversity in vegetative as well as reproductive parts (Lindley 1840;King and Pantling 1898;Dressler 1993). Among the Angiosperms, epiphytism is more common in Monocots (Benzing 1987;Gentry and Dodson 1987). ...
Due to extensive diversity in morphology of vegetative and reproductive characteristics, taxonomical identification and grouping of Orchids are very difficult. To overcome this problem and to develop suitable taxonomic grouping of Orchids, comparative studies on morphology and anatomy are essential to understand Orchid evolution and adaptation to different ecological habitats. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the morphological and anatomical character variation of five species representing two sections (Sec. Dendrobium and Sec. Callista) of Dendrobium. We used UPGMA based dendrogram to assess their phylogenetic relationships using morphological and anatomical characters separately to compare whether both (morphological and anatomical) characters justify the same relationship among the species or not. The dendrogram consisted of two clusters, one with three species from the Sec. Dendrobium and the other with two species of the Sec. Callista. The Principal component analysis based on morphological and anatomical characters also significantly approved placement of these species in two sections. The number of leaves, flower colour, stomatal type, velamen area, cortex and stellar area significantly contributed in sectional grouping of five species. Therefore, we conclude that the anatomical and morphological characters can be used to describe the taxonomical relationship of Orchids. Furthermore, updated knowledge on the morphology and anatomical characters representing number of other species of Dendrobium is of immense importance to understand the adaptation and evolution of these orchid taxa in diverse habitat.
... Note: The flowers of Bulbophyllum hirtum produce a fragrance resembling to vanilla as described by Hooker (in sched.) and the grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum L. according to King and Pantling (1898). Our specimen has slightly citrus odour similar to that of another orchid, Aerides odorata. ...
Bulbophyllum hirtum (Sm.) Lindl., so far known from the North-East part of India is being first time reported from Western Himalaya.
... Lindl. A perusal of relevant literature (Bose, 1999;Hara, 1966Hara, , 1971Hooker, 1888Hooker, -1890King and Pantling, 1898;Ohashi, 1975;Pearce and Cribb, 2002;Pradhan, 1979 andKumar et al. 2013) revealed that the said species is hitherto unknown from West Bengal. The same is reported here as a new addition to the Orchid Flora of the West Bengal, India. ...
... During recent floristic exploration in the warm Tshewang et al., 2021 Aphyllorchis montana (Orchidaceae)… B A broadleaved and subtropical forests of Mongar and Wangdue Dzongkhags between the years 2016-2020, the authors collected specimens of an unfamiliar terrestrial mycotropic orchid belonging to the genus Aphyllorchis Blume at 800-1400 m elevation. After substantial morphological studies and literature (Hooker, 1890; King & Pantling, 1898;Pearce & Cribb, 2002;Lucksom, 2007;Chen & Gale, 2009;Aravindhan et al., 2013;Rao & Kumar, 2015), the species was identified as Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. which is a new record to the flora of Bhutan. Additionally, further consultation of some online herbarium specimens from the region available at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (https:// www.gbif.org/) ...
Two Aphyllorchis species are described in the Orchids of Bhutan. During recent floristic exploration , specimens of Aphyllorchis Bl. were collected from the warm broadleaved and subtropical forests of Mongar and Wangdue Dzongkhags. The specimens were identified as Aphyllorchis montana Rchb.f. which is a new record to the flora of Bhutan and is described and illustrated. A. montana can be distinguished from A. alpina by slender stem bearing up to 15 flowers on the inflorescence, flowers less than 1 cm long and ovary less than 3 mm wide. Detailed descriptions, phenology, habitat, conservation status, distribution, taxonomic notes and photographic illustration are provided. The IUCN status of this species is assessed as Data Deficient.
... A species of Eulophia was in bloom in the vicinity of Nagaland University, Lumami campus in the month of July. On close observation of the specimen and perusal of the available literature (King & Pantling 1898;Bose & Bhattacharjee 1980;Kumar & Manilal 1994), this was identified as Eulophia geniculata King & Pantling. However, the occurrence of this species was not reported earlier from the state of Nagaland, India (Changkija et al 1992;Deb et al 2003;Hynniewta et al 2000). ...
The occurrence of Eulophia geniculata King & Pantling (Orchidaceae) in the Zunhebhoto district of Nagaland, India is an addition to the orchid diversity for the state.
... Then, Hooker (1888 JBC-APRF-4(4): 398-398, 2020 ISSN: 2457-0761 -1890) came out with a legendry work on the Flora of British India, which included information on the Orchidaceae of India, and later he published a book exclusively on Indian orchids (Hooker 1895). This was followed by King and Pantling (1898) on orchids of Sikkim Himalayas and by Duthie (1906) on orchids of NW Himalayas. In the recent years, comprehensive accounts have been published for various states and regions of India (e.g. ...
Orchids are herbaceous perennial plants with wide range of growth habit and habitat. They can grow as terrestrials, epiphytes, lithophytes etc. They are extremely popular as ornamental plant and lesser is the known about their ethno-medicinal uses. Tribal people of different parts of India use orchid as an important source of medicine. The Present study produces a list of medicinal orchid species available in Jharkhand state, India. A total of 31 Orchid species have been enlisted with their medicinal uses. Most of them are used in rheumatism, bone fracture and dislocation and as a tonic. It was noted that 17 are epiphytic, 10 are terrestrial, 3 species are lithophytic and 1 species belongs to semi-aquatic habitat (Zeuxine strateumatica). A systematic survey was conducted found that there is an urgent need to conserve these valuable biological resources in natural habitats supplemented with preservation using modern methods of conservation.
... The collected specimens were authenticated with the help of various literatures including Indian Orchids Guide to Identification and Culture, (Vol. II) (Pradhan, 1979), Orchids of North-West Himalaya (Deva and Naithani, 1986), The Orchids of the Sikkim-Himalaya (King and Pantling., 1898, Orchid Flora of Arunachal Pradesh (Chowdhery, 1998), Orchids of India , The Orchids of Bhutan (Pearce and Cribb, 2002), The Orchids of Sikkim and North East Himalaya and A Century of West Himalayan Orchids (Chowdhery and Agrawala, 2013). Recently, medicinal Orchids of the region and their uses are partially studied by workers like Yonzone et al. 2011Yonzone et al. , 2012e, 2013Yonzone, 2015Yonzone, , 2016Rai, 2016, 2017. ...
An experiment entitled “Studies on effect of different mulches on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Cv. Phule Jyoti” was conducted during summer, 2013 at Horticulture Farm, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur with seven treatments including polyethylene mulches (black-black polyethylene mulch, silver-black polyethylene mulch, yellow-black polyethylene mulch), organic mulches (rice straw mulch, sugarcane trash mulch, dry grasses) and an unmulched control replicated three times. Maximum plant height, plant spread, number of branches, minimum days to first flowering and 50 per cent flowering (46 and 67.67 days), maximum number of fruits per plant (252.20), fruit girth (1.23 cm) and fruit length (8.19 cm), average yield, fresh and dry weight of shoot (329.60 and 77.20 g) and root (143.97 and 31.60 g), the lowest infestation of thrips and aphids (0.27 and 0.34%) leaf curl incidence (0.67%) was recorded in treatment silver-black polyethylene mulch. However, minimum days for first picking (66.0) were recorded in black-black polyethylene mulch and maximum days for last picking (161.33) was recorded in silver-black polyethylene mulch.
... Starting from the work of William Roxburgh's Hortus bengalensis (1814), the "Orchid flora" of the West Bengal state has been explored by various workers before independence as the flora of Bengal province under British rule and after independence as the state flora of West Bengal. Some of such eminent works of-Bandyopadhyaya & Mukherjee (2017), Biswas (1946), Bist & Khatam (1999), Bose et al., (1980Bose et al., ( ,1999, Bruhl (1926), Clarke (1877Clarke ( , 1885Clarke ( , 1886, Das (1997Das ( , 1998Das ( , 2001Das ( , 2002Das ( , 2011, Das et al., (1993Das et al., ( ,1995Das et al., ( , 2010, Haines (1921Haines ( -1924, Hara (1961Hara ( ,1965Hara ( , 1966Hara ( ,1971, Hara et al., (1978Hara et al., ( , 1979Hara et al., ( , 1982, Hedge (1990), Hooker, J. D. (1849Hooker, J. D. ( -1850Hooker, J. D. ( , 1888Hooker, J. D. ( -1890, King & Pantling (1898), Mathew (1966), Mitra & Mukherjee (2012), Mitra et al., (2010), Mukherjee (1972), Mukherjee (1988), Ohashi (1975), Pierce & Cribb (2002), Pradhan (1976Pradhan ( , 1979, Prain (1903aPrain ( , 1903bPrain ( , 1905, Sarkar (1995), Yonzane et al., (2011Yonzane et al., ( , 2012aYonzane et al., ( , 2012b and many others. ...
The state of West Bengal lies between 21° 45¹ to 27° 16¹ N latitude and 85° 55¹ to 89° 56¹ E longitude, covering an area of 87, 676 Sq. Km. which is about one third in area of the pre-partitioned Bengal province. In the present work analyzing the data given in the table 1, it is found that, the state of West Bengal harbor 460 Species & 6 varieties of Orchids, belonging to 110 genera. Out of the 466 taxa of Orchid, 321 are epiphytic, 2 are mycophytes, 1-is saprophytes and the residual 142 taxa are terrestrial.
... The collected specimens were authenticated with the help of various literatures including Indian Orchids Guide to Identification and Culture, (Vol. II) (Pradhan, 1979), Orchids of North-West Himalaya (Deva and Naithani, 1986), The Orchids of the Sikkim-Himalaya (King and Pantling., 1898, Orchid Flora of Arunachal Pradesh (Chowdhery, 1998), Orchids of India , The Orchids of Bhutan (Pearce and Cribb, 2002), The Orchids of Sikkim and North East Himalaya and A Century of West Himalayan Orchids (Chowdhery and Agrawala, 2013). Recently, medicinal Orchids of the region and their uses are partially studied by workers like Yonzone et al. 2011Yonzone et al. , 2012e, 2013Yonzone, 2015Yonzone, , 2016Rai, 2016, 2017. ...
... With the fresh material of flowers, the taxon is critically studied and analytical drawings and photographs are made. On the basis of available literature (King & Pantling 1898;Pradhan 1979;Chowdhery 1998;Pearce & Cribb 2002;Lucksom 2007;Chen et al. 2009;Rao 2009Rao , 2010Jian-wu, L. et al. 2015 Hence, the present report of its occurrence from Arunachal Pradesh forms a new distributional record for India. A detailed description, illustration, information on habitat and distribution of the taxon are provided in the present manuscript that will facilitate the field botanists to locate it in other parts of North-east Indian region. ...
... It was brought under cultivation at the orchid trail located in the Talle wildlife Sanctuary, Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh where it flowered under observation in October, 2019. On the basis of available literature (King & Pantling 1898;Pradhan 1979;Chowdhery 1998;Pearce & Cribb 2002;Lucksom 2007;Chen et al. 2009;Rao 2009Rao , 2010Mao et al. 2011;Gogoi 2018Gogoi , 2019 and critical examination of the flowers, it was identified as Thrixspermum japonicum (Miq.) Rchb.f. that has earlier been known from southern Japan, Korea, China, Bhutan and Taiwan but was never before reported from the India. ...
... In this paper, we accept Sunipia as a distinct genus. According to basic accounts on Vietnamese orchids (Seidenfaden 1992, Averyanov & Averyanova 2003, Averyanov et al. 2015, flora of Vietnam includes Sunipia andersonii (King & Pantling 1898: 159) P.F. Hunt (1971: 183, = S. bifurcatoflorens (Fukuyama 1935: 440) P.F.Hunt 1971, S. annamensis (Ridley in Baker 1921: 115) P.F. ...
Sunipia quangdangii (Orchidaceae) discovered in southern Vietnam (Lam Dong Province, Da Lat City area) is described and illustrated as a new species for science. It is most close to S. pallida but differs in smooth petals, saccate hypochile with erose margin, small triangular side lobes and terete epichile. The new species is also similar to S. andersonii but differs in big size of plant, pseudobulbs and flower, short inflorescence scape and terete epichile shorter than hypochile. The flower of newly discovered plant somewhat resembles to flower of S. saccata, but new species strikingly differs in plant habit and short, 2-flowered inflorescence.
... It was brought under cultivation at the orchid trail located in the Talle wildlife Sanctuary, Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh where it flowered under observation in October, 2019. On the basis of available literature (King & Pantling 1898;Pradhan 1979;Chowdhery 1998;Pearce & Cribb 2002;Lucksom 2007;Chen et al. 2009;Rao 2009Rao , 2010Mao et al. 2011;Gogoi 2018Gogoi , 2019 and critical examination of the flowers, it was identified as Thrixspermum japonicum (Miq.) Rchb.f. that has earlier been known from southern Japan, Korea, China, Bhutan and Taiwan but was never before reported from the India. ...
Thrixspermum japonicum (Miq.) Rchb.f. of Orchidaceae is reported as an addition to the orchid flora of India from the Ziro Valley of Arunachal Pradesh. A detailed description along with a plate of illustrations of the species is provided in the paper.
... The orchid was planted at the orchid trail located in the Talle Wildlife Sanctuary at Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh where it flowered under observation in October 2019. On the basis of available literature (King & Pantling 1898;Pradhan 1979;Chowdhery 1998;Pearce &Cribb 2002;Lucksom 2007;Chen et al. 2009;Rao 2009Rao , 2010Swami 2017;Gogoi 2018) and critical examination of the flowers, it was identified as Gastrochilus platycalcaratus (Rolfe) Schltr. which is known so far only from China (S.Yunnan), Myanmar and Thailand. ...
A monopodial orchid viz. Gastrochilus platycalcaratus (Rolfe) Schltr. has been added to the orchid flora of India from the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh, India. A detailed description and a plate of colour illustrations of plant habit and floral parts have been provided.
... This contained 17 orchid species known at that time. In the post-Linnean period, significant illustrative accounts on Indian plants including orchids are provided by W. J. Hooker (1821;1823-182718491857; Lindley (1825Lindley ( -18471837-1841; Bauer andLindley (1830-1838); Roxburgh (1795-1820; 1814; 1832); Wallich (1824Wallich ( -18261829-1832; Royle (1833Royle ( -1840; Griffith (1847Griffith ( -1854; Wight (1831Wight ( -18321838-18531840-18501846-1851; H. G Reichenbach (1854-1900); Beddome (1869 1874; 1874); J. D. Hooker (1855;1867-19131895); King and Pantling (1898); Duthie (1906) and different authors in Curtis's Botanical Magazine. These coloured illustrations were drawn mostly by trained artists using natural dyes or by the authors themselves. ...
During the study of indian Orchidaceae, a novel method of making plant illustrations has been evolved. The methodology and its merits are discussed in detail in the present paper.
... During the study of Indian Orchidaceae for 'Flora of India', the authors came across an interesting terrestrial orchid specimen in ARUN's collection, collected by one of us (MB) in 2012 from Monigang, West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Morphology of this specimen was compared with available descriptions in literature on Indian Orchids [Hooker (1890), King & Pantling (1898), Pradhan (1976), Chowdhery (1998), Pearce & Cribb (2002), Lucksom (2007), Rao (2010), Lawkush (2015)] and herbarium specimens available at ARUN, CAL, ASSAM, APFH, OHT and BSHC. Finally the specimen was not matching with the identity of any species available in these literature and herbaria. ...
une curieuse orchidée terrestre, a été observée en Arunachal Pradesh, Inde. Bien que l'espèce ait été mentionnée dans la littérature antérieure comme présente dans cet état, la présente collection en constitue le premier spécimen réel collecté en Inde. Pour faciliter son identification sur le terrain, nous proposons ici une brève description de l'espèce, des photographies et des notes sur sa phénologie et sa répartition Manuscrit reçu le 21/08/2019 Article mis en ligne le 22/01/2020-pp. 1-8 géographique. Enfin son statut de danger a été évalué pour l'Inde sur la base des critères IUCN.
... Raw picture, host plant name, geographical location etc of the unknown plant was collected from the studied area during the field visit. After bringing it to laboratory, the plant was morphologically worked out under Magnus light stereo zoom microscope and characters were compared with relevant literature (1,(4)(5)(6)(7). Plant taxonomic identification method was followed for the purpose and the plant was found to be a new addition to the flora of Tripura. ...
In this study we have included a monopodial epiphytic orchid, Staurochilus ramosus (Lindl.) Seidenf. to the flora of Tripura, for the first time. This article deals with a little bit of genus description, geographical location, phenology and taxonomic enumeration supported by suitable photo flyer.
... Smith) Lindl. (1830: 51),King & Pantling (1898: 84, tab. 117), Seidenfaden (1979 fig. ...
Modern taxonomic revision of Bulbophyllum sect. Lemniscata in the flora of Vietnam based on available collections and literature data reports 5 species (Bulbophyllum averyanovii, B. chelicerum, B. comosum B. hirtum, and B. lemniscatoides), one of which (B. chelicerum) is described as a new for science. For all accepted taxa the paper provides valid name and main synonyms with appropriate standard taxonomic references, data on type and other authentic materials, description, data on ecology, phenology, expected conservation status, distribution, notes on biology and taxonomy, list of all studied materials, as well as key for identification of species and their color illustrations. Lectotype for B. lemniscatoides is proposed.
Orchidaceae is the second largest family of flowering plants and valued for their ornamental and therapeutic importance. A number of species of this family are threatened with extinction due to specialized life cycle and diverse mode of living. The preservation of orchid germplasm traditionally accomplished by private nurseries for sale and breeding of orchids. The public-funded organization also preserved orchid germplasm for botanical and educational interest. ICAR-National Research Center for Orchids, Sikkim, was established in 1996 to provide research support to orchid growers in India. In collaboration with the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, the center is engaged in preserving and sustainable utilization of orchid biodiversity. Preservation of orchid germplasm is challenging; nevertheless, concerted scientific efforts will ensure future conservation and sustainable use of orchid germplasm. There are various challenges in germplasm collection, conservation methodologies, gene pool creation, gene banking procedures and adherence to national and international laws, treaties and conventions for germplasm collection, as well as preservation and sustainable utilization. ICAR-NRC for Orchids, Sikkim, collected and conserved 3150 accessions of 352 native species of orchids. Global and regional networking are necessary for sustained collection, preservation, and exchange of orchid germplasm.
This paper presents new data on the orchid diversity of Vietnam obtained in 2020–2022. It comprises descriptions of two species new for science (Cleisostoma tatonii and Sarcoglyphis hiepii) and descriptions of four species new for the flora of Vietnam (Cleisostoma aspersum, Gastrochilus nanus, Micropera mannii and Trichoglottis ramosa). All species found for the first time in Vietnam are morphologically slightly different from the individuals in their main distribution area. Data on accepted names, main synonyms, etymology (for newly described species), morphological description, studied specimens, ecology, phenology and distribution, conservation status assessment, brief taxonomic notes, and illustrations are provided for each species listed.
Orchidaceae is the second largest family of flowering plants and valued for their ornamental and therapeutic importance. A number of species of this family are threatened with extinction due to specialized life cycle and diverse mode of living. The preservation of orchid germplasm traditionally accomplished by private nurseries for sale and breeding of orchids. The public-funded organization also preserved orchid germplasm for botanical and educational interest. ICAR-National Research Center for Orchids, Sikkim, was established in 1996 to provide research support to orchid growers in India. In collaboration with the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, the center is engaged in preserving and sustainable utilization of orchid biodiversity. Preservation of orchid germplasm is challenging; nevertheless, concerted scientific efforts will ensure future conservation and sustainable use of orchid germplasm. There are various challenges in germplasm collection, conservation methodologies, gene pool creation, gene banking procedures and adherence to national and international laws, treaties and conventions for germplasm collection, as well as preservation and sustainable utilization. ICAR-NRC for Orchids, Sikkim, collected and conserved 3150 accessions of 352 native species of orchids. Global and regional networking are necessary for sustained collection, preservation, and exchange of orchid germplasm.
A colour variant of Liparis bootanensis Griff. collected from Mangpoo, Darjeeling district of West Bengal has been recorded for the first time from India. The variant is described here with the help of photographs.
Zeuxine goodyeroides and Z. nervosa are two closely related but distinct species of terrestrial orchid. Despite having significant distinguishing characters, these have been misidentified and wrongly reported in some recent works. The present paper deals with the correct identity of these species.
Habenaria stenopetala Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is known for its variability. Study of live materials of this species from different regions of Orissa supported this view. Morphology of this species from field observations supplemented with study of herbarium materials has been discussed in this communication.
Cymbidiums enjoy a prime position in the floriculture industry for heavy substance of the flowers and high flower longevity. They are cultivated for cut flowers as well as pot plants for house decorations. Besides, they are used in medicine, cosmetics, and food. The successful cymbidium cultivation requires effective management of several factors controlling production and productivity. Various aspects of cymbidium orchid cultivation including genetics and breeding and plant health management have been discussed in the chapter.
A lectotype is selected for Herminium angustilabre King & Pantl. in the present paper. The image of the selected lectotype is also provided.
The state of West Bengal is about one third in area of the pre-partitioned Bengal province of British India. In the present work analyzing the data, it is found, the state of West Bengal harbor 460 Species & 6 varieties of Orchids, belonging to 110 genera. Out of the 466 taxa of Orchids, 321 are epiphytic, 2 are mycophytes, 1 saprophyte and the residual 142 taxa are terrestrial. Among these 466 taxa of Orchids present in the state of West Bengal 147 species of Orchids are in the Threatened category of which 11 species are already been in the pages of the RED DATA book of Rare Endangered & Threatend and the others are in waiting to introduced in the list of the same book if the proper measure for the conservation is not taken just now. It is also reveals in the present study that there are 42 species of the Orchids of the state are in the Endemic category, but there is no exotic species except a few hybrid taxa of the genus Cymbidium which was introduced by the Britishers.
Malaxidinae are a cosmopolitan higher Epidendroid subtribe of > 1250 species that exhibit wide morphological and ecological diversity. Despite almost two centuries of taxonomic deliberation, controversy persists regarding the delimitation of practically all Malaxidinae genera, the most important of which are Crepidium, Dienia, Liparis and Malaxis. Previous attempts to classify these genera using a molecular phylogenetic approach showed Liparis and Malaxis to be polyphyletic and the floral characters traditionally used to define them as homoplastic. Emphasis has instead shifted to vegetative and ecological traits. Here, we conduct an expanded analysis of nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK) sequences focused on terrestrial taxa, with the resulting phylogram largely corroborating the emerging picture, and we test the efficacy of four previously highlighted traits to recover the same relationships. Although growth habit is underscored as important for resolving a natural distinction between epiphytic Liparis and terrestrial ‘Crepidium clade’ plus ‘Malaxis clade’ taxa, leaf shape and venation and habitat preference are shown to be poor predictors of phylogenetic affiliation. Instead, perennating organ structure (heteroblastic or homoblastic) and placement (predominantly above- or below-ground) – are incisive, with leaf number and texture apparently correlated. These findings are discussed in the context of an inferred evolutionary history of the subtribe. Although homoplastic at the subtribe level, some floral characters are shown to be useful for resolving identities at the species level. Accordingly, the status of four long-confused species (Crepidium acuminatum, C. allanii, C. purpureum and Microstylis biloba) is resolved.
Eria globulifera Seidenf., an interesting sympodial orchid has been reported here as new distributional record for West Bengal.
Malaxis cylindrostachya (Lindl.) Kuntze is described as a new orchid record for the flora of West Bengal.
Eria globulifera Seidenf. (Orchidaceae), known from Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur in India, is reported for the first time from Sikkim and North-West Himalaya. The same is described and illustrated here.
Eria alba Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is reported for the first time for Arunachal Pradesh.
Study on adoption of Integrated Pest Management in chilli, the study was carried out in the cropping season 2016-2017 in 6 villages of Mahabubabad district and from each village 25 farmers, all 150 farmers involved in this survey.
The paper presents new data on the orchid diversity in Vietnam obtained in 2016-2020. It contains descriptions of one genus (Apetalanthe) and two species new to science (Apetalanthe gracilis, Nervilia appressifolia), as well as one genus (Neottianthe) and four species (Calanthe tricarinata, Collabium yunnanense, Dendrobium praecinctum, Neottianthe secundiflora) new for the flora of Vietnam. Apetalanthe is particularly remarkable for the reduction of petals. The accepted name, synonyms, type, citations of relevant regional taxonomic publications, data on ecology, phenology and distribution, estimated IUCN Red List status, studied specimens, brief taxonomic notes, and illustrations are provided for each recorded species.
Peristylus orbicularis (Hook.f.) Agrawala, H.J. Chowdhery & S. Choudhury, a short-lived, terrestrial orchid, is reported here as a new distributional record for Arunachal Pradesh. The species was earlier recorded only from Darjeeling and Sikkim. A brief description containing diagnostic features of the species is provided for easy identification. Its threat assessment in Indian perspective has been determined as per IUCN criteria.
A new species of orchid, i.e. Dendrobium nageswarayanum, is described from Kurung Kumey district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The present new species is more allied to Dendrobium subansiriense Verma and Barbhuiya, but differs in having inflorescence, flowers, lateral sepals and lateral margins of lip. Detailed differences are discussed in this paper.
The family Orchidaceae is one of the largest flowering plant families with a cosmopolitan distribution. Orchids are profusely growing, particularly in the humid tropics and subtropics. Due to the variety of climatic conditions, India is rich in orchid flora. The Darjeeling Himalaya situated in one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world (Eastern Himalaya) is a virtual goldmine of orchids. The Darjeeling Himalayan region has a rich diversity of medicinal orchids and rich heritage of traditional medicinal practices. Folk medicinal systems like the Nepali Jadi-Buti, the Lepcha system, and the Tibetian medicine are completely based on local plants. To get the data on the traditional uses of ethnomedicinal plants, 20 key informants were interviewed. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, i.e., fidelity level (Fl) and preference ranking (Pr), were calculated for recorded ethnomedicinal plants. The present ethnobotanical study mainly concerns about 25 species of orchids belonging to 18 genera, including 20 epiphytes and five terrestrials that have been used by the Lepchas of the Darjeeling Himalaya to treat 30 kinds of diseases. Most of the plants have high curing capacity, which could be used in pharmaceutical research in order to achieve adequate revenue. Some of the plants in the study area are facing threats due to anthropogenic activities; hence, sustainable harvesting and conservation initiatives are needed in this region. The conservation and multiplication of important medicinal orchids should go hand in hand, and people concerned with the conservation program should get economic incentives. However, no efforts have been made till date for the preservation of the germplasm, their identification, and the estimation of active compounds from medicinal orchids. So the time has come to think globally and act locally.
Darjeeling Himalaya, one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world (Eastern Himalaya) is a virtual goldmine of orchids. A comprehensive study on the orchid diversity in Darjeeling Himalaya (West Bengal) was conducted from 2016 to 2018 with the objective to assess the presence of orchids. A total of 25 species belonging to 18 genera were identified in the different forested regions during the study, of which 80% (20 species) were epiphytic and 20% (5 species) were terrestrial. This study noticed that both epiphytic and terrestrial orchids showed altitudinal variation ranging from 701 ft to 6009 ft Bulbophyllum leopardinum was observed at lowest altitude (701 ft), whereas the Phalaenopsis mannii was found at 6009 ft (highest altitude). In the present study, the collected orchid species were arranged alphabetically; their author citation, synonyms, common names, distribution in the world as well as in the study area along with its altitude, habitats, host plants (in case of epiphytic orchids), date of collection, voucher specimen numbers, and botanical description were given with a special focus on present IUCN conservation status (2018) and population trend. Out of 25 orchid species recorded in the present study, 4 orchid species are reported in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2018–1. These are Paphiopedilum insigne, Bulbophyllum leopardinum, Dendrobium aphyllum, and Vanda tessellata. The vegetation of this region is under significant threat from a combination of logging, construction of river valley projects, agriculture, and human population increases. Orchids are collected on a “massive scale” by the local population for sale. In addition to this, forests in the region have suffered from a very high level of habitat loss, fragmentation, and illegal collection for the horticultural trade which threatens many orchids in this region. The present study also aimed at to document the most endangered species that were not reported in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
The morpho-anatomical studies in Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) with special reference to ecological adaptation and phylogenetic implications have been carried out. The vegetative parts were collected from different parts of North-East Himalaya and Western and Eastern Ghats of India. All were epiphytes belonging to tribe Dendrobieae. These plant parts were fixed in FAA (Formaline-Acetic acid-Alcohol) and usual methods of microtomy had followed. Stomata were confined to abaxial surface in all the investigated taxa. The presence of stomatal ledges and substomatal chambers is helpful in reducing leaf transpiration and evaporation of water. Absorbing trichomes were recorded only in Sikkim collections of D. anceps whereas they were absent in Darjeeling collections. In case of D. herbaceum and D. moschatum, these were present only in Kerala collections and absent in Karnataka collections. Single- or multi-layered velamen has been reported in both genera. It was observed that tilosomes were always associated with single layered velamen roots whereas completely absent in multilayered velamen taxa. Based on anatomical data, sectional delineation and phylogenetic interrelationships have been discussed.
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