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Public space and diversity: Distributive, procedural and interactional justice for parks
... Public spaces have always held great political significance as sites wherein the state reasserts its power through management and control, but also as forums for public action, participation and contestation (Madanipour, 1999). They are thus important in the creation and realisation of more just cities. Low (2013) emphasises that public spaces offer 'empirical means' for exploring diversity in relation to social justice, and indicates that one way of working towards justice in diverse areas is to gather knowledge about how public space is used and perceived by local residents with diverse ethnic, class, age, ability, racial and gender identities. Moreover, the study of encounters in public spaces is relevant to the interactional dimension of justice, which is reflected in whether people are treated in discriminatory ways, e.g. ...
... Moreover, the study of encounters in public spaces is relevant to the interactional dimension of justice, which is reflected in whether people are treated in discriminatory ways, e.g. being targeted for harassment, insults, or other rude behaviour (Low, 2013). The societal relevance of studying public spaces is particularly significant at this point in history, due to recurring incidents of racially-charged violence (the most recent example of which was the mass shooting in a mosque in Quebec City, Canada), increased policing and fear-mongering, intensified xenophobia, and heated debates regarding the plight of the growing number of refugees in many Western societies. ...
... For instance, high security measures and policing can discourage visible minorities and the urban poor from using public spaces, while white middle-class residents are often more comfortable with heavily-surveilled public spaces (Noble 2013). Similarly, Low (2013) contends that new immigrant groups in areas with large newcomer populations are often excluded due to a lack of sensitivity to the cultural barriers they face, e.g. inability to read or speak the official language, non-verbal cues of formal furnishings and dress, and signs of cultural representation. ...
Increasingly, public spaces are being regarded as important resources for fostering multi-cultural coexistence and for creating opportunities for cross-cultural understanding and dialogue, in that they can provide a platform wherein interactions across diverse backgrounds occur. This article explores the perceptions of public place in a highly diverse, post-war, modernist suburb of Toronto, and the extent to which public spaces play a role in fostering interactions between different groups and catering for diversity in the area. The analysis indicates that there is little evidence for encounters between diverse groups in public spaces, due to the lack of spatial infrastructure anticipated in the modernist design of the neighbourhood. In addition, social factors such as surveillance and policing, lack of appropriate symbols that cater to different user groups, and presence of gangs and violence have resulted in residents’ self-exclusion from public spaces and undermined the frequency and quality of their social encounters.
... It is widely reported that green and blue-green spaces are distributed heterogeneously through the urban territory associated with higher-income urban areas [47-51], so we expected lacustrine blue spaces to be negatively associated with the population in most marginalized zones similarly. If this is the case, it would indicate an inequitable distribution [52,53] regarding lacustrine blue spaces and the services they provide in the most populated cities in Mexico. ...
... Land 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 [52,53] regarding lacustrine blue spaces and the services they provide in the most populated cities in Mexico. ...
... The uneven distribution of natural and artificial blue spaces availability in the most populated cities of Mexico associated with the less marginalized zones could indicate, at least, a distributive environmental injustice [51,53] regarding urban lacustrine blue spaces. Distributive environmental injustice is widely reported for public space, albeit mainly for green spaces, including explanations of its causes and aspects of accessibility [47,49,51,53,91]. ...
Lacustrine blue spaces provide benefits to the urbanites and wildlife habitat. Their availability varies depending on the city in which they are established and intra-urban social interactions. We analyzed the presence, distribution, and size of lentic water bodies in Mexico's 145 most populated cities. We searched for patterns in their distribution concerning demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic data, aiming to understand their socio-ecological interactions in cities. We digitized lacustrine spaces to obtain their number per city, total surface, area of blue space per inhabitant, and surface as a percentage of the city's total area. We tested for relationships between their number and surface and city population, hydrological regions, and urban marginalization index through linear and generalized linear models. We delimited 1834 lacustrine blue spaces, finding almost two-thirds of them artificial. Their presence and surface in Mexican cities were generally low, except for hydrological regions close to the Gulf of Mexico. Their number and surface decreased as the urban marginalization index increased. The lack of equitable provision of lacustrine space at the national level has implications for urban planning and land management. Blue spaces should maximize their ecosystem services' provision for the whole society to promote cities' sustainability and resilience.
... Cultural events and organized activities that celebrate minority cultures produce material and symbolic representations of marginalized groups in park settings which makes people from these groups feel more welcome in, and more attached to, parks. If people are not represented in parks they will not use them (Low, 2013), so programming can allow marginalized or less visible communities to "self-identify" (Glover, 2015). Representation can be achieved through physical features (monuments, interpretation) and symbolic gestures (names of spaces), but also through events and activities (Low, 2013). ...
... If people are not represented in parks they will not use them (Low, 2013), so programming can allow marginalized or less visible communities to "self-identify" (Glover, 2015). Representation can be achieved through physical features (monuments, interpretation) and symbolic gestures (names of spaces), but also through events and activities (Low, 2013). Existing research tends to focus on the ways events and activities are experienced, but the planning and organization of park programming are important too. ...
... The framework is grounded in Franck and Stevens' (2007) notion of loose space and the related ideas that parks need to be accessible and flexible to be inclusive. It also draws on the widely accepted theory that positive contact between different groups promotes greater awareness and acceptance of differences (Allport, 1954) and acknowledges that users need to be able to identify with park environments (Low, 2013). Put simply, inclusive park space is that which is: accessible; flexible; sociable; and relatable. ...
... Here, fences erected around a soccer pitch came to symbolise a wider conflict over the way the field attracted Latin American users to a white wealthy neighbourhood (Trouille, 2014). Opposition to fences grounded in worries about racism is also a prominent theme in Low's (2013) research on Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Here, fences were erected to restrict access to a heritage feature that was being restored, but Black residents interpreted them as barriers to keep them out of the white part of the park. ...
... Here, fences were erected to restrict access to a heritage feature that was being restored, but Black residents interpreted them as barriers to keep them out of the white part of the park. As these (temporary) fences restricted access for all groups, Low (2013) suggests that the consultation of some residents but not others, and therefore the lack of procedural justice, fuelled feelings of exclusion. ...
... If fences tell us 'where we belong' and 'who we are' (Dreicer, 1996), then festival fences remind us that urban parks are becoming more exclusive sites which privilege those willing and able to consume. To tackle related procedural injustice (Low, 2013), it is important to scrutinise decision making to understand if and how communities can influence the location, specifications and lifespan of temporary fencing. Democratic accountability is usually provided via oversight by municipal authorities, but the rise of entrepreneurial park governance, lacklustre consultation and the location of large parks on Borough boundaries can distance local people from decision making (Smith, 2021). ...
Pale is the Old English word for fence, and the phrase 'to go beyond the pale' means to stray beyond the limits of acceptable action. In this critical commentary I discuss whether the installation of temporary fencing in public parks to secure ticketed festivals is now beyond the pale. Fences restrict access but they also affect how park spaces are perceived, used and managed. I use photographs taken in three different London parks to illustrate the materiality of these temporary structures, but also their aesthetic impact, symbolic significance and lasting legacies. I argue that temporary fences have enduring effects on parks and public spaces by discouraging everyday use, by preparing the ground for future incursions, and by normalising and festivalising barriers that restrict access. My commentary highlights the often overlooked importance of fences and illustrates the splintered and sequestered nature of contemporary cities-where citizens are increasingly fenced off.
... Additionally, public green places can be democratic spaces for expressions of consensus or protest, as well as renewing a sense of belonging and social liveliness. Since demographic changes have a significant impact on communities, the uneven distribution of urban green spaces in an unbalanced and inappropriate way is a major issue in cities. Unequal access gives rise to environmental injustice (Kabisch et al. 2016), social injustice (Low 2013) and composite social-environmental injustice (Rigolon et al. 2022). Therefore, it is vital for the uniform involvement of all affected population groups in the decision-making and planning processes of green spaces to limit discriminatory provisions (Low 2013). ...
... Since demographic changes have a significant impact on communities, the uneven distribution of urban green spaces in an unbalanced and inappropriate way is a major issue in cities. Unequal access gives rise to environmental injustice (Kabisch et al. 2016), social injustice (Low 2013) and composite social-environmental injustice (Rigolon et al. 2022). Therefore, it is vital for the uniform involvement of all affected population groups in the decision-making and planning processes of green spaces to limit discriminatory provisions (Low 2013). ...
... Moreover, S7 is another important factor since urban green spaces must be accessible to the public, as according to respondents, accessibility is the key to the effective social and ecological functioning of cities. The role of accessibility to urban green spaces is especially important for children, the elderly and the disabled in high-density areas because they will benefit the most from their living environment (Low 2013). Regarding S12, due to the unbalanced distribution of public services and facilities in some green spaces including booths, small teahouses, and catering shops users are less willing to visit certain areas which decreases the vitality of some public green spaces. ...
Green spaces are foundational to urban social sustainability and solidarity since they are accessible to all citizens without discrimination or restriction. Such spaces enable social interactions, and as places of convergence offer a sense of belonging, participation and social sustainability. Green spaces also can directly contribute to SDG 11 “Sustainable cities and communities". This research investigates the effects of urban green spaces on the promotion of social sustainability in a case study of Tehran, Iran. By adopting both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study employs a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis in combination with an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) implemented in Expert Choice software and focus group discussions. Results revealed that in order to improve social sustainability, the risk of growing insecurity in green areas among citizens and the spreading of disease due to proximity to dangerous sites were the highest overall priority values. In contrast, the lowest overall priority values belonged to the factors of sports equipment for physical activities and intellectual games and lack of attention to trees and seasonal flowers in some obsolete green spaces.
... De esta manera, la justicia ambiental está relacionada también con las formas en las que se crea y gestiona el territorio (Arriaga-Legarda y Pardo-Buendía, 2011). De acuerdo con Low (2013), la justicia ambiental tiene tres dimensiones, la distributiva, que se refiere a la asignación justa de los espacios públicos; la procesal, que se relaciona con la integración justa de todos los grupos afectados en la planificación y decisión de un espacio público; y, por último, la interaccional, que trata de la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales en un lugar específico y si las personas interactúan de forma segura. Así, la justicia ambiental en relación con las áreas verdes estaría dada, en principio, por la igual asignación de superficie de área verde por habitante, independientemente de su estatus socioeconómico, pero sin dejar de lado que existen otros factores como la accesibilidad o la seguridad de estas áreas. ...
... Xalapa no escapa a la tendencia nacional, y también internacional, de injusticia ambiental en relación con la distribución de los espacios verdes urbanos, ya reportada también para Tijuana, Baja California Si bien la justicia ambiental va más allá de una desigual distribución de las áreas verdes, entendidas como espacios naturales que proporcionan servicios en beneficios de la sociedad, esa falta de equitatividad, aunada a diferencias socioeconómicas son un indicativo de injusticia ambiental, el cual no debe ser soslayado (Low, 2013;Ramírez-Guevara et al., 2015; Ayala-Azcárraga y Canteiro, 2021). ...
... Lo anterior implica dotar de áreas verdes en las zonas carentes de ellas en Xalapa, en la medida de lo posible y según su pertinencia, para minimizar así las desigualdades ambientales en la ciudad. Ya que los espacios verdes urbanos son un producto social, generado por y para la sociedad (Martínez-Valdés et al., 2020), son importantes la participación y acciones de los diferentes actores y tomadores de decisiones en el manejo y planeación de las áreas verdes urbanas (Andersson et al., 2014;Flores-Xolocotzi y González-Guillén, 2007;Low, 2013;Wolch et al., 2014), encaminadas a su equitativa distribución en la ciudad para beneficio de toda la población, independientemente de su nivel socioeconómico o características demográficas. ...
Las áreas verdes proporcionan beneficios y servicios ambientales y sociales a la población, sin embargo, generalmente, se distribuyen heterogéneamente en las ciudades, ligado a un aprovisionamiento desigual de tales beneficios, con implicaciones de justicia ambiental. Con base en un análisis cartográfico y estadístico, se evaluó la dotación y distribución espacial de las áreas verdes urbanas públicas en Xalapa, México, así como su relación con el Índice de Marginación Urbana del Consejo Nacional de Población. En Xalapa, la distribución de las áreas verdes mostró un patrón agrupado; el 47 % de las colonias de la ciudad no cuentan con áreas verdes y la menor dotación y superficie de áreas verdes estuvieron relacionadas con altos índices de marginación. Como en muchas otras ciudades en México, lo anterior constituye un indicio de una falta de justicia ambiental distributiva en la ciudad, así como de una necesidad de planteamientos de diseño y rediseño viables para el alcance de una dotación menos heterogénea de áreas verdes en la ciudad.
... The green gentrification cycle builds on environmental justice research examining the temporal processes through which environmental amenities and demographic groups co-locate in given neighbourhoods (Boone et al., 2009;Rigolon and Ne´meth, 2021). Here, we conceptualise environmental justice in relation to greening initiatives as consisting of four interrelated dimensions: distributional, procedural, recognitional and interactional justice (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. Distributional justice describes equitable access to environmental amenities and exposure to environmental hazards between social groups (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. ...
... Here, we conceptualise environmental justice in relation to greening initiatives as consisting of four interrelated dimensions: distributional, procedural, recognitional and interactional justice (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. Distributional justice describes equitable access to environmental amenities and exposure to environmental hazards between social groups (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. Procedural justice describes inclusive decision-making processes about environmental amenities and hazards, where the interests of disadvantaged people are well-represented (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. ...
... Distributional justice describes equitable access to environmental amenities and exposure to environmental hazards between social groups (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. Procedural justice describes inclusive decision-making processes about environmental amenities and hazards, where the interests of disadvantaged people are well-represented (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2004Schlosberg, , 2007. Recognitional justice involves accounting for the experiences of oppression of disadvantaged groups (e.g. ...
Significant research has shown that gentrification often follows the implementation of greening initiatives (e.g. new parks) in cities worldwide, in what scholars have called ‘green gentrification’. A few other studies in the Global North suggest that greening initiatives might be disproportionately located in disadvantaged neighbourhoods that are gentrifying as opposed to disadvantaged areas experiencing continuous disinvestment. Building on these findings, in this critical commentary we present the green gentrification cycle, which sheds light on the complex spatiotemporal relationships between greening and gentrification. The cycle posits that gentrification can precede greening, gentrification can follow greening and, in some cases, gentrification can both precede and then follow greening. We present the actors and processes involved in intentionally steering greening to already gentrifying communities and discuss them through an environmental justice lens. Specifically, we propose three complementary explanations for why gentrification precedes greening, including demand from gentrifiers, push from the green growth machine and increased resource availability in gentrifying communities. We then present a research agenda on the green gentrification cycle, including the need for a better understanding of how the cycle might materialise in places with varying political economies, such as the Global South.
... Nos Estados Unidos, Nova Iorque, em particular, respondeu a essas mudanças de inúmeras formas, que podem ser conceituadas através de uma noção expandida de securitização que incluem estratégias afetivas, físicas, espaciais, legais, regulatórias e financeiras como domínios de controle interconectados, que reforçam-se mutuamente. (LOW, 2013) Estas mudanças também podem ser vistas em São José, na Costa Rica, mas não na mesma proporção. Por exemplo, uma nova estrutura do sentimento e um medo dos outros emergiu e substituiu um clima afetivo de tolerância e apreço pela diversidade. 1 Em Nova Iorque, por exemplo, após o 11 de setembro, foram decretadas leis para permitir que seguranças, militares e a polícia parassem e revistassem indivíduos e têm encorajado tolerância-zero nas prisões e formas mais agressivas de policiamento. ...
... No tocante ao reconhecimento, estudos sobre a Times Square e a Herald Square (BRASH, 2012;CHESLUK, 2000;LOW 2013;MILLER, 2006,) constatam que vendedores senegaleses, indivíduos e famílias que estão desabrigados, imigrantes à espera de trabalho, mendigos, alguns tipos de vendedores ambulantes e pessoas transeuntes, e alguns grupos de adolescentes negros, não são reconhecidos como usuários legítimos do espaço público. Regras e regulamentos sobre circular e dormir no espaço público são utilizados para expulsar e restringir a presença desses grupos não reconhecidos. ...
A publicação é resultado de uma série de textos que dão conta de processos sociais que têm efeitos sobre os modos como as pessoas vivem na cidade. Seus organizadores propõem o fomento de discussões em torno de temas como as perspectivas históricas sobre o processo urbano no Brasil, o acesso ao espaço público e a securitização do espaço urbano e o acesso de diferentes atores sociais aos espaços da cidade. A importância dessas discussões partem do pressuposto de que diálogos interdisciplinares são essenciais para compreender e amadurecer os debates sobre o que ocorre hoje nas cidades, especialmente latino-americanas.
... perspectives) injustices in PPAs impacting BIPOC communities (Low, 2013;Rigolon, 2017;Rigolon et al., 2022;Whyte, 2011). ...
... This study leveraged research from three distinct areas-environmental justice (e.g., Low, 2013;Rigolon, 2017;Rigolon et al., 2022;Whyte, 2011), leisure facilitators (e.g., Kim et al., 2011;Raymore, 2002;Son et al., 2022) and AOR participation and constraints (e.g., Rushing et al., 2019;Scott & Lee, 2018;Sene-Harper et al., 2022;Stodolska et al., 2019;White, 2008;Wilhelm Stanis et al., 2009)-in an effort to develop and advance new theoretical and professional directions for racial equity facilitators in the context of AOR. We build on prior studies that demonstrate the importance of racial equity in AOR constraints and the influence of underlying systemic environmental factors on leisure participation, including factors which may preclude individuals from attempting to participate or experience certain constraints (Floyd & Stodolska, 2019;Ravenscroft et al., 2005;Samdahl, 2005). ...
... In this regard, justice invariably has a spatial dimension, while at the same time, geographical conditions inherently contain elements of both justice and injustice. When considering environmental justice in urban blue-green spaces, three critical aspects focus on distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice [32,37]. This multi-faceted understanding of justice transcends the narrow scope of a merely distributional approach that focuses solely on the equitable allocation of resources [18,43,79] among various involving the fair inclusion of all affected parties in decision-making processes. ...
... This multi-faceted understanding of justice transcends the narrow scope of a merely distributional approach that focuses solely on the equitable allocation of resources [18,43,79] among various involving the fair inclusion of all affected parties in decision-making processes. Interactional justice aims to address the unique needs, values, and preferences of all stakeholders in a manner that is safe, fair, and environmentally friendly [37,60,74]. ...
... Long before the COVID-19 pandemic, critical studies stressed that public space was unjustly distributed or restricted for vulnerable populations, including groups with precarious education, groups with precarious jobs and/or housing situations, migrants, and ethnic minorities (Low 2016;Low and Iveson 2016;Soja 2010). An increasing number of scholars indicate that, although limited, the practices performed in public spaces are crucial for the agency-the process leading to the ability to make choices and act to overcome oppression-of vulnerable populations, such as migrants and low-income groups (Caillol 2018;Sniekers 2018). ...
... Beyond a matter of distribution, availability, and accessibility of space, recognition justice aims to ensure that public space fulfills the needs of its users (Kronenberg et al. 2020), an area that we examine in our investigation. The indiscrimination of public space users' different attitudes, perceptions, behaviors, and uses is a pre-condition for recognition justice (Low 2016). ...
Despite the growing body of work on how COVID-19 impacts the use of public space, few studies focused on vulnerable social groups. This article outlines a systematic analysis of the use of public space by migrant domestic workers before and after the pandemic outbreak in Hong Kong. The analysis reveals changes in behavioral patterns, and we discuss them as part of an ongoing conflictual renegotiation of rights and space alongside the dual nature of invisibility. The growing invisibility of migrant workers prompts unresolved questions of rights, spatial and recognitional justice, and acceptance of diversity in the global neoliberal city.
... In this regard, justice invariably has a spatial dimension, while at the same time, geographical conditions inherently contain elements of both justice and injustice. When considering environmental justice in urban blue-green spaces, three critical aspects focus on distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice [32,37]. This multi-faceted understanding of justice transcends the narrow scope of a merely distributional approach that focuses solely on the equitable allocation of resources [18,43,79] among various involving the fair inclusion of all affected parties in decision-making processes. ...
... This multi-faceted understanding of justice transcends the narrow scope of a merely distributional approach that focuses solely on the equitable allocation of resources [18,43,79] among various involving the fair inclusion of all affected parties in decision-making processes. Interactional justice aims to address the unique needs, values, and preferences of all stakeholders in a manner that is safe, fair, and environmentally friendly [37,60,74]. ...
... We build on these studies by conducting a more holistic examination of environmental justice implications of open streets, or an evaluation of the equity dimensions of such programs (Descant, 2020;Thomas, 2020;Yasin, 2020). Environmental justice goes beyond issues of distribution to include procedural, interactional, and recognitional justice (Fraser, 1995;Low, 2013;Rawls, 1971;Schlosberg, 2004). These three additional aspects of environmental justice relate respectively to: how decisions are made and by whom; how interpersonal interactions reflect distributions of power and oppression; and the longer trajectory of both oppression and community strength, resistance, and resilience. ...
... On an interactional justice level, minoritized residents may feel the impact of increased displacement anxieties as they watch recent, wealthier, and often white neighbors pedal through their communities on increasing miles of freshly striped lanes. Even though these lanes are generally part of an attempt to provide comprehensive citywide bicycle and pedestrian access-addressing distributional justice issues-when imposed upon longterm residents without consultation, these investments can constitute procedural injustices (Low, 2013). They also fail to recognize the historical context of planning for, rather than planning with, such communities, the resentment and trauma that is evoked from those community memories, and the socioeconomic context of gentrification (Fullilove et al., 2016;Goodman, 1971;Sandercock & Lyssiotis, 2003). ...
ABSTRACT In this paper, we study open street initiatives through a holistic definition of environmental justice, shedding light on three potential paradoxes of such initiatives: the engagement, hegemony, and displacement paradoxes. We use a mixed-methods approach integrating interviews and spatial analyses, focusing on three cities with permanent programs: Denver, Oakland, and Seattle. Our findings for the engagement paradox show that cities with existing equity planning relationships were better suited to address procedural justice tensions between the need to act swiftly due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessity to adequately engage racially/ethnically minoritized communities in planning open streets. For the hegemony paradox, we find a tension between distributional and recognitional justice, wherein open streets might have been available in minoritized communities but such streets did not meet their needs. In the displacement paradox, respondents suggested that green gentrification concerns were a barrier to the equitable implementation of open streets.
... More recently, scholars and activists have adopted environmental justice as an approach to examine differential access to environmental services and amenities by diverse groups. Significant attention has been paid to access and distribution of urban green spaces like parks, street trees, community gardens, and riparian corridors [51][52][53][54][55][56]. Studies show that access is highly stratified based on income and ethno-racial characteristics, as well as gender and (dis)ability [52,57,58]. ...
... The scope of this scholarship is expanding beyond the triumvirate of distribution, procedural, and recognition justice to include interactional and mobility justice [17]. Interactional justice draws attention to the quality of and for interpersonal interactions in a specific environment [13,55,60]. Scholars have paid attention to how the design and management of public spaces may influence whether these spaces are experienced as welcoming or hostile by vulnerable populations [61,62]. ...
Municipalities, their utilities and resource managers are designing and implementing policies and programs toward climate adaptation, which means governing urban water resources differently. Urban water managers are thus expanding their roles and responsibilities through the installation and maintenance of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) systems. This system expansion is perhaps more striking for water utilities administering GSI-related programs because they acquire a role that has an impact on how residents and neighborhoods will differentially experience the effects of climate change. Through an in-depth qualitative study of a GSI program in Tucson, Arizona, USA, we contribute to the socio-environmental justice framework with specific attention to distributive, procedural, recognition, interactional, and mobility justice. We highlight that a socio-environmental justice approach requires resource managers and decision-makers to recognize and respect the ways in which people’s everyday relationship to water and water infrastructure is impacted by culturally mediated social norms and values, as well as legacies of exclusion and inclusion in urban development and resource governance. Thus, we argue that discussions around water equity in urban water governance need to be placed within a socio-environmental justice framework to address historical inequalities and ensure these are not reproduced through GSI.
... Solche Fragen nach der räumlichen Ungleichverteilung von Umweltnutzen und Umweltbelastungen in Städten werden in den Vereinigten Staaten seit den 1980er-Jahren unter dem Begriff Environmental Justice diskutiert (Low 2013(Low , 2016Maschewsky 2001). Die räumliche Ungleichverteilung ist dabei auch eine soziale und politische Frage, wenn man die grundlegenden Pfade der Herausbildung und Manifestation von Einkommens-und Bildungsungerechtigkeit in Städten weltweit offenlegt. ...
... Die Ethnologin und Anthropologin Setha Low (2013Low ( , 2016 hat am Fallbeispiel New York City folgende zentrale Dimensionen von Umweltgerechtigkeit differenziert, die den oben diskutierten AAA-Dreiklang "availability, accessibility, attractiveness" nach Biernacka und Kronenberg (2018) in Bezug auf Gerechtigkeitsfragen wunderbar spiegeln (. Abb. ...
Partizipation zielt als zentrales Instrument der Mitgestaltung darauf ab, die Stadtbevölkerung in die Planung von Städten einzubeziehen. Die Möglichkeiten, eigene Interessen in Stadtentwicklungsprozesse einzubringen, sind jedoch in der Stadtgesellschaft ungleich verteilt. Insbesondere marginalisierten Stadtbewohner*innen fehlen oft die notwendigen Ressourcen, um ihren Interessen Gehör zu verschaffen. Das Kapitel beleuchtet verschiedene Verständnisse von Partizipation und ordnet diese in theoretische Perspektiven der (geographischen) Stadtforschung ein. Ausgewählte Partizipationsformate werden anhand von Praxisbeispielen veranschaulicht, die sowohl formelle Beteiligungsverfahren als auch informelle Methoden der Partizipation und Modi der Zusammenarbeit von Wissenschaft und Praxis umfassen. Abschließend diskutiert dieses Kapitel die vorgestellten Praxisbeispiele im Hinblick auf ihre Potenziale, Stadt auch für marginalisierte Stadtbewohner*innen zu ermöglichen und Stadtentwicklung trotz bestehender Machtstrukturen kollaborativ auszuhandeln.
... Distributional justice considers the fair allocation of ecosystem services (Kabisch & Haase, 2014), as well as acknowledging the historic inequalities embedded in ecosystem services production and consumption (Andersson et al., 2019;. The procedural justice dimension concerns how decisions are made, which affected groups participate in design, planning and management of public spaces, and on what terms (Low, 2013;Martin et al., 2016;Schlosberg, 2007). Recognition acknowledges that social cohesion and functioning of the community, not solely individual exposures, is crucial to environmental justice (Schlosberg, 2013). ...
... Distributional justice is closely related to procedural justice. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of social integration (including strong social networks) on accessibility to public parks, meaningful engagement of local communities, as well as open communication with residents in the languages of different ethnic groups (Enssle & Kabisch, 2020;Low, 2013;Verheij et al., 2020). They support early theoretical works on spatial justice demonstrating that the distribution of UGBS is equally important to the perceived fairness of the allocation process (Cropanzano & Randall, 1993;Tyler & Blader, 2003). ...
In the last two decades, there has been an exponential increase in application of public participation GIS (PPGIS) methods to urban green and blue space (UGBS) planning. However, integrating different elements of environmental justice in PPGIS research is still in its infancy, especially in regards to the deep and less visible issues related to recognition and participation of different groups in local green space planning and management. Here we present a new method for assessing perceived recognition and procedural justice with respect to UGBS in the Amager island of Copenhagen, Denmark. We collected survey data together with 2187 place-based values and preferences from 298 local residents. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis, we classified respondents in four clusters representing low to high perceived recognition and procedural justice. We then examined how these clusters relate to socio-demographics and the spatial distribution of mapped values and preferences. Results indicated no significant differences in terms of income and age between clusters. However, there was clear variation in the spatial distribution and type of values and preferences respondents from different clusters assigned, particularly for those who feel unrecognized and do not participate in local environmental decision-making compared to all other groups. In addition, gender had a significant effect on the perceptions of recognition and procedure. Female respondents scored lower on procedural justice than male and mapped landscape values and preferences closer to home than males, thus suggesting that gender inequalities can be deeply embedded in everyday public spaces and practices. Planning inclusive and environmentally just UGBS requires not only incorporating such gender perspectives, but a more flexible, intersectional and relational understanding of space that reflects the everyday needs of different and marginalized groups.
... As noted, these documented green space inequities raise concern for environmental justice (Kabisch and Haase 2014;Rigolon, Browning, and Jennings 2018a;Wolch, Byrne, and Newell 2014) due to their implications for health inequities (Connolly et al. 2023). Environmental justice includes three dimensions (Kabisch and Haase 2014;Low 2013). When focusing on green space, distributional justice describes the fair provision of green space among all demographic groups. ...
Much research has documented green space inequities, but no review has examined their determinants holistically. To address this gap, we conduct a narrative review to synthesize the historical and recent mechanisms contributing to green space inequities in U.S. cities. We identify 77 publications covering this topic and find that two complementary macro-mechanisms shape green space inequities: residential segregation and unequal green space investments. Historical mechanisms include racial residential segregation, redlining, and postwar suburbanization. More recent mechanisms include nonprofits' involvement in green space provision, green gentrification, and contemporary plans. Moving toward green space equity requires addressing both historical and current mechanisms.
... Understanding how inequalities perpetuate due to direct and indirect risk is a key step toward distributional justice, which lies at the core of environmental and climate justice (Low, 2013;McDermott et al., 2013). Climate justice considers local impacts, vulnerabilities, the importance of community voice, and demands for community sovereignty and functioning in both the short-and long terms (Schlosberg & Collins, 2014). ...
Climate change and natural hazard risk assessments often overlook indirect impacts, leading to a limited understanding of the full extent of risk and the disparities in its distribution across populations. This study investigates distributional justice in natural hazard impacts, exploring its critical implications for environmental justice, equity, and resilience in adaptation planning. We employ high‐resolution spatial risk assessment and origin–destination routing to analyze coastal flooding and sea‐level rise scenarios in Aotearoa New Zealand. This approach allows the assessment of both direct impacts (property exposure) and indirect impacts (physical isolation from key amenities) on residents. Indirect impacts, such as isolation and reduced access to resources, have significant adverse effects on well‐being, social cohesion, and community resilience. Including indirect impacts in risk assessments dramatically increases the overall population burden, while revealing complex effects on existing inequalities. Our analysis reveals that including indirect impacts increases the overall population burden, but the effect on inequalities varies. These inequalities can be exacerbated or attenuated depending on scale and location, underscoring the need for decision‐makers to identify these nuanced distributions and apply context‐specific frameworks when determining equitable outcomes. Our findings uncover a substantial number of previously invisible at‐risk residents—from 61,000 to 217,000 nationally in a present‐day event—and expose a shift in impact distribution toward underserved communities. As indirect risks exacerbate disparities and impede climate adaptation efforts, adopting an inclusive approach that accounts for both direct and indirect risks and their [un]equal distribution is imperative for effective and equitable decision‐making.
... The impact of global and local integration on the social functioning of neighbourhood green public open spaces (GPOS) 4 groups, adaptive planning with no separation between these users will allow the use of various populations and promote social justice (Low, 2013). ...
Neighbourhood parks and boulevards are important parts of the urban environment, but mere quantitative allocation of open space is not, in itself, sufficient to ensure their social success. The manner and extent of Green Public Open Space (GPOS) use depends upon a variety of parameters. This study focuses on one such parameter: how integrated their location is in the street network. Our research seeks to systematically examine-using the space syntax approach-the impact of different combinations of global and local integration on (a) the movement and (b) the activities performed by their various users. We therefore ask: What is the relationship between a GPOS' neighbourhood/city integration and (a) their co-presence potential? (b) their variety of users and activities? We divided the GPOS in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area into four integration categories based on neighbourhood and city-scale levels of angular integration. Next, we conducted observations in a representative sample, collecting data on number of users, diversity of ages, gender, activities, and grouping. We found significant connections between the GPOS' integration categories and their social function. GPOS with high city-scale integration had higher co-presence potential, but it was the neighbourhood scale that influenced the variety of activities and ages of those present in the GPOS. While high neighbourhood-scale integration positively affects the daily movement of the large adult age group, low neighbourhood-scale integration was associated with leisure activities undertaken by other, smaller age groups.
... This has led to the disparate occurrence of remote public spaces (Macedo & Haddad, 2016), poorer quality features like bare parks (Crouse et al., 2017;Shanahan et al., 2015), run down playgrounds (Díaz Montemayor, 2019), and broken down facilities and amenities (Kruszyńska & Poczta, 2020;Vaughan et al., 2013). With regard to design and planning, there is a history of limited engagement efforts and planning ordinances that led to the segregation of lower-income populations to underserved areas (Low, 2016). Such experiences have yielded a culture of disengagement steeped in the mistrust in planning and design professionals . ...
Social space production theorizes space as a socially constructed phenomenon, comprising of the expectations of society, technical design decisions, and the physical features that result. This theorization of space is especially relevant to recreational public spaces (e.g. parks, playgrounds, community centres) in low-income settings. This is because, the power linkages between technical decisions and neo-capitalist influence, have in some instances, translated to physical features for recreation that do not meet societal expectations or ideals on use. However, recognized opportunities of use (i.e. perceived accessibility) are yet to be examined through the physical, technical, and social facets that collectively guide considerations, as theorized in social space production. Our study hence adopts social space production as a lens to examine perceived accessibility to public recreational spaces in low-income residential contexts. Participatory mapping interviews with resident leads in a low-income residential context in the United States, revealed three thematic considerations. The themes were namely: physical ease of use, planning and design experiences, and social interactions with and within space. Our findings demonstrate that multifaceted considerations, which are pertinent to physical, technical, and social aspects of social space production, are informative to perceived accessibility.
... These studies demonstrate the importance of both procedural and recognition justice of green space planning and management to overcome or restore unjust distribution of green spaces and their benefits. Procedural justice concerns how decisions are made, which groups participate in design, planning and management of public spaces, and on what terms (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2007). Recognition justice relates to the recognition of diversity of individual and group identities as well the diversity of values of nature, and practices of use and production of greenspaces (Calderón-Argelich et al., 2021;Langemeyer & Connolly, 2020;Schlosberg, 2007). ...
... We interpret this awareness of different social groups' preferences as a question of interactional justice. This includes asking which social groups are being considered, and which are not, and if UGS Fig. 4: Changing importance of characteristics in UGS since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic from strong increase (+ 2) to strong decrease (− 2) in importance Source: authors' elaboration enable random encounters between park visitors (Low, 2013). One way to ensure the inclusion of multiple necessities is to let residents participate in park design and development, improving the procedural dimension of justice (Anguelovski et al., 2020) in UGS development. ...
Crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic challenge some established human-landscape interactions notably. In this article, we analyse whether the pandemic had an impact on the perception of urban green spaces (UGS) and usage behaviours in Leipzig, Germany. We use a quantitative survey to understand people's attitudes. Our study is novel in that it firstly explores the relationship between UGS and visitors during the final phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (winter 2022/2023), contrary to the vast majority of already existing studies that relied on digitally distributed surveys due to the lockdown protocols. Secondly our study does not apply exclusively online methods to reach out to the participants. The survey results show that about 40% (of the 115 participants) use parks more frequently during the final phase of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before 2020. Characteristics such as proximity to home, naturalness and cleanliness have become the most relevant. We see a notable increase in the demand for secure public green spaces, particularly among female visitors. Every second respondent confirmed experiencing considerable difficulties when accessing UGS, revealing the existing (spatial) deficits in environmental justice. These results should be considered by urban planners to adapt UGS to the changing demands of the citizens.
... The objective of the study is to determine if residents enjoy equal benefits from these green spaces. Resultantly, the paper will also engage the first dimension of environmental justice-that of distributive justice, which addresses fairness in provision of public spaces and related resources within the South African context (Low, 2013). ...
Public green spaces, commonly known as parks, play an important socio-psychological, physical, and ecological role within cities. They are believed to support active lifestyles, promote citizenship, reduce air pollution, and offer recreational opportunities and psychological restoration. As a result, parks are designed to serve multiple functions. However, previous studies have found that the quality of parks fluctuates depending on the wealth of residents. This variation in quality (supply of park area or facilities) is expected to affect the utilisation (potential demand) of parks, which in turn reduces the benefits derived from these spaces. This paper sought to investigate if the quality of green spaces affects the utilisation of parks in Potchefstroom, South Africa. It observed three parksin three suburbs in the city to compare the quality provided. Furthermore, qualitative data was collected at each park through 30 semi-structured interviews to determine if the utilisation of the parks was affected by their quality. The analysis indicated that there are marked discrepancies in the quality of parks based on the wealth of the residential areas. However, this did not affect the utilisation of the parks. On the contrary, the study found that poor quality parks in lower-income areas were used more frequently, although not in the traditional sense. The study’s findings shed light on the green infrastructure inequality in South African cities and display the alternative usages of open spaces. The study calls for a review on how green spaces are planned in South Africa and how municipal finances could be used more efficiently and effectively to plan these spaces.
... Enssle & Kabish mention lower participation among older people [53]. Moreover, a study by Low on procedural justice for public spaces [86] shows how minority groups within older people, such as migrants, were found reluctant to engage in participation processes. Linked to this, Van Hoose & Savini [85] conclude in their study that the need for a strong group identity carries the risk of exclusion. ...
Background
An important consequence of climate change for urban health is heat-related mortality. Vulnerable groups, especially elderly, will be the most affected. A solution put forward in many reports and policy documents is the introduction or expansion of urban green spaces. While they have a proven effect in decreasing the ambient temperature and reducing heat related mortality, the causal pathways are far from clear. Moreover, results vary for different contexts, population types and characteristics of green spaces as they are ‘complex systems thrusted into complex systems’. To our knowledge, there is no systematic synthesis of the literature that examines the mechanisms by which and the circumstances under which green spaces work to decrease heat-related mortality for elderly.
Methods
We performed a realist synthesis– a theory-driven review method– to develop a complexity- and context-sensitive program theory. As a first step, a causal loop diagram was constructed which describes the possible pathways through which urban green spaces influence heat-related mortality in elderly. In a second step, one of the pathways - how they may lead to a reduction of heat-related mortality by increasing social capital - was further explored for underlying mechanisms, the context in which they work and the differentiated patterns of outcomes they generate. Literature was searched for evidence supporting or contradicting the initial programme theory, resulting in a refined theory.
Results
Results show how urban green space can impact on heat-related mortality in elderly by its influence on their exposure to outdoor and indoor heat, by improving their resilience as well as by affecting their access to treatment. Urban green spaces and their interactions with social capital affect the access to health information, social support, and the capacity for effective lobbying. Several mechanisms help to explain these observed demi-regularities, among others perceived behavioural control, perceived usefulness, receptiveness, ontological security, and self-interest. If and how they are triggered depends on the characteristics of the urban green space, the population, and other contextual factors.
Conclusion
Looking into the impact of urban green spaces on heat-related mortality in elderly, researchers and policy makers should take interest in the role of social capital.
... For example, research has demonstrated that park utilisation, particularly by females, can be influenced by crime and the sense of security (Marquet et al., 2019). Such disparity has also been highlighted under the framework of environmental justice, as the dimension of interactional justice addressed the quality of interaction and the importance of perception of safety and welcome in public space (Low, 2013). Although perceived safety is a pivotal factor that impacts perceived access , knowledge is limited regarding whether sociodemographic factors shape safety perception, which in turn impacts the mental health outcomes gained from green space differently. ...
This study explored the relationship between green space accessibility (GSA) in residential area and adolescents’ mental well-being, and whether the relationship was moderated by sociodemographic factors (sex, ethnicity, neighbourhood deprivation), identities (gender and sexuality minority, disability) and perceived neighbourhood safety simultaneously. Data from 3813 adolescents who lived in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand were obtained from the Youth19 Rangatahi Smart Survey. A Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method was employed to measure the spatial accessibility to green space at the neighbourhood level. The World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index was used to assess emotional well-being (EW), and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-short form was employed to measure depressive symptoms (DS). Through moderation analyses, results showed that perceived neighbourhood safety plays a vital role in the GSA – mental well-being association, with a negative trend in adolescents who reported being less safe in neighbourhoods. Adverse associations of GSA were found in gender and sexuality minority, disabled, Asian and Pacific adolescents, under the condition of not feeling safe in neighbourhoods all the time. The results showed marginalised adolescents tended to feel less safe in neighbourhoods, have lower EW and a higher level of DS. Additionally, the results from bivariate correlations showed there were inequalities in GSA for adolescents who lived in most deprived neighbourhoods and adolescents of Māori ethnicity. This study provides novel evidence of the importance of safe and inclusive green space for effectively promoting mental health and mitigating health inequalities of adolescents in urban areas.
... The environmental justice literature aims to comprehensively analyze how socio-economically vulnerable communities, especially marginalized communities with specific racial and ethnic backgrounds, are disproportionately exposed to environmental externalities due to development projects, land-use policies, and plans (Boone et al., 2009;Pearsall, 2010;Locke et al., 2021). This literature is broadened with three main dimensions of justice: distributional, recognitional, and procedural justices, each of which tackles overcoming inequalities triggered by environmental risks (Schlosberg, 2004;Low, 2013;Yazar and York, 2022). Specifically, individuals' adaptive capacity amid changing climatic conditions are highly related to hard and soft infrastructure (e.g., urban planning and governance structure), socio-demographic structure (e.g., income level, race, gender), and agency that depends on how people mobilize the highlighted conditions within existing structures (Lemos et al., 2016;Waters and Adger, 2017). ...
Extreme heat events are happening more frequently and with greater severity, causing significant negative consequences, especially for vulnerable urban populations around the globe. Heat stress is even more common in cities with dense and irregular planning and lacking urban blue-green infrastructures. This study investigates the greening and cooling effects of five selected urban transformation projects and their surrounding areas (within a 10-min walking distance) in Istanbul from 2013 to 2021, with a focus on environmental justice and climate adaptation planning perspectives. By employing temporal analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) values derived from Landsat data sets to detect changes in these five selected urban transformation projects in the megacity of Türkiye, Istanbul, this study finds that the distribution of green infrastructures (e.g., tree canopy) is only limited to project sites of long-running and state-supported urban transformation projects in Istanbul. Consequently, the unequal distribution of green infrastructures creates cooling effects only for the locals residing in the new residential projects. However, the surrounding areas have less urban green infrastructure and are exposed more to the urban heat over time. Urban development policies and planning highly contribute to increasing the climate vulnerabilities among those who do not benefit from the recently developed residential units in Istanbul. Such a trend can affect adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and redress environmental injustices in urban planning in the megacity of Istanbul.
... However, does the granting of environmental privileges to the low socio-economic status group reflect a recognition of those people's needs, or does it imply the creation of a system of procedures to allow everybody to satisfy their needs in the forest? While this is certainly an issue of recognition and procedural justice (Low, 2013;Schlosberg, 2007), it also links to the political ecology of who makes decisions, within which institutional settings, and whose preferences those decisions are meant to satisfy. ...
... Social justice is a multidimensional construct that recognises and values the inherent dignity of every human being and strives to create societies and systems that ensure the equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and responsibilities within a given context (Enssle & Kabisch, 2020;Low, 2013;Miller, 2001). Social justice has several dimensions, including distributive justice, which concerns the equity of outcome distribution, such as rewards and opportunities (Cook & Hegtvedt, 1983;Skarlicki & Folger, 1997), and reflects people's concerns for fair allocation of resources, opportunities, and benefits in comparison to others regardless of their diverse backgrounds. ...
Despite the importance of social justice and community attachment for subjective well-being (SWB), the existing research fails to adequately examine these factors in urban emergencies. This study develops a theoretical framework to elucidate the roles of environment perception, social justice, and community attachment in SWB during urban emergencies, with a focus on vulnerable populations. Drawing on the context of COVID-19 lockdown in Shanghai, the research expands the definition of vulnerable groups, considering the factors including gender, income, immigrant, housing ownership, and the infection/exposure history. We examine the proposed framework with structural equation modelling and compare the vulnerable groups with multiple-group analysis. The analysis evidences the direct contribution of social justice and community attachment to SWB, and community attachment intermediates environmental perception and justice to SWB. These factors present heterogeneity amongst the vulnerable groups: community identity only affects the perceived health of residents with infection history, housing ownership and high income. This research revisits the interaction between residents and community environment in urban emergencies from a vulnerability perspective. The discussions provide novel insights for devising strategies for community service and infrastructure development aimed at enhancing community resilience. Also, the findings can benefit urban emergency planning at both community and city scale.
... The vitalisation of the role of public spaces regarding issues of segregation, multiplicity, conviviality, solidarity, and maintenance, in order to promote a sense of shared space (Amin, 2008), is questioned, along with the role of design and strategies to develop the public domain (Hajer & Reijndorp, 2002). More emphasis has moved towards overcoming the sense of being and feeling different through the social mixing function of the public spaces by different social groups (Aelbrecht & Stevens, 2019;Carmona, 2018;Carmona, Heath, Oc, & Tiesdell, 2010;Dines, Cattell, Gesler, & Curtis, 2006;Gehl, 2010;Holland, Clark, Katz, & Peace, 2007;Legeby, 2013;Low, 2013;Madanipour, 2005;Mehta, 2014;Tibbalds, 2001). Differences among individuals such as; ethnicity, age, gender and religion, cited as a cause of social segregation in the majority of studies above. ...
Accepting social segregation as a problematic urban phenomenon, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the ongoing academic discourse on the social functions of public open spaces (specific to urban parks) by examining their potential for social integration and counteracting segregation in urban areas. In this context, the urban parks where the Turkish citizens are mostly concentrated and the influence of visitors' SES on their park preferences were explored by questionnaires (n=555) conducted in the city of Copenhagen, Denmark. The results revealed that, regardless of SES difference, the perceived and physical environmental factors are more influential than the individual factors including SES on the park preferences of the participants. Although 'being present with similar SES groups' was not ranked within the top determining factors, the sense of SES similarity and its influence on park preference is higher, particularly for the lower-SES group compared to middle-SES and upper-SES groups. The findings provide further insight into the primary factors that should be considered by place-making professionals to increase the social integration potential of urban parks. However, the findings are site-specific, and cannot be generalised. Therefore, this study suggests that the possible reasons behind segregation in urban parks depending on SES should be examined within the contexts of public space management, socioeconomic background, and physical/spatial opportunities that a city offers. 2 Özet: Sosyal ayrışmayı problematik bir olgu olarak kabul eden bu çalışmanın amacı, toplumsal bütünleştirme ve sosyal ayrışmayı önleme potansiyellerini irdeleyerek kamusal açık alanların (kent parkları özelinde) sosyal işlevleri üzerine devam etmekte olan tartışmalara katkı sunmaktır. Bu kapsamda, Kopenhag'ta (Danimarka) yaşayan Türkiye'lilerin kentte en fazla yoğunlaştıkları kent parkları ve bu parkları tercih etmelerinde sosyo-ekonomik statülerinin (SES) etkisi, uygulanan anketlerle (n=555) araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur ki,sosyo-ekonomik statü ayrımı yapılmaksızın, katılımcıların kent parkı tercihlerinde algılanan ve fiziksel çevresel faktörler, sosyo-ekonomik statüyü de içine alan kişiye özel faktörlerden daha etkilidirler. Araştırmasonuçlarında, 'benzer sosyo-ekonomik statülülerle bir arada bulunmak' park tercihinde en belirleyici faktörlerden biri olarak sayılmamış olsa da, sosyo-ekonomik statü olarak parkın diğer kullanıcıları ileyakın/benzer hissetme ve bu benzer hissetme durumunun o parkın kullanımına etkisi, özellikle düşük SES grubundaki katılımcılar için çok daha yüksektir. Çalışmanın bulguları, mekan yaratma sürecine dahil profosyonellerin daha bütünleştirici kent parkları için dikkate almaları gereken öncelikli faktörlere dair bilgi sağlamaktadır. Bununla beraber, araştırmanın sonuçları çalışılan alana özgüdür, genellenemezler. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, kent parklarındaki sosyo-ekonomik statüye bağlı ayrışmanın arkasında yatan muhtemel nedenlerin; kentin kamusal alan yönetimi, kentin sosyo-ekonomik yapısı ve yine o kentin sunduğu fiziksel ve mekansal olanaklar çerçevesinde irdelenmesi gerektiği önerilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Kamusal açık alan; sosyal ayrışma; sosyo-ekonomik statü (SES); kent parkı, Türkiye kökenli vatandaşlar; Kopenhag
... Das trifft selbst dann zu, wenn die Prozesse der Stadtgrünentwicklung partizipativ gestaltet wurden (Rigolon und Nemeth 2018). In diesem Zusammenhang werden neue akademische und theoretische Perspektiven auf Stadtgrün gefordert und neben den bereits diskutierten Aspekten von Verteilungs-, Anerkennungs-und Prozessgerechtigkeit (Low 2013) erlangen weitere Dimensionen, wie temporale und räumliche Aspekte an Bedeutung Amorim-Maia et al. 2020). Zudem wird gefordert, multi-dimensionale, intersektionale und historische Perspektiven stärker einzubeziehen. ...
Der Ansatz der grünen Gentrifizierung hat sich seit den 2000er-Jahren zu einem Forschungsstrang an der Schnittstelle von kritischer Wohnungsmarkt- und Stadtgrünforschung entwickelt. Im Kern geht es dabei die Analyse und Erklärung von direkter und indirekter Verdrängung als Folge grüner Aufwertung im Quartier oder grüner Wohnungsbauprojekte, was zu mehr Segregation und Ungleichheit und Ungerechtigkeit auf dem Wohnungsmarkt führt. Es geht um Kontexte, in denen Begrünung als Bestandteil immobilienmarktgetriebener Aufwertungs- und Immobilienmarktstrategien fungiert. Damit verknüpft der Ansatz die Perspektive der klassischen Gentrifizierungsforschung mit Prozessen der grünen und/oder blauen Aufwertung von Städten, etwa durch die Sanierung von Grünflächen oder Gewässern im Wohnumfeld oder durch grüne bzw. grün-blaue Wohnbauprojekte. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zu Gegenstand und Debatte zur grünen Gentrifizierung und ihren wichtigsten Themen und Befunden. Darauf aufbauend wird diskutiert, welche Perspektiverweiterungen die Debatte zur grünen Gentrifizierung für die Umweltsoziologie bietet.
... However, the limitations and social consequences of keeping a narrow view of justice was already identified for authors such as Setha Low (2013), who trough ethnographical studies found the importance of expanding research and interpretation of urban justice considering issues as place attachment and cultural identity. Particularly, the restorative dimension, key in historically violated territories of the Global South, has remained markedly unattended. ...
The Latin American region has been marked by a historic process of extractivism and weak institutional structures, causing deep socio-environmental and economic crises. The resaturation of territorial justice has then become the center of the debate. Nature-based solutions, for their innovative and systemic nature, could be key in approaching these complex problems. However, the interplay between these strategies and justice is not clear enough. This article addresses this interaction centering on protected areas, the most traditional response from regional governments to nature degradation. We attempt to test the hypothesis that integrating protected areas in land use planning policies improves the exercise of justice, understanding it from a place-based point of view. To this end, we carried out quali- and quantitative analysis of social perceptions, historical background, land use policies and governance in Tandil and Tornquist, two municipal districts of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The results showed that i) protected areas were associated with justice if a conservation project reached a legal rule and if the community was involved in its formulation and management; ii) the integration of protected areas in land use planning policies helped to satisfy both conditions. We end by proposing a theoretical model which outlines how three strengths of land use planning can turn PAs into more just NbS. We also discuss the need to develop a broader and place-based approach of justice as “territorial justice”.
... These are locations where neighbors from all social classes congregate and engage in daily activities [9]. The neighborhood's variety of outdoor areas reflects social fairness for all residents [10], which creates various impressions regarding the society's history and culture [11]. As a result, public and shared spaces should be adaptable to changes in residential activity at various hours of the day and night [12]. ...
This paper assesses the potential of multiplicity in the housing environment for achieving social sustainability compared to singularity. For this purpose, a neighborhood assessment framework was developed to cover three values of social sustainability, namely, stability, continuity, and fairness, as well as several factors related to each value. Two cases were chosen from the neighborhoods in the city of Nablus: Type (1) as an example of multiplicity, and type (2) as an example of singularity. The research data were collected through an architectural survey on the features of both types of neighborhoods, and analyzed in details. On this basis, the two types of neighborhoods were compared based on the said values. The results show that the values of sustainability increase in type (2) at the level of the single building, while growing in type (1) at the level of the residential neighborhood. Multiplicity is a high-potential approach for achieving social sustainability, if the design of the residential buildings caters to people’s needs and wants. In addition, several suggestions were made for improving the neighborhood design in Palestine based on multiplicity.
... Collective as well as conflicting perceptions of place, people's role in nature, what constitutes a good life, or the scale at which the city is expected to provide for different needs are changing, not least through social and technological innovation and transformation . These changes affect, differentially across groups and individuals, the ability to make sense of the urban landscape and access its different benefits, which has implications not least for distributional environmental justice (e.g., Low 2013, Biernacka and Kronenberg 2018, Anguelovski et al. 2020. Such tensions are further exacerbated when cities become denser or gentrified, rewriting the scales relevant for accommodating different needs, as evidenced not least by restrictions on mobility and local recreation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Honey-Rosés et al. 2021). ...
In this study, we pilot a novel use of location quotient and proportional comparison methodology paired with mobile device location data. Specifically, we sought to understand visitation patterns in an urban park context based on visitor home locale socio-demographics, using an example from Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, PA, USA. We examined visitors’ home locale demographics (i.e., percent African American and median household income) across a variety of park amenities (e.g., playgrounds, ball fields, splashpads), using location quotients and proportional analyses to compare the home locale demographics of visitors to specific amenities to park visitors as a whole. Findings illustrate amenities with over- or underrepresentation of visitors from certain socio-demographic groups, with bivariate analyses documenting intersectionality between race and income. Results of such analyses can aid park managers in understanding use of particular amenities and service gaps among historically underserved populations, and in turn, support more equitable resource allocation.
Due to their crucial role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as the growing demand for natural recreational environments among urban residents, urban green spaces are gaining greater significance than ever before. Given the possible growth of urban areas, it is necessary to comprehend the plausible negative effects of the extension of urban green spaces, such as green gentrification, which is a form of urban gentrification supported by the creation or restoration of environmental facilities. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to synthesize the various definitions and concepts associated with green gentrification, analyze the theoretical framework, methodologies, and results of the previous literature through a systematic literature review of academic articles, and then propose future research topics on green gentrification. The following are the study’s key findings: First, each study used a vastly different notion or method of measuring green space, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive conceptual definition of “green.” Second, the previous research highlighted environmental justice, equity, and geographical separation as major theories, which must be expanded to include a larger social justice approach. Lastly, empirical results regarding the existence of green gentrification phenomena are inconsistent, and future research must combine a variety of measures to assess green gentrification.
Network City (Mediatized City); Planetary City (General Urbanisation); Recombinant City (Reassembling Urbanity); Uneven Spatial Development (Unequal Development); Extractive Urbanism (Exploitative Urbanism); Transcalar Urbanization (Discontinuous
Urbanization)
Today, student parks are an integral part of student life. However, many existing parks have shortcomings and problems that do not allow them to fully satisfy the needs and interests of the student community. Purpose. Development of a design project of a student park taking into account modern ecological trends in landscaping, the needs and interests of the student community Methods. Park user surveys, peer review, spatial analysis, modeling and visualization with Realtime Landscaping Architect. Results. A detailed landscape design project of the student park near the dormitory has been developed. Taking into account the basic needs of students, it is advisable to create two main functional areas of the future park: a sports area and a recreation area. The landscape design of the student park is designed and visualized as a real-time 3D landscape model. The park is designed in a regular style, where all elements are strictly geometrically located on the site, all shapes are clear and symmetrical. In the design of the future park, many plant compositions from flowering perennials are proposed Conclusions. The landscape design of the student park is an important element of student life, as it contributes to the provision of a healthy and comfortable environment for learning and active leisure, a healthy lifestyle and the formation of environmental awareness.
Advancing engagement and representation of racially and ethnically diverse communities in parks is an increasing priority for addressing environmental injustices. However, to date, few quantitative tools exist to assess and monitor the effectiveness of such practices. This study included the development, testing, and validation of a new scale focused on three integrated factors reflecting multiple dimensions of racial environmental justice: Park Engagement, Procedural Participation, and Ethno-racial Representation (PEPPER). The PEPPER scale performed well in a Pennsylvania state level pilot sample (N = 611) and subsequently in a national sample (N = 1,212) of racially and ethnically diverse park users, exhibiting strong model fit in first and second order confirmatory factor analyses as well as measurement invariance by race/ethnicity and park user status. Findings provide evidence of the measure’s potential utility as a tool for capturing public perceptions of racial environmental justice in park contexts.
Mehr als die Hälfte der Menschen weltweit lebt in Städten und täglich werden es mehr. Städte sind attraktive Orte für Arbeit und Bildung, für gute Vernetzung und kulturelles Leben. Gleichzeitig sind Städte auch Orte, die teils von extremer Luftverschmutzung, Lärm und Hitze geprägt sind. Dennoch werden Städte vermehrt Rückzugsorte für Biodiversität, die sich aus der industriellen Landwirtschaft zurückzieht. Daher sind Freiräume in der Stadt von heute und morgen essenziell für das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit von Bewohner*innen, aber auch von Stadtökosystemen. Zu urbanen Freiräumen zählen vor allem Grünflächen und Gewässer, Wälder, Parks, Kleingärten und Brachen ebenso wie Flüsse, Seen oder Feuchtgebiete. Freiräume haben große Potenziale, die Umweltbedingungen in Städten zu moderieren und zu verbessern: Sie kühlen die Luft, reichern sie mit Sauerstoff an, sie puffern Lärm und bieten Orte der physischen und mentalen Erholung. Zudem sind Freiräume beliebte Orte für soziales Leben, Kommunikation und Freizeit. Dies gilt allerdings nicht für alle Freiräume, denn die Aufenthaltsqualität ist sehr abhängig von ihrem Zustand. Daher thematisiert dieses Kapitel verschiedene Filter zum Zugang zu Grün- und Freiräumen, Konzepte der Erreichbarkeit und Qualität, grundsätzliche Fragen der Umweltgerechtigkeit bezüglich urbaner Freiräume sowie aktuelle Fallbeispiele.
Abstract:
Little is known about what social and spatial features of parks old people find most important for encouraging them to visit and be active and sociable in parks. This paper examines the significant role of parks and explores various spatial factors in connection with flexibility and diversity that affect social interaction among different age groups in the context of China. Social interaction is significant and beneficial for older people’s mental health, and therefore contributes to maintaining social sustainability. This study utilises extensive empirical fieldwork, including observation and ethnographic interviews, to investigate how parks are used and how social activity takes place among older people. The paper uses micro-design analysis to reveal social interaction occurring most frequently in park squares in China, extending the concept of flexibility in terms of diverse functional ‘in-betweenness’ for indeterminacy of use and regularity of large programmed events that enhance edge use in ‘positive’ space. In addition, the changeable seasonal spatial feature as unfamiliarity challenges existing theory to create more social opportunities in familiar spaces and extends the form of unfamiliar space. Moreover, adjacent diverse functions, children-playing and relatively enclosed small-scale spaces extend the concept of diversity in terms of function, form and users to create more social interaction among older users. Ultimately, these key findings will help to bring new insights to optimise the design of age-friendly public spaces in cities.
Keywords: flexibility, diversity, social interaction, older adults, park visits, age-friendly design
In Europe, equity has become an important policy objective based on the recently adopted European Green Deal and the idea of “leaving no one behind”. However, the question remains as to what extent equity is a real concern in the implementation of territorial policies, including spatial planning, and other place-based strategies in the EU member states. In this paper, we determine if and how equity has become a concern in the strategic planning of green infrastructure (GI), and whether strategic plans are indeed relevant in responding to vulnerable groups’ needs. We focus on Romania, a post-communist country where ensuring GI availability and accessibility is often a challenge for cities. The strategic plans of 75 % of Romanian cities (N = 242 plans) were systematically evaluated using document content analysis. This revealed that equity is addressed rather superficially in strategic urban plans. While most aim at increasing the availability and attractiveness of GI, very few of them do so by explicitly addressing the needs of vulnerable groups. Interestingly, equity concerns in the plans are not correlated with actual green space availability. Our study contributes to discussions about the role of strategic urban planning in delivering equitable public spaces and provides a set of recommendations for policy- and decision-makers.
This chapter discusses the failure to revive paradise in the fertile lands of the Valley of Springs, located in the northeastern part of the Jordan River Valley in Israel. It focuses on the area’s abundance of water and sunshine, which could have served as the essence of life and enjoyment for the various communities of the Valley and also for domestic and international tourists. However, during the 2020s, it provoked a symbolic as well as a physical struggle among the locals and the Israeli public at large. While currently proposed solutions focus on limited legal and spatial resolutions, the chapter suggests examining the Valley of Springs environmental history and current predicament through the perspective of water as an essential substance for living and tourism and an agent of social relationships, which also holds symbolic meaning. As such, and in light of the three pillars of environmental justice: distribution, procedure, and interaction—it proposes an alternative approach for creating a more sustainable future for the Valley’s tourism industry and for the region as a whole. This chapter is based on a comprehensive review of local and regional schemes that address water as a prominent, local resource, and the actual water-based recreation sites which were established throughout the Valley since the 1950s. The results indicate the need to adopt a holistic vision for the region, based on water.KeywordsWaterRecreationEnvironmental justiceSustainable developmentIsrael
The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the park’s usage and accessibility in the northern part of Nicosia, Cyprus, and to compare the usage and accessibility before and after the pandemic of Covid-19 also known as coronavirus. Within this study, we will have a better understanding of the situation of parks and how the usage has been changed because of the pandemic and lockdown and it will also help the urban developers in improving these parks in the future by making them safer and healthier to use during these times of pandemic and will help in dealing with similar pandemics in the future. A total of 500 questionnaires has been distributed to the residents of Nicosia to find how the people’s behavior and how the usage of parks has been changed before and after the pandemic these data were analyzed and studied using SPSS descriptive statistics method and also filed studies where made to identify the parks in Nicosia the results showed that the parks have a good atmosphere and people using it a lot epically during summer and spring seasons however there was a decline in parks usage during the pandemic and a lot of the improvement can be made to make this parks safer and better for the people in Nicosia. The recommendation has been made in order the help the urban development team in making their decisions in the future and how they can improve this park and also recommendation has been made for future studies on the similar topic all of this will help us to make the parks better place and much safer for the residents of Nicosia.
This article details the rapid extension of the video surveillance of downtown `public' spaces. Its main argument is that this surveillance is racially differentiated, and that it zones the city differently for Blacks and whites, eroding the Black freedoms of movement and association, while leaving those of whites intact. It also considers isses of privacy as a political zone of potential social change, and raises concern about its video-electronic erosion. The argument is set within the overall argument that underneath the structures of democracy totalitarian tendencies are rapidly extending their reach.
In the post-9/11 period, the power of the concept of neoliberalism to describe US social and political dynamics has been questioned, particularly in light of discourses emphasizing the disaggregation of state power. Relying primarily on ethnographic data collected in Philadelphia between 2000 and 2005, this article examines the melding of neoliberal governance and Homeland Security ideology in the figure of `home', as a social construct more collective than the individual and more private than the community. Examining the arenas of community-based policing through Town Watch, and urban redevelopment through eminent domain, the article argues that the protection of `home' has become a mechanism through which the sometimes contradictory imperatives of capitalism and state governance may be promoted by municipalities and contested by urban residents, particularly those in minority and working-class communities.