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The phonematics and syllable structure of Sudanese Arabic
Abstract
This book proposes a functionalist analysis which is strikingly simpler than standard accounts. Consonants and vowels are integrated into a single phoneme system; consonantal [y] and vocalic [i], consonantal [w] and vocalic [u], and consonantal ['] and vocalic [a] are analysed as allophones of a single phoneme respectively. The putative phonemes 'ee' and 'oo' are analysed not as phonemes in their own right, but as realisations of / ai/ and / au/ phoneme sequences, differing from 'ay' and 'aw' in terms of their phonotactic structuring rather than the identity of the phonemes which make them up. The potential for zero distinctive features to further significantly simplify the analysis is explored, particularly in the light of Jakobson's (1957) account of North Palestinian Druze. The models hyperphoneme and archiphoneme are shown to provide elegant solutions to otherwise problematic areas of analysis.
... In this article, the main reference point for Sudanese Arabic will be Central Urban Sudanese Arabic (CUSA) (e.g. Dickins 2007a). CUSA is closely related to the dialects of the Ja'aliyyin tribal grouping, found to the north of Khartoum, and is spoken in Khartoum, and in other urban areas of central Sudan, roughly to the towns of Atbara in the north, Sennar on the Blue Nile, and Kosti on the White Nile (Dickins 2007b). ...
... The following types of syllables are found in Sudanese Arabic, where C stands for 'consonant', V for '(short) vowel', and VV for 'long vowel' (Dickins 2007a, Type 1. One of the sonorants /m/, /n/, /l/ as first consonant in the cluster. ...
... from Dickins 2007a, 25) provides a standard account of the vowel phoneme-table for CUSA (for an alternative account, seeDickins 2007a). ...
This article focuses on a comparison between Cairene and Central Urban Sudanese Arabic (CUSA) in respect of their historical background, phonology, pronominal and verb morphology, syntax and lexicon, concluding with a consideration on the presentday influence of Cairene Arabic on CUSA.
... Sudanese Arabic (Dickins 2007) k gJ å As can be seen in Table 1, the fronting and assibilation of the stops exhibits significant within-dialect variation, but all dialects maintain a three-way contrast, albeit using different phonemes to realise it. The dialects which use the uvular or the glottal stop for OA [q] may contrast it with either [g] (e.g. ...
This study investigates the conditioning effects of neighbouring consonants on the realisation of the phonemes /k/ and /dʒ/ in Emirati Arabic (EA), which are optionally realised as [tʃ] and [j], respectively. Based on previous accounts of EA and other Gulf Arabic (GA) dialects, we set out to test the prediction that proximity of other, phonetically similar coronal (COR) obstruents [COR, −son, −cont] and coronal postalveolar fricatives [COR, −ant] inhibit the surface realisation of the affricate variants of these phonemes. We examine elicitation data from twenty young female native speakers of EA, using stimuli with the target segment in the presence of a similar neighbour, as compared to words with the neighbour at a longer distance or with another coronal consonant. The results point to an asymmetry in the behaviour of the voiced and voiceless targets, such that the predicted inhibitory effect is confirmed for the voiced, but not the voiceless target. We argue that this finding, coupled with a consideration of the intra-participant and lexical trends in the data, is compatible with an approach that treats the two processes as being at different stages of development, where the [k∼tʃ] alternation is a completed phonemic change, while the [dʒ∼j] alternation is a synchronic phonological process.
... This is because Sudanese Arabic has preserved many ancient pronunciations and sequences that other dialects have long denied. This represents a stark change from Egyptian Arabic and a correction to some extent for current modern standards (Dickins, 2007). ...
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This study proposes a number of criteria, investigates in Arabic dialects and its types, it is a secondary source study; in other words, information is collected from primary sources such as websites, books, action/empirical research, case studies, observations and so on. Arabic is one of the world's great languages. Its graceful script, magnificent style and rich vocabulary give the language a unique character and flavor. Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic language family which also includes languages like Hebrew and Aramaic. like most other Semitic languages, Arabic is written from right to left. The origins of the Arabic language go back to pre-Islamic Arabia, where the tribes spoke local Arabic dialects. Arabic is the official language overall Arab countries, it is used for official speech, newspapers, public administration and school. In Parallel, for everyday communication, nonofficial talks, songs and movies, Arab people use their dialects which are inspired from Standard Arabic and differ from one Arabic country to another. These linguistic phenomena is called disglossia, a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community. It is observed Throughout all Arab countries, standard Arabic widely written but not used in everyday conversation, dialect widely spoken in everyday life but almost never written. A lot of works have been dedicated for written Arabic. Arabic dialects at near time were not studied enough. Interest for them is recent. First work for these dialects began in the last decade for middle-east ones.</p
... A further research objective in Working Together is stylistic analysis of the Quran, focusing in particular on the semiotics of sound, invoking a Saussurean-type view of the linguistic sign as '...a bi-unity of expression and content...' (Dickins 2007). Hence, another motivation for our Arabic > IPA transcription technology was to generate a phonemic representation of the entire text of the Quran as a more reliable basis for obtaining frequency distributions for individual letters/sounds. ...
Natural Language Processing Working Together with Arabic and Islamic Studies is a 2-year project funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) to study prosodic-syntactic mark-up in the Quran (Atwell et al 2013). Tajwīd or correct Quranic recitation is very important in Islam. The original insight informing this project is to view tajwīd mark-up in the Quran as additional text-based data for computational analysis. This mark-up is already incorporated into Quranic Arabic script, and identifies phrase boundaries of different strengths, plus lengthened syllables denoting prosodically and semantically salient words. We have developed a grapheme-phoneme mapping scheme (Brierley et al 2016), plus state-of-the-art software (Sawalha et al 2014) for generating a stressed and syllabified phonemic transcription or citation form for each word in the entire text of the Quran, using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This canonical pronunciation tier for Classical Arabic is informed and evaluated by Arabic linguists, tajwīd scholars, and phoneticians, and published in an open-source Boundary-Annotated Quran corpus and machine learning dataset (ibid). We utilise statistical techniques such as keyword extraction to explore semiotic relationships between sound and meaning in the Quran, invoking a Saussurean-type view of the sign as ‘...a bi-unity of expression and content...’ (Dickins 2007). Our investigation entails: (i) text data mining for statistically significant phonemes, syllables, words, and correlates of rhythmic juncture; and (ii) interpretation of results from interdisciplinary perspectives: Corpus Linguistics; tajwīd science; Arabic Linguistics; and Phonetics and Phonology.
... A further research objective in Working Together is stylistic analysis of the Quran, focusing in particular on the semiotics of sound, invoking a Saussurean-type view of the linguistic sign as '...a bi-unity of expression and content...' (Dickins 2007). Hence, another motivation for our Arabic > IPA transcription technology was to generate a phonemic representation of the entire text of the Quran as a more reliable basis for obtaining frequency distributions for individual letters/sounds. ...
Natural Language Processing Working Together with Arabic and Islamic Studies is a 2-year project funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) to study prosodic-syntactic mark-up in the Quran (Atwell et al 2013). Tajwīd or correct Quranic recitation is very important in Islam. The original insight informing this project is to view tajwīd mark-up in the Quran as additional text-based data for computational analysis. This mark-up is already incorporated into Quranic Arabic script, and identifies phrase boundaries of different strengths, plus lengthened syllables denoting prosodically and semantically salient words. We have developed a grapheme-phoneme mapping scheme (Brierley et al 2014), plus state-of-the-art software (Sawalha et al 2014) for generating a stressed and syllabified phonemic transcription or citation form for each word in the entire text of the Quran, using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). This canonical pronunciation tier for Classical Arabic is informed and evaluated by Arabic linguists, tajwīd scholars, and phoneticians, and published in an open-source Boundary-Annotated Quran corpus and machine learning dataset (ibid). We utilise statistical techniques such as keyword extraction to explore semiotic relationships between sound and meaning in the Quran, invoking a Saussurean-type view of the sign as ‘...a bi-unity of expression and content...’ (Dickins 2007). Our investigation entails: (i) text data mining for statistically significant phonemes, syllables, words, and correlates of rhythmic juncture; and (ii) interpretation of results from interdisciplinary perspectives: Corpus Linguistics; tajwīd science; Arabic Linguistics; and Phonetics and Phonology.
The adoption of online learning has increased significantly in recent times, especially after the coronavirus outbreak. In this situation, Face-to-face learning was interrupted partially or entirely and several universities around the globe adopted a variety of remote-based learning approaches. However, with the emergence of new teaching methods and technologies that give academic institutions the tools to mitigate the loss of in-person instruction, most institution in the developing world were not ready for such an abrupt change. In Algeria this transition to online learning has highlighted many challenges due the limited resources, including technological and human resources and the lack of e-culture and computer literacy among students, teachers, administrators and educational leaders. The aim of this paper is to analyze these challenges in order to strengthen the online learning system in Algeria. For this reason, a review of the literature on a set of previous studies will be presented, with the objective of understanding the issues and challenges facing Algerian academic institutions in relation to some countries in the Middle East / North Africa (MENA) region and Asia, followed by a discussion and brief recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the digital learning in Algeria
Time management and control are crucial for project success, and it has known an increasing interest by researchers around the world since the appearance of project management and until now. The aim of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of researches in this field. A bibliometric analysis of researches in time management and control published in the Web of Science (WoS) during 2012-2021 was conducted in order to find the most influential publications in this field, as well as, the countries that contribute the most to these researches, and the most used key words.
The VOS Viewer was used for mapping and visualizing bibliometric networks. The results show an increased trend of publications in this field. And that the major contributors to researches in Time Management and Control are People's Republic of China, the United States of America, and England. Moreover, Labadie (2004) was the most cited author. Also, the results show 3 main levels of keywords, the first was related to time management in general, the second was related to the models and systems using and the third concerning the tools, and methods used in time management and control.
These findings could help researchers to understand more the topic of time management and control, and it opens up the scope of view to conduct studies in related fields.
Keywords: Time Management, Time Control, Bibliometric Analysis, Web of Science, VOS Viewer.
The present study is a sociolinguistic investigation of the Al-Ahsa urban dialect (AU) in eastern Arabia, a dialect that belongs to the Najdi type of dialects. The focus of this investigation is on the dialect spoken in the urban centres of Al-Ahsa (Hofuf and Mubarraz). Two salient vocalic features of AU dialect are examined against internal (linguistic) constraints and 3 external (social) factors. Data are collected through sociolinguistic interviews with 36 native speakers, distributed over two age groups and with almost equal representation from both genders. Beside age and gender, variation in the use of these features is also measured in relation to the speakers’ socio-sectarian affiliation. The data are analysed within the framework of the quantitative variationist paradigm using Rbrul.
The first linguistic variable is rounding/unrounding of (ɑ:) in word medial position, of which unrounding is the innovative feature. The second variable is imala (vowel raising) in the
feminine ending in the unbound state, of which lowering is the innovative variant. Data analysis shows that the traditional rounding of (ɑ:), as well as, vowel raising in the feminine ending are undergoing change in the speech of Al-Ahsa people, and that there is a tendency to unround the vowel regarding the former variable, and to lower the short vowel in the latter in their speech. However, the rate of linguistic change in the first variable is noticeably higher than in the second one. The linguistic variable (a:) is associated with socio-sectarian identity and so this adds pressure to the force of change on that variable as compared to the feminine ending (-a) which has no direct sectarian association. Overall, Al-Ahsa dialect is levelling out of the local features and replacing them with features found in the supra-local variety in the central region of Saudi Arabia. This change is found to be influenced by the social factors of ‘age’, ‘gender’, and ‘socio-sectarian affiliation’.
The method of interpreting the results of the present study focuses on local issues that include the social composition of the community under investigation, community social practices, role of genders, social meaning of the linguistic choice.
The paper documents Emphasis spread in the Djelfa dialect ( DJ ) of Algerian Arabic with a special examination of the emphatic segments /sˤ/, /tˤ/ and /ðˤ/. If a given word contains an underlying emphatic segment, the nearby segments are also realized with emphasis. The dialect, however, differentiates two types of emphasis spread: unbounded leftward spread that propagates from the emphatic segment till the beginning of the phonological word; and bounded rightward spread that is blocked by a set of segments /i/, /j/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. Of particular interest in the current investigation is the behavior of emphasis spread ( ES ) with respect to morpheme boundaries. While the left morpheme edge is realized with ES , the right morpheme boundary is deemed resistant to ES unless an underlying emphatic segment falls prior to a - V ( C ) suffix. This is well captured by the interplay between the markedness constraints FAITH [ RTR ] SUFFIX and SHARE ( RTR ).
This paper aims at providing a linguistic overview of Rendók, an Arabic-based secret language developed by the urban youth of Northern and Central Sudan. Generally speaking, Rendók does not represent a coherent linguistic entity; it rather constitutes a large set of encrypting strategies that vary a great deal in accord to the sociolinguistic background of its speakers. Nonetheless, in the last twenty years a " standard " Rendók has gradually developed by resorting to metathesis and other formalized morphophonemic procedures. The present study is focused on this heretofore un-described countrywide variety of Rendók as spoken in Khartoum and in Kadugli (Southern Kordofan State). The first part of the paper deals with the socio-historical circumstances that led to the development and diffusion of Rendók in urban Sudan. A detailed morphophonemic description of enccrypting procedures follows. Besides and beyond, the morphological analysis delves into the relation between Rendók and Sudanese Arabic morphology with reference to both the formation of new lexemes and to the productive integration of borrowings. In the last part of the paper, the semantic aspects of Rendók (polysemy, homonymy, metaphors, metonymy) are analyzed. In this regard, it is noted that, in the most recent forms of Rendók, semantic abstraction surpasses morphological encoding as en encrypting strategy.
In some languages, syllable weight depends exclusively on vowel
length,
while in others, coda consonants add weight to syllables. In this paper
we
assume that syllable weight is reflected in moraic structure, and that
weight-bearing coda consonants are the exclusive dependents of a mora,
while weightless consonants share a mora with the preceding vowel. We
consider whether the durations of vowels and coda consonants reflect the
distinction between a segment which occupies its own mora and a segment
that shares a mora. We examine three patterns of coda weight, reflected
in
stress assignment: in Hindi, codas always contribute to syllable weight;
in
Malayalam, coda consonants are always weightless; and in Levantine
Arabic, coda weight is contextually determined, with word-internal codas
contributing to syllable weight following a short vowel, but weightless
following a long vowel. These phonological patterns translate into different
moraic representations of CVC and CVVC syllables across the
different languages. We examine the durations of vowels and coda
consonants in CV, CVC, CVV and CVVC syllables in Hindi, Malayalam
and Levantine Arabic, and find that in all three languages, segments that
we represent as mora-sharing are significantly shorter than segments that
we represent as occupying an independent mora. The striking differences
in durational patterns across the three languages correlate with the
different moraic representations proposed on the basis of phonological
patterning.
This study addresses physiological, acoustic, and linguistic issues in the production of the emphatic sounds [in text] and the pharyngeal sounds [in text]. Approximately 300 minutes of video recordings were obtained from nine Hebrew and Arabic speakers, using a fiberscope positioned in the upper pharynx and simultaneous audio recording through an external microphone. We also studied a cineradiographic film of three Arabic speakers. Results clearly show that all the emphatic sounds, when pronounced as such, share pharyngealization as a secondary articulation. A constriction is formed between the pharyngeal walls and the tip of the epiglottis, which tilts backwards. To a lesser degree, the lower part of the root of the tongue is also retracted. The data show that all the emphatic and pharyngeal sounds we studied are made with qualitatively the same pharyngeal constriction. However, the pharyngeal constriction is more extreme and less variable for the pharyngeal sounds, where it is the primary articulation, than for the emphatic sounds, where it is a secondary articulation. Because the same sort of pharyngealization is seen for all the emphatics, we use a common notational symbol, [in text], for all of them, including [in text] in place of /q/. We note that where pharyngeals and pharyngealized sounds were realized, the Hebrew and Arabic speakers produced them in essentially the same way.
An understanding of phonetics - of the mechanisms of speech, of how the sounds of language are produced, and of how they can be analysed and classified - is an essential acquirement for all those who have to deal with language and languages either theoretically or practically. This book is an introduction to general phonetics which explores the entire range of human sounds, systematically covering all types of modification of speech (breath, voice, whisper, creak, etc.), articulation (the ways in which the air stream is finally modulated to generate specific types of sound), and prosodic features (stress, syllable, tone, intonation, etc.). In addition, there is a chapter on sound systems - the ways in which particular languages utilize and systematize the universal sound-producing potential of man. The entire range of phonetic categories is introduced in 124 'experiments', to be carried out in the readrer's own vocal tract. In this way, the reader acquires a personal awareness of the principles of phonetic analysis and classification rather than a merely intellectual knowledge of them. This highly practical approach is informed throughout by recent research, particularly in the aerodynamics and acoustics of speech. NEW TO THE SECOND EDITION: New format and text design Updated usage of phonetic symobls in line with the most recent International Phonetic Alphabet Chart (1996) Revisions to 9 figures Text updated and clarified for ease of reading Revised further reading section with recent publications and more attention to aerodynamics, acoustics, and prosodies New references to the most important new publications
The theory of axiomatic functionalism, the basics and an outline of which is presented in this volume, is a peculiar theory. The basis of the approach - and this includes theory as well as methodology - is vastly different from what most readers will be used to in linguistics in general, even though some of it may be superficially reminiscent of that used in Hjelmslev's theory of glossematics. I have to say this right from the start, and it should be constantly kept in mind, because when the discussion proceeds this fact may be in danger of being lost sight of. The reason for this is that, qua content, the approach is a functionalist one, and one will find all sorts of concepts mentioned that seem utterly familiar to anyone who has any knowledge of European linguistics in general, and Prague-school, and functionalist, and glossematic linguistics in particular. But in spite of the apparent familiarity of the concepts, each one of them is ontologically different from a concept, perhaps of the same name, or even of closely similar material content, employed elsewhere, for the simple reason that it has a different ontogenesis. The distinctive feature of Axiomatic Functionalism, and the prime (but not the only) reason for the axiomatic approach adopted, is that the ontogenesis of concepts is traceable step by step. I firmly believe that only in this way can those concepts be fully known and understood, and that only under those conditions' can one proceed to analyses and explanations that are truly and fully scientific. It was for this reason that already in the early sixties I started to deviate from the more orthodox Saussurean and Functionalist ways of thinking, and conceived of the approach that is now called 'axiomatic functionalism'. © 1989 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. All rights reserved.
This book is the first comprehensive account of the phonology and morphology of Arabic. It is a pioneering work of scholarship based on the author's research in the region. Arabic is a Semitic language spoken by some 250 million people in an area stretching from Morocco in the West to parts of Iran in the East. Apart from its great intrinsic interest, the importance of the language for phonological and morphological theory lies, as the author shows, in its rich root-and-pattern morphology and its large set of guttural consonants. Dr Watson focuses on two eastern dialects, Cairene and San'ani. Cairene is typical of an advanced urban Mediterranean dialect and has a cultural importance throughout the Arab world; it is also the variety learned by most foreign speakers of Arabic. San'ani, spoken in Yemen, is representative of a conservative peninsula dialect. In addition the book makes extensive reference to other dialects as well as to classical and Modern Standard Arabic. The volume opens with an overview of the history and varieties of Arabic, and the position of Arabic within Semitic. Dialectal differences and similarities are discussed in successive chapters which cover the phoneme system and the representation of phonological features; the syllable and syllabification; word stress; derivational morphology; inflectional morphology; lexical phonology; and post-lexical phonology. The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic will be of great interest to Arabists and comparative Semiticists, as well as to phonologists, morphologists, and linguists more generally.
This book presents extended axiomatic functionalism as a linguistic theory, applies the theory in various areas including idiom and metaphor, and proposes a new approach to the relationship between sentence-linguistics and text-linguistics.
It is argued that the distinction between parallel and diverse determina- tion as proposed by Jan Mulder cannot be applied in linguistic description be- cause it relies on knowing the full composition of position classes. Although we may be intuitively satisfied that two position classes do or do not have the same composition, there are no scientifically valid methods that can confirm it. Ac- cording to Mulder, however, it is necessary to attempt to refute a hypothesis that they do not have the same composition, the attempt being successful if we can show that in fact the two classes are equivalent. What Mulder fails to acknowl- edge is that it is never possible to show this. If one was to hypothesise the exis- tence of an additional member for one of the classes but not the other, one would run up against the impossibility of refuting an existence postulate. Consequently, it is never possible to refute parallel determination, Mulder's precondition for es- tablishing diverse determination.
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The theory of Lexical Phonology, which forms one of the themes of this volume, was developed by Paul Kiparsky and K. P. Mohanan and first introduced in monographs appearing in the early 1980s (Kiparsky 1982a, b; Mohanan 1982). The number of phonologists that have begun to work within or in response to the theory in the short time since its appearance is worthy of remark. One reason that Lexical Phonology has sparked so much interest must surely be that it supplies new tools for analysis and new ways of approaching recalcitrant problems. But another part of its appeal lies in the way it comes as a natural outgrowth of and response to so many of the major trends in phonology and morphology in the last 15 years. Our purpose in writing this introduction is to trace the history of some ideas that come together in Lexical Phonology and to provide the reader with an overview of the model itself. In this we shall be covering some already well-trodden ground, for Kiparsky, Mohanan, and many of their colleagues and students have included eloquent introductions to Lexical Phonology within their articles. However, we trust that readers of the Phonology Yearbook will find it useful to have in hand an exposition of the different facets of the model and the recent challenges and modifications it has undergone. And while our intentions are more pedagogical than critical, we shall from time to time point out difficulties inherent in some or all versions of the model.
This paper aims to show how we can make progress in elucidating how people understand speech by changing our focus of inquiry from abstraction of formal units of linguistic analysis to a detailed analysis of global aspects of the communicative situation, of which speech is just one part. It uses evidence of (a) the communicative importance of fine phonetic detail and (b) exemplar memory for speech to explore the idea that, in certain normal, easy conversations at least, one may interpret the meaning of an utterance directly from the global sound pattern; reference to formal linguistic units of analysis, such as phonemes, words, and grammar, is incidental; circumstances dictate whether such reference takes place at all, and if it takes place, whether it does so after the meaning has been understood, before it has been understood, or simultaneously with the construction of meaning. The implications of this position are that speech perception does not demand early reference to abstract linguistic units, but instead, to flexible, dynamic organization of multi-modal (and modality-specific) memories; and that models of speech perception should reflect the multi-purpose function of phonetic information, and the polysystemic nature of speech within language. A preliminary model that reflects this theoretical position, Polsyp, is described. Polysp has intellectual antecedents in Hebbian principles, and current relevance to adaptive resonance theory (ART). Neuronal bases for initial processing of exemplars are briefly discussed. Hierarchical and more abstract processing arises in an ART-like, self-organizing dynamic system in which, once processing has begun, the sensory input is not effectively distinguishable from top-down knowledge. Understanding meaning is more important than identifying linguistic structure, and processing is strongly guided by rhythmic and attentional factors.
Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-262). Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1990. Photocopy.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1984. Vita: p. 265. Includes bibliographical references (p. 262-264). Photocopy.
this paper is that the gutturals of Semitic constitute a natural class. The major thesis is that sounds are classified by place of articulation as well as articulator. In particular, there is a [pharyngeal] place of articulation, referring to the region from oropharynx to larynx inclusive. Furthermore, I have argued that this region in the articulatory space makes sense under Perkell's (1980) characterization of features as "orosensory targets", given what is known about the different distribution of sensory nerves in the vocal tract. The principal source of evidence for this claim is the synchronic phonology of the Semitic languages, with occasional forays into diachrony and Afro-asiatic. I have comprehensively treated the recurrent phonological phenomena of Semitic involving the gutturals. I have also extended the results in a less comprehensive way to the pharyngealized consonants. It is customary to conclude a work like this by raising questions for further research. There are many, but two are particularly pressing. The first involves the locus of [pharyngeal] in an overall model of feature geometry along the lines of Clements (1985), Sagey (1986), and McCarthy (1988). Because of space limitations, I can only sketch the answer to that question here. In McCarthy (forthcoming), I argue that there is a division between Oral and [pharyngeal] place of articulation features: 44 (37) o Root Node o Laryngeal Node o Place Node [voice][const][spread] o Oral [lab][cor][dors] [pharyngeal] The claim is that [pharyngeal] can but need not pattern phonologically with the other place features [labial], [coronal], and [dorsal]. From a phonetic point of view, this model is quite plausible. The feature [pharyngeal] is defined in terms of a region of the vocal tract (the pharynx) and ...
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